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Strawson I, Faïn X, Bauska TK, Muschitiello F, Vladimirova DO, Tetzner DR, Humby J, Thomas ER, Liu P, Zhang B, Grilli R, Rhodes RH. Historical Southern Hemisphere biomass burning variability inferred from ice core carbon monoxide records. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402868121. [PMID: 39102536 PMCID: PMC11331105 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402868121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning plays an important role in climate-forcing and atmospheric chemistry. The drivers of fire activity over the past two centuries, however, are hotly debated and fueled by poor constraints on the magnitude and trends of preindustrial fire regimes. As a powerful tracer of biomass burning, reconstructions of paleoatmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) can provide valuable information on the evolution of fire activity across the preindustrial to industrial transition. Here too, however, significant disagreements between existing CO records currently allow for opposing fire histories. In this study, we reconstruct a continuous record of Antarctic ice core CO between 1821 and 1995 CE to overlap with direct atmospheric observations. Our record indicates that the Southern Hemisphere CO burden ([CO]) increased by 50% from a preindustrial mixing ratio of ca. 35 ppb to ca. 53 ppb by 1995 CE with more variability than allowed for by state-of-the-art chemistry-climate models, suggesting that historic CO dynamics have been not fully accounted for. Using a 6-troposphere box model, a 40 to 50% decrease in Southern Hemisphere biomass-burning emissions, coincident with unprecedented rates of early 20th century anthropogenic land-use change, is identified as a strong candidate for this mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Strawson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
- British Antarctic Survey, CambridgeCB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Faïn
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Grenoble Institut National du Patrimoine, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Grenoble38000, France
| | | | - Francesco Muschitiello
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EN, United Kingdom
- Centre for Climate Repair, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jack Humby
- British Antarctic Survey, CambridgeCB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
| | - Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA30332
| | - Roberto Grilli
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Grenoble Institut National du Patrimoine, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, Grenoble38000, France
| | - Rachael H. Rhodes
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
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2
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Kong Y, Zhi G, Jin W, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Li Z, Sun J, Ren Y. A review of quantification methods for light absorption enhancement of black carbon aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171539. [PMID: 38462012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a distinct type of carbonaceous aerosol that has a significant impact on the environment, human health, and climate. A non-BC material coating on BC can alter the mixing state of the BC particles, which considerably enhances the mass absorption efficiency of BC by directing more energy toward the BC cores (lensing effect). A lot of methods have been reported for quantifying the enhancement factor (Eabs), with diverse results. However, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive review specific to the quantification methods for Eabs has not been systematically performed, which is unfavorable for the evaluation of obtained results and subsequent radiative forcing. In this review, quantification methods are divided into two broad categories, direct and indirect, depending on whether experimental removal of the coating layer from an aged carbonaceous particle is required. The direct methods described include thermal peeling, solvent dissolution, and optical virtual exfoliation, while the indirect methods include intercept-linear regression fitting, minimum R squared, numerical simulation, and empirical value. We summarized the principles, procedures, virtues, and limitations of the major Eabs quantification methods and analyzed the current problems in the determination of Eabs. We pointed out what breakthroughs are needed to improve or innovate Eabs quantification methods, particularly regarding the need to avoid the influence of brown carbon, develop a broadband Eabs quantification scheme, quantify the Eabs values for the emissions of low-efficiency combustions, measure the Eabs of particles in a high-humidity environment, design a real-time monitor of Eabs by a proper combination of mature techniques, and make more use of artificial intelligence for better Eabs quantification. This review deepens the understanding of Eabs quantification methods and benefits the estimation of the contribution of BC to radiative forcing using climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guorui Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wenjing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhengying Li
- Beijing Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- School of Physical Education, Chizhou University, Chizhou, Anhui 247000, China
| | - Yanjun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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3
