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Suarez GO, Kumar DS, Brunner H, Emel J, Teel J, Knauss A, Botero V, Broyles CN, Stahl A, Bidaye SS, Tomchik SM. Neurofibromin deficiency alters the patterning and prioritization of motor behaviors in a state-dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.08.607070. [PMID: 39149363 PMCID: PMC11326213 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.08.607070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis type 1 increase vulnerability to cognitive and behavioral disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurofibromatosis type 1 results from loss-of-function mutations in the neurofibromin gene and subsequent reduction in the neurofibromin protein (Nf1). While the mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated, loss of Nf1 may alter neuronal circuit activity leading to changes in behavior and susceptibility to cognitive and behavioral comorbidities. Here we show that mutations decreasing Nf1 expression alter motor behaviors, impacting the patterning, prioritization, and behavioral state dependence in a Drosophila model of neurofibromatosis type 1. Loss of Nf1 increases spontaneous grooming in a nonlinear spatial and temporal pattern, differentially increasing grooming of certain body parts, including the abdomen, head, and wings. This increase in grooming could be overridden by hunger in food-deprived foraging animals, demonstrating that the Nf1 effect is plastic and internal state-dependent. Stimulus-evoked grooming patterns were altered as well, with nf1 mutants exhibiting reductions in wing grooming when coated with dust, suggesting that hierarchical recruitment of grooming command circuits was altered. Yet loss of Nf1 in sensory neurons and/or grooming command neurons did not alter grooming frequency, suggesting that Nf1 affects grooming via higher-order circuit alterations. Changes in grooming coincided with alterations in walking. Flies lacking Nf1 walked with increased forward velocity on a spherical treadmill, yet there was no detectable change in leg kinematics or gait. Thus, loss of Nf1 alters motor function without affecting overall motor coordination, in contrast to other genetic disorders that impair coordination. Overall, these results demonstrate that loss of Nf1 alters the patterning and prioritization of repetitive behaviors, in a state-dependent manner, without affecting motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesis Omana Suarez
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- H.L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Divya S. Kumar
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Hannah Brunner
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jalen Emel
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jensen Teel
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Anneke Knauss
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Valentina Botero
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Connor N. Broyles
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aaron Stahl
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Salil S. Bidaye
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Seth M. Tomchik
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- H.L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Valencia ML, Sofela FA, Jongens TA, Sehgal A. Do metabolic deficits contribute to sleep disruption in monogenic intellectual disability syndromes? Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:583-592. [PMID: 39054162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Intellectual disability is defined as limitations in cognitive and adaptive behavior that often arise during development. Disordered sleep is common in intellectual disability and, given the importance of sleep for cognitive function, it may contribute to other behavioral phenotypes. Animal models of intellectual disability, in particular of monogenic intellectual disability syndromes (MIDS), recapitulate many disease phenotypes and have been invaluable for linking some of these phenotypes to specific molecular pathways. An emerging feature of MIDS, in both animal models and humans, is the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities, which could be relevant for behavior. Focusing on specific MIDS that have been molecularly characterized, we review sleep, circadian, and metabolic phenotypes in animal models and humans and propose that altered metabolic state contributes to the abnormal sleep/circadian phenotypes in MIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Lopez Valencia
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Folasade A Sofela
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas A Jongens
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Autism Spectrum Program of Excellence, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Stahl A, Tomchik SM. Modeling neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders in the Drosophila mushroom body. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053816. [PMID: 38876485 PMCID: PMC11199955 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053816.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful platform to investigate the genetic, molecular, cellular, and neural circuit mechanisms of behavior. Research in this model system has shed light on multiple aspects of brain physiology and behavior, from fundamental neuronal function to complex behaviors. A major anatomical region that modulates complex behaviors is the mushroom body (MB). The MB integrates multimodal sensory information and is involved in behaviors ranging from sensory processing/responses to learning and memory. Many genes that underlie brain disorders are conserved, from flies to humans, and studies in Drosophila have contributed significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms of brain disorders. Genetic mutations that mimic human diseases-such as Fragile X syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease-affect MB structure and function, altering behavior. Studies dissecting the effects of disease-causing mutations in the MB have identified key pathological mechanisms, and the development of a complete connectome promises to add a comprehensive anatomical framework for disease modeling. Here, we review Drosophila models of human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders via the effects of their underlying mutations on MB structure, function, and the resulting behavioral alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Stahl
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Seth M Tomchik
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Hawk-IDDRC, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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4
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Atsoniou K, Giannopoulou E, Georganta EM, Skoulakis EMC. Drosophila Contributions towards Understanding Neurofibromatosis 1. Cells 2024; 13:721. [PMID: 38667335 PMCID: PMC11048932 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a multisymptomatic disorder with highly variable presentations, which include short stature, susceptibility to formation of the characteristic benign tumors known as neurofibromas, intense freckling and skin discoloration, and cognitive deficits, which characterize most children with the condition. Attention deficits and Autism Spectrum manifestations augment the compromised learning presented by most patients, leading to behavioral problems and school failure, while fragmented sleep contributes to chronic fatigue and poor quality of life. Neurofibromin (Nf1) is present ubiquitously during human development and postnatally in most neuronal, oligodendrocyte, and Schwann cells. Evidence largely from animal models including Drosophila suggests that the symptomatic variability may reflect distinct cell-type-specific functions of the protein, which emerge upon its loss, or mutations affecting the different functional domains of the protein. This review summarizes the contributions of Drosophila in modeling multiple NF1 manifestations, addressing hypotheses regarding the cell-type-specific functions of the protein and exploring the molecular pathways affected upon loss of the highly conserved fly homolog dNf1. Collectively, work in this model not only has efficiently and expediently modelled multiple aspects of the condition and increased understanding of its behavioral manifestations, but also has led to pharmaceutical strategies towards their amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Atsoniou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Giannopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Eirini-Maria Georganta
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Efthimios M. C. Skoulakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Athens, Greece; (K.A.); (E.G.)
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Pandey S, Catto M, Roberts P, Bag S, Jacobson AL, Srinivasan R. Aphid gene expression following polerovirus acquisition is host species dependent. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1341781. [PMID: 38525153 PMCID: PMC10957536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1341781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Upon acquisition of persistent circulative viruses such as poleroviruses, the virus particles transcytose through membrane barriers of aphids at the midgut and salivary glands via hemolymph. Such intricate interactions can influence aphid behavior and fitness and induce associated gene expression in viruliferous aphids. Differential gene expression can be evaluated by omics approaches such as transcriptomics. Previously conducted aphid transcriptome studies used only one host species as the source of virus inoculum. Viruses typically have alternate hosts. Hence, it is not clear how alternate hosts infected with the same virus isolate alter gene expression in viruliferous vectors. To address the question, this study conducted a transcriptome analysis of viruliferous aphids that acquired the virus from different host species. A polerovirus, cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV), which induced gene expression in the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, was assessed using four alternate hosts, viz., cotton, hibiscus, okra, and prickly sida. Among a total of 2,942 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 750, 310, 1,193, and 689 genes were identified in A. gossypii that acquired CLRDV from infected cotton, hibiscus, okra, and prickly sida, respectively, compared with non-viruliferous aphids that developed on non-infected hosts. A higher proportion of aphid genes were overexpressed than underexpressed following CLRDV acquisition from cotton, hibiscus, and prickly sida. In contrast, more aphid genes were underexpressed than overexpressed following CLRDV acquisition from okra plants. Only four common DEGs (heat shock protein, juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase, and two unannotated genes) were identified among viruliferous aphids from four alternate hosts. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations indicated that the acquisition of CLRDV induced DEGs in aphids associated with virus infection, signal transduction, immune systems, and fitness. However, these induced changes were not consistent across four alternate hosts. These data indicate that alternate hosts could differentially influence gene expression in aphids and presumably aphid behavior and fitness despite being infected with the same virus isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Pandey
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Michael Catto
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Phillip Roberts
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Sudeep Bag
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Alana L. Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Tamir S, Dye TJ, Witt RM. Sleep and Circadian Disturbances in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2023; 48:101090. [PMID: 38065637 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2023.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep problems are highly prevalent in those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We propose this is secondary to multiple factors that directly and indirectly negatively impact sleep and circadian processes in those with NDDs, which in turn, further perturbs development, resulting in a "developmental and sleep/circadian-related encephalopathy." In this review, we discuss select NDDs with known or suspected sleep and circadian phenotypes. We also highlight important considerations when evaluating and treating sleep and circadian disorders in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tamir
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Thomas J Dye
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Rochelle M Witt
- Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and the Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH.
