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de Oliveira JCP, Cabanne GS, Santos FR. Phylogenomics of the gray-breasted sabrewing (Campylopterus largipennis) species complex in the Amazonia and Cerrado biomes. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 47:e20230331. [PMID: 39133262 PMCID: PMC11308382 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Neotropics are one of the most biodiverse regions of the world, where environmental dynamics, climate and geology resulted in a complex diversity of fauna and flora. In such complex and heterogeneous environments, widely distributed species require deep investigation about their biogeographic history. The gray-breasted sabrewing hummingbird Campylopterus largipennis is a species complex that occurs in forest and open ecosystems of South America, including also high-altitude grasslands. It has been recently split into four distinct species distributed in Amazonia (rainforest) and Cerrado (savanna) biomes with boundaries marked by ecological barriers. Here, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of population lineages within this neotropical taxon to elucidate its biogeographical history and current lineage diversity. We used a reduced-representation sequencing approach to perform fine-scale population genomic analyses of samples distributed throughout Amazonia and Cerrado localities, representing all four recently recognized species. We found a deep genetic structure separating species from both biomes, and a more recent divergence between species within each biome and from distinct habitats. The population dynamics through time was shown to be concordant with known vicariant events, isolation by distance, and altitudinal breaks, where the Amazon River and the Espinhaço Mountain Range worked as important barriers associated to speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carlo Pedroso de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brazil
| | - Gustavo Sebastián Cabanne
- División de Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
“Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabrício Rodrigues Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brazil
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2
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An Z, Zhou W, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Liu Z, Sun Y, Clemens SC, Wu L, Zhao J, Shi Z, Ma X, Yan H, Li G, Cai Y, Yu J, Sun Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Stepanek C, Lohmann G, Dong G, Cheng H, Liu Y, Jin Z, Li T, Hao Y, Lei J, Cai W. Mid-Pleistocene climate transition triggered by Antarctic Ice Sheet growth. Science 2024; 385:560-565. [PMID: 39088600 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigation, the nature and causes of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition remain enigmatic. In this work, we assess its linkage to asynchronous development of bipolar ice sheets by synthesizing Pleistocene mid- to high-latitude proxy records linked to hemispheric ice sheet evolution. Our results indicate substantial growth of the Antarctic Ice Sheets (AISs) at 2.0 to 1.25 million years ago, preceding the rapid expansion of Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheets after ~1.25 million years ago. Proxy-model comparisons suggest that AIS and associated Southern Ocean sea ice expansion can induce northern high-latitude cooling and enhanced moisture transport to the Northern Hemisphere, thus triggering the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. The dynamic processes involved are crucial for assessing modern global warming that is already inducing asynchronous bipolar melting of ice sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zeke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Steven C Clemens
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Lixin Wu
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266000, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiaju Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhengguo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Gaojun Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanjun Cai
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jimin Yu
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266000, China
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu'ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Christian Stepanek
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gerrit Lohmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Guocheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hai Cheng
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhangdong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Petroleum Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yifei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenju Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266000, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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3
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Bolte CE, Phannareth T, Zavala-Paez M, Sutara BN, Can MF, Fitzpatrick MC, Holliday JA, Keller SR, Hamilton JA. Genomic insights into hybrid zone formation: The role of climate, landscape, and demography in the emergence of a novel hybrid lineage. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17430. [PMID: 38867593 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Population demographic changes, alongside landscape, geographic and climate heterogeneity, can influence the timing, stability and extent of introgression where species hybridise. Thus, quantifying interactions across diverged lineages, and the relative contributions of interspecific genetic exchange and selection to divergence at the genome-wide level is needed to better understand the drivers of hybrid zone formation and maintenance. We used seven latitudinally arrayed transects to quantify the contributions of climate, geography and landscape features to broad patterns of genetic structure across the hybrid zone of Populus trichocarpa and P. balsamifera and evaluated the demographic context of hybridisation over time. We found genetic structure differed among the seven transects. While ancestry was structured by climate, landscape features influenced gene flow dynamics. Demographic models indicated a secondary contact event may have influenced contemporary hybrid zone formation with the origin of a putative hybrid lineage that inhabits regions with higher aridity than either of the ancestral groups. Phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast genomes support the origin of this hybrid lineage inferred from demographic models based on the nuclear data. Our results point towards the importance of climate and landscape patterns in structuring the contact zones between P. trichocarpa and P. balsamifera and emphasise the value whole genome sequencing can have to advancing our understanding of how neutral processes influence divergence across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance E Bolte
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tommy Phannareth
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Michelle Zavala-Paez
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brianna N Sutara
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Fitzpatrick
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason A Holliday
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen R Keller
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jill A Hamilton
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Carrillo J, Mann ME, Larson CJ, Christiansen S, Willeit M, Ganopolski A, Li X, Murphy JG. Path-dependence of the Plio-Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322926121. [PMID: 38885388 PMCID: PMC11214093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322926121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We find strong path dependence in the evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene glaciations using CLIMBER-2 Earth System Model simulations from the mid-Pliocene to modern preindustrial (3 My-0 My BP) driven by a gradual decrease in volcanic carbon dioxide outgassing and regolith removal from basal ice interaction. Path dependence and hysteresis are investigated by alternatively driving the model forward and backward in time. Initiating the model with preindustrial conditions and driving the model backward using time-reversed forcings, the increase in volcanic outgassing back-in-time (BIT) does not generate the high CO2 levels and relatively ice-free conditions of the late Pliocene seen in forward-in-time (FIT) simulations of the same model. This behavior appears to originate from nonlinearities and initial state dependence in the carbon cycle. A transition from low-amplitude sinusoidal obliquity (~41 ky) and precession (~23 ky) driven glacial/interglacial cycles to high-amplitude ~100 ky likely eccentricity-related sawtooth cycles seen between -1.25 My and -0.75 My BP (the Mid-Pleistocene transition or "MPT") in FIT simulations disappears in BIT integrations depending on the details of how the regolith removal process is treated. A transition toward depleted regolith and lowered atmospheric CO2 levels are both required to reproduce the MPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Carrillo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Michael E. Mann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Christopher J. Larson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Shannon Christiansen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Matteo Willeit
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam14412, Germany
| | - Andrey Ganopolski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam14412, Germany
| | - Xueke Li
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Jack G. Murphy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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5
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Dey P, Ray SD, Kochiganti VHS, Pukazhenthi BS, Koepfli KP, Singh RP. Mitogenomic Insights into the Evolution, Divergence Time, and Ancestral Ranges of Coturnix Quails. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:742. [PMID: 38927678 PMCID: PMC11202683 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Old-World quails, Coturnix coturnix (common quail) and Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), are morphologically similar yet occupy distinct geographic ranges. This study aimed to elucidate their evolutionary trajectory and ancestral distribution patterns through a thorough analysis of their mitochondrial genomes. Mitogenomic analysis revealed high structural conservation, identical translational mechanisms, and similar evolutionary pressures in both species. Selection analysis revealed significant evidence of positive selection across the Coturnix lineage for the nad4 gene tree owing to environmental changes and acclimatization requirements during its evolutionary history. Divergence time estimations imply that diversification among Coturnix species occurred in the mid-Miocene (13.89 Ma), and their current distributions were primarily shaped by dispersal rather than global vicariance events. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a close relationship between C. coturnix and C. japonica, with divergence estimated at 2.25 Ma during the Pleistocene epoch. Ancestral range reconstructions indicate that the ancestors of the Coturnix clade were distributed over the Oriental region. C. coturnix subsequently dispersed to Eurasia and Africa, and C. japonica to eastern Asia. We hypothesize that the current geographic distributions of C. coturnix and C. japonica result from their unique dispersal strategies, developed to evade interspecific territoriality and influenced by the Tibetan Plateau's geographic constraints. This study advances our understanding of the biogeographic and evolutionary processes leading to the diversification of C. coturnix and C. japonica, laying important groundwork for further research on this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Dey
- Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India), Anaikatti, Coimbatore 641108, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.D.); (S.D.R.)
- Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA;
| | - Swapna Devi Ray
- Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (South India Centre of Wildlife Institute of India), Anaikatti, Coimbatore 641108, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.D.); (S.D.R.)
| | | | - Budhan S. Pukazhenthi
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA;
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Ram Pratap Singh
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824236, Bihar, India
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6
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Froyland G, Giannakis D, Luna E, Slawinska J. Revealing trends and persistent cycles of non-autonomous systems with autonomous operator-theoretic techniques. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4268. [PMID: 38769111 PMCID: PMC11106270 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
An important problem in modern applied science is to characterize the behavior of systems with complex internal dynamics subjected to external forcings. Many existing approaches rely on ensembles to generate information from the external forcings, making them unsuitable to study natural systems where only a single realization is observed. A prominent example is climate dynamics, where an objective identification of signals in the observational record attributable to natural variability and climate change is crucial for making climate projections for the coming decades. Here, we show that operator-theoretic techniques previously developed to identify slowly decorrelating observables of autonomous dynamical systems provide a powerful means for identifying nonlinear trends and persistent cycles of non-autonomous systems using data from a single trajectory of the system. We apply our framework to real-world examples from climate dynamics: Variability of sea surface temperature over the industrial era and the mid-Pleistocene transition of Quaternary glaciation cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Froyland
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Dimitrios Giannakis
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Edoardo Luna
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Joanna Slawinska
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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7
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Clark PU, Shakun JD, Rosenthal Y, Köhler P, Bartlein PJ. Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years. Science 2024; 383:884-890. [PMID: 38386742 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global temperature and sea level, thus preventing a clear understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system in causing global temperature change. Our new reconstruction of temperature change over the past 4.5 million years includes two phases of long-term cooling, with the second phase of accelerated cooling during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.5 to 0.9 million years ago) being accompanied by a transition from dominant 41,000-year low-amplitude periodicity to dominant 100,000-year high-amplitude periodicity. Changes in the rates of long-term cooling and variability are consistent with changes in the carbon cycle driven initially by geologic processes, followed by additional changes in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter U Clark
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jeremy D Shakun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Yair Rosenthal
- Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers The State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers The State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Peter Köhler
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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8
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Taylor CR, England LC, Keane JB, Davies JAC, Leake JR, Hartley IP, Smart SM, Janes-Bassett V, Phoenix GK. Elevated CO 2 interacts with nutrient inputs to restructure plant communities in phosphorus-limited grasslands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17104. [PMID: 38273555 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Globally pervasive increases in atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen (N) deposition could have substantial effects on plant communities, either directly or mediated by their interactions with soil nutrient limitation. While the direct consequences of N enrichment on plant communities are well documented, potential interactions with rising CO2 and globally widespread phosphorus (P) limitation remain poorly understood. We investigated the consequences of simultaneous elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) and N and P additions on grassland biodiversity, community and functional composition in P-limited grasslands. We exposed soil-turf monoliths from limestone and acidic grasslands that have received >25 years of N additions (3.5 and 14 g m-2 year-1 ) and 11 (limestone) or 25 (acidic) years of P additions (3.5 g m-2 year-1 ) to eCO2 (600 ppm) for 3 years. Across both grasslands, eCO2 , N and P additions significantly changed community composition. Limestone communities were more responsive to eCO2 and saw significant functional shifts resulting from eCO2 -nutrient interactions. Here, legume cover tripled in response to combined eCO2 and P additions, and combined eCO2 and N treatments shifted functional dominance from grasses to sedges. We suggest that eCO2 may disproportionately benefit P acquisition by sedges by subsidising the carbon cost of locally intense root exudation at the expense of co-occurring grasses. In contrast, the functional composition of the acidic grassland was insensitive to eCO2 and its interactions with nutrient additions. Greater diversity of P-acquisition strategies in the limestone grassland, combined with a more functionally even and diverse community, may contribute to the stronger responses compared to the acidic grassland. Our work suggests we may see large changes in the composition and biodiversity of P-limited grasslands in response to eCO2 and its interactions with nutrient loading, particularly where these contain a high diversity of P-acquisition strategies or developmentally young soils with sufficient bioavailable mineral P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Taylor
- Soil and Ecosystem Ecology, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luke C England
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Ben Keane
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Environment and Geography, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | | | - Jonathan R Leake
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Iain P Hartley
- Geography, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Victoria Janes-Bassett
- Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gareth K Phoenix
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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9
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Raavi PH, Chu JE, Timmermann A, Lee SS, Walsh KJE. Moisture control of tropical cyclones in high-resolution simulations of paleoclimate and future climate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6426. [PMID: 37833276 PMCID: PMC10575924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) is expected to increase in response to greenhouse warming. However, how future climate change will affect TC frequencies and tracks is still under debate. Here, to further elucidate the underlying sensitivities and mechanisms, we study TCs response to different past and future climate forcings. Using a high-resolution TC-resolving global Earth system model with 1/4° atmosphere and 1/10° ocean resolution, we conducted a series of paleo-time-slice and future greenhouse warming simulations targeting the last interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, 125 ka), glacial sub-stage MIS5d (115 ka), present-day (PD), and CO2 doubling (2×CO2) conditions. Our analysis reveals that precessional forcing created an interhemispheric difference in simulated TC densities, whereas future CO2 forcing impacts both hemispheres in the same direction. In both cases, we find that TC genesis frequency, density, and intensity are primarily controlled by changes in tropospheric thermal and moisture structure, exhibiting a clear reduction in TC genesis density in warmer hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Harika Raavi
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jung-Eun Chu
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Low-Carbon and Climate Impact Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Seon Lee
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin J E Walsh
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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10
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Richardson K, Steffen W, Lucht W, Bendtsen J, Cornell SE, Donges JF, Drüke M, Fetzer I, Bala G, von Bloh W, Feulner G, Fiedler S, Gerten D, Gleeson T, Hofmann M, Huiskamp W, Kummu M, Mohan C, Nogués-Bravo D, Petri S, Porkka M, Rahmstorf S, Schaphoff S, Thonicke K, Tobian A, Virkki V, Wang-Erlandsson L, Weber L, Rockström J. Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2458. [PMID: 37703365 PMCID: PMC10499318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity. Ocean acidification is close to being breached, while aerosol loading regionally exceeds the boundary. Stratospheric ozone levels have slightly recovered. The transgression level has increased for all boundaries earlier identified as overstepped. As primary production drives Earth system biosphere functions, human appropriation of net primary production is proposed as a control variable for functional biosphere integrity. This boundary is also transgressed. Earth system modeling of different levels of the transgression of the climate and land system change boundaries illustrates that these anthropogenic impacts on Earth system must be considered in a systemic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Richardson
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Will Steffen
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Lucht
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jørgen Bendtsen
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah E. Cornell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan F. Donges
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Drüke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ingo Fetzer
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Govindasamy Bala
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka – 560012, India
| | - Werner von Bloh
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Georg Feulner
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephanie Fiedler
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Gerten
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Gleeson
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthias Hofmann
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Willem Huiskamp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matti Kummu
- Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Chinchu Mohan
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Waterplan (YC S21), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Nogués-Bravo
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Petri
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miina Porkka
- Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Stefan Rahmstorf
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sibyll Schaphoff
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arne Tobian
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vili Virkki
- Water and Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lan Wang-Erlandsson
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Weber
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Margari V, Hodell DA, Parfitt SA, Ashton NM, Grimalt JO, Kim H, Yun KS, Gibbard PL, Stringer CB, Timmermann A, Tzedakis PC. Extreme glacial cooling likely led to hominin depopulation of Europe in the Early Pleistocene. Science 2023; 381:693-699. [PMID: 37561880 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The oldest known hominin remains in Europe [~1.5 to ~1.1 million years ago (Ma)] have been recovered from Iberia, where paleoenvironmental reconstructions have indicated warm and wet interglacials and mild glacials, supporting the view that once established, hominin populations persisted continuously. We report analyses of marine and terrestrial proxies from a deep-sea core on the Portugese margin that show the presence of pronounced millennial-scale climate variability during a glacial period ~1.154 to ~1.123 Ma, culminating in a terminal stadial cooling comparable to the most extreme events of the last 400,000 years. Climate envelope-model simulations reveal a drastic decrease in early hominin habitat suitability around the Mediterranean during the terminal stadial. We suggest that these extreme conditions led to the depopulation of Europe, perhaps lasting for several successive glacial-interglacial cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Margari
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David A Hodell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Simon A Parfitt
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK
- Centre for Human Evolution Research, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Nick M Ashton
- Department of Britain, Europe and Prehistory, British Museum, London N1 5QJ, UK
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hyuna Kim
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Climate Physics, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Department of Climate System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Yun
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Climate Physics, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Philip L Gibbard
- Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK
| | - Chris B Stringer
- Centre for Human Evolution Research, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Climate Physics, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Polychronis C Tzedakis
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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12
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Zeller E, Timmermann A, Yun KS, Raia P, Stein K, Ruan J. Human adaptation to diverse biomes over the past 3 million years. Science 2023; 380:604-608. [PMID: 37167387 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of vegetation and ecosystem diversity on hominin adaptation and migration, we identify past human habitat preferences over time using a transient 3-million-year earth system-biome model simulation and an extensive hominin fossil and archaeological database. Our analysis shows that early African hominins predominantly lived in open environments such as grassland and dry shrubland. Migrating into Eurasia, hominins adapted to a broader range of biomes over time. By linking the location and age of hominin sites with corresponding simulated regional biomes, we also find that our ancestors actively selected for spatially diverse environments. The quantitative results lead to a new diversity hypothesis: Homo species, in particular Homo sapiens, were specially equipped to adapt to landscape mosaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Zeller
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Climate System, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Yun
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pasquale Raia
- DiSTAR, Napoli Università di Napoli Federico II, Monte Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Karl Stein
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiaoyang Ruan
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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13
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Jin L, Ganopolski A, Willeit M, Lu H, Chen F, Zhang X. Decoupled orbital-scale variability of late Pleistocene-Holocene monsoonal circulation and rainfall in East Asia. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:897-901. [PMID: 37076323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Jin
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Andrey Ganopolski
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam 14412, Germany
| | - Matteo Willeit
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam 14412, Germany
| | - Huayu Lu
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fahu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaption Group, Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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14