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Zhang B, Chellman NJ, Kaplan JO, Mickley LJ, Ito T, Wang X, Wensman SM, McCrimmon D, Steffensen JP, McConnell JR, Liu P. Improved biomass burning emissions from 1750 to 2010 using ice core records and inverse modeling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3651. [PMID: 38688918 PMCID: PMC11061293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Estimating fire emissions prior to the satellite era is challenging because observations are limited, leading to large uncertainties in the calculated aerosol climate forcing following the preindustrial era. This challenge further limits the ability of climate models to accurately project future climate change. Here, we reconstruct a gridded dataset of global biomass burning emissions from 1750 to 2010 using inverse analysis that leveraged a global array of 31 ice core records of black carbon deposition fluxes, two different historical emission inventories as a priori estimates, and emission-deposition sensitivities simulated by the atmospheric chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. The reconstructed emissions exhibit greater temporal variabilities which are more consistent with paleoclimate proxies. Our ice core constrained emissions reduced the uncertainties in simulated cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol radiative forcing associated with the discrepancy in preindustrial biomass burning emissions. The derived emissions can also be used in studies of ocean and terrestrial biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathan J Chellman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jed O Kaplan
- Department of Earth, Energy, and Environment, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Loretta J Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takamitsu Ito
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophia M Wensman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Drake McCrimmon
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jørgen Peder Steffensen
- Physics of Ice, Climate, and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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4
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Zhang Y, Xiao Q, Zhu Y, Wang N, Wu M, Li Y, Li J, Chen D, Huang X, Wang S, Cao P, Jin Y, Xu F, Wang C. Char and soot records of the Holocene fire history and its implications for climate-vegetation change and human activities within the Guanzhong Basin, southern Loess Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168564. [PMID: 37981130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon in sediments has been widely used as a proxy for biomass burning/fire activity to reconstruct fire history and its evolution. Wildfire studies have revealed that different types of black carbon (char and soot) are formed due to changes in combustion efficiency. In this study, we obtained black carbon and its two subtypes, char and soot, from a typical Holocene aeolian loess-paleosol section in the Chilanqiao Ruins within the Guanzhong Basin, southern Loess Plateau, China. Combined with environmental proxies such as magnetic susceptibility, loss on ignition, and geochemical elements, along with AMS14C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates, we reconstructed the Holocene fire history and its evolution on the southern Loess Plateau at local and regional scales. The findings indicate that the limited vegetation during the relatively dry and cold early Holocene may have inhibited the spread of fires. In the warmer and wetter middle Holocene, there was higher local smoldering fire activity, likely influenced by both wet climatic conditions and an increase in the proportion of woody plants. Additionally, the fire history in relation to human activities at Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) including land reclamation, house construction, and bronze casting has also been identified. There has been a significant increase in regional flaming fire activity in the late Holocene as a result of drier climate and increased human activity. Notably, the significant increase in regional flaming fire activity since ~1.00 ka can be primarily linked to human-set fires with the usage of gunpowder in frequent wars. This research holds great importance in enhancing our understanding of the long-term interactions among fire activities, climate change and human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qili Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ninglian Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Menglei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Archaeological Conservation, Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianxi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Archaeological Conservation, Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, Xi'an, China
| | - Dou Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoling Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sikai Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengpeng Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanjun Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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5
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Wang X, Luo X, Zhang Y, Kang S, Chen P, Niu H. Black carbon: a general review of its sources, analytical methods, and environmental effects in snow and ice in the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3413-3424. [PMID: 38114701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Tibetan Plateau (TP) is known as the water tower of Asia, and glaciers are solid reservoirs that can regulate the amount of water. Black carbon (BC), as one of the important factors accelerating glacier melting, is causing evident environmental effects in snow and ice. However, a systematical summary of the potential sources, analytical methods, distributions, and environmental effects of BC in snow and ice on the TP's glaciers is scarce. Therefore, this study drew upon existing research on snow and ice BC on glaciers of the TP to describe the detection methods and uncertainties associated with them to clarify the concentrations of BC in snow and ice and their climatic effects. The primary detection methods are the optical method, the thermal-optical method, the thermochemical method, and the single-particle soot photometer method. However, few studies have systematically compared the results of BC and this study found that concentrations of BC in different types of snow and ice varied by 1-3 orders of magnitude, which drastically affected the regional hydrologic process by potentially accelerating the ablation of glaciers by approximately 15% and reducing the duration of snow accumulation by 3-4 days. In general, results obtained from the various testing methods differ drastically, which limited the systematical discussion. Accordingly, a universal standard for the sampling and measurement should be considered in the future work, which will be beneficial to facilitate the comparison of the spatiotemporal features and to provide scientific data for the model-simulated climatic effects of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China.