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Durkin J, Poe AR, Belfer SJ, Rodriguez A, Tang SH, Walker JA, Kayser MS. Neurofibromin 1 regulates early developmental sleep in Drosophila. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2023; 15:100101. [PMID: 37593040 PMCID: PMC10428071 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common in neurodevelopmental disorders, but knowledge of molecular factors that govern sleep in young animals is lacking. Evidence across species, including Drosophila, suggests that juvenile sleep has distinct functions and regulatory mechanisms in comparison to sleep in maturity. In flies, manipulation of most known adult sleep regulatory genes is not associated with sleep phenotypes during early developmental (larval) stages. Here, we examine the role of the neurodevelopmental disorder-associated gene Neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) in sleep during numerous developmental periods. Mutations in Neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) are associated with sleep and circadian disorders in humans and adult flies. We find in flies that Nf1 acts to regulate sleep across the lifespan, beginning during larval stages. Nf1 is required in neurons for this function, as is signaling via the Alk pathway. These findings identify Nf1 as one of a small number of genes positioned to regulate sleep across developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Durkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amy R. Poe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samuel J. Belfer
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anyara Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Si Hao Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James A. Walker
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Matthew S. Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Carotenuto M, Messina G, Esposito M, Santoro C, Iacono D, Spruyt K. Polysomnographic study in pediatric neurofibromatosis type 1. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1213430. [PMID: 37538252 PMCID: PMC10394094 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1213430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disease that alters neurodevelopment. We aimed to analyze the sleep macrostructure of a sample of children affected by NF1 without neurocognitive co-morbidities and MRI reports of unidentified bright objects (UBOs). Methods A 100 pre-pubertal children participated in the cross-sectional study: 50 subjects were children diagnosed with NF1 and 50 subjects were typically developing healthy children (TDC). All participants underwent polysomnographic evaluation through which conventional sleep parameters were collected: Total sleep time (TST), Sleep latency (SOL), first REM latency (FRL), number of stage shifts/h (SS/h), number of awakenings/h (AWN/h), wake after sleep onset (WASO%), sleep efficiency percentage (SE%), percentage of sleep time spent in sleep stages 1 (N1%) and 2 (N2%), slow-wave sleep (N3%), and REM sleep (REM%). Additionally, nocturnal respiratory events such as apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and periodic limb movement index (PLMI) were recorded. Results Neurofibromatosis type 1 children showed a reduction in sleep duration parameters (TST; p < 0.001), sleep efficiency (SE%; p < 0.001), and stage N2% (p < 0.001). Moreover, the number of awakenings per hour (AWN/h), wake after sleep onset (WASO%), and respiratory events such as AHI, ODI, and PLMI resulted higher in NF1 vs. TDC children. Conclusion The data showed that the sleep macrostructure differs between NF1 and TDC children. These findings suggest that the evaluation of sleep may provide useful support in corroborating the diagnosis and offers additional therapeutic management perspectives in NF1 and genetic neurodevelopmental disorders in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carotenuto
- Sleep Lab for Developmental Age, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Clinic, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Esposito
- Sleep Lab for Developmental Age, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Clinic, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Santoro
- Sleep Lab for Developmental Age, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Clinic, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Iacono
- Neuropathology Research, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, BRInj, Cedar Knolls, NJ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Neuropathology Research, Mid-Atlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Atlantic Health System (AHS), Morristown, NJ, United States
| | - Karen Spruyt
- NeuroDiderot INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Rivera AMC, Fernández-Villa T, Martín V, Atallah I. Blunted circadian variation of blood pressure in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:164. [PMID: 37353803 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke are life-threatening complications associated with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). As previous studies observed an association between cardiovascular events and the loss of circadian variations of blood pressure, we investigated the 24 h circadian rhythm of blood pressure (BP) in 24 NF1 patients (10 males and 14 females, with a mean age of 39.5 years ± 14 years) by using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). RESULTS Only one-third of the patient were dippers, 50% were non-dippers, and 17% were risers. Reduced variability of systolic and diastolic nocturnal blood pressure was observed in NF1 patients compared with several studies of normotensive individuals (p = 0.024). In NF1 patients, the blunted systolic nocturnal decline was significantly associated with the number of neurofibromas (p = 0.049) and the presence of a plexiform neurofibroma (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Most NF1 patients in this study showed a "non-dipper" pattern with a blunted nocturnal BP decline, which is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Periodic monitoring of BP should be included in NF1 follow-up guidelines to diagnose masked hypertension or a non-dipper/riser pattern which would significantly increase the morbidity and mortality of NF1 patients to implement therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cieza Rivera
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Tania Fernández-Villa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Research Group in interactions gene- environmental and health (GIIGAS)/Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain
- Epidemiology and Public Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Research Group in interactions gene- environmental and health (GIIGAS)/Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain
- Epidemiology and Public Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isis Atallah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Marmonier A, Velt A, Villeroy C, Rustenholz C, Chesnais Q, Brault V. Differential gene expression in aphids following virus acquisition from plants or from an artificial medium. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:333. [PMID: 35488202 PMCID: PMC9055738 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poleroviruses, such as turnip yellows virus (TuYV), are plant viruses strictly transmitted by aphids in a persistent and circulative manner. Acquisition of either virus particles or plant material altered by virus infection is expected to induce gene expression deregulation in aphids which may ultimately alter their behavior. RESULTS By conducting an RNA-Seq analysis on viruliferous aphids fed either on TuYV-infected plants or on an artificial medium containing purified virus particles, we identified several hundreds of genes deregulated in Myzus persicae, despite non-replication of the virus in the vector. Only a few genes linked to receptor activities and/or vesicular transport were common between the two modes of acquisition with, however, a low level of deregulation. Behavioral studies on aphids after virus acquisition showed that M. persicae locomotion behavior was affected by feeding on TuYV-infected plants, but not by feeding on the artificial medium containing the purified virus particles. Consistent with this, genes potentially involved in aphid behavior were deregulated in aphids fed on infected plants, but not on the artificial medium. CONCLUSIONS These data show that TuYV particles acquisition alone is associated with a moderate deregulation of a few genes, while higher gene deregulation is associated with aphid ingestion of phloem from TuYV-infected plants. Our data are also in favor of a major role of infected plant components on aphid behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Marmonier
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Amandine Velt
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Claire Villeroy
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Camille Rustenholz
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Quentin Chesnais
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000, Colmar, France.