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Kirschner P, Seifert B, Kröll J, Schlick‐Steiner BC, Steiner FM. Phylogenomic inference and demographic model selection suggest peripatric separation of the cryptic steppe ant species Plagiolepis pyrenaica stat. rev. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1149-1168. [PMID: 36530155 PMCID: PMC10946478 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ant Plagiolepis taurica Santschi, 1920 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) is a typical species of the Eurasian steppes, a large grassland dominated biome that stretches continuously from Central Asia to Eastern Europe and is represented by disjunct outposts also in Central and Western Europe. The extent of this biome has been influenced by the Pleistocene climate, and steppes expanded recurrently during cold stages and contracted in warm stages. Consequently, stenotopic steppe species such as P. taurica repeatedly went through periods of demographic expansion and severe isolation. Here, we explore the impact of these dynamics on the genetic diversification within P. taurica. Delimitation of P. taurica from other Plagiolepis species has been unclear since its initial description, which raised questions on both its classification and its spatiotemporal diversification early on. We re-evaluate species limits and explore underlying mechanisms driving speciation by using an integrative approach based on genomic and morphometric data. We found large intraspecific divergence within P. taurica and resolved geographically coherent western and eastern genetic groups, which likewise differed morphologically. A morphometric survey of type material showed that Plagiolepis from the western group were more similar to P. barbara pyrenaica Emery, 1921 than to P. taurica; we thus lift the former from synonymy and establish it as separate species, P. pyrenaica stat. rev. Explicit evolutionary model testing based on genomic data supported a peripatric speciation for the species pair, probably as a consequence of steppe contraction and isolation during the mid-Pleistocene. We speculate that this scenario could be exemplary for many stenotopic steppe species, given the emphasized dynamics of Eurasian steppes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kirschner
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Joelle Kröll
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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15
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Lyu R, Xiao J, Li M, Luo Y, He J, Cheng J, Xie L. Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of the East Asian Clematis Group, Sect. Tubulosae, Inferred from Phylogenomic Data. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3056. [PMID: 36769378 PMCID: PMC9917980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of Clematis section Tubulosae, an East Asian endemic lineage, has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogeny of this section with a complete sampling using a phylogenomic approach. The genome skimming method was applied to obtain the complete plastome sequence, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), and the nuclear SNPs data for phylogenetic reconstruction. Using a Bayesian molecular clock approach and ancestral range reconstruction, we reconstruct biogeographical history and discuss the biotic and abiotic factors that may have shaped the distribution patterns of the section. Both nuclear datasets better resolved the phylogeny of the sect. Tubulosae than the plastome sequence. Sect. Tubulosae was resolved as a monophyletic group sister to a clade mainly containing species from the sect. Clematis and sect. Aspidanthera. Within sect. Tubulosae, two major clades were resolved by both nuclear datasets. Two continental taxa, C. heracleifolia and C. tubulosa var. ichangensis, formed one clade. One continental taxon, C. tubulosa, and all the other species from Taiwan island, the Korean peninsula, and the Japanese archipelago formed the other clade. Molecular dating results showed that sect. Tubulosae diverged from its sister clade in the Pliocene, and all the current species diversified during the Pleistocene. Our biogeographical reconstruction suggested that sect. Tubulosae evolved and began species diversification, most likely in mainland China, then dispersed to the Korean peninsula, and then expanded its range through the Japanese archipelago to Taiwan island. Island species diversity may arise through allopatric speciation by vicariance events following the range fragmentation triggered by the climatic oscillation and sea level change during the Pleistocene epoch. Our results highlight the importance of climatic oscillation during the Pleistocene to the spatial-temporal diversification patterns of the sect. Tubulosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudan Lyu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiamin Xiao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yike Luo
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jian He
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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16
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Gojon A, Cassan O, Bach L, Lejay L, Martin A. The decline of plant mineral nutrition under rising CO 2: physiological and molecular aspects of a bad deal. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:185-198. [PMID: 36336557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration has a strong impact on the physiology of C3 plants, far beyond photosynthesis and C metabolism. In particular, it reduces the concentrations of most mineral nutrients in plant tissues, posing major threats on crop quality, nutrient cycles, and carbon sinks in terrestrial agro-ecosystems. The causes of the detrimental effect of high CO2 levels on plant mineral status are not understood. We provide an update on the main hypotheses and review the increasing evidence that, for nitrogen, this detrimental effect is associated with direct inhibition of key mechanisms of nitrogen uptake and assimilation. We also mention promising strategies for identifying genotypes that will maintain robust nutrient status in a future high-CO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Gojon
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Océane Cassan
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Liên Bach
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Lejay
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Martin
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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17
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Fisher GB, Luna LV, Amidon WH, Burbank DW, de Boer B, Stap LB, Bookhagen B, Godard V, Oskin ME, Alonso RN, Tuenter E, Lourens LJ. Milankovitch-paced erosion in the southern Central Andes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:424. [PMID: 36702814 PMCID: PMC9880006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been hypothesized that climate can modify both the pattern and magnitude of erosion in mountainous landscapes, thereby controlling morphology, rates of deformation, and potentially modulating global carbon and nutrient cycles through weathering feedbacks. Although conceptually appealing, geologic evidence for a direct climatic control on erosion has remained ambiguous owing to a lack of high-resolution, long-term terrestrial records and suitable field sites. Here we provide direct terrestrial field evidence for long-term synchrony between erosion rates and Milankovitch-driven, 400-kyr eccentricity cycles using a Plio-Pleistocene cosmogenic radionuclide paleo-erosion rate record from the southern Central Andes. The observed climate-erosion coupling across multiple orbital cycles, when combined with results from the intermediate complexity climate model CLIMBER-2, are consistent with the hypothesis that relatively modest fluctuations in precipitation can cause synchronous and nonlinear responses in erosion rates as landscapes adjust to ever-evolving hydrologic boundary conditions imposed by oscillating climate regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Burch Fisher
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA ,grid.133342.40000 0004 1936 9676Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Lisa V. Luna
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Institute of Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - William H. Amidon
- grid.260002.60000 0000 9743 9925Department of Earth and Climate Sciences, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753 USA
| | - Douglas W. Burbank
- grid.133342.40000 0004 1936 9676Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - Bas de Boer
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Earth and Climate Cluster, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert B. Stap
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bodo Bookhagen
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Institute of Geoscience, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vincent Godard
- grid.498067.40000 0001 0845 4216Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France ,grid.440891.00000 0001 1931 4817Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Michael E. Oskin
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Ricardo N. Alonso
- grid.10821.3a0000 0004 0490 9553Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Erik Tuenter
- grid.8653.80000000122851082Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas J. Lourens
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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18
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Garcia-Jacas N, López-Pujol J, Nualart N, Herrando-Moraira S, Romaschenko K, Ren MX, Susanna A. Centaurea Subsect. Phalolepis (Compositae, Cardueae): A Case Study of Mountain-Driven Allopatric Speciation in the Mediterranean Peninsulas. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:11. [PMID: 36616140 PMCID: PMC9823864 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Centaurea subsection Phalolepis has been thoroughly analyzed in previous studies using microsatellites in four centers of speciation: Anatolia, Greece, the Italian Peninsula and the Iberian Peninsula. Evidence suggests a correlation between taxon diversity and mountains. This group constituted a good case study for examining the mountain-geobiodiversity hypothesis (MGH), which explains the possible reasons for the many radiations occurring in mountains across the world. We combined all the datasets and carried out analyses of their genetic structure to confirm the species of subsect. Phalolepis are grouped according to a geographic pattern. We then checked whether climatic fluctuations favored the "species pump" hypothesis in the mountains by using the Climatic Stability Index (CSI). Finally, the relief of the terrain was tested against the rate of allopatric speciation by region by means of Terrain Ruggedness Index and environmental gradients through our new Climate Niche Breadth Index. Our results supported the MGH hypothesis and confirmed that the main triggers, namely altitudinal zonation, climatic oscillations and rugged terrain, must be present for the development of a radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Garcia-Jacas
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. Migdia, s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi López-Pujol
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. Migdia, s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
- Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Espíritu Santo (UEES), Samborondón 091650, Ecuador
| | - Neus Nualart
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. Migdia, s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Herrando-Moraira
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. Migdia, s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Konstantin Romaschenko
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ming-Xun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
- Center for Terrestrial Biodiversity of the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Alfonso Susanna
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Pg. Migdia, s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Landwehrs J, Feulner G, Willeit M, Petri S, Sames B, Wagreich M, Whiteside JH, Olsen PE. Modes of Pangean lake level cyclicity driven by astronomical climate pacing modulated by continental position and pCO[Formula: see text]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203818119. [PMID: 36343239 PMCID: PMC9674254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203818119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbital cyclicity is a fundamental pacemaker of Earth's climate system. The Newark-Hartford Basin (NHB) lake sediment record of eastern North America contains compelling geologic expressions of this cyclicity, reflecting variations of climatic conditions in tropical Pangea during the Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic (~233 to 199 Ma). Climate modeling enables a deeper mechanistic understanding of Earth system modulation during this unique greenhouse and supercontinent period. We link major features of the NHB record to the combined climatic effects of orbital forcing, paleogeographic changes, and atmospheric pCO[Formula: see text] variations. An ensemble of transient, orbitally driven climate simulations is assessed for nine time slices, three atmospheric pCO[Formula: see text] values, and two paleogeographic reconstructions. Climatic transitions from tropical humid to more seasonal and ultimately semiarid are associated with tectonic drift of the NHB from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. The modeled orbital modulation of the precipitation-evaporation balance is most pronounced during the 220 to 200 Ma interval, whereas it is limited by weak seasonality and increasing aridity before and after this interval. Lower pCO[Formula: see text] at around 205 Ma contributes to drier climates and could have led to the observed damping of sediment cyclicity. Eccentricity-modulated precession dominates the orbitally driven climate response in the NHB region. High obliquity further amplifies summer precipitation through the seasonal shifts in the tropical rainfall belt. Regions with other proxy records are also assessed, providing guidance toward an integrated picture of global astronomical climate forcing in the Late Triassic and ultimately of other periods in Earth history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Landwehrs
- Department of Geology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Georg Feulner
- Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matteo Willeit
- Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Petri
- Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sames
- Department of Geology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wagreich
- Department of Geology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica H. Whiteside
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, SO14 3ZH Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182
| | - Paul E. Olsen
- Biology and Paleo Environment Division, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, 10968 NY
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20
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Increased terrigenous input from North America to the northern Mendeleev Ridge (western Arctic Ocean) since the mid-Brunhes Event. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15189. [PMID: 36071079 PMCID: PMC9452527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mid-Brunhes Event (MBE) occurred at approximately 420 ka between Marine Isotope Stage 11 and 12, and is considered the most pronounced climatic shift during the last ~ 800 kyrs. On the other hand, it is unclear if the MBE was global, despite being observed in the high-latitude Northern Hemispheric cryosphere in terms of climate systems. A 5.35-m long gravity core ARC5-MA01 was obtained from the northern Mendeleev Ridge in the western Arctic Ocean to track the paleoenvironmental changes in terms of the terrigenous sedimentation in response to the glacial-interglacial climate changes across the MBE. Geochemical proxies (biogenic opal, total organic carbon, C/N ratio, carbon isotope of organic matter, and calcium carbonate) of MA01 suggest that the terrigenous input was generally higher during the interglacial periods. Based on a mineralogical examination, most of the terrigenous input was attributed to the abundance of dolomite and the increased kaolinite content from North America. In particular, most paleoceanographic proxies showed that the terrigenous input from North America was enhanced distinctly during the post-MBE interglacial periods. These results suggest that the MBE in the western Arctic Ocean was a global climatic shift closely linked to cryospheric development in North America during the middle Pleistocene.
