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Ge P, Zhang Y, Fan S, Wang Y, Wu H, Wang X, Zhang S. Observational study of microphysical and chemical characteristics of size-resolved fog in different regional backgrounds in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175329. [PMID: 39122025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between microphysical and chemical characteristics of size-resolved fog droplets in different regional backgrounds, we conducted observational experiments in urban, mountainous, rainforest, and rural areas of China. Fog water samples across different diameter ranges (4-16 μm, 16-22 μm, and >22 μm) were collected, alongside fog droplet spectra data. Our findings reveal a close relationship between pH value, electrical conductivity (EC), total ion concentration (TIC) of droplets, and droplet sizes, with smaller droplets exhibiting stronger acidity and higher ion concentrations. Significant differences in chemical composition are observed across size ranges and regional backgrounds. Droplet number concentration (N) and liquid water content (LWC) distributions in different regional backgrounds are skewed, with peak diameters of LWC spectra similar to those of N spectra, yet overall spectral distributions varied significantly. Droplet number concentrations are highest in urban area, while large droplets contribute more to overall LWC in mountainous, rainforest, and rural areas. No direct evidence linked LWC or surface area (S) to LWC ratio to water-soluble ion concentrations of size-resolved fog droplets in different regional backgrounds. However, by adjusting the contributions of S and LWC proportions of different-sized droplets to the ion concentration proportions, we find that expanding the LWC proportion to 2.43 times and decreasing the S proportion to 0.2 times for large droplets, while decreasing the LWC ratio to 0.76 times for small droplets, provided a better explanation for the distribution of ion concentrations. This study advances our understanding of the intricate relationship between the microphysical and chemical characteristics of fog, helping to develop more robust and comprehensive models for fog prediction and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyan Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China; College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; High Impact Weather Key Laboratory of CMA, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China; College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; High Impact Weather Key Laboratory of CMA, Changsha 410073, China.
| | - Shuxian Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haopeng Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning and Risk Management of Characteristic Agriculture in Arid Regions, CMA, China; Ningxia Key Lab of Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Reduction, China
| | - Sirui Zhang
- Meteorological Bureau, Shangrao 334000, China
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2
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Hůnová I. Challenges in moving towards fog's contribution to spatial patterns of atmospheric deposition fluxes on a national scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174208. [PMID: 38909791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Fog is an important environmental phenomenon affecting, among other things, geochemical cycles via atmospheric deposition pathways. It is generally accepted that fog contributes substantially to atmospheric deposition fluxes especially in mountain forests. Nevertheless, due to intrinsic constraints, fog pathway has thus far been neglected in the quantification of atmospheric deposition and fog pathway has not been accounted for in nation-wide spatial patterns of atmospheric deposition of air pollutants. In this review we explore the causes as to why it is so complex to create a spatial pattern of fog contribution to atmospheric ion deposition fluxes on a national scale. Physical and chemical principles of fog formation are presented and factors influencing the abrupt temporal and spatial changes in both fog occurrence and fog chemistry are elucidated. The focus is on both constituents essential for fog deposition flux quantification, i.e. (i) hydrological input on fog water and (ii) chemistry of fog water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hůnová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 17, 143 06 Prague 4 - Komorany, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benatska 2, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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3
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El Haber M, Gérard V, Kleinheins J, Ferronato C, Nozière B. Measuring the Surface Tension of Atmospheric Particles and Relevant Mixtures to Better Understand Key Atmospheric Processes. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39177157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol and aqueous particles are ubiquitous in Earth's atmosphere and play key roles in geochemical processes such as natural chemical cycles, cloud and fog formation, air pollution, visibility, climate forcing, etc. The surface tension of atmospheric particles can affect their size distribution, condensational growth, evaporation, and exchange of chemicals with the atmosphere, which, in turn, are important in the above-mentioned geochemical processes. However, because measuring this quantity is challenging, its role in atmospheric processes was dismissed for decades. Over the last 15 years, this field of research has seen some tremendous developments and is rapidly evolving. This review presents the state-of-the-art of this subject focusing on the experimental approaches. It also presents a unique inventory of experimental adsorption isotherms for over 130 mixtures of organic compounds in water of relevance for model development and validation. Potential future areas of research seeking to better determine the surface tension of atmospheric particles, better constrain laboratory investigations, or better understand the role of surface tension in various atmospheric processes, are discussed. We hope that this review appeals not only to atmospheric scientists but also to researchers from other fields, who could help identify new approaches and solutions to the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella El Haber
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Violaine Gérard
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Judith Kleinheins
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Barbara Nozière
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 114 28, Sweden
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4
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Wei X, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Gao H, Yao X. Statistical analysis and environmental impact of pre-existing particle growth events in a Northern Chinese coastal megacity: A 725-day study in 2010-2018. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173227. [PMID: 38750744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Pre-existing particles usually constitute the major fraction of atmospheric particles, except during some episodes in the presence of strong emissions and/or secondary generation of fresh particles. Previous case studies have investigated the growth of pre-existing particles and their potential environmental and climate impacts. However, there is limited knowledge about the statistical characteristics of these growth events and related effects. In this study, we examine pre-existing particle growth events using a large dataset (725 days from 2010 to 2018) collected at a coastal megacity in northern China. The occurrence frequency of pre-existing particle growth events was 12.4 % (90 out of 725 days). When these events were related to measured criteria air pollutants, no significant differences were found in PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and NO2 + O3 concentrations between periods with and without pre-existing particle growth events. These 90-day events can be further classified into two categories, i.e., Category 1, with 68 % of events representing the growth of pre-existing particles alone, and Category 2, with 32 % of events representing the simultaneous growth of pre-existing and newly formed particles. In Category 2, the growth rates of pre-existing particles and newly formed particles were close in 21 % of the cases, while pre-existing particles exhibited significantly larger growth rates in 69 % of the cases. Conversely, in 10 % of the cases, the growth rates of newly formed particles were larger. The different growth rate mechanisms were discussed in terms of the volatility of atmospheric condensation vapors. In addition, we present case studies on the impact of pre-existing particle growth on cloud condensation nuclei simultaneously measured, specifically considering the chemistry of condensation vapors and pre-existing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Sci Ctr Deep Ocean Multispheres & Earth, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Fan T, Ren J, Liu C, Li Z, Liu J, Sun Y, Wang Y, Jin X, Zhang F. Evidence of Surface-Tension Lowering of Atmospheric Aerosols by Organics from Field Observations in an Urban Atmosphere: Relation to Particle Size and Chemical Composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11363-11375. [PMID: 38900148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Surface-active organics lower the aerosol surface tension (σs/a), leading to enhanced cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and potentially exerting impacts on the climate. Quantification of σs/a is mainly limited to laboratory or modeling work for particles with selected sizes and known chemical compositions. Inferred values from ambient aerosol populations are deficient. In this study, we propose a new method to derive σs/a by combining field measurements made at an urban site in northern China with the κ-Köhler theory. The results present new evidence that organics remarkably lower the surface tension of aerosols in a polluted atmosphere. Particles sized around 40 nm have an averaged σs/a of 53.8 mN m-1, while particles sized up to 100 nm show σs/a values approaching that of pure water. The dependence curve of σs/a with the organic mass resembles the behavior of dicarboxylic acids, suggesting their critical role in reducing the surface tension. The study further reveals that neglecting the σs/a lowering effect would result in lowered ultrafine CCN (diameter <100 nm) concentrations by 6.8-42.1% at a typical range of supersaturations in clouds, demonstrating the significant impact of surface tension on the CCN concentrations of urban aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Fan
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jingye Ren
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jieyao Liu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yele Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Wu Z, Wang H, Yin Y, Shen L, Chen K, Chen J, Zhen Z, Cui Y, Ke Y, Liu S, Zhao T, Lin W. Impacts of the aerosol mixing state and new particle formation on CCN in summer at the summit of Mount Tai (1534m) in Central East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170622. [PMID: 38325490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the aerosol size distributions, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration (NCCN), single-particle chemical composition and meteorological data were collected from May 12 to June 8, 2017, at the summit of Mt. Tai. The effects of new particle formation (NPF) events and aerosol chemical components on CCN at Mt. Tai were analyzed in detail. The results showed that, NPF events significantly enhanced the CCN population, and the enhancement effect increased with increasing supersaturation (SS) value at Mt.Tai. NCCN at SS ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 % on NPF days was 10.9 %, 36.5 %, 44.6 %, 53.5 % and 51.5 % higher than that on non-NPF days from 10:00-13:00 as NPF events progressed. The effect of chemical components on CCN activation under the influence of NPF events was greater than that in the absence of NPF events. The correlation coefficients of EC-Nitrate particles (EC-Sulfate particles) and CCN at all SS levels on NPF days were 1.31-1.59 times (1.17-1.35 times) higher than those on non-NPF days. Nitrate particles promoted CCN activation but sulfate particles inhibited activation at Mt. Tai. There are differences or even opposite effects of the same group of particles on CCN activation under the influence of NPF events in different air masses. EC-Sulfate particles inhibited CCN activation at all SS levels for type I but weakly promoted activation at lower SS ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 % and weakly inhibited it at higher 0.9 % SS for type II. OCEC particles significantly inhibited CCN activation for type II, and this effect decreased with increasing SS. OCEC particles only weakly inhibited activation at SS ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 % for type I. OCEC particles only weakly inhibited this process at 0.1 % SS, while they very weakly promoted activation for SS > 0.1 %. This reveals that the CCN activity is not only related to the chemical composition of the particles, but the mixing state also has an important effect on the CCN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Straits Severe Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Fuzhou 350001, China.