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11
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Doldur-Balli F, Imamura T, Veatch OJ, Gong NN, Lim DC, Hart MP, Abel T, Kayser MS, Brodkin ES, Pack AI. Synaptic dysfunction connects autism spectrum disorder and sleep disturbances: A perspective from studies in model organisms. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 62:101595. [PMID: 35158305 PMCID: PMC9064929 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances (SD) accompany many neurodevelopmental disorders, suggesting SD is a transdiagnostic process that can account for behavioral deficits and influence underlying neuropathogenesis. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) comprises a complex set of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Diagnosis of ASD is based primarily on behavioral criteria, and there are no drugs that target core symptoms. Among the co-occurring conditions associated with ASD, SD are one of the most prevalent. SD often arises before the onset of other ASD symptoms. Sleep interventions improve not only sleep but also daytime behaviors in children with ASD. Here, we examine sleep phenotypes in multiple model systems relevant to ASD, e.g., mice, zebrafish, fruit flies and worms. Given the functions of sleep in promoting brain connectivity, neural plasticity, emotional regulation and social behavior, all of which are of critical importance in ASD pathogenesis, we propose that synaptic dysfunction is a major mechanism that connects ASD and SD. Common molecular targets in this interplay that are involved in synaptic function might be a novel avenue for therapy of individuals with ASD experiencing SD. Such therapy would be expected to improve not only sleep but also other ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Doldur-Balli
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Toshihiro Imamura
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Olivia J Veatch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | - Naihua N Gong
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Diane C Lim
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Michael P Hart
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Edward S Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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12
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Somatilaka BN, Sadek A, McKay RM, Le LQ. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: models, biology, and translation. Oncogene 2022; 41:2405-2421. [PMID: 35393544 PMCID: PMC9035132 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive, invasive cancer that comprise around 10% of all soft tissue sarcomas and develop in about 8-13% of patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. They are associated with poor prognosis and are the leading cause of mortality in NF1 patients. MPNSTs can also develop sporadically or following exposure to radiation. There is currently no effective targeted therapy to treat MPNSTs and surgical removal remains the mainstay treatment. Unfortunately, surgery is not always possible due to the size and location of the tumor, thus, a better understanding of MPNST initiation and development is required to design novel therapeutics. Here, we provide an overview of MPNST biology and genetics, discuss findings regarding the developmental origin of MPNST, and summarize the various model systems employed to study MPNST. Finally, we discuss current management strategies for MPNST, as well as recent developments in translating basic research findings into potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandarigoda N. Somatilaka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Ali Sadek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Renee M. McKay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Lu Q. Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,UTSW Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine,
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas,
75390-9069, USA,O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
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13
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Long-term effects of pharmacological inhibition of Anaplastic lymphoma kinase in Neurofibromatosis 1 mutant mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 423:113767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Machado Almeida P, Lago Solis B, Stickley L, Feidler A, Nagoshi E. Neurofibromin 1 in mushroom body neurons mediates circadian wake drive through activating cAMP-PKA signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5758. [PMID: 34599173 PMCID: PMC8486785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various behavioral and cognitive states exhibit circadian variations in animals across phyla including Drosophila melanogaster, in which only ~0.1% of the brain's neurons contain circadian clocks. Clock neurons transmit the timing information to a plethora of non-clock neurons via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we address the molecular underpinning of this phenomenon by profiling circadian gene expression in non-clock neurons that constitute the mushroom body, the center of associative learning and sleep regulation. We show that circadian clocks drive rhythmic expression of hundreds of genes in mushroom body neurons, including the Neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) tumor suppressor gene and Pka-C1. Circadian clocks also drive calcium rhythms in mushroom body neurons via NF1-cAMP/PKA-C1 signaling, eliciting higher mushroom body activity during the day than at night, thereby promoting daytime wakefulness. These findings reveal the pervasive, non-cell-autonomous circadian regulation of gene expression in the brain and its role in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Machado Almeida
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Blanca Lago Solis
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Luca Stickley
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Alexis Feidler
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Present Address: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
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15
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Krenik D, Weiss JB, Raber J. Role of the parental NF1 carrier in effects of pharmacological inhibition of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in Neurofibromatosis 1 mutant mice. Brain Res 2021; 1769:147594. [PMID: 34339711 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetically determined neurodevelopmental disorder and tumor syndrome, is associated with cognitive impairments, including in executive function and sleep-related problems. Consistent with the human data, NF1 heterozygous (Het) mice show impaired spatial learning and memory in the water maze and extinction of contextual fear memory. It is not clear whether neurological phenotypes might depend on the parental carrier. In this study, we compared the behavioral and cognitive performance of NF1 Het and wild-type litter mates with either the father (PC) or the mother (MC) as the NF1 carrier on a F1 C57BL/66/129SvJ background. The behavioral and cognitive phenotypes and responsiveness to Alk inhibition in heterozygous NF1 offspring depended on whether the parental carrier was maternal or paternal. Alk inhibition (20 mg/kg) increased activity levels during the dark period in NF1 Het PC, but not MC, mice. In the water maze, NF1 Het PC, but not MC, mice showed reduced cognitive flexibility and impaired ability to locate the third hidden platform location, which was improved by Alk inhibition (3.6 mg/kg). Consistent with reduced cognitive flexibility, WT, but not NF1, mice showed better performance in the third than second water maze probe trial. Finally, Alk inhibition (10 mg/kg) increased baseline activity of NF1 MC, but not PC, mice during the fear conditioning test. Thus, the effective dose depends on the behavioral test and genotype but indicates that in NF1 patients cognitive flexibility might be particularly sensitive to Alk inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destine Krenik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joseph B Weiss
- Cardiovascular Institute and Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University Providence, RI 02840, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, OR 97331, USA.
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16
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Botero V, Stanhope BA, Brown EB, Grenci EC, Boto T, Park SJ, King LB, Murphy KR, Colodner KJ, Walker JA, Keene AC, Ja WW, Tomchik SM. Neurofibromin regulates metabolic rate via neuronal mechanisms in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4285. [PMID: 34257279 PMCID: PMC8277851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a chronic multisystemic genetic disorder that results from loss of function in the neurofibromin protein. Neurofibromin may regulate metabolism, though the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we show that neurofibromin regulates metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila via a discrete neuronal circuit. Loss of neurofibromin increases metabolic rate via a Ras GAP-related domain-dependent mechanism, increases feeding homeostatically, and alters lipid stores and turnover kinetics. The increase in metabolic rate is independent of locomotor activity, and maps to a sparse subset of neurons. Stimulating these neurons increases metabolic rate, linking their dynamic activity state to metabolism over short time scales. Our results indicate that neurofibromin regulates metabolic rate via neuronal mechanisms, suggest that cellular and systemic metabolic alterations may represent a pathophysiological mechanism in neurofibromatosis type 1, and provide a platform for investigating the cellular role of neurofibromin in metabolic homeostasis. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in neurofibromin and associated with disruptions in physiology and behavior. Here the authors show that neurofibromin regulates metabolic homeostasis via a discrete brain circuit in a Drosophila model of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Botero
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Bethany A Stanhope
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Eliza C Grenci
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Tamara Boto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Scarlet J Park
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Lanikea B King
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Keith R Murphy
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth J Colodner
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - James A Walker
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - William W Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Seth M Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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17
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Barbet V, Broutier L. Future Match Making: When Pediatric Oncology Meets Organoid Technology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674219. [PMID: 34327198 PMCID: PMC8315550 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike adult cancers that frequently result from the accumulation in time of mutational “hits” often linked to lifestyle, childhood cancers are emerging as diseases of dysregulated development through massive epigenetic alterations. The ability to reconstruct these differences in cancer models is therefore crucial for better understanding the uniqueness of pediatric cancer biology. Cancer organoids (i.e., tumoroids) represent a promising approach for creating patient-derived in vitro cancer models that closely recapitulate the overall pathophysiological features of natural tumorigenesis, including intra-tumoral heterogeneity and plasticity. Though largely applied to adult cancers, this technology is scarcely used for childhood cancers, with a notable delay in technological transfer. However, tumoroids could provide an unprecedented tool to unravel the biology of pediatric cancers and improve their therapeutic management. We herein present the current state-of-the-art of a long awaited and much needed matchmaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Barbet
- Childhood Cancer & Cell Death (C3), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Laura Broutier
- Childhood Cancer & Cell Death (C3), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
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18
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Shahzad U, Taccone MS, Kumar SA, Okura H, Krumholtz S, Ishida J, Mine C, Gouveia K, Edgar J, Smith C, Hayes M, Huang X, Derry WB, Taylor MD, Rutka JT. Modeling human brain tumors in flies, worms, and zebrafish: From proof of principle to novel therapeutic targets. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:718-731. [PMID: 33378446 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, cell biologists and cancer researchers have taken advantage of non-murine species to increase our understanding of the molecular processes that drive normal cell and tissue development, and when perturbed, cause cancer. The advent of whole-genome sequencing has revealed the high genetic homology of these organisms to humans. Seminal studies in non-murine organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Danio rerio identified many of the signaling pathways involved in cancer. Studies in these organisms offer distinct advantages over mammalian cell or murine systems. Compared to murine models, these three species have shorter lifespans, are less resource intense, and are amenable to high-throughput drug and RNA interference screening to test a myriad of promising drugs against novel targets. In this review, we introduce species-specific breeding strategies, highlight the advantages of modeling brain tumors in each non-mammalian species, and underscore the successes attributed to scientific investigation using these models. We conclude with an optimistic proposal that discoveries in the fields of cancer research, and in particular neuro-oncology, may be expedited using these powerful screening tools and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uswa Shahzad
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael S Taccone
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sachin A Kumar
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hidehiro Okura
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stacey Krumholtz
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joji Ishida
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Coco Mine
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kyle Gouveia
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Edgar
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christian Smith
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Madeline Hayes