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21
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Abstract
Prudent risk management requires consideration of bad-to-worst-case scenarios. Yet, for climate change, such potential futures are poorly understood. Could anthropogenic climate change result in worldwide societal collapse or even eventual human extinction? At present, this is a dangerously underexplored topic. Yet there are ample reasons to suspect that climate change could result in a global catastrophe. Analyzing the mechanisms for these extreme consequences could help galvanize action, improve resilience, and inform policy, including emergency responses. We outline current knowledge about the likelihood of extreme climate change, discuss why understanding bad-to-worst cases is vital, articulate reasons for concern about catastrophic outcomes, define key terms, and put forward a research agenda. The proposed agenda covers four main questions: 1) What is the potential for climate change to drive mass extinction events? 2) What are the mechanisms that could result in human mass mortality and morbidity? 3) What are human societies' vulnerabilities to climate-triggered risk cascades, such as from conflict, political instability, and systemic financial risk? 4) How can these multiple strands of evidence-together with other global dangers-be usefully synthesized into an "integrated catastrophe assessment"? It is time for the scientific community to grapple with the challenge of better understanding catastrophic climate change.
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22
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Pullen A, Barbeau DL, Leier AL, Abell JT, Ward M, Bruner A, Fidler MK. A westerly wind dominated Puna Plateau during deposition of upper Pleistocene loessic sediments in the subtropical Andes, South America. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3411. [PMID: 35701433 PMCID: PMC9197825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tafí del Valle depression (~27° S) in the eastern Andes of Argentina provides a record of late Pleistocene dust deposition in the subtropics of South America. We present large-n U-Pb geochronology data for detrital zircons from upper Pleistocene loess-paleosol deposits. When compared to regional data, the age spectra from the Tafí del Valle samples are most like the southern Puna Plateau, supporting derivation largely from the west and northwest. This runs counter to hypotheses suggesting these loessic sediments were derived from the low elevation plains to the east or extra-Andean Patagonia. Mapping of linear wind erosion features on the Puna Plateau yield a mean orientation of 125.7° (1 s.d. = 12.4°). These new data and existing records are consistent with a westerly-northwesterly dominated (upper- and lower-level) wind system over the southern Puna Plateau (to at least ~27° S) during periods of high dust accumulation in Tafí del Valle. Detrital zircon ages in Pleistocene sediments and wind erosion patterns indicate the Puna Plateau was dominated by westerly winds during intervals of high dust accumulation in the eastern subtropical Andes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pullen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - David L Barbeau
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Andrew L Leier
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jordan T Abell
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Madison Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Austin Bruner
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.,Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Mary Kate Fidler
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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23
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Ashokan A, Xavier A, Suksathan P, Ardiyani M, Leong-Škorničková J, Newman M, Kress WJ, Gowda V. Himalayan orogeny and monsoon intensification explain species diversification in an endemic ginger (Hedychium: Zingiberaceae) from the Indo-Malayan Realm. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 170:107440. [PMID: 35192919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Indo-Malayan Realm is a biogeographic realm that extends from the Indian Subcontinent to the islands of Southeast Asia (Malay Archipelago). Despite being megadiverse, evolutionary hypotheses explaining taxonomic diversity in this region have been rare. Here, we investigate the role of geoclimatic events such as Himalayan orogeny and monsoon intensification in the diversification of the ginger-lilies (Hedychium J.Koenig: Zingiberaceae). We first built a comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny of Hedychium with 75% taxonomic and geographic sampling. We found that Hedychium is a very young lineage that originated in Northern Indo-Burma, in the Late Miocene (c. 10.6 Ma). This was followed by a late Neogene and early Quaternary diversification, with multiple dispersal events to Southern Indo-Burma, Himalayas, Peninsular India, and the Malay Archipelago. The most speciose clade IV i.e., the predominantly Indo-Burmese clade also showed a higher diversification rate, suggesting its recent rapid radiation. Our divergence dating and GeoHiSSE results demonstrate that the diversification of Hedychium was shaped by both the intensifications in the Himalayan uplift as well as the Asian monsoon. Ancestral character-state reconstructions identified the occurrence of vegetative dormancy in both clades I and II, whereas the strictly epiphytic growth behavior, island dwarfism, lack of dormancy, and a distinct environmental niche were observed only in the predominantly island clade i.e., clade III. Finally, we show that the occurrence of epiphytism in clade III corresponds with submergence due to sea-level changes, suggesting it to be an adaptive trait. Our study highlights the role of recent geoclimatic events and environmental factors in the diversification of plants within the Indo-Malayan Realm and the need for collaborative work to understand biogeographic patterns within this understudied region. This study opens new perspectives for future biogeographic studies in this region and provides a framework to explain the taxonomic hyperdiversity of the Indo-Malayan Realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Ashokan
- Tropical Ecology and Evolution (TrEE) Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India.
| | - Aleena Xavier
- Tropical Ecology and Evolution (TrEE) Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Piyakaset Suksathan
- Herbarium (QBG), Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 7, Mae Rim, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand
| | - Marlina Ardiyani
- Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences/Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Cibinong Science Center, Jl Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16912, Indonesia
| | - Jana Leong-Škorničková
- Research & Conservation Branch, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, 259569, Singapore
| | - Mark Newman
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - W John Kress
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, United States
| | - Vinita Gowda
- Tropical Ecology and Evolution (TrEE) Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India.