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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6
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Li J, Zhang F, Liu J, Li W, Wu K, Hu S, Lin H. Parameterization of optical properties for liquid cloud droplets containing black carbon based on neural network. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:40124-40141. [PMID: 38041320 DOI: 10.1364/oe.503825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel back propagation (BP) neural network method to accurately characterize optical properties of liquid cloud droplets, including black carbon. The model establishes relationships between black carbon volume fraction, wavelength, cloud effective radius, and optical properties. Evaluated on a test set, the value of the root mean square error (RMSE) of the asymmetry factor, extinction coefficient, single-scattering albedo, and the first 4 moments of the Legendre expansion of the phase function are less than 0.003, with the maximum mean relative error (MRE) reaching 0.2%, which are all better than the traditional method that only uses polynomials to fit the relationship between the effective radius and optical properties. Notably, the BP neural network significantly compresses the optical property database size by 37,800 times. Radiative transfer simulations indicate that mixing black carbon particles in water clouds reduces the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and heats the atmosphere. However, if the volume fraction of black carbon is less than 10-6, the black carbon mixed in the water cloud has a tiny effect on the simulated TOA reflectance.
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7
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Lei S, Ge B, Liu H, Quan J, Xu D, Zhang Y, Yao W, Lei L, Tian Y, Liao Q, Liu X, Li J, Xin J, Sun Y, Fu P, Cao J, Wang Z, Pan X. Refractory black carbon aerosols in rainwater in the summer of 2019 in Beijing: Mass concentration, size distribution and wet scavenging ratio. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:31-42. [PMID: 37336608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols in the atmosphere play a significant role in climate systems due to their strong ability to absorb solar radiation. The lifetime of BC depends on atmospheric transport, aging and consequently on wet scavenging processes (in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging). In this study, sequential rainwater samples in eight rainfall events collected in 2 mm interval were measured by a tandem system including a single particle soot photometer (SP2) and a nebulizer. The results showed that the volume-weighted average (VWA) mass concentrations of refractory black carbon (rBC) in each rainfall event varied, ranging from 10.8 to 78.9 µg/L. The highest rBC concentrations in the rainwater samples typically occurred in the first fraction from individual rainfall events. The geometric mean median mass-equivalent diameter (MMD) decreased under precipitation, indicating that rBC with larger sizes was relatively aged and preferentially removed by wet scavenging. A positive correlation (R2 = 0.73) between the VWA mass concentrations of rBC in rainwater and that in ambient air suggested the important contribution of scavenging process. Additionally, the contributions of in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging were distinguished and accounted for 74% and 26% to wet scavenging, respectively. The scavenging ratio of rBC particles was estimated to be 0.06 on average. This study provides helpful information for better understanding the mechanism of rBC wet scavenging and reducing the uncertainty of numerical simulations of the climate effects of rBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baozhu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiannong Quan
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Danhui Xu
- National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Burgay F, Salionov D, Huber CJ, Singer T, Eichler A, Ungeheuer F, Vogel A, Schwikowski M, Bjelić S. Hybrid Targeted/Untargeted Screening Method for the Determination of Wildfire and Water-Soluble Organic Tracers in Ice Cores and Snow. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37463670 PMCID: PMC10398623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can influence the earth's radiative forcing through the emission of biomass-burning aerosols. To better constrain the impacts of wildfires on climate and understand their evolution under future climate scenarios, reconstructing their chemical nature, assessing their past variability, and evaluating their influence on the atmospheric composition are essential. Ice cores are unique to perform such reconstructions representing archives not only of past biomass-burning events but also of concurrent climate and environmental changes. Here, we present a novel methodology for the quantification of five biomass-burning proxies (syringic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) and one biogenic emission proxy (pinic acid) using solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. This method was also optimized for untargeted screening analysis to gain a broader knowledge about the chemical composition of organic aerosols in ice and snow samples. The method provides low detection limits (0.003-0.012 ng g-1), high recoveries (74 ± 10%), and excellent reproducibility, allowing the quantification of the six proxies and the identification of 313 different molecules, mainly constituted by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The effectiveness of two different sample storage strategies, i.e., re-freezing of previously molten ice samples and freezing of previously loaded SPE cartridges, was also assessed, showing that the latter approach provides more reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Burgay
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniil Salionov
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Carla Jennifer Huber