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xi Huang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - W Brent Derry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Goh GH, Blache D, Mark PJ, Kennington WJ, Maloney SK. Daily temperature cycles prolong lifespan and have sex-specific effects on peripheral clock gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:237805. [PMID: 33758022 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms optimize health by coordinating the timing of physiological processes to match predictable daily environmental challenges. The circadian rhythm of body temperature is thought to be an important modulator of molecular clocks in peripheral tissues, but how daily temperature cycles affect physiological function is unclear. Here, we examined the effect of constant temperature (Tcon, 25°C) and cycling temperature (Tcyc, 28°C:22°C during light:dark) paradigms on lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster, and the expression of clock genes, heat shock protein 83 (Hsp83), Frost (Fst) and senescence marker protein-30 (smp-30). Male and female D. melanogaster housed at Tcyc had longer median lifespans than those housed at Tcon. Tcyc induced robust Hsp83 rhythms and rescued the age-related decrease in smp-30 expression that was observed in flies at Tcon, potentially indicating an increased capacity to cope with age-related cellular stress. Ageing under Tcon led to a decrease in the amplitude of expression of all clock genes in the bodies of male flies, except for cyc, which was non-rhythmic, and for per and cry in female flies. Strikingly, housing under Tcyc conditions rescued the age-related decrease in amplitude of all clock genes, and generated rhythmicity in cyc expression, in the male flies, but not the female flies. The results suggest that ambient temperature rhythms modulate D. melanogaster lifespan, and that the amplitude of clock gene expression in peripheral body clocks may be a potential link between temperature rhythms and longevity in male D. melanogaster. Longevity due to Tcyc appeared predominantly independent of clock gene amplitude in female D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Goh
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - W Jason Kennington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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20
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Moscato EH, Dubowy C, Walker JA, Kayser MS. Social Behavioral Deficits with Loss of Neurofibromin Emerge from Peripheral Chemosensory Neuron Dysfunction. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107856. [PMID: 32640222 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with social and communicative disabilities. The cellular and circuit mechanisms by which loss of neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) results in social deficits are unknown. Here, we identify social behavioral dysregulation with Nf1 loss in Drosophila. These deficits map to primary dysfunction of a group of peripheral sensory neurons. Nf1 regulation of Ras signaling in adult ppk23+ chemosensory cells is required for normal social behaviors in flies. Loss of Nf1 attenuates ppk23+ neuronal activity in response to pheromones, and circuit-specific manipulation of Nf1 expression or neuronal activity in ppk23+ neurons rescues social deficits. This disrupted sensory processing gives rise to persistent changes in behavior beyond the social interaction, indicating a sustained effect of an acute sensory misperception. Together our data identify a specific circuit mechanism through which Nf1 regulates social behaviors and suggest social deficits in NF1 arise from propagation of sensory misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia H Moscato
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Dubowy
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James A Walker
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Yanagawa A, Huang W, Yamamoto A, Wada-Katsumata A, Schal C, Mackay TFC. Genetic Basis of Natural Variation in Spontaneous Grooming in Drosophila melanogaster. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3453-3460. [PMID: 32727922 PMCID: PMC7467001 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous grooming behavior is a component of insect fitness. We quantified spontaneous grooming behavior in 201 sequenced lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel and observed significant genetic variation in spontaneous grooming, with broad-sense heritabilities of 0.25 and 0.24 in females and males, respectively. Although grooming behavior is highly correlated between males and females, we observed significant sex by genotype interactions, indicating that the genetic basis of spontaneous grooming is partially distinct in the two sexes. We performed genome-wide association analyses of grooming behavior, and mapped 107 molecular polymorphisms associated with spontaneous grooming behavior, of which 73 were in or near 70 genes and 34 were over 1 kilobase from the nearest gene. The candidate genes were associated with a wide variety of gene ontology terms, and several of the candidate genes were significantly enriched in a genetic interaction network. We performed functional assessments of 29 candidate genes using RNA interference, and found that 11 affected spontaneous grooming behavior. The genes associated with natural variation in Drosophila grooming are involved with glutamate metabolism (Gdh) and transport (Eaat); interact genetically with (CCKLR-17D1) or are in the same gene family as (PGRP-LA) genes previously implicated in grooming behavior; are involved in the development of the nervous system and other tissues; or regulate the Notch and Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways. Several DGRP lines exhibited extreme grooming behavior. Excessive grooming behavior can serve as a model for repetitive behaviors diagnostic of several human neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yanagawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Akihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - Ayako Wada-Katsumata
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The presentation of sleep issues in childhood differs from the presentation in adulthood and may be more subtle. Sleep issues may affect children differently than adults, and distinct treatment approaches are often used in children. RECENT FINDINGS Sodium oxybate was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2018 for an expanded indication of treatment of sleepiness or cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy type 1 or narcolepsy type 2 aged 7 years or older, with side effect and safety profiles similar to those seen in adults. Restless sleep disorder is a recently proposed entity in which restless sleep, daytime sleepiness, and often iron deficiency are observed, but children do not meet the criteria for restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder. SUMMARY Children's sleep is discussed in this article, including normal sleep patterns and effects of insufficient sleep. Sleep disorders of childhood are reviewed, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, parasomnias, narcolepsy, and Kleine-Levin syndrome. Children with neurologic issues or neurodevelopmental disorders frequently have sleep disorders arising from an interaction of heterogeneous factors. Further attention to sleep may often be warranted through a polysomnogram or referral to a pediatric sleep specialist. Sleep disorders may cause indelible effects on children's cognitive functioning, general health, and well-being, and awareness of sleep disorders is imperative for neurologists who treat children.
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23
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Maurer GW, Malita A, Nagy S, Koyama T, Werge TM, Halberg KA, Texada MJ, Rewitz K. Analysis of genes within the schizophrenia-linked 22q11.2 deletion identifies interaction of night owl/LZTR1 and NF1 in GABAergic sleep control. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008727. [PMID: 32339168 PMCID: PMC7205319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human 22q11.2 chromosomal deletion is one of the strongest identified genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Although the deletion spans a number of known genes, the contribution of each of these to the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) is not known. To investigate the effect of individual genes within this interval on the pathophysiology associated with the deletion, we analyzed their role in sleep, a behavior affected in virtually all psychiatric disorders, including the 22q11.2 DS. We identified the gene LZTR1 (night owl, nowl) as a regulator of night-time sleep in Drosophila. In humans, LZTR1 has been associated with Ras-dependent neurological diseases also caused by Neurofibromin-1 (Nf1) deficiency. We show that Nf1 loss leads to a night-time sleep phenotype nearly identical to that of nowl loss and that nowl negatively regulates Ras and interacts with Nf1 in sleep regulation. Furthermore, nowl is required for metabolic homeostasis, suggesting that LZTR1 may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to obesity associated with the 22q11.2 DS. Knockdown of nowl or Nf1 in GABA-responsive sleep-promoting neurons elicits the sleep phenotype, and this defect can be rescued by increased GABAA receptor signaling, indicating that Nowl regulates sleep through modulation of GABA signaling. Our results suggest that nowl/LZTR1 may be a conserved regulator of GABA signaling important for normal sleep that contributes to the 22q11.2 DS. Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disorder with a large genetic component to disease predisposition. One of the strongest genetic risk factors for this disorder is a relatively small genetic deletion of 43 genes on the 22nd chromosome, called 22q11.2, which confers about a 25% risk of schizophrenia development. However, it is likely that only some of these deleted genes affect disease risk, so we tested most of them individually. One of the main symptoms of schizophrenia is disturbed sleep. Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved behavior that can be easily studied in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, so we investigated the effect on sleep of blocking expression of the fly homologs of most of the 22q11.2 genes and identified the gene LZTR1 (night owl, nowl) as an important sleep regulator. We found that Nowl/LZTR1 is required for inhibition of the Ras pathway and interacts genetically with the Ras inhibitor NF1. Nowl/LZTR1 appears to function in sleep by modulating inhibitory GABA signaling, which is affected in schizophrenia. Thus, this gene may underlie some of the phenotypes of the human schizophrenia-risk deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna W. Maurer
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alina Malita
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislav Nagy
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Werge
- Institute for Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Michael J. Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Lamaze A, Jepson JEC, Akpoghiran O, Koh K. Antagonistic Regulation of Circadian Output and Synaptic Development by JETLAG and the DYSCHRONIC-SLOWPOKE Complex. iScience 2020; 23:100845. [PMID: 32058958 PMCID: PMC6997868 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian output genes act downstream of the clock to promote rhythmic changes in behavior and physiology, yet their molecular and cellular functions are not well understood. Here we characterize an interaction between regulators of circadian entrainment, output, and synaptic development in Drosophila that influences clock-driven anticipatory increases in morning and evening activity. We previously showed the JETLAG (JET) E3 ubiquitin ligase resets the clock upon light exposure, whereas the PDZ protein DYSCHRONIC (DYSC) regulates circadian locomotor output and synaptic development. Surprisingly, we find that JET and DYSC antagonistically regulate synaptic development at the larval neuromuscular junction, and reduced JET activity rescues arrhythmicity of dysc mutants. Consistent with our prior finding that DYSC regulates SLOWPOKE (SLO) potassium channel expression, jet mutations also rescue circadian and synaptic phenotypes in slo mutants. Collectively, our data suggest that JET, DYSC, and SLO promote circadian output in part by regulating synaptic morphology. Loss of DYSC differentially impacts morning and evening oscillators Reduced JET activity rescues the dysc and slo arrhythmic phenotype Reduced JET activity causes synaptic defects at the larval NMJ JET opposes DYSC and SLO function at the NMJ synapse
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Lamaze
- Department of Neuroscience and the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - James E C Jepson
- Department of Neuroscience and the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Oghenerukevwe Akpoghiran
- Department of Neuroscience and the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience and the Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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25
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King AN, Sehgal A. Molecular and circuit mechanisms mediating circadian clock output in the Drosophila brain. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:268-281. [PMID: 30059181 PMCID: PMC6353709 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A central question in the circadian biology field concerns the mechanisms that translate ~24-hr oscillations of the molecular clock into overt rhythms. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful system that provided the first understanding of how molecular clocks are generated and is now illuminating the neural basis of circadian behavior. The identity of ~150 clock neurons in the Drosophila brain and their roles in shaping circadian rhythms of locomotor activity have been described before. This review summarizes mechanisms that transmit time-of-day signals from the clock, within the clock network as well as downstream of it. We also discuss the identification of functional multisynaptic circuits between clock neurons and output neurons that regulate locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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26
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SUR-8 interacts with PP1-87B to stabilize PERIOD and regulate circadian rhythms in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008475. [PMID: 31710605 PMCID: PMC6874087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are generated by endogenous pacemakers that rely on transcriptional-translational feedback mechanisms conserved among species. In Drosophila, the stability of a key pacemaker protein PERIOD (PER) is tightly controlled by changes in phosphorylation status. A number of molecular players have been implicated in PER destabilization by promoting PER progressive phosphorylation. On the other hand, there have been few reports describing mechanisms that stabilize PER by delaying PER hyperphosphorylation. Here we report that the protein Suppressor of Ras (SUR-8) regulates circadian locomotor rhythms by stabilizing PER. Depletion of SUR-8 from circadian neurons lengthened the circadian period by about 2 hours and decreased PER abundance, whereas its overexpression led to arrhythmia and an increase in PER. Specifically SUR-8 promotes the stability of PER through phosphorylation regulation. Interestingly, downregulation of the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit PP1-87B recapitulated the phenotypes of SUR-8 depletion. We found that SUR-8 facilitates interactions between PP1-87B and PER. Depletion of SUR-8 decreased the interaction of PER and PP1-87B, which supports the role of SUR-8 as a scaffold protein. Interestingly, the interaction between SUR-8 and PER is temporally regulated: SUR-8 has more binding to PER at night than morning. Thus, our results indicate that SUR-8 interacts with PP1-87B to control PER stability to regulate circadian rhythms. Circadian clocks govern daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. Conserved molecular machinery drives circadian clocks among animals. PERIOD is a key pacemaker protein in fruit flies that undergoes a series of post-translational modifications. Several kinases have been identified in destabilizing PER. Here we identify the role of SUR-8 in circadian locomotor rhythms. Depletion of SUR-8 in pacemaker neurons slows down circadian rhythms and reduces PER abundance. Indeed, SUR-8 promotes the stability of PER. Finally we characterize SUR-8 as a scaffold protein to bridge PER and a phosphatase (PP1-87B) together to regulate PER phosphorylation and abundance.