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24
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Timmermann A, Yun KS, Raia P, Ruan J, Mondanaro A, Zeller E, Zollikofer C, Ponce de León M, Lemmon D, Willeit M, Ganopolski A. Climate effects on archaic human habitats and species successions. Nature 2022; 604:495-501. [PMID: 35418680 PMCID: PMC9021022 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It has long been believed that climate shifts during the last 2 million years had a pivotal role in the evolution of our genus Homo1–3. However, given the limited number of representative palaeo-climate datasets from regions of anthropological interest, it has remained challenging to quantify this linkage. Here, we use an unprecedented transient Pleistocene coupled general circulation model simulation in combination with an extensive compilation of fossil and archaeological records to study the spatiotemporal habitat suitability for five hominin species over the past 2 million years. We show that astronomically forced changes in temperature, rainfall and terrestrial net primary production had a major impact on the observed distributions of these species. During the Early Pleistocene, hominins settled primarily in environments with weak orbital-scale climate variability. This behaviour changed substantially after the mid-Pleistocene transition, when archaic humans became global wanderers who adapted to a wide range of spatial climatic gradients. Analysis of the simulated hominin habitat overlap from approximately 300–400 thousand years ago further suggests that antiphased climate disruptions in southern Africa and Eurasia contributed to the evolutionary transformation of Homo heidelbergensis populations into Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, respectively. Our robust numerical simulations of climate-induced habitat changes provide a framework to test hypotheses on our human origin. A new model simulation of climate change during the past 2 million years indicates that the appearances and disappearances of hominin species correlate with long-term climatic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea. .,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Sook Yun
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Pasquale Raia
- DiSTAR, Università di Napoli Federico II, Monte Sant'Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Jiaoyang Ruan
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | | | - Elke Zeller
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | | | | | - Danielle Lemmon
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Matteo Willeit
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
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25
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Kirschner P, Perez MF, Záveská E, Sanmartín I, Marquer L, Schlick-Steiner BC, Alvarez N, Steiner FM, Schönswetter P. Congruent evolutionary responses of European steppe biota to late Quaternary climate change. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1921. [PMID: 35396388 PMCID: PMC8993823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary climatic oscillations had a large impact on European biogeography. Alternation of cold and warm stages caused recurrent glaciations, massive vegetation shifts, and large-scale range alterations in many species. The Eurasian steppe biome and its grasslands are a noteworthy example; they underwent climate-driven, large-scale contractions during warm stages and expansions during cold stages. Here, we evaluate the impact of these range alterations on the late Quaternary demography of several phylogenetically distant plant and insect species, typical of the Eurasian steppes. We compare three explicit demographic hypotheses by applying an approach combining convolutional neural networks with approximate Bayesian computation. We identified congruent demographic responses of cold stage expansion and warm stage contraction across all species, but also species-specific effects. The demographic history of the Eurasian steppe biota reflects major paleoecological turning points in the late Quaternary and emphasizes the role of climate as a driving force underlying patterns of genetic variance on the biome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kirschner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Manolo F Perez
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Genetica e Evolucao, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565905, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Isabel Sanmartín
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurent Marquer
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Nadir Alvarez
- Geneva Natural History Museum of Geneva, Route de Malagnou 1, 1208, Genève, Switzerland.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Boulevard D'Yvoy 4, 1205, Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian M Steiner
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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26
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David A, Gautam A. Cenozoic Era. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANIMAL COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2022:1133-1147. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
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27
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Cumer T, Machado AP, Dumont G, Bontzorlos V, Ceccherelli R, Charter M, Dichmann K, Kassinis N, Lourenço R, Manzia F, Martens HD, Prévost L, Rakovic M, Roque I, Siverio F, Roulin A, Goudet J. Landscape and climatic variations shaped secondary contacts amid barn owls of the Western Palearctic. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6454100. [PMID: 34893883 PMCID: PMC8789042 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined actions of climatic variations and landscape barriers shape the history of natural populations. When organisms follow their shifting niches, obstacles in the landscape can lead to the splitting of populations, on which evolution will then act independently. When two such populations are reunited, secondary contact occurs in a broad range of admixture patterns, from narrow hybrid zones to the complete dissolution of lineages. A previous study suggested that barn owls colonized the Western Palearctic after the last glaciation in a ring-like fashion around the Mediterranean Sea, and conjectured an admixture zone in the Balkans. Here, we take advantage of whole-genome sequences of 94 individuals across the Western Palearctic to reveal the complex history of the species in the region using observational and modeling approaches. Even though our results confirm that two distinct lineages colonized the region, one in Europe and one in the Levant, they suggest that it predates the last glaciation and identify a secondary contact zone between the two in Anatolia. We also show that barn owls recolonized Europe after the glaciation from two distinct glacial refugia: a previously identified western one in Iberia and a new eastern one in Italy. Both glacial lineages now communicate via eastern Europe, in a wide and permeable contact zone. This complex history of populations enlightens the taxonomy of Tyto alba in the region, highlights the key role played by mountain ranges and large water bodies as barriers and illustrates the power of population genomics in uncovering intricate demographic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Cumer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Paula Machado
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Dumont
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vasileios Bontzorlos
- Green Fund, Kifisia, Athens, Greece.,"TYTO" - Organization for the Management and Conservation of Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems, Larisa, Greece
| | | | - Motti Charter
- Shamir Research Institute, University of Haifa, Katzrin, Israel.,Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Rui Lourenço
- MED Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Laboratory of Ornithology, IIFA, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | | | - Laure Prévost
- Association C.H.E.N.E, Centre d'Hébergement et d'Etude sur la Nature et l'Environnement, Allouville-Bellefosse, 76190, France
| | - Marko Rakovic
- Natural History Museum of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Inês Roque
- MED Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Laboratory of Ornithology, IIFA, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Felipe Siverio
- Canary Islands' Ornithology and Natural History Group (GOHNIC), 38480 Buenavista del Norte, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Goudet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Hánová A, Konečný A, Mikula O, Bryjová A, Šumbera R, Bryja J. Diversity, distribution, and evolutionary history of the most studied African rodents, multimammate mice of the genus
Mastomys
: An overview after a quarter of century of using DNA sequencing. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hánová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Adam Konečný
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikula
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
| | - Anna Bryjová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
| | - Radim Šumbera
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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29
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Marchand W, Girardin MP, Hartmann H, Lévesque M, Gauthier S, Bergeron Y. Contrasting life-history traits of black spruce and jack pine influence their physiological response to drought and growth recovery in northeastern boreal Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148514. [PMID: 34218146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An increase in frequency, intensity and duration of drought events affects forested ecosystems. Trees react to these changes by adjusting stomatal conductance to maximize the trade-off between carbon gains and water losses. A better understanding of the consequences of these drought-induced physiological adjustments for tree growth could help inferring future productivity potentials of boreal forests. Here, we used samples from a forest inventory network in Canada where a decline in growth rates of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) occurred in 1988-1992, an exceptionally dry period, to verify if this growth decline resulted from physiological adjustments of trees to drought. We measured carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in growth rings of 95 spruces and 49 pines spanning 1985-1993. We used 13C discrimination (Δ13C) and 18O enrichment (Δ18O) as proxies for intrinsic water use efficiency and stomatal conductance, respectively. We studied how inter-annual variability in isotopic signals was linked to climate moisture index, vapor pressure deficit and annual snowfall amount. We found significantly lower Δ13C values over 1988-1990, and significantly higher Δ18O values in 1988-1989 and 1991 compared to the 1985-1993 averages. We also observed that a low climatic water balance and a high vapor pressure deficit were linked with low Δ13C and high Δ18O in the two study species, in parallel with low growth rates. The latter effect persisted into the year following drought for black spruce, but not for jack pine. These findings highlight that small differences in physiological parameters between species could translate into large differences in post-drought recovery. The stronger and longer lasting impact on black spruce compared to jack pine suggests a less efficient carbon use and a lower acclimation potential to future warmer and drier climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Marchand
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S, P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada.
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S, P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mathieu Lévesque
- Forest Management/Silviculture Group, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S, P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 boul. de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada
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30
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Ghane-Ameleh S, Khosravi M, Saberi-Pirooz R, Ebrahimi E, Aghbolaghi MA, Ahmadzadeh F. Mid-Pleistocene Transition as a trigger for diversification in the Irano-Anatolian region: Evidence revealed by phylogeography and distribution pattern of the eastern three-lined lizard. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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31
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Turnham KE, Wham DC, Sampayo E, LaJeunesse TC. Mutualistic microalgae co-diversify with reef corals that acquire symbionts during egg development. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:3271-3285. [PMID: 34012104 PMCID: PMC8528872 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The application of molecular genetics has reinvigorated and improved how species are defined and investigated scientifically, especially for morphologically cryptic micro-organisms. Here we show how species recognition improves understanding of the ecology and evolution of mutualisms between reef-building corals and their mutualistic dinoflagellates (i.e. Symbiodiniaceae). A combination of genetic, ecological, and morphological evidence defines two sibling species of Cladocopium (formerly Symbiodinium Clade C), specific only to host corals in the common genus Pocillopora, which transmit their obligate symbionts during oogenesis. Cladocopium latusorum sp. nov. is symbiotic with P. grandis/meandrina while the smaller-celled C. pacificum sp. nov. associates with P. verrucosa. Both symbiont species form mutualisms with Pocillopora that brood their young. Populations of each species, like their hosts, are genetically well connected across the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean, indicating a capacity for long-range dispersal. A molecular clock approximates their speciation during the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene as Earth underwent cycles of precipitous cooling and warming; and corresponds to when their hosts were also diversifying. The long temporal and spatial maintenance of high host fidelity, as well as genetic connectivity across thousands of kilometers, indicates that distinct ecological attributes and close evolutionary histories will restrain the adaptive responses of corals and their specialized symbionts to rapid climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drew C Wham
- Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Todd C LaJeunesse
- Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment, University Park, PA, USA.