| | - Yan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- School of Atmosphere and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhongxiu Zhen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Weather Modification Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Yue Ke
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Sihan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Straits Severe Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Fuzhou 350001, China
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Zang Z, Zhang Y, Zuo C, Chen J, He B, Luo N, Zou J, Zhao W, Shi W, Yan X. Exploring Global Land Coarse-Mode Aerosol Changes from 2001-2021 Using a New Spatiotemporal Coaction Deep-Learning Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19881-19890. [PMID: 37962866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Coarse-mode aerosol optical depths (cAODs) are critical for understanding the impact of coarse particle sizes, especially dust aerosols, on climate. Currently, the limited data length and high uncertainty of satellite products diminish the applicability of cAOD for climate research. Here, we propose a spatiotemporal coaction deep-learning model (SCAM) for the retrieval of global land cAOD (500 nm) from 2001-2021. In contrast to conventional deep-learning models, the SCAM considers the impacts of spatiotemporal feature interactions and can simultaneously describe linear and nonlinear relationships for retrievals. Based on these unique characteristics, the SCAM considerably improved global daily cAOD accuracies and coverages (R = 0.82, root-mean-square error [RMSE] = 0.04). Compared to official products from the multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR), the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the polarization and directionality of Earth's reflectances (POLDER) instrument, as well as the physical-deep learning (Phy-DL) derived cAOD, the SCAM cAOD improved the monthly R from 0.44 to 0.88 and more accurately captured over the desert regions. Based on the SCAM cAOD, daily dust cases decreased over the Sahara, Thar Desert, Gobi Desert, and Middle East during 2001-2021 (>3 × 10-3/year). The SCAM-retrieved cAOD can contribute considerably to resolving the climate change uncertainty related to coarse-mode aerosols. Our proposed method is highly valuable for reducing uncertainties regarding coarse aerosols and climate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chen Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Nana Luo
- School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102612, China
| | - Junxiao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenji Zhao
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenzhong Shi
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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8
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Pöhlker ML, Pöhlker C, Quaas J, Mülmenstädt J, Pozzer A, Andreae MO, Artaxo P, Block K, Coe H, Ervens B, Gallimore P, Gaston CJ, Gunthe SS, Henning S, Herrmann H, Krüger OO, McFiggans G, Poulain L, Raj SS, Reyes-Villegas E, Royer HM, Walter D, Wang Y, Pöschl U. Global organic and inorganic aerosol hygroscopicity and its effect on radiative forcing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6139. [PMID: 37783680 PMCID: PMC10545666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The climate effects of atmospheric aerosol particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) depend on chemical composition and hygroscopicity, which are highly variable on spatial and temporal scales. Here we present global CCN measurements, covering diverse environments from pristine to highly polluted conditions. We show that the effective aerosol hygroscopicity, κ, can be derived accurately from the fine aerosol mass fractions of organic particulate matter (ϵorg) and inorganic ions (ϵinorg) through a linear combination, κ = ϵorg ⋅ κorg + ϵinorg ⋅ κinorg. In spite of the chemical complexity of organic matter, its hygroscopicity is well captured and represented by a global average value of κorg = 0.12 ± 0.02 with κinorg = 0.63 ± 0.01 as the corresponding value for inorganic ions. By showing that the sensitivity of global climate forcing to changes in κorg and κinorg is small, we constrain a critically important aspect of global climate modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira L Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Quaas
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Mülmenstädt
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karoline Block
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barbara Ervens
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Peter Gallimore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cassandra J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - Sachin S Gunthe
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Center for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Silvia Henning
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ovid O Krüger
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gordon McFiggans
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Subha S Raj
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ernesto Reyes-Villegas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Guadalajara, 45201, Mexico
| | - Haley M Royer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - David Walter
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuan Wang
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Sanchez KJ, Painemal D, Brown MD, Crosbie EC, Gallo F, Hair JW, Hostetler CA, Jordan CE, Robinson CE, Scarino AJ, Shingler TJ, Shook MA, Thornhill KL, Wiggins EB, Winstead EL, Ziemba LD, Chambers S, Williams A, Humphries RS, Keywood MD, Ward JP, Cravigan L, McRobert IM, Flynn C, Kulkarni GR, Russell LM, Roberts GC, McFarquhar GM, Nenes A, Woods SF, Reid JS, Small-Griswold J, Brooks S, Kirschler S, Voigt C, Wang J, Delene DJ, Quinn PK, Moore RH. Multi-campaign ship and aircraft observations of marine cloud condensation nuclei and droplet concentrations. Sci Data 2023; 10:471. [PMID: 37474611 PMCID: PMC10359301 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In-situ marine cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and CCN proxies, based on particle sizes and optical properties, are accumulated from seven field campaigns: ACTIVATE; NAAMES; CAMP2EX; ORACLES; SOCRATES; MARCUS; and CAPRICORN2. Each campaign involves aircraft measurements, ship-based measurements, or both. Measurements collected over the North and Central Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, and Southern Oceans, represent a range of clean to polluted conditions in various climate regimes. With the extensive range of environmental conditions sampled, this data collection is ideal for testing satellite remote detection methods of CDNC and CCN in marine environments. Remote measurement methods are vital to expanding the available data in these difficult-to-reach regions of the Earth and improving our understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions. The data collection includes particle composition and continental tracers to identify potential contributing CCN sources. Several of these campaigns include High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and polarimetric imaging measurements and retrievals that will be the basis for the next generation of space-based remote sensors and, thus, can be utilized as satellite surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Matthew D Brown
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Ewan C Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Francesca Gallo
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, 837830, USA
| | | | | | - Carolyn E Jordan
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Claire E Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth L Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | | | - Edward L Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
| | - Luke D Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23681, USA
| | - Scott Chambers
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heigths, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Alastair Williams
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heigths, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Ruhi S Humphries
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Melita D Keywood
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Jason P Ward
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Luke Cravigan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian M McRobert
- Engineering and Technology Program, CSIRO National Collections and Marine Infrastructure, Hobart, Australia
| | - Connor Flynn
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Gourihar R Kulkarni
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
| | | | - Gregory C Roberts
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, UMR3589, Toulouse, France
| | - Greg M McFarquhar
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of atmospheric processes and their impacts (LAPI), ENAC/IIE, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (ICE-HT/FORTH), Patra, Greece
| | - Sarah F Woods
- Stratton Park Engineering Company (SPEC), Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | | | | | | | - Simon Kirschler
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christianne Voigt
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, DLR, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Nair AA, Yu F, Luo G. The importance of ammonia for springtime atmospheric new particle formation and aerosol number abundance over the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160756. [PMID: 36528105 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) and subsequent growth can contribute upwards of 50 % of the global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) budget. It is also a significant source of ultrafine aerosols (PM0.1) with health implications. Ammonia (NH3) can play a significant role in enhancing NPF and contributing to the growth of nucleated particles. Understanding these processes are vital for air quality and climate. Here, we examine the role of NH3 in NPF and consequent effects on aerosol number concentrations (including CCN) and size distributions during springtime over the United States (US). We use the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model coupled with the size-resolved Advanced Particle Microphysics (APM) Model. We also employ measurements of particle number size distributions, CN10 (condensation nuclei > 10 nm), CCN0.4 (CCN at 0.4 % supersaturation), and aerosol composition (SO4, NO3, NH4, Organics) at the Southern Great Plains site (SGP). The impact of NH3 in ion-mediated nucleation is the improved capturing of the occurrence of almost all springtime (March-April) NPF events observed at SGP during 2015-2020. Furthermore, this brings the magnitude and temporal variations of particle number concentrations in stronger agreement with observations; mean fractional bias for modeled CN10(CCN0.4) reducing from -1.26 to -0.27 (-0.75 to -0.54) and overall good-agreement (∣FractionalBias ∣ < 0.6) improving from 8.5 to 54 % (31 to 42 %). The contribution of NH3 in new particle formation is important for springtime abundance of ultrafine aerosols (explaining 63 ± 15 % of CN10) and CCN (16 ± 10 % of CCN0.4) over the US. Our analysis shows that the deviation of CCN0.4 is strongly correlated with PM1-NH4+ deviations, suggesting the importance of improved model representation of ammonium for more accurate quantification of potential cloud forming particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Arjunan Nair
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Albany 12226, NY, USA.
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Albany 12226, NY, USA.