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27
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Bai L, Lee Y, Hsu CT, Williams JA, Cavanaugh D, Zheng X, Stein C, Haynes P, Wang H, Gutmann DH, Sehgal A. A Conserved Circadian Function for the Neurofibromatosis 1 Gene. Cell Rep 2019; 22:3416-3426. [PMID: 29590612 PMCID: PMC5898822 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the Neurofibromatosis 1 (Nf1) protein, neurofibromin, in Drosophila disrupts circadian rhythms of locomotor activity without impairing central clock function, suggesting effects downstream of the clock. However, the relevant cellular mechanisms are not known. Leveraging the discovery of output circuits for locomotor rhythms, we dissected cellular actions of neurofibromin in recently identified substrates. Herein, we show that neurofibromin affects the levels and cycling of calcium in multiple circadian peptidergic neurons. A prominent site of action is the pars intercerebralis (PI), the fly equivalent of the hypothalamus, with cell-autonomous effects of Nf1 in PI cells that secrete DH44. Nf1 interacts genetically with peptide signaling to affect circadian behavior. We extended these studies to mammals to demonstrate that mouse astrocytes exhibit a 24-hr rhythm of calcium levels, which is also attenuated by lack of neurofibromin. These findings establish a conserved role for neurofibromin in intracellular signaling rhythms within the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bai
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yool Lee
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia T Hsu
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie A Williams
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Cavanaugh
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiangzhong Zheng
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Bloomington Stock Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Carly Stein
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paula Haynes
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Penn Chronobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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28
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Villegas SN, Ferres-Marco D, Domínguez M. Using Drosophila Models and Tools to Understand the Mechanisms of Novel Human Cancer Driver Gene Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:15-35. [PMID: 31520347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The formation, overgrowth and metastasis of tumors comprise a complex series of cellular and molecular events resulting from the combined effects of a variety of aberrant signaling pathways, mutations, and epigenetic alterations. Modeling this complexity in vivo requires multiple genes to be manipulated simultaneously, which is technically challenging. Here, we analyze how Drosophila research can further contribute to identifying pathways and elucidating mechanisms underlying novel cancer driver (risk) genes associated with tumor growth and metastasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Nahuel Villegas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain.
| | - Dolors Ferres-Marco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain.
| | - María Domínguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain
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29
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A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092363. [PMID: 31086044 PMCID: PMC6540063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central pacemakers of circadian timekeeping systems are highly robust yet adaptable, providing the temporal coordination of rhythms in behavior and physiological processes in accordance with the demands imposed by environmental cycles. These features of the central pacemaker are achieved by a multi-oscillator network in which individual cellular oscillators are tightly coupled to the environmental day-night cycle, and to one another via intercellular coupling. In this review, we will summarize the roles of various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the regulation of circadian entrainment and synchrony within the mammalian and Drosophila central pacemakers. We will also describe the diverse functions of protein kinases in the relay of input signals to the core oscillator or the direct regulation of the molecular clock machinery.
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30
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Ri H, Lee J, Sonn JY, Yoo E, Lim C, Choe J. Drosophila CrebB is a Substrate of the Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Pathway that Sustains Circadian Behaviors. Mol Cells 2019; 42:301-312. [PMID: 31091556 PMCID: PMC6530642 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation underlies the circadian control of gene expression and animal behaviors. However, the role of mRNA surveillance via the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway in circadian rhythms remains elusive. Here, we report that Drosophila NMD pathway acts in a subset of circadian pacemaker neurons to maintain robust 24 h rhythms of free-running locomotor activity. RNA interference-mediated depletion of key NMD factors in timeless-expressing clock cells decreased the amplitude of circadian locomotor behaviors. Transgenic manipulation of the NMD pathway in clock neurons expressing a neuropeptide PIGMENT-DISPERSING FACTOR (PDF) was sufficient to dampen or lengthen free-running locomotor rhythms. Confocal imaging of a transgenic NMD reporter revealed that arrhythmic Clock mutants exhibited stronger NMD activity in PDF-expressing neurons than wild-type. We further found that hypomorphic mutations in Suppressor with morphogenetic effect on genitalia 5 (Smg5 ) or Smg6 impaired circadian behaviors. These NMD mutants normally developed PDF-expressing clock neurons and displayed daily oscillations in the transcript levels of core clock genes. By contrast, the loss of Smg5 or Smg6 function affected the relative transcript levels of cAMP response element-binding protein B (CrebB ) in an isoform-specific manner. Moreover, the overexpression of a transcriptional repressor form of CrebB rescued free-running locomotor rhythms in Smg5-depleted flies. These data demonstrate that CrebB is a rate-limiting substrate of the genetic NMD pathway important for the behavioral output of circadian clocks in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajung Ri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Jongbin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Jun Young Sonn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Eunseok Yoo
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Chunghun Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Joonho Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141,
Korea
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31
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Anastasaki C, Rensing N, Johnson KJ, Wong M, Gutmann DH. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1)-mutant mice exhibit increased sleep fragmentation. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12816. [PMID: 30609083 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which affected children and adults are at a higher risk of sleep disorders. In an effort to identify potential sleep disturbances in a small animal model, we used a previously reported Nf1 conditional knockout (Nf1CKO ) mouse strain. In contrast to Nf1 mutant flies, the distribution of vigilance states was intact in Nf1CKO mice. However, Nf1CKO mice exhibited increased non-REM sleep (NREM)-to-wake and wake-to-NREM transitions. This sleep disruption was accompanied by decreased bout durations during awake and NREM sleep states under both light and dark conditions. Moreover, Nf1CKO mice have higher percentage delta power during awake and NREM sleep states under all light conditions. Taken together, Nf1CKO mice phenocopy some of the sleep disturbances observed in NF1 patients and provide a tractable platform to explore the molecular mechanisms governing sleep abnormalities in NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas Rensing
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin J Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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32
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Tajan M, Paccoud R, Branka S, Edouard T, Yart A. The RASopathy Family: Consequences of Germline Activation of the RAS/MAPK Pathway. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:676-700. [PMID: 29924299 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome [NS; Mendelian Inheritance in Men (MIM) #163950] and related syndromes [Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome; MIM #151100), Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (MIM #607721), Costello syndrome (MIM #218040), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM #115150), type I neurofibromatosis (MIM #162200), and Legius syndrome (MIM #611431)] are a group of related genetic disorders associated with distinctive facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was clinically described more than 50 years ago, and disease genes have been identified throughout the last 3 decades, providing a molecular basis to better understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. Most of these genes encode proteins belonging to or regulating the so-called RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, so these syndromes have been gathered under the name RASopathies. In this review, we provide a clinical overview of RASopathies and an update on their genetics. We then focus on the functional and pathophysiological effects of RASopathy-causing mutations and discuss therapeutic perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Tajan
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Paccoud
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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33
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Tumkaya T, Ott S, Claridge-Chang A. A systematic review of Drosophila short-term-memory genetics: Meta-analysis reveals robust reproducibility. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:361-382. [PMID: 30077573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Geneticists use olfactory conditioning in Drosophila to identify learning genes; however, little is known about how these genes are integrated into short-term memory (STM) pathways. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the STM evidence base is weak. We performed systematic review and meta-analysis of the field. Using metrics to quantify variation between discovery articles and follow-up studies, we found that seven genes were both highly replicated, and highly reproducible. However, ∼80% of STM genes have never been replicated. While only a few studies investigated interactions, the reviewed genes could account for >1000% memory. This large summed effect size could indicate irreproducibility, many shared pathways, or that current assay protocols lack the specificity needed to identify core plasticity genes. Mechanistic theories of memory will require the convergence of evidence from system, circuit, cellular, molecular, and genetic experiments; systematic data synthesis is an essential tool for integrated neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Tumkaya