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32
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Krissansen-Totton J, Kipp MA, Catling DC. Carbon cycle inverse modeling suggests large changes in fractional organic burial are consistent with the carbon isotope record and may have contributed to the rise of oxygen. GEOBIOLOGY 2021; 19:342-363. [PMID: 33764615 PMCID: PMC8359855 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Abundant geologic evidence shows that atmospheric oxygen levels were negligible until the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at 2.4-2.1 Ga. The burial of organic matter is balanced by the release of oxygen, and if the release rate exceeds efficient oxygen sinks, atmospheric oxygen can accumulate until limited by oxidative weathering. The organic burial rate relative to the total carbon burial rate can be inferred from the carbon isotope record in sedimentary carbonates and organic matter, which provides a proxy for the oxygen source flux through time. Because there are no large secular trends in the carbon isotope record over time, it is commonly assumed that the oxygen source flux changed only modestly. Therefore, declines in oxygen sinks have been used to explain the GOE. However, the average isotopic value of carbon fluxes into the atmosphere-ocean system can evolve due to changing proportions of weathering and outgassing inputs. If so, large secular changes in organic burial would be possible despite unchanging carbon isotope values in sedimentary rocks. Here, we present an inverse analysis using a self-consistent carbon cycle model to determine the maximum change in organic burial since ~4 Ga allowed by the carbon isotope record and other geological proxies. We find that fractional organic burial may have increased by 2-5 times since the Archean. This happens because O2 -dependent continental weathering of 13 C-depleted organics changes carbon isotope inputs to the atmosphere-ocean system. This increase in relative organic burial is consistent with an anoxic-to-oxic atmospheric transition around 2.4 Ga without declining oxygen sinks, although these likely contributed. Moreover, our inverse analysis suggests that the Archean absolute organic burial flux was comparable to modern, implying high organic burial efficiency and ruling out very low Archean primary productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Krissansen-Totton
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences/Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Virtual Planetary Laboratory, NASA Nexus for Exoplanet System Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Kipp
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences/Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Virtual Planetary Laboratory, NASA Nexus for Exoplanet System Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David C Catling
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences/Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Virtual Planetary Laboratory, NASA Nexus for Exoplanet System Science, Seattle, WA, USA
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33
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Rice C, Wolf J, Fleisher DH, Acosta SM, Adkins SW, Bajwa AA, Ziska LH. Recent CO 2 levels promote increased production of the toxin parthenin in an invasive Parthenium hysterophorus biotype. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:725-729. [PMID: 34099902 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations promoted higher parthenin concentrations in an invasive Parthenium hysterophorus biotype. Mean concentrations of parthenin, an allelopathic and defensive sesquiterpene lactone, were 49% higher at recent (~400 ppm) than at mid-twentieth-century (~300 ppm) CO2 concentrations, but did not vary in a non-invasive biotype, suggesting that recent increases in atmospheric CO2 may have already altered the chemistry of this destructive weed, potentially contributing to its invasive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rice
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - J Wolf
- Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - D H Fleisher
- Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - S M Acosta
- District of Columbia Department of Energy and Environment, Washington DC, Washington DC, USA
| | - S W Adkins
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - A A Bajwa
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Weed Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L H Ziska
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Rohling EJ, Yu J, Heslop D, Foster GL, Opdyke B, Roberts AP. Sea level and deep-sea temperature reconstructions suggest quasi-stable states and critical transitions over the past 40 million years. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabf5326. [PMID: 34172440 PMCID: PMC8232915 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf5326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sea level and deep-sea temperature variations are key indicators of global climate changes. For continuous records over millions of years, deep-sea carbonate microfossil-based δ18O (δc) records are indispensable because they reflect changes in both deep-sea temperature and seawater δ18O (δw); the latter are related to ice volume and, thus, to sea level changes. Deep-sea temperature is usually resolved using elemental ratios in the same benthic microfossil shells used for δc, with linear scaling of residual δw to sea level changes. Uncertainties are large and the linear-scaling assumption remains untested. Here, we present a new process-based approach to assess relationships between changes in sea level, mean ice sheet δ18O, and both deep-sea δw and temperature and find distinct nonlinearity between sea level and δw changes. Application to δc records over the past 40 million years suggests that Earth's climate system has complex dynamical behavior, with threshold-like adjustments (critical transitions) that separate quasi-stable deep-sea temperature and ice-volume states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco J Rohling
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jimin Yu
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - David Heslop
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gavin L Foster
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Bradley Opdyke
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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35
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Kubota Y, Haneda Y, Kameo K, Itaki T, Hayashi H, Shikoku K, Izumi K, Head MJ, Suganuma Y, Okada M. Paleoceanography of the northwestern Pacific across the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary (Marine Isotope Stages 20-18). PROGRESS IN EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE 2021; 8:29. [PMID: 34722117 PMCID: PMC8550468 DOI: 10.1186/s40645-020-00395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fluctuating position of the boundary between the Kuroshio (warm) and Oyashio (cold) currents in the mid-latitude western North Pacific affects both heat transport and air-ocean interactions and has significant consequences for the East Asian climate. We reconstruct the paleoceanography of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 20-18, MIS 19 being one of the closest astronomical analogues to the present interglacial, through multiple proxies including microfossil assemblage data, planktonic foraminiferal isotopes (δ18O and δ13C), and foraminiferal Mg/Ca-based temperature records, from the Chiba composite section (CbCS) exposed on the Boso Peninsula, east-central Japan. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to capture dominant patterns of the temporal variation in these marine records, and shows that the relative abundances of calcareous nannofossil and radiolarian taxa are consistent with the water mass types inferred from geochemical proxies. The leading mode (36.3% of total variance) mirrors variation in the terrestrial East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), reflecting seasonal trends dominated by the winter monsoon system. In the CbCS, this mode is interpreted as reflecting the interplay between the warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio waters, which is likely related to the latitudinal shift of the subtropical-subarctic gyre boundary in the North Pacific. The second mode (15.4% of total variance) is closely related to subsurface conditions. The leading mode indicates that MIS 19b and 19a are represented by millennial-scale stadial/interstadial oscillations. Northerly positions for the gyre boundary during late MIS 19c, the interstadials of MIS 19a, and early MIS 18 are inferred from the leading mode, which is consistent with a weak EAWM and consequent mild winter climate in East Asia. Nonetheless, the northerly positions for the gyre boundary during late MIS 19c and early MIS 19a were not associated with subsurface warming presumably due to the suppressed gyre circulation itself caused by the weak Aleutian Low. Intermittent southerly positions for the gyre boundary are inferred for the stadials of MIS 19b and 19a. Regional sea surface temperature (SST) comparisons in the western North Pacific reveal that the moderate SSTs during MIS 19a through early MIS 18 were restricted to the mid- to high latitudes, influenced by the weak EAWM. Comparison between MIS 20-18 and MIS 2-1 suggests that glacial MIS 20 and 18 had significantly milder winters than MIS 2, likely related to the relatively weak EAWM. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40645-020-00395-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Kubota
- Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005 Japan
| | - Yuki Haneda
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567 Japan
| | - Koji Kameo
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi, Inage, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Takuya Itaki
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567 Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-Cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Kizuku Shikoku
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-Cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Faculty & Graduate School of Education, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Martin J. Head
- Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Yusuke Suganuma
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-Cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518 Japan
- Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Okada
- Department of Earth Sciences, Ibaraki University, 2-2-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512 Japan
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36
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Folke C, Polasky S, Rockström J, Galaz V, Westley F, Lamont M, Scheffer M, Österblom H, Carpenter SR, Chapin FS, Seto KC, Weber EU, Crona BI, Daily GC, Dasgupta P, Gaffney O, Gordon LJ, Hoff H, Levin SA, Lubchenco J, Steffen W, Walker BH. Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere. AMBIO 2021; 50:834-869. [PMID: 33715097 PMCID: PMC7955950 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed an interconnected and tightly coupled globalized world in rapid change. This article sets the scientific stage for understanding and responding to such change for global sustainability and resilient societies. We provide a systemic overview of the current situation where people and nature are dynamically intertwined and embedded in the biosphere, placing shocks and extreme events as part of this dynamic; humanity has become the major force in shaping the future of the Earth system as a whole; and the scale and pace of the human dimension have caused climate change, rapid loss of biodiversity, growing inequalities, and loss of resilience to deal with uncertainty and surprise. Taken together, human actions are challenging the biosphere foundation for a prosperous development of civilizations. The Anthropocene reality-of rising system-wide turbulence-calls for transformative change towards sustainable futures. Emerging technologies, social innovations, broader shifts in cultural repertoires, as well as a diverse portfolio of active stewardship of human actions in support of a resilient biosphere are highlighted as essential parts of such transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Folke
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Programme (GEDB), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Johan Rockström
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Victor Galaz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Marten Scheffer
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatrice I Crona
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Programme (GEDB), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Owen Gaffney
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Line J Gordon
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Hoff
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Will Steffen