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Albany 12226, NY, USA
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11
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Rejano F, Casquero-Vera JA, Lyamani H, Andrews E, Casans A, Pérez-Ramírez D, Alados-Arboledas L, Titos G, Olmo FJ. Impact of urban aerosols on the cloud condensation activity using a clustering model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159657. [PMID: 36306849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The indirect effect of aerosols on climate through aerosol-cloud-interactions is still highly uncertain and limits our ability to assess anthropogenic climate change. The foundation of this uncertainty is in the number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which itself mainly stems from uncertainty in aerosol sources and how particles evolve to become effective CCN. We analyze particle number size distribution (PNSD) and CCN measurements from an urban site in a two-step method: (1) we use an unsupervised clustering model to classify the main aerosol categories and processes occurring in the urban atmosphere and (2) we explore the influence of the identified aerosol populations on the CCN properties. According to the physical properties of each cluster, its diurnal timing, and additional air quality parameters, the clusters are grouped into five main aerosol categories: nucleation, growth, traffic, aged traffic, and urban background. The results show that, despite aged traffic and urban background categories are those with lower total particle number concentrations (Ntot) these categories are the most efficient sources in terms of contribution to the overall CCN budget with activation fractions (AF) around 0.5 at 0.75 % supersaturation (SS). By contrast, road traffic is an important aerosol source with the highest frequency of occurrence (32 %) and relatively high Ntot, however, its impact in the CCN activity is very limited likely due to lower particle mean diameter and hydrophobic chemical composition. Similarly, nucleation and growth categories, associated to new particle formation (NPF) events, present large Ntot with large frequency of occurrence (22 % and 28 %, respectively) but the CCN concentration for these categories is about half of the CCN concentration observed for the aged traffic category, which is associated with their small size. Overall, our results show that direct influence of traffic emissions on the CCN budget is limited, however, when these particles undergo ageing processes, they have a significant influence on the CCN concentrations and may be an important CCN source. Thus, aged traffic particles could be transported to other environments where clouds form, triggering a plausible indirect effect of traffic emissions on aerosol-cloud interactions and consequently contributing to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rejano
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada 18006, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada 18006, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Hassan Lyamani
- Applied Physics I Department, University of Malaga, Malaga 29071, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Andrews
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, United States
| | - Andrea Casans
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada 18006, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Ramírez
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada 18006, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada 18006, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada 18006, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Francisco José Olmo
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada 18006, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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12
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Lee WC, Deng Y, Zhou R, Itoh M, Mochida M, Kuwata M. Water Solubility Distribution of Organic Matter Accounts for the Discrepancy in Hygroscopicity among Sub- and Supersaturated Humidity Regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17924-17935. [PMID: 36346950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake properties of organic matter (OM) are critical for aerosol direct and indirect effects. OM contains various chemical species that have a wide range of water solubility. However, the role of water solubility on water uptake by OM has poorly been investigated. We experimentally retrieved water solubility distributions of water-soluble OM (WSOM) from combustion of mosquito coil and tropical peat using the 1-octanol-water partitioning method. In addition, hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of solubility-segregated WSOM were measured. The dominant fraction of WSOM from mosquito coil smoldering was highly soluble (water solubility (S) > 10-2 g cm-3), while that from peat combustion contained ∼40% of less-soluble species (S < 10-3 g cm-3). The difference in water solubility distributions induced changes in the roles of less water-soluble fractions (S < 10-3 g cm-3) on CCN activity. Namely, the less water-soluble fraction from mosquito coil combustion fully dissolved at the point of critical supersaturation, while that for tropical peat smoldering was limited by water solubility. The present result suggests that water solubility distributions of OM, rather than its bulk chemical property, need to be quantified for understanding the water uptake process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Lee
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Yange Deng
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Ruichen Zhou
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo651-2103, Japan
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme, 138602Singapore
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13
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Ying Z, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Huang Q, Shen Y, Fang H, Hou H, Yan L. Unexpected hygroscopic behaviors of individual sub-50 nm NaNO 3 nanoparticles observed by in situ atomic force microscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158441. [PMID: 36067856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hygroscopicity is one of the most important physicochemical properties of salt nanoparticles, greatly influencing the environment, climate and human health. However, the hygroscopic properties of salt nanoparticles are poorly understood owing to the great challenges of the preparation, preservation and in situ characterization. Here we show the unexpected shape- and size-dependent hygroscopic behaviors of NaNO3 nanoparticles prepared from molten salts using in situ environment-controlled atomic force microscopy. During the humidifying process, the angular and round sub-50 nm NaNO3 particles display anisotropic and isotropic water adsorption behaviors, respectively. The sub-10 nm NaNO3 nanoparticles abnormally shrink and disappear. The growth factors of the NaNO3 nanoparticles are highly sensitive to their sizes and shapes, and quite different from those of NaNO3 microparticles. These findings show that the hygroscopic behaviors of salt nanoparticles may not be comprehensively described by the traditional growth factors, and open up a new pathway to study the hygroscopic behaviors of salt nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemian Ying
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Haiping Fang
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huiqi Hou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Long Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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14
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Fog–Haze Transition and Drivers in the Coastal Region of the Yangtze River Delta. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159608. [PMID: 35954964 PMCID: PMC9368322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Low-visibility events (LVEs) are severe weather phenomena that are closely linked with anthropogenic pollution, which negatively affects traffic, air quality, human health, and the environment. This study conducted a two-month (from October to December 2019) continuous measurement campaign on Chongming Island in Shanghai to characterize the LVEs transition and its drivers. The LVEs accounted for 38% of the time during the campaign, of which mist accounted for 14%, fog–haze for 13%, haze for 6%, and fog for 5%. The fog and mist mainly occurred from midnight to early morning, while haze mostly occurred during the daytime. Different LVEs were interdependent and transitioned from one to another. Fog generally turned into haze after sunrise, while haze turned into fog after sunset. Their formation and evolution were caused by the combined impacts of meteorological conditions and aerosol particles. It was found that temperature difference was the dominant meteorological factor driving the evolution of LVEs. Within the short term, cooling led to a greater increase in relative humidity than humidification. Radiative cooling during the night promoted the formation of fog and mist. During fog and mist events, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were mainly internally mixed due to the impact of fog droplet removal and aqueous/heterogeneous aerosol reactions occurring under high humidity. Increased CCN concentration appeared to increase the fog droplet number and liquid water content in fog events. Overall, conditions of high humidity and high particle loading were conducive to LVEs, whereas conditions of sufficient water vapor at a low particle level and sufficient particles at a low humidity level also caused LVEs. This study provided insights into LVEs classification, evolution scheme, and aerosol roles from a micro point of view. The findings could be useful for improving forecasts of local radiative fog and other LVEs.
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15
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Lai S, Hai S, Gao Y, Wang Y, Sheng L, Lupascu A, Ding A, Nie W, Qi X, Huang X, Chi X, Zhao C, Zhao B, Shrivastava M, Fast JD, Yao X, Gao H. The striking effect of vertical mixing in the planetary boundary layer on new particle formation in the Yangtze River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154607. [PMID: 35306072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) induces a sharp increase in ultrafine particle number concentrations and potentially acts as an important source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). As the densely populated area of China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region shows a high frequency of observed NPF events at the ground level, especially in spring. Although recent observational studies suggested a possible connection between NPF at the higher altitudes and ground level, the role played by vertical mixing, particularly in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is not fully understood. Here we integrate measurements in Nanjing on 15-20 April 2018, and the NPF-explicit Weather Research and Forecast coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model simulations to better understand the governing mechanisms of the NPF and CCN. Our results indicate that newly formed particles at the boundary layer top could be transported downward by vertical mixing as the PBL develops. A numerical sensitivity simulation created by eliminating aerosol vertical mixing suppresses both the downward transport of particles formed at a higher altitude and the dilution of particles at the ground level. The resulting higher Fuchs surface area at the ground level, together with the lack of downward transport, yields a sharp weakening of NPF strength and delayed start of NPF therein. The aerosol vertical mixing, therefore, leads to a more than double increase of surface CN10-40 and a one third decrease of boundary layer top CN10-40. Additionally, the continuous growth of nucleated ultrafine particles at the boundary layer top is strongly steered by the upward transport of condensable gases, with close to half increase of particle number concentrations in Aitken mode and CCN at a supersaturation rate of 0.75%. The findings may bridge the gap in understanding the complex interaction between PBL dynamics and NPF events, reducing the uncertainty in assessing the climate impact of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Lai
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shangfei Hai
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Lifang Sheng
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aura Lupascu
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam D-14467, Germany
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Zhao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jerome D Fast
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
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16
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Frka S, Šala M, Brodnik H, Štefane B, Kroflič A, Grgić I. Seasonal variability of nitroaromatic compounds in ambient aerosols: Mass size distribution, possible sources and contribution to water-soluble brown carbon light absorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134381. [PMID: 35318013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) as important constituents of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon (BrC) affect the Earth's climate and pose a serious environmental hazard. We investigated seasonal size-segregated NACs in aerosol samples from the urban background environment in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Total concentrations of twenty NACs in PM15.6 were on average from 0.51 ng m-3 (summer) to 109 ng m-3 (winter), and contributed the most to submicron aerosols (more than 74%). Besides 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) as the prevailing species, methylnitrocatechols (MNCs) and nitrophenols (NPs), we reported on some very rarely mentioned, but also on five novel NACs (i.e., 3H4NBA: 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 3MeO4NP: 3-methoxy-4-nitrophenol, 4Et5NC: 4-ethyl-5-nitrocatechol, 3Et5NC: 3-ethyl-5-nitrocatechol and 3MeO5NC: 3-methoxy-5-nitrocatechol). Concentrations of 3MeO5NC, 4Et5NC and 3Et5NC were enhanced during cold seasons, contributing up to 11% to total NAC in winter. In cold season, NAC size distributions were characterized with the peaks in the broader size range of 0.305-1.01 μm (accumulation mode), with 4NC and alkyl-nitrocatechols (∑(M/Et)NC) as the most abundant, followed by 4-nitrosyringol, nitrophenols and nitroguaiacols. In spring, a pronounced peak of ∑(M/Et)NC was observed in the accumulation mode (0.305-0.56 μm) as well as in the coarse one. A strong correlation of all NACs with ∑(M/Et)NC and levoglucosan indicates that primary emissions of wood burning were the most important source of NACs, but their secondary formation (e.g., aqueous-phase at higher ambient RH) in cold season could also be a significant one. In warmer season, NACs may be mostly derived from traffic-related aromatic VOCs. The contribution of NACs to the light absorption of the aqueous extracts was up to 10-times higher (contribution to Abs365 up to 31%) than their mass contributions to WSOC (up to 3%) of corresponding size-segregated aerosols, confirming that most of the identified NACs are strong BrC chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Brodnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bogdan Štefane
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Compositions, Sources, and Aging Processes of Aerosol Particles during Winter Hazes in an Inland Megacity of NW China. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As one of the largest inland megacities in Northwest (NW) China, Xi’an has been facing serious regional haze frequently, especially during winter. The composition of aerosols in Xi’an is highly complex due to its unique basinal topography and unique meteorological conditions. In this study, we characterized the morphology, size, and composition of individual aerosol particles collected during regional haze events at an urban site in Xi’an using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX). Six types of particles were identified based on their morphology and chemical composition, including organic (41.88%), sulfate (32.36%), soot (8.33%), mineral (7.91%), K-rich (5.13%), and fly ash particles (4.49%). These results demonstrate that the organic particles made a larger contribution to haze formation than the secondary inorganic particles during the sampling period. Size distribution and dominance suggest that organic and sulfate particles exert major control on the variation trends of particle size in haze. The coating thickness of organic-cored particles was about 369 nm and that of sulfate-cored particles was about 322 nm, implying that the organic particles were more aged than the sulfate particles. The results presented in this study provide further insights into understanding haze particle formation.