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anja Eichler
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ungeheuer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory (LBK), Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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9
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Hou Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Song C, Lin J, Zhou C, Wang Y, Qu Y, Yao X, Gao P. The COVID-19 lockdown: a unique perspective into heterogeneous impacts of transboundary pollution on snow and ice darkening across the Himalayas. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad172. [PMID: 37383022 PMCID: PMC10299077 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau holds the largest mass of snow and ice outside of the polar regions. The deposition of light-absorbing particles (LAPs) including mineral dust, black carbon and organic carbon and the resulting positive radiative forcing on snow (RFSLAPs) substantially contributes to glacier retreat. Yet how anthropogenic pollutant emissions affect Himalayan RFSLAPs through transboundary transport is currently not well known. The COVID-19 lockdown, resulting in a dramatic decline in human activities, offers a unique test to understand the transboundary mechanisms of RFSLAPs. This study employs multiple satellite data from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer and ozone monitoring instrument, as well as a coupled atmosphere-chemistry-snow model, to reveal the high spatial heterogeneities in anthropogenic emissions-induced RFSLAPs across the Himalaya during the Indian lockdown in 2020. Our results show that the reduced anthropogenic pollutant emissions during the Indian lockdown were responsible for 71.6% of the reduction in RFSLAPs on the Himalaya in April 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. The contributions of the Indian lockdown-induced human emission reduction to the RFSLAPs decrease in the western, central, and eastern Himalayas were 46.8%, 81.1%, and 110.5%, respectively. The reduced RFSLAPs might have led to 27 Mt reduction in ice and snow melt over the Himalaya in April 2020. Our findings allude to the potential for mitigating rapid glacial threats by reducing anthropogenic pollutant emissions from economic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changqing Song
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jintai Lin
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenghu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuebin Wang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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10
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Abermann J, Vandecrux B, Scher S, Löffler K, Schalamon F, Trügler A, Fausto R, Schöner W. Learning from Alfred Wegener's pioneering field observations in West Greenland after a century of climate change. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7583. [PMID: 37221260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryosphere in Greenland is currently undergoing strong changes. While remote sensing improves our understanding of spatial and temporal changes across scales, particularly our knowledge of conditions during the pre-satellite era is fragmented. Therefore, high-quality field data from that period can be particularly valuable to better understand changes of the cryosphere in Greenland at climate time scales. At Graz University, the last work-place of Alfred Wegener we have access to the extensive expedition results from their epic 1929-1931 expedition to Greenland. The expedition coincides with the warmest phase of the Arctic early twentieth century warm period. We present an overview of the main findings of the Wegener expedition archive and set it into context with further monitoring activities that occurred since, as well as the results from reanalysis products and satellite imagery. We find that firn temperatures have increased significantly, while snow and firn densities and have remained similar or decreased since. Local conditions at the Qaamarujup Sermia have changed strongly, with a reduction in length of more than 2 km, in thickness by up to 120 m and a rise in terminus position of approximately 300 m. The elevation of the snow line of the years 1929 and 1930 was similar to the one from the extreme years 2012 and 2019. Compared to the satellite era, we find that during the time of the Wegener expedition fjord ice extent was smaller in early spring and larger in late spring. We demonstrate that a well-documented snapshot of archival data can provide a local and regional context for contemporary climate change and that it can serve as the basis for process-based studies on the atmospheric drivers of glacier changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abermann
- Department of Geography and Regional Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 36, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - B Vandecrux
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Scher
- Know-Center, Research Center for Trustworthy AI and Data, Sandgasse 36, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - K Löffler
- Department of Geography and Regional Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 36, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - F Schalamon
- Department of Geography and Regional Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 36, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - A Trügler
- Department of Geography and Regional Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 36, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Know-Center, Research Center for Trustworthy AI and Data, Sandgasse 36, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Sandgasse 36/3, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - R Fausto
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Schöner
- Department of Geography and Regional Sciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 36, 8010, Graz, Austria
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11