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Jakubowski HV, Bock N, Busta L, Pearce M, Roston RL, Shomo ZD, Terrell CR. Introducing climate change into the biochemistry and molecular biology curriculum. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 49:167-188. [PMID: 32833339 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our climate is changing due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases from the production and use of fossil fuels. Present atmospheric levels of CO2 were last seen 3 million years ago, when planetary temperature sustained high Arctic camels. As scientists and educators, we should feel a professional responsibility to discuss major scientific issues like climate change, and its profound consequences for humanity, with students who look up to us for knowledge and leadership, and who will be most affected in the future. We offer simple to complex backgrounds and examples to enable and encourage biochemistry educators to routinely incorporate this most important topic into their classrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry V Jakubowski
- Department of Chemistry, College of St. Benedict/St. John's University, St. Joseph, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas Bock
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Matthew Pearce
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Office of Education, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca L Roston
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zachery D Shomo
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Cassidy R Terrell
- Center for Learning Innovation, University of Minnesota Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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38
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Starr A, Hall IR, Barker S, Rackow T, Zhang X, Hemming SR, van der Lubbe HJL, Knorr G, Berke MA, Bigg GR, Cartagena-Sierra A, Jiménez-Espejo FJ, Gong X, Gruetzner J, Lathika N, LeVay LJ, Robinson RS, Ziegler M. Antarctic icebergs reorganize ocean circulation during Pleistocene glacials. Nature 2021; 589:236-241. [PMID: 33442043 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The dominant feature of large-scale mass transfer in the modern ocean is the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The geometry and vigour of this circulation influences global climate on various timescales. Palaeoceanographic evidence suggests that during glacial periods of the past 1.5 million years the AMOC had markedly different features from today1; in the Atlantic basin, deep waters of Southern Ocean origin increased in volume while above them the core of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) shoaled2. An absence of evidence on the origin of this phenomenon means that the sequence of events leading to global glacial conditions remains unclear. Here we present multi-proxy evidence showing that northward shifts in Antarctic iceberg melt in the Indian-Atlantic Southern Ocean (0-50° E) systematically preceded deep-water mass reorganizations by one to two thousand years during Pleistocene-era glaciations. With the aid of iceberg-trajectory model experiments, we demonstrate that such a shift in iceberg trajectories during glacial periods can result in a considerable redistribution of freshwater in the Southern Ocean. We suggest that this, in concert with increased sea-ice cover, enabled positive buoyancy anomalies to 'escape' into the upper limb of the AMOC, providing a teleconnection between surface Southern Ocean conditions and the formation of NADW. The magnitude and pacing of this mechanism evolved substantially across the mid-Pleistocene transition, and the coeval increase in magnitude of the 'southern escape' and deep circulation perturbations implicate this mechanism as a key feedback in the transition to the '100-kyr world', in which glacial-interglacial cycles occur at roughly 100,000-year periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Starr
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Ian R Hall
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Stephen Barker
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Rackow
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Xu Zhang
- Center for Pan Third Pole Environment (Pan-TPE), Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Sidney R Hemming
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - H J L van der Lubbe
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Faculty of Science, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Knorr
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Melissa A Berke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Grant R Bigg
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alejandra Cartagena-Sierra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Francisco J Jiménez-Espejo
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Armilla, Spain.,Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization (Biogeochemistry Program), JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Xun Gong
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jens Gruetzner
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nambiyathodi Lathika
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India
| | - Leah J LeVay
- International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca S Robinson
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Martin Ziegler
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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39
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Resonantly Forced Baroclinic Waves in the Oceans: A New Approach to Climate Variability. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How variations in Earth’s orbit pace the glacial-interglacial cycles of the Quaternary are probably one of the greatest mysteries of modern climate science. These changes in the forcing are too small to explain the observed climate variations as simple linear responses. Consequently, to strictly apply the Milankovitch’s theory, a mediator involving positive feedbacks must be found, endowing the climate response with a resonant feature. This mediation should help explain the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) by involving orbital variations as the only external forcing, contrary to the current theory that supposes the coevolution of climate, ice sheets, and carbon cycle over the past 3 million years. Supported by both observational and theoretical considerations, recent work shows that long-period Rossby waves winding around subtropical ocean gyres meet the requirements of the sought mediator. Propagating cyclonically around the subtropical gyres, the so-called Gyral Rossby waves (GRWs) owe their origin to the gradient β of the Coriolis parameter relative to the mean radius of the gyres. The resulting modulated western boundary current, whose velocity is added to that of the steady anticyclonic wind-driven current, accelerates/decelerates according to the phase of GRWs. This amplifies the oscillation of the thermocline because of a positive feedback loop ensuing from the temperature gradient between the high and low latitudes of the gyres. Multi-frequency GRWs overlap, behaving as coupled oscillators with inertia resonantly forced by solar and orbital cycles in subharmonic modes. So, the efficiency of forcing increases considerably as the forcing period approaches a natural period of the GRWs. Taking advantage of (1) the alkenone paleothermometer in sediment cores sampled in the Tasman Sea floor, we show that, in the same way as during the MPT, but with periods 10 times longer, a transition occurred at the hinge of Pliocene-Pleistocene. Both transitions as well as the observed adjustment of the South Pacific gyre to the resonance conditions during the MPT are explained from orbital forcing alone—(2) data set of individual Globigerinoides ruberδO 18 spanning the Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum from sediment core in the eastern equatorial Pacific, we show how the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity is modulated according to subharmonic modes. Periods of warming induce a decrease in ENSO activity while periods of cooling induce an increase.
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40
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Solórzano-Kraemer MM, Delclòs X, Engel MS, Peñalver E. A revised definition for copal and its significance for palaeontological and Anthropocene biodiversity-loss studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19904. [PMID: 33199762 PMCID: PMC7669904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The early fossilization steps of natural resins and associated terminology are a subject of constant debate. Copal and resin are archives of palaeontological and historical information, and their study is critical to the discovery of new and/or recently extinct species and to trace changes in forests during the Holocene. For such studies, a clear, suitable definition for copal is vital and is herein established. We propose an age range for copal (2.58 Ma—1760 AD), including Pleistocene and Holocene copals, and the novel term "Defaunation resin", defined as resin produced after the commencement of the Industrial Revolution. Defaunation resin is differentiated from Holocene copal as it was produced during a period of intense human transformative activities. Additionally, the “Latest Amber Bioinclusions Gap” (LABG) since the late Miocene to the end of the Pleistocene is hereby newly defined, and is characterized by its virtual absence of bioinclusions and the consequent lack of palaeontological information, which in part explains the historical differentiation between amber and copal. Crucial time intervals in the study of resin production, and of the biodiversity that could be contained, are now clarified, providing a framework for and focusing future research on bioinclusions preserved in copal and resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica M Solórzano-Kraemer
- Palaeontology and Historical Geology, Senckenberg Research Institute, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Xavier Delclòs
- Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Enrique Peñalver
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (Museo Geominero), 46004, Valencia, Spain
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41
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Hattori RS, Castañeda-Cortés DC, Arias Padilla LF, Strobl-Mazzulla PH, Fernandino JI. Activation of stress response axis as a key process in environment-induced sex plasticity in fish. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4223-4236. [PMID: 32367192 PMCID: PMC11104976 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The determination of sex is an important hallmark in the life cycle of organisms, in which the fate of gonads and then the individual sex are defined. In gonochoristic teleost fish, this process is characterized by a high plasticity, considering that in spite of genotypic sex many environmental factors can cause shifts from one to another molecular pathway, resulting in organisms with mismatching genotypic and phenotypic sexes. Interestingly, in most instances, both female-to-male or male-to-female sex-reversed individuals develop functional gonads with normal gametogenesis and respective progenies with full viability. The study of these mechanisms is being spread to other non-model species or to those inhabiting more extreme environmental conditions. Although water temperature is an important mechanism involved in sex determination, there are other environmental stressors affected by the climate change which are also implicated in stress response-induced masculinization in fish. In this regard, the brain has emerged as the transducer of the environment input that can influence the gonadal fate. Furthermore, the evaluation of other environmental stressors or their synergic effect on sex determination at conditions that simulate the natural environments is growing gradually. Within such scope, the concerns related to climate change impacts rely on the fact that many of biotic and abiotic parameters reported to affect sex ratios are expected to increase concomitantly as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions and, particularly worrying, many of them are related to male bias in the populations, such as high temperature, hypoxia, and acidity. These environmental changes can also generate epigenetic changes in sex-related genes affecting their expression, with implications on sex differentiation not only of exposed individuals but also in following generations. The co-analysis of multi-stressors with potential inter- and transgenerational effects is essential to allow researchers to perform long-term predictions on climate change impacts in wild populations and for establishing highly accurate monitoring tools and suitable mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Hattori
- Salmonid Experimental Station at Campos do Jordão, UPD-CJ (APTA/SAA), Campos do Jordão, Brazil
| | - D C Castañeda-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - L F Arias Padilla
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - P H Strobl-Mazzulla
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - J I Fernandino
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina.