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18
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Martelli F, Palmer JC. Signatures of sluggish dynamics and local structural ordering during ice nucleation. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:114502. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the microscopic pathway of spontaneous crystallization in the ST2 model of water under deeply supercooled conditions via unbiased classical molecular dynamics simulations. After quenching below the liquid–liquid critical point, the ST2 model spontaneously separates into low-density liquid (LDL) and high-density liquid phases, respectively. The LDL phase, which is characterized by lower molecular mobility and enhanced structural order, fosters the formation of a sub-critical ice nucleus that, after a stabilization time, develops into the critical nucleus and grows. Polymorphic selection coincides with the development of the sub-critical nucleus and favors the formation of cubic (Ic) over hexagonal (Ih) ice. We rationalize polymorphic selection in terms of geometric arguments based on differences in the symmetry of second neighbor shells of ice Ic and Ih, which are posited to favor formation of the former. The rapidly growing critical nucleus absorbs both Ic and Ih crystallites dispersed in the liquid phase, a crystal with stacking faults. Our results are consistent with, and expand upon, recent observations of non-classical nucleation pathways in several systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Martelli
- IBM Research Europe, Hartree Centre, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy C. Palmer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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19
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Lidar and Radar Signal Simulation: Stability Assessment of the Aerosol–Cloud Interaction Index. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) are in the spotlight of atmospheric science since the limited knowledge about these processes produces large uncertainties in climate predictions. These interactions can be quantified by the aerosol–cloud interaction index (ACI index), which establishes a relationship between aerosol and cloud microphysics. The experimental determination of the ACI index through a synergistic combination of lidar and cloud radar is still quite challenging due to the difficulties in disentangling the aerosol influence on cloud formation from other processes and in retrieving aerosol-particle and cloud microphysics from remote sensing measurements. For a better understanding of the ACI and to evaluate the optimal experimental conditions for the measurement of these processes, a Lidar and Radar Signal Simulator (LARSS) is presented. LARSS simulate vertically-resolved lidar and cloud-radar signals during the formation process of a convective cloud, from the aerosol hygroscopic enhancement to the condensation droplet growth. Through LARSS simulations, it is observed a dependence of the ACI index with height, associated with the increase in number (ACINd) and effective radius (ACIreff) of the droplets with altitude. Furthermore, ACINd and ACIreff for several aerosol types (such as ammonium sulfate, biomass burning, and dust) are estimated using LARSS, presenting different values as a function of the aerosol model. Minimum ACINd values are obtained when the activation of new droplets stops, while ACIreff reaches its maximum values several meters above. These simulations are carried out considering standard atmospheric conditions, with a relative humidity of 30% at the surface, reaching the supersaturation of the air mass at 3500 m. To assess the stability of the ACI index, a sensitivity study using LARSS is performed. It is obtained that the dry modal aerosol radius presents a strong influence on the ACI index fluctuations of 18% cause an ACI variability of 30% while the updraft velocity within the cloud and the wet modal aerosol radius have a weaker impact. LARSS ACI index uncertainty is obtained through the Monte Carlo technique, obtaining ACIreff uncertainty below 16% for the uncertainty of all LARSS input parameters of 10%. Finally, a new ACI index is introduced in this study, called the remote-sensing ACI index (ACIRs), to simplify the quantification of the ACI processes with remote sensors. This new index presents a linear relationship with the ACIreff, which depends on the Angstrom exponent. The use of ACIRs to derive ACIreff presents the advantage that it is possible to quantify the aerosol–cloud interaction without the need to perform microphysical inversion retrievals, thus reducing the uncertainty sources.
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20
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Blanco-Alegre C, Calvo AI, Alonso-Blanco E, Castro A, Oduber F, Fraile R. Evolution of size-segregated aerosol concentration in NW Spain: A two-step classification to identify new particle formation events. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114232. [PMID: 34933267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Real-time measurements of particles in the 15-736 nm range have been obtained by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer to characterize the evolution of particle size distribution and new particle formation (NPF) events in an urban background area. The annual, weekly and diurnal variations of the modal (nucleation (Nnuc), Aitken (NAit) and accumulation (Nacc)) particle concentrations were characterised. The NAit and Nacc registered their maximums in cold months during rush hours, in the morning (0600-0900 UTC) and in the afternoon (1700-2000 UTC), while the maximums for Nnuc were reached in warm months during midday hours. NAit, Nacc and Ntotal showed a significant negative correlation with wind speed and a different relationship with the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height by periods. In the warm period, a positive significant correlation between PBL and Nnuc was registered, indicating that the higher dispersion promoted by a high PBL causes favourable conditions for the occurrence of NPF events (a low polluted atmosphere). NPF processes are one of the main sources of ultrafine particles (<100 nm) in the warm period. After a visual-based classification, 45 NPF events of type Ia (strong and with a good confidence level) were identified and analysed, occurring primarily between 1100 and 1500 UTC, mainly in spring and summer. In addition, a two-step method was developed for identifying NPF events: cluster analysis followed by discriminant analysis. The application of discriminant analysis to one of the clusters, grouping 93 days, enabled us to identify 55 of the 56 NPF events days included in the cluster. This method is a valuable tool for identifying NPF events quickly and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blanco-Alegre
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - A I Calvo
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - E Alonso-Blanco
- Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology Research (CIEMAT), Environment Department, Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Castro
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - F Oduber
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - R Fraile
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071, León, Spain.
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21
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Du W, Wang W, Liu R, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Dada L, Xie C, Wang Q, Xu W, Zhou W, Zhang F, Li Z, Fu P, Li J, Kangasluoma J, Wang Z, Ge M, Kulmala M, Sun Y. Insights into vertical differences of particle number size distributions in winter in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149695. [PMID: 34438127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particle number size distribution (PNSD) is of importance for understanding the mechanisms of particle growth, haze formation and climate impacts. However, the measurements of PNSD aloft in megacities are very limited. Here we report the first simultaneous winter measurements of size-resolved particle number concentrations along with collocated gaseous species and aerosol composition at ground level and 260 m in Beijing. Our study showed that the vertical differences of particle number concentrations between ground level and aloft varied significantly as a function of particle size throughout the study. Further analysis illustrated the impacts of boundary dynamics and meteorological conditions on the vertical differences of PNSD. In particular, the temperature and relative humidity inversions were one of the most important factors by decoupling the boundary layer into different sources and processes. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified six sources of PNSD at both ground level and city aloft. The local source emissions dominantly contributed to Aitken-mode particles, and showed the largest vertical gradients in the city. Comparatively, the regional particles were highly correlated between ground level and city aloft, and the vertical differences were relatively stable throughout the day. Our results point towards a complex vertical evolution of PNSD due to the changes in boundary layer dynamics, meteorological conditions, sources, and processes in megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- School of Atmospheric physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Conghui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Juha Kangasluoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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22
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Sensitivity of Summertime Convection to Aerosol Loading and Properties in the United Arab Emirates. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate convection–aerosol interactions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for a summertime convective event. Both an idealized and climatological aerosol distributions are considered. The convection on 14 August 2013 was triggered by the low-level convergence of the cyclonic circulation associated with the Arabian Heat Low (AHL) and the daytime sea-breeze circulation. Numerical experiments reveal a high sensitivity to aerosol properties. In particular, replacing 20% of the rural aerosols by carbonaceous particles has a comparable impact on the surface radiative fluxes to increasing the aerosol loading by a factor of 10. In both cases, the UAE-averaged net shortwave flux is reduced by ~90 W m−2 while the net longwave flux increases by ~51 W m−2. However, when the aerosol composition is changed, WRF generates 20% more precipitation than when the aerosol loading is increased, due to a broader and weaker AHL. The surface downward and upward shortwave and upward longwave radiation fluxes are found to scale linearly with the aerosol loading. An increase in the amount of aerosols also leads to drier conditions and a delay in the onset of convection due to changes in the AHL.
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23
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Monderkamp PA, Wittmann R, Cortes LBG, Aarts DGAL, Smallenburg F, Löwen H. Topology of Orientational Defects in Confined Smectic Liquid Crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:198001. [PMID: 34797147 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.198001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a general formalism to characterize orientational frustration of smectic liquid crystals in confinement by interpreting the emerging networks of grain boundaries as objects with a topological charge. In a formal idealization, this charge is distributed in pointlike units of quarter-integer magnitude, which we identify with tetratic disclinations located at the end points and nodes. This coexisting nematic and tetratic order is analyzed with the help of extensive Monte Carlo simulations for a broad range of two-dimensional confining geometries as well as colloidal experiments, showing how the observed defect networks can be universally reconstructed from simple building blocks. We further find that the curvature of the confining wall determines the anchoring behavior of grain boundaries, such that the number of nodes in the emerging networks and the location of their end points can be tuned by changing the number and smoothness of corners, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Monderkamp
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - René Wittmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Louis B G Cortes
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Dirk G A L Aarts
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Smallenburg
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Qin Y, Ye J, Ohno P, Zhai J, Han Y, Liu P, Wang J, Zaveri RA, Martin ST. Humidity Dependence of the Condensational Growth of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14360-14369. [PMID: 34404213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The influence of relative humidity (RH) on the condensational growth of organic aerosol particles remains incompletely understood. Herein, the RH dependence was investigated via a series of experiments for α-pinene ozonolysis in a continuously mixed flow chamber in which recurring cycles of particle growth occurred every 7 to 8 h at a given RH. In 5 h, the mean increase in the particle mode diameter was 15 nm at 0% RH and 110 nm at 75% RH. The corresponding particle growth coefficients, representing a combination of the thermodynamic driving force and the kinetic resistance to mass transfer, increased from 0.35 to 2.3 nm2 s-1. The chemical composition, characterized by O:C and H:C atomic ratios of 0.52 and 1.48, respectively, and determined by mass spectrometry, did not depend on RH. The Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) was applied to reproduce the observed size- and RH-dependent particle growth by optimizing the diffusivities Db within the particles of the condensing molecules. The Db values increased from 5 α-1 × 10-16 at 0% RH to 2 α-1 × 10-12 cm-2 s-1 at 75% RH for mass accommodation coefficients α of 0.1 to 1.0, highlighting the importance of particle-phase properties in modeling the growth of atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Paul Ohno
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jinghao Zhai
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuemei Han
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Junfeng Wang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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25
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Influence of Meteorological Conditions and Aerosol Properties on the COVID-19 Contamination of the Population in Coastal and Continental Areas in France: Study of Offshore and Onshore Winds. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human behaviors probably represent the most important causes of the SARS-Cov-2 virus propagation. However, the role of virus transport by aerosols—and therefore the influence of atmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, type and concentration of aerosols)—on the spread of the epidemic remains an open and still debated question. This work aims to study whether or not the meteorological conditions related to the different aerosol properties in continental and coastal urbanized areas might influence the atmospheric transport of the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Our analysis focuses on the lockdown period to reduce the differences in the social behavior and highlight those of the weather conditions. As an example, we investigated the contamination cases during March 2020 in two specific French areas located in both continental and coastal areas with regard to the meteorological conditions and the corresponding aerosol properties, the optical depth (AOD) and the Angstrom exponent provided by the AERONET network. The results show that the analysis of aerosol ground-based data can be of interest to assess a virus survey. We found that moderate to strong onshore winds occurring in coastal regions and inducing humid environment and large sea-spray production episodes coincides with smaller COVID-19 contamination rates. We assume that the coagulation of SARS-Cov-2 viral particles with hygroscopic salty sea-spray aerosols might tend to inhibit its viral infectivity via possible reaction with NaCl, especially in high relative humidity environments typical of maritime sites.