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Yi Z, Jeyakumar P, Yin C, Sun H. Effects of biochar in combination with varied N inputs on grain yield, N uptake, NH 3 volatilization, and N 2O emission in paddy soil. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1174805. [PMID: 37250021 PMCID: PMC10214156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochar application can improve crop yield, reduce ammonia (NH3) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from farmland. We here conducted a pot experiment to compare the effects of biochar application on rice yield, nitrogen (N) uptake, NH3 and N2O losses in paddy soil with low, medium, and high N inputs at 160 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha, respectively. The results showed that: (1) Biochar significantly increased the rice grain yield at medium (200 kg/ha) and high (240 kg/ha) N inputs by 56.4 and 70.5%, respectively. The way to increase yield was to increase the rice N uptake, rice panicle number per pot and 1,000 grain weight by 78.5-96.5%, 6-16% and 4.4-6.1%, respectively; (2) Under low (160 kg/ha) N input, adding biochar effectively reduced the NH3 volatilization by 31.6% in rice season. The decreases of pH value and NH4+-N content in surface water, and the increases of the abundance of NH4+-N oxidizing archaea and bacteria (AOA and AOB) communities contributed to the reduction of NH3 volatilization following the biochar application; (3) Under same N input levels, the total N2O emission in rice season decreased by 43.3-73.9% after biochar addition. The decreases of nirK and nirS gene abundances but the increases of nosZ gene abundance are the main mechanisms for biochar application to reduce N2O emissions. Based on the results of the current study, adding biochar at medium (200 kg/ha) N level (N200 + BC) is the best treatment to synchronically reduce NH3 and N2O losses, improve grain yield, and reduce fertilizer application in rice production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Yi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Paramsothy Jeyakumar
- Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chengcheng Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijun Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Wang J, Wang J, Cai R, Liu C, Jiang J, Nie W, Wang J, Moteki N, Zaveri RA, Huang X, Ma N, Chen G, Wang Z, Jin Y, Cai J, Zhang Y, Chi X, Holanda BA, Xing J, Liu T, Qi X, Wang Q, Pöhlker C, Su H, Cheng Y, Wang S, Hao J, Andreae MO, Ding A. Unified theoretical framework for black carbon mixing state allows greater accuracy of climate effect estimation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2703. [PMID: 37164951 PMCID: PMC10172310 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) plays an important role in the climate system because of its strong warming effect, yet the magnitude of this effect is highly uncertain owing to the complex mixing state of aerosols. Here we build a unified theoretical framework to describe BC's mixing states, linking dynamic processes to BC coating thickness distribution, and show its self-similarity for sites in diverse environments. The size distribution of BC-containing particles is found to follow a universal law and is independent of BC core size. A new mixing state module is established based on this finding and successfully applied in global and regional models, which increases the accuracy of aerosol climate effect estimations. Our theoretical framework links observations with model simulations in both mixing state description and light absorption quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China.
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbo Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Nobuhiro Moteki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganzhen Chen
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
| | - Zilin Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhi Jin
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Bruna A Holanda
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, 65203, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, 210023, Nanjing, China.
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13
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The Light Absorption Heating Method for Measurement of Light Absorption by Particles Collected on Filters. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A new instrument for the quantification of light absorption by particles collected on filters has been developed to address long standing environmental questions about light-absorbing particles in air, water, and on snow and ice. The Light Absorption Heating Method (LAHM) uses temperature changes when filters are exposed to light to quantify absorption. Through the use of calibration standards, the observed temperature response of unknown materials can be related to the absorption cross section of the substance collected on the filter. Here, we present a detailed description of the instrument and calibration. The results of the calibration tests using a common surrogate for black carbon, Fullerene soot, show that the instrument provides stable results even when exposed to adverse laboratory conditions, and that there is little drift in the instrument over longer periods of time. Calibration studies using Fullerene soot suspended in water, airborne propane soot, as well as atmospheric particulates show consistent results for absorption cross section when using accepted values for the mass absorption cross section of the soot and when compared to results from a 3-wavelength photoacoustic instrument. While filter sampling cannot provide the time resolution of other instrumentation, the LAHM instrument fills a niche where time averaging is reasonable and high-cost instrumentation is not available. The optimal range of absorption cross sections for LAHM is from 0.1 to 5.0 cm2 (~1.0–50.0 µg soot) for 25 mm filters and 0.4 to 20 cm2 (4.0–200.0 µg soot) for 47 mm filters, with reduced sensitivity to higher values.