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A(⁎)STAR, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stanislav Ott
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Adam Claridge-Chang
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A(⁎)STAR, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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34
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Calcium and cAMP directly modulate the speed of the Drosophila circadian clock. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007433. [PMID: 29879123 PMCID: PMC6007936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks impose daily periodicities to animal behavior and physiology. At their core, circadian rhythms are produced by intracellular transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL). TTFLs may be altered by extracellular signals whose actions are mediated intracellularly by calcium and cAMP. In mammals these messengers act directly on TTFLs via the calcium/cAMP-dependent transcription factor, CREB. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, calcium and cAMP also regulate the periodicity of circadian locomotor activity rhythmicity, but whether this is due to direct actions on the TTFLs themselves or are a consequence of changes induced to the complex interrelationship between different classes of central pacemaker neurons is unclear. Here we investigated this question focusing on the peripheral clock housed in the non-neuronal prothoracic gland (PG), which, together with the central pacemaker in the brain, controls the timing of adult emergence. We show that genetic manipulations that increased and decreased the levels of calcium and cAMP in the PG caused, respectively, a shortening and a lengthening of the periodicity of emergence. Importantly, knockdown of CREB in the PG caused an arrhythmic pattern of eclosion. Interestingly, the same manipulations directed at central pacemaker neurons caused arrhythmicity of eclosion and of adult locomotor activity, suggesting a common mechanism. Our results reveal that the calcium and cAMP pathways can alter the functioning of the clock itself. In the PG, these messengers, acting as outputs of the clock or as second messengers for stimuli external to the PG, could also contribute to the circadian gating of adult emergence. Circadian clocks impose daily periodicities to animal behavior and physiology. At their core, circadian rhythms are produced by intracellular transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL). TTFLs may be altered by extracellular signals whose actions are mediated intracellularly by calcium and cAMP. In Drosophila, calcium and cAMP levels affect the periodicity of Drosophila circadian rhythms, but whether this is due to direct actions on the TTFLs themselves or is a consequence of changes induced to the complex interrelationship between different classes of central pacemaker neurons is unclear. Here we used the non-neuronal circadian clock located in the prothoracic gland (PG) to show that these messengers affect the speed of the circadian clock that controls the timing of adult emergence and suggest that these actions are mediated by CREB. Importantly, since calcium and cAMP are also output signals of the clock, they may contribute to the mechanism that imposes a circadian gating to the timing of adult emergence.
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35
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Dard L, Bellance N, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. RAS signalling in energy metabolism and rare human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:845-867. [PMID: 29750912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is a highly conserved cascade of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation that is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Recent findings indicate that the RAS pathway plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism via the control of mitochondrial form and function but little is known on the participation of this effect in RAS-related rare human genetic diseases. Germline mutations that hyperactivate the RAS pathway have been discovered and linked to human developmental disorders that are known as RASopathies. Individuals with RASopathies, which are estimated to affect approximately 1/1000 human birth, share many overlapping characteristics, including cardiac malformations, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphy, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, hypotonia and a predisposition to developing cancer. Since the identification of the first RASopathy, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), which is caused by the inactivation of neurofibromin 1, several other syndromes have been associated with mutations in the core components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), which was formerly called LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). Here, we review current knowledge about the bioenergetics of the RASopathies and discuss the molecular control of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial physiology by the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Bellance
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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Zhang SL, Yue Z, Arnold DM, Artiushin G, Sehgal A. A Circadian Clock in the Blood-Brain Barrier Regulates Xenobiotic Efflux. Cell 2018; 173:130-139.e10. [PMID: 29526461 PMCID: PMC5866247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous circadian rhythms are thought to modulate responses to external factors, but mechanisms that confer time-of-day differences in organismal responses to environmental insults/therapeutic treatments are poorly understood. Using a xenobiotic, we find that permeability of the Drosophila "blood"-brain barrier (BBB) is higher at night. The permeability rhythm is driven by circadian regulation of efflux and depends on a molecular clock in the perineurial glia of the BBB, although efflux transporters are restricted to subperineurial glia (SPG). We show that transmission of circadian signals across the layers requires cyclically expressed gap junctions. Specifically, during nighttime, gap junctions reduce intracellular magnesium ([Mg2+]i), a positive regulator of efflux, in SPG. Consistent with lower nighttime efflux, nighttime administration of the anti-epileptic phenytoin is more effective at treating a Drosophila seizure model. These findings identify a novel mechanism of circadian regulation and have therapeutic implications for drugs targeted to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley L Zhang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhifeng Yue
- Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Denice M Arnold
- Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory Artiushin
- Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Chronobiology Program at Penn and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Goldsmith CS, Kim SM, Karunarathna N, Neuendorff N, Toussaint LG, Earnest DJ, Bell-Pedersen D. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity leads to cell type-specific effects on the molecular circadian clock and time-dependent reduction of glioma cell invasiveness. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:43. [PMID: 29316898 PMCID: PMC5761097 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circadian clock is the basis for biological time keeping in eukaryotic organisms. The clock mechanism relies on biochemical signaling pathways to detect environmental stimuli and to regulate the expression of clock-controlled genes throughout the body. MAPK signaling pathways function in both circadian input and output pathways in mammals depending on the tissue; however, little is known about the role of p38 MAPK, an established tumor suppressor, in the mammalian circadian system. Increased expression and activity of p38 MAPK is correlated with poor prognosis in cancer, including glioblastoma multiforme; however, the toxicity of p38 MAPK inhibitors limits their clinical use. Here, we test if timed application of the specific p38 MAPK inhibitor VX-745 reduces glioma cell invasive properties in vitro. METHODS The levels and rhythmic accumulation of active phosphorylated p38 MAPK in different cell lines were determined by western blots. Rhythmic luciferase activity from clock gene luciferase reporter cells lines was used to test the effect of p38 MAPK inhibition on clock properties as determined using the damped sine fit and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Nonlinear regression and Akaike's information criteria were used to establish rhythmicity. Boyden chamber assays were used to measure glioma cell invasiveness following time-of-day-specific treatment with VX-745. Significant differences were established using t-tests. RESULTS We demonstrate the activity of p38 MAPK cycles under control of the clock in mouse fibroblast and SCN cell lines. The levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK were significantly reduced in clock-deficient cells, indicating that the circadian clock plays an important role in activation of this pathway. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with VX-745 led to cell-type-specific period changes in the molecular clock. In addition, phosphorylated p38 MAPK levels were rhythmic in HA glial cells, and high and arrhythmic in invasive IM3 glioma cells. We show that inhibition of p38 MAPK activity in IM3 cells at the time of day when the levels are normally low in HA cells under control of the circadian clock, significantly reduced IM3 invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS Glioma treatment with p38 MAPK inhibitors may be more effective and less toxic if administered at the appropriate time of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Goldsmith
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Sam Moon Kim
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Nirmala Karunarathna
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Nichole Neuendorff
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M, Health Science Center, College of Medicine Bryan, Texas, TX, 77807-3260, USA
| | - L Gerard Toussaint
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M, Health Science Center, College of Medicine Bryan, Texas, TX, 77807-3260, USA
| | - David J Earnest
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M, Health Science Center, College of Medicine Bryan, Texas, TX, 77807-3260, USA. .,Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Deborah Bell-Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, Texas, 77843, USA. .,Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA. .,Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA.