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26
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R L, B S M, B S S, Bhanage V, Rathod A, Tiwari A, Beig G, Singh S. Propagation of cloud base to higher levels during Covid-19-Lockdown. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:144299. [PMID: 33341515 PMCID: PMC9757895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol-cloud interactions and feedbacks play an important role in modulating cloud development, microphysical and optical properties thus enhancing or reducing precipitation over polluted/pristine regions. The lockdown enforced on account of Covid-19 pandemic is a unique opportunity to verify the influence of drastic reduction in aerosols on cloud development and its vertical distribution embedded in identical synoptic conditions. Cloud bases measured by ceilometer in Delhi, the capital of India, are observed to propagate from low level to higher levels as the lockdown progresses. It is explained in terms of trends in temporal variation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and precursor gases to secondary hygroscopic aerosols. The large reduction (47%) in CCN estimated from aerosol extinction coefficient during the lockdown results in upward shift of cloud bases. Low clouds with bases located below 3 km are found to have reduced significantly from 63% (of total clouds distributed in the vertical) during pre-lockdown to 12% in lockdown period (less polluted). Cloud base height is found to have an inverse correlation with CCN (r = -0.64) and NO2/NH3 concentrations (r = -0.7). The role of meteorology and CCN in modulating the cloud vertical profiles is discussed in terms of anomalies of various controlling factors like lifting condensation level (LCL), precipitable water content (PWC) and mixing layer height (MLH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha R
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Murthy B S
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India.
| | - Sandeepan B S
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | | | - Aditi Rathod
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Arpit Tiwari
- India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gufran Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Siddhartha Singh
- India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India
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27
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Hu D, Wang Y, Yu C, Xie Q, Yue S, Shang D, Fang X, Joshi R, Liu D, Allan J, Wu Z, Hu M, Fu P, McFiggans G. Vertical profile of particle hygroscopicity and CCN effectiveness during winter in Beijing: insight into the hygroscopicity transition threshold of black carbon. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:239-254. [PMID: 33241817 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hygroscopicity and ability of aerosol particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is important in determining their lifetime and role in aerosol-cloud interactions, thereby influencing cloud formation and climate. Previous studies have used the aerosol hygroscopic properties measured at the ground to evaluate the influence on cloud formation in the atmosphere, which may introduce uncertainty associated with aerosol hygroscopicity variability with altitude. In this study, the CCN behaviour and hygroscopic properties of daily filter collections of PM2.5 from three different heights (8, 120, 260 m) on a tower in Beijing were determined in the laboratory using water, water/methanol and methanol as the atomization solvents. Whilst there was substantial temporal variability in particle concentration and composition, there was little obvious difference in aerosol CCN and hygroscopic behaviour at different heights, although the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) reduced to below the tower height during the nighttime, suggesting that use of surface hygroscopicity measurements is sufficient for the estimation of aerosol particle activation in clouds. Additionally, the critical coating thickness (in terms of mass ratio of coating/refractory BC, MRc) defining the BC transition between being hydrophobic to hydrophilic, was determined by combining hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyser (H-TDMA), centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) and single particle soot photometer (SP2) measurements. The MRc of 250 nm BC-containing particles increased from a background value of between 0.8 and 1.6 to around 4.6 at the onset of the growth event of nanoparticles, decreasing monotonically back to the background level as the event progressed. This indicates that large particles do not act as an effective pre-existing condensation sink of the hygroscopic vapours during the nanoparticle growth events, leading to the 250 nm BC particles requiring more coating materials to transition between being hydrophobic and hydrophilic. These findings show that large particles may be less important in suppressing the new particle formation and subsequent growth in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Hu
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
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28
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Kuittinen N, Jalkanen JP, Alanen J, Ntziachristos L, Hannuniemi H, Johansson L, Karjalainen P, Saukko E, Isotalo M, Aakko-Saksa P, Lehtoranta K, Keskinen J, Simonen P, Saarikoski S, Asmi E, Laurila T, Hillamo R, Mylläri F, Lihavainen H, Timonen H, Rönkkö T. Shipping Remains a Globally Significant Source of Anthropogenic PN Emissions Even after 2020 Sulfur Regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:129-138. [PMID: 33290058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is the main source of anthropogenic particle emissions in large areas of the globe, influencing climate, air quality, and human health in open seas and coast lines. Here, we determined, by laboratory and on-board measurements of ship engine exhaust, fuel-specific particle number (PN) emissions for different fuels and desulfurization applied in shipping. The emission factors were compared to ship exhaust plume observations and, furthermore, exploited in the assessment of global PN emissions from shipping, utilizing the STEAM ship emission model. The results indicate that most particles in the fresh ship engine exhaust are in ultrafine particle size range. Shipping PN emissions are localized, especially close to coastal lines, but significant emissions also exist on open seas and oceans. The global annual PN produced by marine shipping was 1.2 × 1028 (±0.34 × 1028) particles in 2016, thus being of the same magnitude with total anthropogenic PN emissions in continental areas. The reduction potential of PN from shipping strongly depends on the adopted technology mix, and except wide adoption of natural gas or scrubbers, no significant decrease in global PN is expected if heavy fuel oil is mainly replaced by low sulfur residual fuels. The results imply that shipping remains as a significant source of anthropogenic PN emissions that should be considered in future climate and health impact models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Alanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leonidas Ntziachristos
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Hannuniemi
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Johansson
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Erkka Saukko
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mia Isotalo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Kati Lehtoranta
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Asmi
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Laurila
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Hillamo
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fanni Mylläri
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Lihavainen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
- Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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Liang CS, Wu H, Li HY, Zhang Q, Li Z, He KB. Efficient data preprocessing, episode classification, and source apportionment of particle number concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140923. [PMID: 32755782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Number concentration is an important index to measure atmospheric particle pollution. However, tailored methods for data preprocessing and characteristic and source analyses of particle number concentrations (PNC) are rare and interpreting the data is time-consuming and inefficient. In this method-oriented study, we develop and investigate some techniques via flexible conditions, C++ optimized algorithms, and parallel computing in R (an open source software for statistics and graphics) to tackle these challenges. The data preprocessing methods include deletions of variables and observations, outlier removal, and interpolation for missing values (NA). They do better in cleaning data and keeping samples and generate no new outliers after interpolation, compared with previous methods. Besides, automatic division of PNC pollution events based on relative values suites PNC properties and highlights the pollution characteristics related to sources and mechanisms. Additionally, basic functions of k-means clustering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis (FA), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and a newly-introduced model NMF (Non-negative Matrix Factorization) were tested and compared in analyzing PNC sources. Only PMF and NMF can identify coal heating and produce more explicable results, meanwhile NMF apportions more distinctly and runs 11-28 times faster than PMF. Traffic is interannually stable in non-heating periods and always dominant. Coal heating's contribution has decreased by 40%-86% in recent 5 heating periods, reflecting the effectiveness of coal burning control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (WMO/GAW Station), Xining 810001, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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Chatterjee A, Dutta M, Ghosh A, Ghosh SK, Roy A. Relative role of black carbon and sea-salt aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei over a high altitude urban atmosphere in eastern Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140468. [PMID: 32721716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study is an attempt to investigate the relative role of black carbon (BC) and sea-salt aerosols on the CCN activation over a high altitude station, Darjeeling (27.1° N and 88.15° E, 2200 m asl) at eastern Himalaya. Aerosols (CN, CCN, BC and PM2.5) were measured during premonsoon and monsoon in 2017 and 2018. A unique sampling strategy and a novel methodology were adopted that enabled us to quantitatively and separately determine the contributions of local emissions (LE), valley wind transport (VWT) and long-range transport (LRT) to BC aerosols and their role in CCN activation. On the other hand, the contributions of transported sea-salt (NaCl) aerosols to CCN activation were also determined when they interact with the local anthropogenic soluble species and when they do not. CCN (0.5% super-saturation) concentrations were found to be increased when BC aerosols were more aged (~ 80 cm-3 and 218 cm-3 increase in CCN for 1 μg m-3 increase in BCLE and BCLRT with activation ratios of 0.17 and 0.55 respectively). Local anthropogenic acidic species (SO42-/H2SO4 (g) and NO3-/HNO3 (g)) interact with NaCl resulting to Cl- depletion. Cl- depletion was increased with the increase in NO3- + SO42-(45% for1 μg m-3increase in NO3- + SO42-) that in turn sharply decreased the AR of NaCl (0.04 for 1% increase in Cl- depletion). On the other hand, higher the NO3- + SO42-, higher were the CCN activation of transported BC which could be due to the soluble coating on BC. The important and interesting fact is that when transported and interacted with anthropogenic soluble species, BC aerosols (though hydrophobic) act as much better CCN than NaCl (though hydrophilic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme V, II-M, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Monami Dutta
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme V, II-M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Abhinandan Ghosh
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme V, II-M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Sanjay K Ghosh
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme V, II-M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Arindam Roy
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme V, II-M, Kolkata, 700054, India
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New index of organic mass enrichment in sea spray aerosols linked with senescent status in marine phytoplankton. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17042. [PMID: 33046748 PMCID: PMC7550598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Linking the amount of organic matter (OM) in sea spray aerosols (SSAs) to biological processes in ocean surface is essential for understanding marine aerosol formation and their potential to affect cloud formation. To date, chlorophyll (Chl) a concentration has been widely used as a surrogate for surface phytoplankton biomass or productivity to predict the relative abundance of OM in SSAs (OMSSA). Here we show a new index to present OMSSA using concentrations of Chl a and chlorophyllide (Chllide) a, which is a breakdown product of Chl a and has been used as a biomarker of senescent algal cells. The index was compared with submicrometer OMSSA, based on surface seawater and aerosol samples obtained during the pre-bloom in the western subarctic Pacific. Our results showed that the OMSSA was highly correlated with this unique index, suggesting that the OMSSA was closely linked with senescent algal cells and/or cell lysis. Furthermore, the hygroscopicity parameters κ derived from water-extracted SSA samples implied a reduction in the SSA hygroscopicity with increasing senescent status of phytoplankton. The index can represent OMSSA on a timescale of a day during the pre-bloom period, which should be further examined over different oceanic regions.