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Borisova NG, Starkov AI, Lizunova AV, Popov SV, Erbajeva MA. Spatial Assessment of the Climatic Niche of Daurian Pika. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425520050030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Köhler P, van de Wal RSW. Interglacials of the Quaternary defined by northern hemispheric land ice distribution outside of Greenland. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5124. [PMID: 33046715 PMCID: PMC7550566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glacial/interglacial dynamics during the Quaternary were suggested to be mainly driven by obliquity (41-kyr periodicity), including irregularities during the last 1 Myr that resulted in on average 100-kyr cycles. Here, we investigate this so-called Mid-Pleistocene Transition via model-based deconvolution of benthic δ18O, redefining interglacials by lack of substantial northern hemispheric land ice outside of Greenland. We find that in 67%, 88% and 52% of the obliquity cycles during the early, middle and late Quaternary, respectively, a glacial termination is realized leading to irregular appearances of new interglacials during various parts of the last 2.6 Myr. This finding suggests that the proposed idea of terminations leading to new interglacials in the Quaternary as obliquity driven with growing influence of land ice volume on the timing of deglaciations during the last 1 Myr might be too simple. Alternatively, the land ice-based definition of interglacials needs revision if applied to the entire Quaternary. This study presents a new definition of interglacials during the Quaternary. The authors find the appearance of interglacials is in general following the 41-kyr cycle of obliquity with various exceptions, suggesting a more complex physical mechanism triggering glacial terminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Köhler
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI), P.O. Box 12 01 61, Bremerhaven, 27515, Germany.
| | - Roderik S W van de Wal
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU) and Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht, 3584 CC, The Netherlands
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44
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Prat JR, Gaggioli CA, Cammarota RC, Bill E, Gagliardi L, Lu CC. Bioinspired Nickel Complexes Supported by an Iron Metalloligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14251-14262. [PMID: 32954721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nature utilizes multimetallic sites in metalloenzymes to enable multielectron chemical transformations at ambient conditions and low overpotentials. One such example of multimetallic cooperativity can be found in the C-cluster of Ni-carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), which interconverts CO and CO2. Toward a potential functional model of the C-cluster, a family of Ni-Fe bimetallic complexes was synthesized that contain direct metal-metal bonding interactions. The complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallography, various spectroscopies (NMR, EPR, UV-vis, Mössbauer), and theoretical calculations. The Ni-Fe bimetallic system has a reversible Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple at -2.10 V (vs Fc+/Fc). The Fe-based "redox switch" can turn on CO2 reactivity at the Ni(0) center by leveraging the Ni→Fe dative interaction to attenuate the Ni(0) electron density. The reduced Ni(0)Fe(II) species mediated the formal two-electron reduction of CO2 to CO, providing a Ni-CO adduct and CO32- as products. During the reaction, an intermediate was observed that is proposed to be a Ni-CO2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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[Climate change: Causes, consequences, solutions and public health care implications]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR EVIDENZ, FORTBILDUNG UND QUALITAT IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2020; 156-157:59-67. [PMID: 32859556 DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global warming is a fundamental threat to human civilization. Urgent and comprehensive actions are needed to achieve the Paris Climate Convention goals. This work aims to provide a systematic overview of global warming and its linkages to public healthcare. METHODS In a narrative review, we outline causes, consequences, and necessary measures regarding global warming and the implications for public healthcare. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Closely linked to our resource behaviours and economic systems, greenhouse gas emissions play a central role in global warming. We are seeing an increase in temperature records and heat waves as well as droughts with crop losses, rising sea levels and, ultimately, effects on the human body and mind. Despite these threats, there is a gap between awareness and action. Measures are urgently needed at a political, innovative, economic and individual level. As a significant greenhouse gas emitter, the public health sector bears responsibility. Healthcare professionals are directly confronted with the impact of global warming through the treatment of people suffering from its effects; they can serve as role models in tackling it. Necessary changes in life (style) do not only involve a more conscious use of our resources, but also hold the chance of creating a new form of social solidarity. CONCLUSIONS Healthcare institutions and professionals play a significant role as emitters, practitioners, and role models in global warming.
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46
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Marchand W, Girardin MP, Hartmann H, Depardieu C, Isabel N, Gauthier S, Boucher É, Bergeron Y. Strong overestimation of water-use efficiency responses to rising CO 2 in tree-ring studies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4538-4558. [PMID: 32421921 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The carbon isotope ratio (δ13 C) in tree rings is commonly used to derive estimates of the assimilation-to-stomatal conductance rate of trees, that is, intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). Recent studies have observed increased iWUE in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca ), in many different species, genera and biomes. However, increasing rates of iWUE vary widely from one study to another, likely because numerous covarying factors are involved. Here, we quantified changes in iWUE of two widely distributed boreal conifers using tree samples from a forest inventory network that were collected across a wide range of growing conditions (assessed using the site index, SI), developmental stages and stand histories. Using tree-ring isotopes analysis, we assessed the magnitude of increase in iWUE after accounting for the effects of tree size, stand age, nitrogen deposition, climate and SI. We also estimated how growth conditions have modulated tree physiological responses to rising Ca . We found that increases in tree size and stand age greatly influenced iWUE. The effect of Ca on iWUE was strongly reduced after accounting for these two variables. iWUE increased in response to Ca , mostly in trees growing on fertile stands, whereas iWUE remained almost unchanged on poor sites. Our results suggest that past studies could have overestimated the CO2 effect on iWUE, potentially leading to biased inferences about the future net carbon balance of the boreal forest. We also observed that this CO2 effect is weakening, which could affect the future capacity of trees to resist and recover from drought episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Marchand
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn Noranda, QC, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn Noranda, QC, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Claire Depardieu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Chaire de recherche du Canada en génomique forestière, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Isabel
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Chaire de recherche du Canada en génomique forestière, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Boucher
- GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn Noranda, QC, Canada
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Zhao Y, Tzedakis PC, Li Q, Qin F, Cui Q, Liang C, Birks HJB, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ge J, Zhao H, Felde VA, Deng C, Cai M, Li H, Ren W, Wei H, Yang H, Zhang J, Yu Z, Guo Z. Evolution of vegetation and climate variability on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 1.74 million years. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay6193. [PMID: 32494698 PMCID: PMC7202886 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau exerts a major influence on Asian climate, but its long-term environmental history remains largely unknown. We present a detailed record of vegetation and climate changes over the past 1.74 million years in a lake sediment core from the Zoige Basin, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results show three intervals with different orbital- and millennial-scale features superimposed on a stepwise long-term cooling trend. The interval of 1.74-1.54 million years ago is characterized by an insolation-dominated mode with strong ~20,000-year cyclicity and quasi-absent millennial-scale signal. The interval of 1.54-0.62 million years ago represents a transitional insolation-ice mode marked by ~20,000- and ~40,000-year cycles, with superimposed millennial-scale oscillations. The past 620,000 years are characterized by an ice-driven mode with 100,000-year cyclicity and less frequent millennial-scale variability. A pronounced transition occurred 620,000 years ago, as glacial cycles intensified. These new findings reveal how the interaction of low-latitude insolation and high-latitude ice-volume forcing shaped the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Polychronis C. Tzedakis
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Quan Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiaoyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - H. John B. Birks
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Yaoliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
| | - Junyi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Cold and Arid Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Vivian A. Felde
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Chenglong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Maotang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Weihe Ren
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haicheng Wei
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Hanfei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiawu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zicheng Yu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtang Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Zong X, Zhang J, Zhang J, Luo W, Züttel A, Xiong Y. Synergistic Cu/CeO2 carbon nanofiber catalysts for efficient CO2 electroreduction. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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49
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Hopkins FE, Suntharalingam P, Gehlen M, Andrews O, Archer SD, Bopp L, Buitenhuis E, Dadou I, Duce R, Goris N, Jickells T, Johnson M, Keng F, Law CS, Lee K, Liss PS, Lizotte M, Malin G, Murrell JC, Naik H, Rees AP, Schwinger J, Williamson P. The impacts of ocean acidification on marine trace gases and the implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190769. [PMID: 32518503 PMCID: PMC7277135 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface ocean biogeochemistry and photochemistry regulate ocean-atmosphere fluxes of trace gases critical for Earth's atmospheric chemistry and climate. The oceanic processes governing these fluxes are often sensitive to the changes in ocean pH (or pCO2) accompanying ocean acidification (OA), with potential for future climate feedbacks. Here, we review current understanding (from observational, experimental and model studies) on the impact of OA on marine sources of key climate-active trace gases, including dimethyl sulfide (DMS), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia and halocarbons. We focus on DMS, for which available information is considerably greater than for other trace gases. We highlight OA-sensitive regions such as polar oceans and upwelling systems, and discuss the combined effect of multiple climate stressors (ocean warming and deoxygenation) on trace gas fluxes. To unravel the biological mechanisms responsible for trace gas production, and to detect adaptation, we propose combining process rate measurements of trace gases with longer term experiments using both model organisms in the laboratory and natural planktonic communities in the field. Future ocean observations of trace gases should be routinely accompanied by measurements of two components of the carbonate system to improve our understanding of how in situ carbonate chemistry influences trace gas production. Together, this will lead to improvements in current process model capabilities and more reliable predictions of future global marine trace gas fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvadha Suntharalingam
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Marion Gehlen
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Oliver Andrews
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | | | - Laurent Bopp
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS-ENS-UPMC-X, Département de Géosciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure, France
- Université Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Erik Buitenhuis
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Isabelle Dadou
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Duce
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nadine Goris
- NORCE Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tim Jickells
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Martin Johnson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Fiona Keng
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Graduate Studies (IGS), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cliff S. Law
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kitack Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Peter S. Liss
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Martine Lizotte
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Gillian Malin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - J. Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Hema Naik
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India
| | - Andrew P. Rees
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jörg Schwinger
- NORCE Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Philip Williamson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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50
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C. Wancura JH, Tres MV, Jahn SL, Oliveira JV. Lipases in liquid formulation for biodiesel production: Current status and challenges. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:648-667. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João H. C. Wancura
- Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Marcus V. Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE) Federal University of Santa Maria Cachoeira do Sul RS Brazil
| | - Sérgio L. Jahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - José Vladimir Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis SC Brazil
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