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38
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Selection for long and short sleep duration in Drosophila melanogaster reveals the complex genetic network underlying natural variation in sleep. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007098. [PMID: 29240764 PMCID: PMC5730107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Why do some individuals need more sleep than others? Forward mutagenesis screens in flies using engineered mutations have established a clear genetic component to sleep duration, revealing mutants that convey very long or short sleep. Whether such extreme long or short sleep could exist in natural populations was unknown. We applied artificial selection for high and low night sleep duration to an outbred population of Drosophila melanogaster for 13 generations. At the end of the selection procedure, night sleep duration diverged by 9.97 hours in the long and short sleeper populations, and 24-hour sleep was reduced to 3.3 hours in the short sleepers. Neither long nor short sleeper lifespan differed appreciably from controls, suggesting little physiological consequences to being an extreme long or short sleeper. Whole genome sequence data from seven generations of selection revealed several hundred thousand changes in allele frequencies at polymorphic loci across the genome. Combining the data from long and short sleeper populations across generations in a logistic regression implicated 126 polymorphisms in 80 candidate genes, and we confirmed three of these genes and a larger genomic region with mutant and chromosomal deficiency tests, respectively. Many of these genes could be connected in a single network based on previously known physical and genetic interactions. Candidate genes have known roles in several classic, highly conserved developmental and signaling pathways—EGFR, Wnt, Hippo, and MAPK. The involvement of highly pleiotropic pathway genes suggests that sleep duration in natural populations can be influenced by a wide variety of biological processes, which may be why the purpose of sleep has been so elusive. One of the biggest mysteries in biology is the need to sleep. Sleep duration has an underlying genetic basis, suggesting that very long and short sleep times could be bred for experimentally. How far can sleep duration be driven up or down? Here we achieved extremely long and short night sleep duration by subjecting a wild-derived population of Drosophila melanogaster to an experimental breeding program. At the end of the breeding program, long sleepers averaged 9.97 hours more nightly sleep than short sleepers. We analyzed whole-genome sequences from seven generations of the experimental breeding to identify allele frequencies that diverged between long and short sleepers, and verified genes and genomic regions with mutation and deficiency testing. These alleles map to classic developmental and signaling pathways, implicating many diverse processes that potentially affect sleep duration.
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39
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Adewoye AB, Nuzhdin SV, Tauber E. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Underlying Circadian Light Sensitivity in Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:394-405. [PMID: 28990443 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417731863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant advance in our understanding of the molecular basis of light entrainment of the circadian clock in Drosophila, the underlying genetic architecture is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify loci associated with variation in circadian photosensitivity, which are important for the evolution of this trait. We have used complementary approaches that combined quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, complementation testing, and transcriptome profiling to dissect this variation. We identified a major QTL on chromosome 2, which was subsequently fine mapped using deficiency complementation mapping into 2 smaller regions spanning 139 genes, some of which are known to be involved in functions that have been previously implicated in light entrainment. Two genes implicated with the clock and located within that interval, timeless and cycle, failed to complement the QTL, indicating that alleles of these genes contribute to the variation in light response. Specifically, we find that the timeless s/ ls polymorphism that has been previously shown to constitute a latitudinal cline in Europe is also segregating in our recombinant inbred lines and is contributing to the phenotypic variation in light sensitivity. We also profiled gene expression in 2 recombinant inbred strains that differ significantly in their photosensitivity and identified a total of 368 transcripts that showed differential expression (false discovery rate < 0.1). Of 131 transcripts that showed a significant recombinant inbred line by treatment interaction (i.e., putative expression QTL), 4 are located within QTL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu B Adewoye
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,1 Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University Loughborough, UK
| | - Sergey V Nuzhdin
- Program in Molecular and Computation Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eran Tauber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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40
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Gyöngyösi N, Szőke A, Ella K, Káldi K. The small G protein RAS2 is involved in the metabolic compensation of the circadian clock in the circadian model Neurospora crassa. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14929-14939. [PMID: 28729421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.804922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from both experimental and clinical investigations indicates a tight interaction between metabolism and circadian timekeeping; however, knowledge of the underlying mechanism is still incomplete. Metabolic compensation allows circadian oscillators to run with a constant speed at different substrate levels and, therefore, is a substantial criterion of a robust rhythm in a changing environment. Because previous data have suggested a central role of RAS2-mediated signaling in the adaptation of yeast to different nutritional environments, we examined the involvement of RAS2 in the metabolic regulation of the clock in the circadian model organism Neurospora crassa We show that, in a ras2-deficient strain, the period is longer than in the control. Moreover, unlike in the WT, in Δras2, operation of the circadian clock was affected by glucose; compared with starvation conditions, the period was longer and the oscillation of expression of the frequency (frq) gene was dampened. In constant darkness, the delayed phosphorylation of the FRQ protein and the long-lasting accumulation of FRQ in the nucleus were in accordance with the longer period and the less robust rhythm in the mutant. Although glucose did not affect the subcellular distribution of FRQ in the WT, highly elevated FRQ levels were detected in the nucleus in Δras2 RAS2 interacted with the RAS-binding domain of the adenylate cyclase in vitro, and the cAMP analogue 8-bromo-cyclic AMP partially rescued the circadian phenotype in vivo We therefore propose that RAS2 acts via a cAMP-dependent pathway and exerts significant metabolic control on the Neurospora circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gyöngyösi
- From the Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Szőke
- From the Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ella
- From the Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Káldi
- From the Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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41
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King AN, Barber AF, Smith AE, Dreyer AP, Sitaraman D, Nitabach MN, Cavanaugh DJ, Sehgal A. A Peptidergic Circuit Links the Circadian Clock to Locomotor Activity. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1915-1927.e5. [PMID: 28669757 PMCID: PMC5698909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which clock neurons in the Drosophila brain confer an ∼24-hr rhythm onto locomotor activity are unclear, but involve the neuropeptide diuretic hormone 44 (DH44), an ortholog of corticotropin-releasing factor. Here we identified DH44 receptor 1 as the relevant receptor for rest:activity rhythms and mapped its site of action to hugin-expressing neurons in the subesophageal zone (SEZ). We traced a circuit that extends from Dh44-expressing neurons in the pars intercerebralis (PI) through hugin+ SEZ neurons to the ventral nerve cord. Hugin neuropeptide, a neuromedin U ortholog, also regulates behavioral rhythms. The DH44 PI-Hugin SEZ circuit controls circadian locomotor activity in a daily cycle but has minimal effect on feeding rhythms, suggesting that the circadian drive to feed can be separated from circadian locomotion. These findings define a linear peptidergic circuit that links the clock to motor outputs to modulate circadian control of locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annika F Barber
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amelia E Smith
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Austin P Dreyer
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Divya Sitaraman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Michael N Nitabach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel J Cavanaugh
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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42
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Chen L, Serdyuk T, Yang B, Wang S, Chen S, Chu X, Zhang X, Song J, Bao H, Zhou C, Wang X, Dong S, Song L, Chen F, He G, He L, Zhou Y, Li W. Abnormal circadian oscillation of hippocampal MAPK activity and power spectrums in NF1 mutant mice. Mol Brain 2017; 10:29. [PMID: 28673309 PMCID: PMC5496334 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have implied that the circadian oscillation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways is crucial for hippocampus-dependent memory. NF1 mouse models (Nf1 heterozygous null mutants; Nf1 +/-) displayed enhanced MAPK activity in the hippocampus and resulted in memory deficits. We assumed a link between MAPK pathways and hippocampal rhythmic oscillations, which have never been explored in Nf1 +/- mice. We demonstrated that the level of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in Nf1 +/- mice were significantly higher at nighttime than at daytime. Moreover, the in vivo recording revealed that for the Nf1 +/- group, the power spectral density of theta rhythm significantly decreased and the firing rates of pyramidal neurons increased. Our results indicated that the hippocampal MAPK oscillation and theta rhythmic oscillations in Nf1 +/- mice were disturbed and hinted about a possible mechanism for the brain dysfunction in Nf1 +/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Tatiana Serdyuk
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Beimeng Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Shiqing Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xixia Chu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jinjing Song
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Hechen Bao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Chengbin Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Shuangle Dong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Lulu Song
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Fujun Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
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43