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Mukherjee S, Singla V, Meena GS, Aslam MY, Safai PD, Buchunde P, Vasudevan AK, Jena CK, Ghude SD, Dani K, Pandithurai G. Sub micron aerosol variability and its ageing process at a high altitude site in India: Impact of meteorological conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115019. [PMID: 32585399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of relative humidity and temperature on the submicron aerosol variability and its ageing process was studied over a high altitude site, Mahabaleshwar in south-west India. The mass composition of non-refractory particulate matter of 1 μm (NR-PM1) size was obtained using Time of Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) along with the measurements on a few trace gases during winter (December 2017-February 2018) and summer season (20th March - 5th May 2018). Sulfate exhibited strong dependence on the relative humidity (RH) as its mass fraction increased with the increase in RH. The Sulfate oxidation ratio (SOR) calculated during summer season also showed an increasing trend with RH indicating the influence of aqueous phase oxidation on sulfate fraction. On the other hand, OOA showed remarkable enhancement in its mass fraction with the increase in temperature along with the corresponding increase in f44 and tropospheric ozone. OOA, ozone and f44 ratio increased 14-34%, 8-26% and 25-43% respectively with the increase in temperature from 18 to 30 °C. This is indicative of the dominance of photochemical ageing processes during high temperature conditions. The extent of photochemical ageing was found to be higher during summer season (mean temperature ∼25.4 ± 2.6 °C) as compared to winter season (mean temperature ∼20.5 ± 2.6 °C). The nitrate diurnal was majorly governed by gas to particle partitioning process during winter season, whereas the summertime nitrate diurnal was influenced primarily by its formation rate. The non parametric wind regression analysis revealed that the mass concentration during winter was majorly contributed by distant sources from north east direction while during summer the local sources were more dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Vyoma Singla
- C-412/1 Jaroda Gate, Jagadhri, Yamunanagar, Haryana, 135003, India; Formerly at IITM, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Guman Singh Meena
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Mohammad Yusuf Aslam
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Pramod Digambar Safai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Pallavi Buchunde
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Jena
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Sachin Dinkar Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Kundan Dani
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
| | - Govindan Pandithurai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune-411008, India
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Imaging atmospheric aerosol particles from a UAV with digital holography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16085. [PMID: 32999324 PMCID: PMC7528099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of quantitative characterization of aerosol particles and their loading in the atmosphere is one of the greatest uncertainties in climate-change science. Improved instrumentation capable of determining the size and shape of aerosol particles is needed in efforts to reduce this uncertainty. We describe a new instrument carried by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that images free-floating aerosol particles in the atmosphere. Using digital holography, the instrument obtains the images in a non-contact manner, resolving particles larger than ten micrometers in size in a sensing volume of approximately three cubic centimeters. The instrument, called the holographic aerosol particle imager (HAPI), has the unique ability to image multiple particles freely entering its sensing volume from any direction via a single measurement. The construction of HAPI consists of 3D printed polymer structures that enable a sufficiently low size and weight that it may be flown on a commercial-grade UAV. Examples from field trials of HAPI show images of freshly emitted tree pollen and mineral dust.
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Imanbekova M, Perumal AS, Kheireddine S, Nicolau DV, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Lensless, reflection-based dark-field microscopy (RDFM) on a CMOS chip. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4942-4959. [PMID: 33014592 PMCID: PMC7510856 DOI: 10.1364/boe.394615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present for the first time a lens-free, oblique illumination imaging platform for on-sensor dark- field microscopy and shadow-based 3D object measurements. It consists of an LED point source that illuminates a 5-megapixel, 1.4 µm pixel size, back-illuminated CMOS sensor at angles between 0° and 90°. Analytes (polystyrene beads, microorganisms, and cells) were placed and imaged directly onto the sensor. The spatial resolution of this imaging system is limited by the pixel size (∼1.4 µm) over the whole area of the sensor (3.6×2.73 mm). We demonstrated two imaging modalities: (i) shadow imaging for estimation of 3D object dimensions (on polystyrene beads and microorganisms) when the illumination angle is between 0° and 85°, and (ii) dark-field imaging, at >85° illumination angles. In dark-field mode, a 3-4 times drop in background intensity and contrast reversal similar to traditional dark-field imaging was observed, due to larger reflection intensities at those angles. With this modality, we were able to detect and analyze morphological features of bacteria and single-celled algae clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
- Equal contributions
| | | | - Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Dan V. Nicolau
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
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35
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Schulze BC, Charan SM, Kenseth CM, Kong W, Bates KH, Williams W, Metcalf AR, Jonsson HH, Woods R, Sorooshian A, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Characterization of Aerosol Hygroscopicity Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Impacts on Prediction of CCN and Stratocumulus Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 7:e2020EA001098. [PMID: 33225018 PMCID: PMC7676499 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the Marine Aerosol Cloud and Wildfire Study (MACAWS) in June and July of 2018, aerosol composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties were measured over the N.E. Pacific to characterize the influence of aerosol hygroscopicity on predictions of ambient CCN and stratocumulus cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC). Three vertical regions were characterized, corresponding to the marine boundary layer (MBL), an above-cloud organic aerosol layer (AC-OAL), and the free troposphere (FT) above the AC-OAL. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter (κ) was calculated from CCN measurements (κ CCN) and bulk aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements (κ AMS). Within the MBL, measured hygroscopicities varied between values typical of both continental environments (~0.2) and remote marine locations (~0.7). For most flights, CCN closure was achieved within 20% in the MBL. For five of the seven flights, assuming a constant aerosol size distribution produced similar or better CCN closure than assuming a constant "marine" hygroscopicity (κ = 0.72). An aerosol-cloud parcel model was used to characterize the sensitivity of predicted stratocumulus CDNC to aerosol hygroscopicity, size distribution properties, and updraft velocity. Average CDNC sensitivity to accumulation mode aerosol hygroscopicity is 39% as large as the sensitivity to the geometric median diameter in this environment. Simulations suggest CDNC sensitivity to hygroscopicity is largest in marine stratocumulus with low updraft velocities (<0.2 m s-1), where accumulation mode particles are most relevant to CDNC, and in marine stratocumulus or cumulus with large updraft velocities (>0.6 m s-1), where hygroscopic properties of the Aitken mode dominate hygroscopicity sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Schulze
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S. M. Charan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - C. M. Kenseth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - W. Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K. H. Bates
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W. Williams
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | - A. R. Metcalf
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, USA
| | | | - R. Woods
- Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - A. Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R. C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J. H. Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Zhang Y, Tao J, Ma N, Kuang Y, Wang Z, Cheng P, Xu W, Yang W, Zhang S, Xiong C, Dong W, Xie L, Sun Y, Fu P, Zhou G, Cheng Y, Su H. Predicting cloud condensation nuclei number concentration based on conventional measurements of aerosol properties in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137473. [PMID: 32126407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) play an important role in the formation and evolution of cloud droplets. However, the dataset of global CCN number concentration (NCCN) is still scarce due to the lack of direct CCN measurements, hindering an accurate evaluation of its climate effects. Alternative approaches to determine NCCN have thus been proposed to calculate NCCN based on measurements of other aerosol properties, such as particle number size distribution, bulk aerosol chemical composition and aerosol optical properties. To better understand the interaction between haze pollution and climate, we performed direct CCN measurements in the winter of 2018 at the Gucheng site, a typical polluted suburban site in North China Plain (NCP). The results show that the average CCN concentrations were 3.81 × 103 cm-3, 5.35 × 103 cm-3, 9.74 × 103 cm-3, 1.27 × 104 cm-3, 1.44 × 104 cm-3 at measured supersaturation levels of 0.114%, 0.148%, 0.273%, 0.492% and 0.864%, respectively. Based on these observational data, we have further investigated two methods of calculating NCCN from: (1) bulk aerosol chemical composition and particle number size distribution; (2) bulk aerosol chemical composition and aerosol optical properties. Our results showed that both methods could well reproduce the observed concentration (R2 > 0.88) and variability of NCCN with a 9% to 23% difference in the mean value. Further error analysis shows that the estimated NCCN tends to be underestimated by about 20% during the daytime while overestimated by <10% at night compared with the measured NCCN. These results provide quantitative instructions for the NCCN prediction based on conventional aerosol measurements in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China.
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenda Yang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Chun Xiong
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenlin Dong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Linhong Xie
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511443, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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37
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Bretscher PA, Al‐Yassin G, Anderson CC. On T cell development, T cell signals, T cell specificity and sensitivity, and the autoimmunity facilitated by lymphopenia. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12888. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Bretscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Ghassan Al‐Yassin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Colin C. Anderson
- Department of Surgery Alberta Diabetes Institute Alberta Transplant Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology Alberta Diabetes Institute Alberta Transplant Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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38
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Shika S, Gadhavi H, Suman MNS, Ravikrishna R, Gunthe SS. Atmospheric aerosol properties at a semi-rural location in southern India: particle size distributions and implications for cloud droplet formation. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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39
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Hasekamp OP, Gryspeerdt E, Quaas J. Analysis of polarimetric satellite measurements suggests stronger cooling due to aerosol-cloud interactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5405. [PMID: 31776336 PMCID: PMC6881401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic aerosol emissions lead to an increase in the amount of cloud condensation nuclei and consequently an increase in cloud droplet number concentration and cloud albedo. The corresponding negative radiative forcing due to aerosol cloud interactions (RF[Formula: see text]) is one of the most uncertain radiative forcing terms as reported in the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Here we show that previous observation-based studies underestimate aerosol-cloud interactions because they used measurements of aerosol optical properties that are not directly related to cloud formation and are hampered by measurement uncertainties. We have overcome this problem by the use of new polarimetric satellite retrievals of the relevant aerosol properties (aerosol number, size, shape). The resulting estimate of RF[Formula: see text] = -1.14 Wm[Formula: see text] (range between -0.84 and -1.72 Wm[Formula: see text]) is more than a factor 2 stronger than the IPCC estimate that includes also other aerosol induced changes in cloud properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto P Hasekamp
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Edward Gryspeerdt
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Johannes Quaas
- Universität Leipzig, Institute for Meteorology, Stephanstr. 3, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Key drivers of cloud response to surface-active organics. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5214. [PMID: 31740670 PMCID: PMC6861266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol-cloud interactions constitute the largest source of uncertainty in global radiative forcing estimates, hampering our understanding of climate evolution. Recent empirical evidence suggests surface tension depression by organic aerosol to significantly influence the formation of cloud droplets, and hence cloud optical properties. In climate models, however, surface tension of water is generally assumed when predicting cloud droplet concentrations. Here we show that the sensitivity of cloud microphysics, optical properties and shortwave radiative effects to the surface phase are dictated by an interplay between the aerosol particle size distribution, composition, water availability and atmospheric dynamics. We demonstrate that accounting for the surface phase becomes essential in clean environments in which ultrafine particle sources are present. Through detailed sensitivity analysis, quantitative constraints on the key drivers – aerosol particle number concentrations, organic fraction and fixed updraft velocity – are derived for instances of significant cloud microphysical susceptibilities to the surface phase. Aerosol-cloud interactions are a large source of uncertainty in radiative forcing estimates. Here, the authors show that the radiative effects of clouds are influenced by a combination of aerosol particle distribution, environmental conditions and atmosphere dynamics.
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41
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Chen Z, Schofield R, Rayner P, Zhang T, Liu C, Vincent C, Fiddes S, Ryan RG, Alroe J, Ristovski ZD, Humphries RS, Keywood MD, Ward J, Paton-Walsh C, Naylor T, Shu X. Characterization of aerosols over the Great Barrier Reef: The influence of transported continental sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:426-437. [PMID: 31299575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid environmental changes in Australia prompt a more thorough investigation of the influence of transportation, local emissions, and optical-chemical properties on aerosol production across the region. A month-long intensive measurement campaign was conducted during spring 2016 at Mission Beach, a remote coastal site west of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) on the north-east coast of Australia. One aerosol pollution episode was investigated in early October. This event was governed by meteorological conditions and characterized by the increase in black carbon (BC) mass concentration (averaged value of 0.35 ± 0.20 μg m-3). Under the influence of the continental transportation, a new layer of nucleation-mode aerosols with an initial size diameter of 20 nm was observed and aerosol number concentrations reached the peak of 6733 cm-3 at a diameter of 29 nm. The averaged aerosol extinction coefficient at the height of 2 km was 150 Mm-1, with a small depolarized ratio (3.5-5%). Simultaneously, the boundary layer height presented a fall-rise trend in the presence of these enhanced aerosol concentrations and became stable in a later stage of the episode. We did not observe clear boundary layer height diurnal variations from the LiDAR observations or from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model outputs, except in an earlier stage of the aerosol episode for the former. Although the sea breeze may have been responsible for these particles, on the balance of available data, we suggest that the aerosol properties at the GBR surface during this period are more likely influenced by regional transportation of continental sources, including biomass-burning aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - Robyn Schofield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Rayner
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China; School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Claire Vincent
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonya Fiddes
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert George Ryan
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joel Alroe
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Zoran D Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Ruhi S Humphries
- Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, 3195 Aspendale, VIC, Australia
| | - Melita D Keywood
- Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, 3195 Aspendale, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason Ward
- Climate Science Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, 3195 Aspendale, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Travis Naylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaowen Shu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031 Hefei, China
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42
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A large source of cloud condensation nuclei from new particle formation in the tropics. Nature 2019; 574:399-403. [PMID: 31619794 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) can affect cloud properties and therefore Earth's radiative balance1-3. New particle formation (NPF) from condensable vapours in the free troposphere has been suggested to contribute to CCN, especially in remote, pristine atmospheric regions4, but direct evidence is sparse, and the magnitude of this contribution is uncertain5-7. Here we use in situ aircraft measurements of vertical profiles of aerosol size distributions to present a global-scale survey of NPF occurrence. We observe intense NPF at high altitudes in tropical convective regions over both Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Together with the results of chemical-transport models, our findings indicate that NPF persists at all longitudes as a global-scale band in the tropical upper troposphere, covering about 40 per cent of Earth's surface. Furthermore, we find that this NPF in the tropical upper troposphere is a globally important source of CCN in the lower troposphere, where CCN can affect cloud properties. Our findings suggest that the production of CCN as new particles descend towards the surface is not adequately captured in global models, which tend to underestimate both the magnitude of tropical upper tropospheric NPF and the subsequent growth of new particles to CCN sizes.
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Ding S, Liu D, Zhao D, Hu K, Tian P, Zhou W, Huang M, Yang Y, Wang F, Sheng J, Liu Q, Kong S, Cui P, Huang Y, He H, Coe H, Ding D. Size-Related Physical Properties of Black Carbon in the Lower Atmosphere over Beijing and Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11112-11121. [PMID: 31423774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The size-resolved properties of atmospheric black carbon (BC) importantly determine its absorption capacity and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ability. This study reports comprehensive vertical profiles of BC size-related properties over the Beijing area (BJ) and Continental Europe (CE). BC mass loadings over CE were in the range of clean background over BJ. For both planetary boundary layer (PBL) and lower free troposphere, the BC mass median core diameter over BJ during the cold season was 0.21 ± 0.02 μm, larger than the warm season over BJ and CE (0.18 ± 0.01 μm), which may reflect seasonal differences in emissions. The BC coatings were positively correlated with the pollution level, with background BC having a smaller coated count median diameter (0.19 ± 0.01 μm). The modeled absorption enhancement (Eabs) due to coatings was 1.23 ± 0.14 for the background but in the PBL following a linear expression (Eabs = 0.13 × MassBC,surface + 1.26). The CCN ability of BC was significantly enhanced in the polluted PBL, due to both enlarged size and increased hygroscopicity. In polluted BJ at predicted supersaturations, ∼0.08% half of the BC number could be activated, whereas the cleaner environment needs ∼0.14%. The results here suggest that the highly coated and absorbing BC can be efficiently incorporated into clouds and can exert important indirect radiative impacts over the polluted East Asia region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Delong Zhao
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources , Beijing 100089 , China
- Field Experiment Base of Cloud and Precipitation Research in North China, China Meteorological Administration , Beijing 100089 , China
- Nanjing University , Nanjing 210008 , China
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Yan Yang
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Jiujiang Sheng
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Quan Liu
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies , China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Pengyi Cui
- School of Environment and Architecture , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Yuandong Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture , University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai 200093 , China
| | - Hui He
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
| | - Hugh Coe
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Deping Ding
- Beijing Weather Modification Office , Beijing 100089 , China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources , Beijing 100089 , China
- Field Experiment Base of Cloud and Precipitation Research in North China, China Meteorological Administration , Beijing 100089 , China
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Molecular identification of organic vapors driving atmospheric nanoparticle growth. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4442. [PMID: 31570718 PMCID: PMC6769005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Particles formed in the atmosphere via nucleation provide about half the number of atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei, but in many locations, this process is limited by the growth of the newly formed particles. That growth is often via condensation of organic vapors. Identification of these vapors and their sources is thus fundamental for simulating changes to aerosol-cloud interactions, which are one of the most uncertain aspects of anthropogenic climate forcing. Here we present direct molecular-level observations of a distribution of organic vapors in a forested environment that can explain simultaneously observed atmospheric nanoparticle growth from 3 to 50 nm. Furthermore, the volatility distribution of these vapors is sufficient to explain nanoparticle growth without invoking particle-phase processes. The agreement between observed mass growth, and the growth predicted from the observed mass of condensing vapors in a forested environment thus represents an important step forward in the characterization of atmospheric particle growth. Condensation of organic vapors is a main factor controlling the growth of atmospheric particles. Here the authors identify a distribution of organic vapors in a forested environment able to explain nanoparticle growth at the same location, contributing to understanding aerosol climate effects.