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Polaino S, Villalobos-Escobedo JM, Shakya VPS, Miralles-Durán A, Chaudhary S, Sanz C, Shahriari M, Luque EM, Eslava AP, Corrochano LM, Herrera-Estrella A, Idnurm A. A Ras GTPase associated protein is involved in the phototropic and circadian photobiology responses in fungi. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44790. [PMID: 28322269 PMCID: PMC5359613 DOI: 10.1038/srep44790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is an environmental signal perceived by most eukaryotic organisms and that can have major impacts on their growth and development. The MadC protein in the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus (Mucoromycotina) has been postulated to form part of the photosensory input for phototropism of the fruiting body sporangiophores, but the madC gene has remained unidentified since the 1960s when madC mutants were first isolated. In this study the madC gene was identified by positional cloning. All madC mutant strains contain loss-of-function point mutations within a gene predicted to encode a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Ras. The madC gene complements the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ras-GAP ira1 mutant and the encoded MadC protein interacts with P. blakesleeanus Ras homologs in yeast two-hybrid assays, indicating that MadC is a regulator of Ras signaling. Deletion of the homolog in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora crassa affects the circadian clock output, yielding a pattern of asexual conidiation similar to a ras-1 mutant that is used in circadian studies in N. crassa. Thus, MadC is unlikely to be a photosensor, yet is a fundamental link in the photoresponses from blue light perceived by the conserved White Collar complex with Ras signaling in two distantly-related filamentous fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Polaino
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
| | - José M Villalobos-Escobedo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Sede Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Viplendra P S Shakya
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
| | | | - Suman Chaudhary
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mahdi Shahriari
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva M Luque
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Arturo P Eslava
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, CINVESTAV Sede Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, USA.,School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
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44
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Eagleson KL, Xie Z, Levitt P. The Pleiotropic MET Receptor Network: Circuit Development and the Neural-Medical Interface of Autism. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:424-433. [PMID: 27837921 PMCID: PMC5285483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
People with autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are behaviorally and medically heterogeneous. The combination of polygenicity and gene pleiotropy-the influence of one gene on distinct phenotypes-raises questions of how specific genes and their protein products interact to contribute to NDDs. A preponderance of evidence supports developmental and pathophysiological roles for the MET receptor tyrosine kinase, a multifunctional receptor that mediates distinct biological responses depending upon cell context. MET influences neuron architecture and synapse maturation in the forebrain and regulates homeostasis in gastrointestinal and immune systems, both commonly disrupted in NDDs. Peak expression of synapse-enriched MET is conserved across rodent and primate forebrain, yet regional differences in primate neocortex are pronounced, with enrichment in circuits that participate in social information processing. A functional risk allele in the MET promoter, enriched in subgroups of children with autism spectrum disorder, reduces transcription and disrupts socially relevant neural circuits structurally and functionally. In mice, circuit-specific deletion of Met causes distinct atypical behaviors. MET activation increases dendritic complexity and nascent synapse number, but synapse maturation requires reductions in MET. MET mediates its specific biological effects through different intracellular signaling pathways and has a complex protein interactome that is enriched in autism spectrum disorder and other NDD candidates. The interactome is coregulated in developing human neocortex. We suggest that a gene as pleiotropic and highly regulated as MET, together with its interactome, is biologically relevant in normal and pathophysiological contexts, affecting central and peripheral phenotypes that contribute to NDD risk and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathie L Eagleson
- Program in Developmental Neurogenetics, Institute for the Developing Mind Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Program in Developmental Neurogenetics, Institute for the Developing Mind Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Program in Developmental Neurogenetics, Institute for the Developing Mind Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
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45
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Sleep and Development in Genetically Tractable Model Organisms. Genetics 2017; 203:21-33. [PMID: 27183564 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.189589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is widely recognized as essential, but without a clear singular function. Inadequate sleep impairs cognition, metabolism, immune function, and many other processes. Work in genetic model systems has greatly expanded our understanding of basic sleep neurobiology as well as introduced new concepts for why we sleep. Among these is an idea with its roots in human work nearly 50 years old: sleep in early life is crucial for normal brain maturation. Nearly all known species that sleep do so more while immature, and this increased sleep coincides with a period of exuberant synaptogenesis and massive neural circuit remodeling. Adequate sleep also appears critical for normal neurodevelopmental progression. This article describes recent findings regarding molecular and circuit mechanisms of sleep, with a focus on development and the insights garnered from models amenable to detailed genetic analyses.
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Maurer C, Winter T, Chen S, Hung HC, Weber F. The CREB-binding protein affects the circadian regulation of behaviour. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3213-20. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maurer
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Tobias Winter
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Siwei Chen
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Hsiu-Cheng Hung
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg; University of Heidelberg; Germany
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Abstract
Sleep disorders in humans are increasingly appreciated to be not only widespread but also detrimental to multiple facets of physical and mental health. Recent work has begun to shed light on the mechanistic basis of sleep disorders like insomnia, restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy, and a host of others, but a more detailed genetic and molecular understanding of how sleep goes awry is lacking. Over the past 15 years, studies in Drosophila have yielded new insights into basic questions regarding sleep function and regulation. More recently, powerful genetic approaches in the fly have been applied toward studying primary human sleep disorders and other disease states associated with dysregulated sleep. In this review, we discuss the contribution of Drosophila to the landscape of sleep biology, examining not only fundamental advances in sleep neurobiology but also how flies have begun to inform pathological sleep states in humans.
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48
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Circadian clock regulation of mRNA translation through eukaryotic elongation factor eEF-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9605-10. [PMID: 27506798 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525268113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock has a profound effect on gene regulation, controlling rhythmic transcript accumulation for up to half of expressed genes in eukaryotes. Evidence also exists for clock control of mRNA translation, but the extent and mechanisms for this regulation are not known. In Neurospora crassa, the circadian clock generates daily rhythms in the activation of conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways when cells are grown in constant conditions, including rhythmic activation of the well-characterized p38 osmosensing (OS) MAPK pathway. Rhythmic phosphorylation of the MAPK OS-2 (P-OS-2) leads to temporal control of downstream targets of OS-2. We show that osmotic stress in N. crassa induced the phosphorylation of a eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) kinase, radiation sensitivity complementing kinase-2 (RCK-2), and that RCK-2 is necessary for high-level phosphorylation of eEF-2, a key regulator of translation elongation. The levels of phosphorylated RCK-2 and phosphorylated eEF-2 cycle in abundance in wild-type cells but not in cells deleted for OS-2 or the core clock component FREQUENCY (FRQ). Translation extracts from cells grown in constant conditions show decreased translational activity in the late subjective morning, coincident with the peak in eEF-2 phosphorylation, and rhythmic translation of glutathione S-transferase (GST-3) from constitutive mRNA levels in vivo is dependent on circadian regulation of eEF-2 activity. In contrast, rhythms in phosphorylated eEF-2 levels are not necessary for rhythms in accumulation of the clock protein FRQ, indicating that clock control of eEF-2 activity promotes rhythmic translation of specific mRNAs.
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Altman BJ. Cancer Clocks Out for Lunch: Disruption of Circadian Rhythm and Metabolic Oscillation in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:62. [PMID: 27500134 PMCID: PMC4971383 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h oscillations present in most eukaryotes and many prokaryotes that synchronize activity to the day-night cycle. They are an essential feature of organismal and cell physiology that coordinate many of the metabolic, biosynthetic, and signal transduction pathways studied in biology. The molecular mechanism of circadian rhythm is controlled both by signal transduction and gene transcription as well as by metabolic feedback. The role of circadian rhythm in cancer cell development and survival is still not well understood, but as will be discussed in this Review, accumulated research suggests that circadian rhythm may be altered or disrupted in many human cancers downstream of common oncogenic alterations. Thus, a complete understanding of the genetic and metabolic alterations in cancer must take potential circadian rhythm perturbations into account, as this disruption itself will influence how gene expression and metabolism are altered in the cancer cell compared to its non-transformed neighbor. It will be important to better understand these circadian changes in both normal and cancer cell physiology to potentially design treatment modalities to exploit this insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Altman
- Abramson Family Cancer Research InstitutePhiladelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Jindal GA, Goyal Y, Burdine RD, Rauen KA, Shvartsman SY. RASopathies: unraveling mechanisms with animal models. Dis Model Mech 2016. [PMID: 26203125 PMCID: PMC4527292 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway, and are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological abnormalities. The high incidence of these disorders (∼1/1000 births) motivates the development of systematic approaches for their efficient diagnosis and potential treatment. Recent advances in genome sequencing have greatly facilitated the genotyping and discovery of mutations in affected individuals, but establishing the causal relationships between molecules and disease phenotypes is non-trivial and presents both technical and conceptual challenges. Here, we discuss how these challenges could be addressed using genetically modified model organisms that have been instrumental in delineating the Ras-MAPK pathway and its roles during development. Focusing on studies in mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, we provide an up-to-date review of animal models of RASopathies at the molecular and functional level. We also discuss how increasingly sophisticated techniques of genetic engineering can be used to rigorously connect changes in specific components of the Ras-MAPK pathway with observed functional and morphological phenotypes. Establishing these connections is essential for advancing our understanding of RASopathies and for devising rational strategies for their management and treatment. Summary: Developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway are called RASopathies. Studies with animal models, including mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, continue to enhance our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granton A Jindal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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