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Chen L, Li Q, Wu D, Sun H, Wei Y, Ding X, Chen H, Cheng T, Chen J. Size distribution and chemical composition of primary particles emitted during open biomass burning processes: Impacts on cloud condensation nuclei activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:179-188. [PMID: 31004894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a major source of fine particles, open biomass burning can affect climate and the hydrological cycle via the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and their deposition. This study investigated the effect of aerosol size and chemical composition (water-soluble compounds, elemental carbon, and organic carbon) on CCN activation during the complete combustion of six commonly used crop (rice, wheat, corn, soybean, and cotton) and leaf residues in a simulation chamber developed for this study. Geometric mean diameters (GMD) of emitted primary particles ranged from 68 to 130 nm and water-soluble compound (WSC) content ranged from 33 to 50%. Although GMDs and WSCs possessed similar temporal tendencies during the combustion process, their average values were dependent on the type of biomass. Number concentration ratios of CCN and particle (CCN/CN) ranged from 1.4-2.1% and 5.8-8.3% at supersaturations of 0.2% and 1.0%, respectively. The CCN/CN value increased during the combustion process when the GMD and WSC content increased. Correlation coefficients for GMD and CCN activation ranged from 0.62 to 0.93, while correlations for WSC and CCN activation ranged from 0.33 to 0.95. Soybean biomass had the highest correlations for both GMD and WSC with CCN activation at various supersaturations. These results suggest that the size and chemical composition of biomass aerosols are important in CCN formation, while the aerosol size has a higher impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yaqi Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Fanourgakis GS, Kanakidou M, Nenes A, Bauer SE, Bergman T, Carslaw KS, Grini A, Hamilton DS, Johnson JS, Karydis VA, Kirkevåg A, Kodros JK, Lohmann U, Luo G, Makkonen R, Matsui H, Neubauer D, Pierce JR, Schmale J, Stier P, Tsigaridis K, van Noije T, Wang H, Watson-Parris D, Westervelt DM, Yang Y, Yoshioka M, Daskalakis N, Decesari S, Gysel-Beer M, Kalivitis N, Liu X, Mahowald NM, Myriokefalitakis S, Schrödner R, Sfakianaki M, Tsimpidi AP, Wu M, Yu F. Evaluation of global simulations of aerosol particle and cloud condensation nuclei number, with implications for cloud droplet formation. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:8591-8617. [PMID: 33273898 PMCID: PMC7709872 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-8591-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A total of 16 global chemistry transport models and general circulation models have participated in this study; 14 models have been evaluated with regard to their ability to reproduce the near-surface observed number concentration of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), as well as derived cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Model results for the period 2011-2015 are compared with aerosol measurements (aerosol particle number, CCN and aerosol particle composition in the submicron fraction) from nine surface stations located in Europe and Japan. The evaluation focuses on the ability of models to simulate the average across time state in diverse environments and on the seasonal and short-term variability in the aerosol properties. There is no single model that systematically performs best across all environments represented by the observations. Models tend to underestimate the observed aerosol particle and CCN number concentrations, with average normalized mean bias (NMB) of all models and for all stations, where data are available, of -24% and -35% for particles with dry diameters > 50 and > 120nm, as well as -36% and -34% for CCN at supersaturations of 0.2% and 1.0%, respectively. However, they seem to behave differently for particles activating at very low supersaturations (< 0.1 %) than at higher ones. A total of 15 models have been used to produce ensemble annual median distributions of relevant parameters. The model diversity (defined as the ratio of standard deviation to mean) is up to about 3 for simulated N3 (number concentration of particles with dry diameters larger than 3 nm) and up to about 1 for simulated CCN in the extra-polar regions. A global mean reduction of a factor of about 2 is found in the model diversity for CCN at a supersaturation of 0.2% (CCN0.2) compared to that for N3, maximizing over regions where new particle formation is important. An additional model has been used to investigate potential causes of model diversity in CCN and bias compared to the observations by performing a perturbed parameter ensemble (PPE) accounting for uncertainties in 26 aerosol-related model input parameters. This PPE suggests that biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation and the hygroscopic properties of the organic material are likely to be the major sources of CCN uncertainty in summer, with dry deposition and cloud processing being dominant in winter. Models capture the relative amplitude of the seasonal variability of the aerosol particle number concentration for all studied particle sizes with available observations (dry diameters larger than 50, 80 and 120 nm). The short-term persistence time (on the order of a few days) of CCN concentrations, which is a measure of aerosol dynamic behavior in the models, is underestimated on average by the models by 40% during winter and 20% in summer. In contrast to the large spread in simulated aerosol particle and CCN number concentrations, the CDNC derived from simulated CCN spectra is less diverse and in better agreement with CDNC estimates consistently derived from the observations (average NMB -13% and -22% for updraft velocities 0.3 and 0.6 ms-1, respectively). In addition, simulated CDNC is in slightly better agreement with observationally derived values at lower than at higher updraft velocities (index of agreement 0.64 vs. 0.65). The reduced spread of CDNC compared to that of CCN is attributed to the sublinear response of CDNC to aerosol particle number variations and the negative correlation between the sensitivities of CDNC to aerosol particle number concentration (∂N d/∂N a) and to updraft velocity (∂N d/∂w). Overall, we find that while CCN is controlled by both aerosol particle number and composition, CDNC is sensitive to CCN at low and moderate CCN concentrations and to the updraft velocity when CCN levels are high. Discrepancies are found in sensitivities ∂N d/∂N a and ∂N d/∂w; models may be predisposed to be too "aerosol sensitive" or "aerosol insensitive" in aerosol-cloud-climate interaction studies, even if they may capture average droplet numbers well. This is a subtle but profound finding that only the sensitivities can clearly reveal and may explain inter-model biases on the aerosol indirect effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Fanourgakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH/ICE-HT), Hellas, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Susanne E. Bauer
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tommi Bergman
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
| | - Ken S. Carslaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Douglas S. Hamilton
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Vlassis A. Karydis
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Inst Energy & Climate Res IEK-8, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alf Kirkevåg
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - John K. Kodros
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ulrike Lohmann
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gan Luo
- Climate Atmospheric Sciences Research Center , of the State University of New York at Albany, Albany, 12203, New York, USA
| | - Risto Makkonen
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hitoshi Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - David Neubauer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey R. Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia Schmale
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Philip Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic & Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Twan van Noije
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, the Netherlands
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Duncan Watson-Parris
- Atmospheric, Oceanic & Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Daniel M. Westervelt
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | | | - Nikos Daskalakis
- Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS) Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Gysel-Beer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nikos Kalivitis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Natalie M. Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Stelios Myriokefalitakis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, Greece
| | - Roland Schrödner
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Sfakianaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Alexandra P. Tsimpidi
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mingxuan Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Climate Atmospheric Sciences Research Center , of the State University of New York at Albany, Albany, 12203, New York, USA
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Kim H, Zhang Q. Chemistry of new particle growth during springtime in the Seoul metropolitan area, Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:713-722. [PMID: 30903845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation and growth events (NPEs) were frequently observed (17 out of 60 days) during April 14 to June 15, 2016 in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA). In this study, we investigated the chemical mechanisms of new particle growth based on measurements conducted using an aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Both instruments were deployed as a part of the KORUS-AQ campaign (Korea-US Air Quality study). NPEs usually started around noon time between ∼11:00 and 14:00 with the appearance of an ultrafine mode peaking between ∼20 and 30 nm (in mobility diameter, Dm, measured by the SMPS operating in the range 18-947 nm) followed by the growth of this modal diameter to 50-100 nm during the next ∼6-18 h. The growth rate of NPEs during the study was on average 4.48 ± 1.39 nm/h. Comparing to the non-NPE days in SMA, NPEs occurred under the conditions of lower concentration of preexisting particles, higher ozone (48 vs 30 ppb), stronger solar radiation (2.53 vs1.20 MJ/m2), and drier air (34 vs 65%). The HR-ToF-AMS size-resolved aerosol composition measurements show that LV-OOA (low volatility oxidized organic aerosol) and sulfate were major contributors to the growth of new particles at the initial stage of NPE which mostly occurred during daytime and that the later growth which extended into nighttime was mainly contributed by semi-volatile condensable species such as nitrate and SV-OOA (semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol). Generally new particles grew to a modal size of ∼80 nm (12 out of 17 NPEs) over the course of an event, however, particles could grow to larger than 100 nm when nitrate concentration was high whereas particle growth was limited to ∼ 50 nm when nitrate, SV-OOA or sulfate were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajin Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
A field aerosol measurement campaign as part of the Measurements of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air (MUMBA) campaign was conducted between 16 January 2013 and 15 February 2013 in the coastal city of Wollongong, Australia. The objectives of this research were to study the occurrence frequency, characteristics and factors that influence new particle formation processes. Particle formation and growth events were observed from particle number size distribution data in the range of 14 nm–660 nm measured using a scanning particle mobility sizer (SMPS). Four weak Class I particle formation and growth event days were observed, which is equivalent to 13% of the total observation days. The events occurred during the day, starting after 8:30 Australian Eastern Standard time with an average duration of five hours. The events also appeared to be positively linked to the prevailing easterly to north easterly sea breezes that carry pollutants from sources in and around Sydney. This suggests that photochemical reactions and a combination of oceanic and anthropogenic air masses are among the factors that influenced these events.
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49
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Recent Advances in Quantifying Wet Scavenging Efficiency of Black Carbon Aerosol. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol is of great importance not only for its strong potential in heating air and impacts on cloud, but also because of its hazards to human health. Wet deposition is regarded as the main sink of BC, constraining its lifetime and thus its impact on the environment and climate. However, substantial controversial and ambiguous issues in the wet scavenging processes of BC are apparent in current studies. Despite of its significance, there are only a small number of field studies that have investigated the incorporation of BC-containing particles into cloud droplets and influencing factors, in particular, the in-cloud scavenging, because it was simplicitly considered in many studies (as part of total wet scavenging). The mass scavenging efficiencies (MSEs) of BC were observed to be varied over the world, and the influencing factors were attributed to physical and chemical properties (e.g., size and chemical compositions) and meteorological conditions (cloud water content, temperature, etc.). In this review, we summarized the MSEs and potential factors that influence the in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging of BC. In general, MSEs of BC are lower at low-altitude regions (urban, suburban, and rural sites) and increase with the rising altitude, which serves as additional evidence that atmospheric aging plays an important role in the chemical modification of BC. Herein, higher altitude sites are more representative of free-tropospheric conditions, where BC is usually more aged. Despite of increasing knowledge of BC–cloud interaction, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to gain a better understanding of the wet scavenging of BC. We recommend that more comprehensive methods should be further estimated to obtain high time-resolved scavenging efficiency (SE) of BC, and to distinguish the impact of in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging on BC mass concentration, which is expected to be useful for constraining the gap between field observation and modeling simulation results.
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Abstract
Aerosol mixing state significantly affects concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), wet removal rates, thermodynamic properties, heterogeneous chemistry, and aerosol optical properties, with implications for human health and climate. Over the last two decades, significant research effort has gone into finding computationally-efficient methods for representing the most important aspects of aerosol mixing state in air pollution, weather prediction, and climate models. In this review, we summarize the interactions between mixing-state and aerosol hygroscopicity, optical properties, equilibrium thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemistry. We focus on the effects of simplified assumptions of aerosol mixing state on CCN concentrations, wet deposition, and aerosol absorption. We also summarize previous approaches for representing aerosol mixing state in atmospheric models, and we make recommendations regarding the representation of aerosol mixing state in future modelling studies.
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