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14
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Spatial-Temporal Variation of Snow Black Carbon Concentration in Snow Cover in Northeast China from 2001 to 2016 Based on Remote Sensing. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The amount of black carbon (BC) on snow surface can significantly reduce snow surface albedo in the visible-light range and change the surface radiative forcing effect. Therefore, it is key to study regional and global climate changes to understand the BC concentration on snow. In this study, we simulated the BC concentration on the surface snow of northeast China using an asymptotic radiative transfer model. From 2001 to 2016, the BC concentration showed no significant increase, with an average increase of 82.104 ng/g compared with that in the early 21st century. The concentration of BC in December was the largest (1344.588 ng/g) and decreased in January and February (1248.619 ng/g and 983.635 ng/g, respectively). The high black carbon content centers were concentrated in the eastern and central regions with dense populations and concentrated industries, with a concentration above 1200 ng/g, while the BC concentration in the southwest region with less human activities was the lowest (below 850 ng/g), which indicates that human activities played an important role in snow BC pollution. Notably, Heilongjiang province has the highest concentration, which may be related to its atmospheric stability in winter. These findings suggest that the BC pollution in northeast China has been aggravated from 2001 to 2016. It is estimated that the snow surface albedo will decrease by 16.448% due to the BC pollution of snow in northeast China. The problem of radiative forcing caused by black carbon to snow reflectivity cannot be ignored.
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15
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Short-Term Meteorological and Environmental Signals Recorded in a Firn Core from a High-Accumulation Site on Plateau Laclavere, Antarctic Peninsula. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-accumulation sites are crucial for understanding the patterns and mechanisms of climate and environmental change in Antarctica since they allow gaining high-resolution proxy records from firn and ice. Here, we present new glacio- and isotope-geochemical data at sub-annual resolution from a firn core retrieved from an ice cap on Plateau Laclavere (LCL), northern Antarctic Peninsula, covering the period 2012–2015. The signals of two volcanic eruptions and two forest fire events in South America could be identified in the non-sea-salt sulphur and black carbon records, respectively. Mean annual snow accumulation on LCL amounts to 2500 kg m−2 a−1 and exhibits low inter-annual variability. Time series of δ18O, δD and d excess show no seasonal cyclicity, which may result from (1) a reduced annual temperature amplitude due to the maritime climate and (2) post-depositional processes. The firn core stratigraphy indicates strong surface melt on LCL during austral summers 2013 and 2015, likely related to large-scale warm-air advection from lower latitudes and temporal variations in sea ice extent in the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea. The LCL ice cap is a highly valuable natural archive since it captures regional meteorological and environmental signals as well as their connection to the South American continent.
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16
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Wang S, Yan J, Lin Q, Zhao S, Xu S, Li L, Zhang M, Chen L. Non-ignorable contribution of anthropogenic source to aerosols in Arctic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111538. [PMID: 34166656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arctic Ocean (AO) atmospheric aerosols, which are a factor influencing regional and global climate, have been greatly influenced by an increase in anthropogenic sources. To identify the impact of anthropogenic sources on regional aerosols in the AO and middle and low latitudes (MLO), a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer was used to count and size aerosols with diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and determine their chemical composition. The mean hourly count of PM2.5 aerosols was 1639/h in the AO, which was 57.1% lower than that in the MLO. Na_MSA, sulfate, and Na_rich were three major components, which accounted for 74.3% of PM2.5 aerosols in the AO. The size distribution of PM2.5 aerosols was unimodal, peaking between 0.42 μm and 1.64 μm. A source apportionment method for single aerosol particles in the Arctic was established using positive matrix factorization (PMF) combined with backward air mass trajectory and principal component analysis (PCA). Three potential sources of aerosols were identified: marine sources; anthropogenic sources; and secondary formation. The largest contribution to aerosols in the AO was from marine sources, accounting for 50.6%. This source was 20.4% higher in the AO than that in the MLO. Secondary formation contributed 19.8% and 36.5% to aerosols in the AO and MLO, respectively. However, the contribution of anthropogenic sources to aerosols was 29.6% in the AO, and this was 3.7% lower than that in the MLO. Our study provides a useful method for identifying sources of aerosols in the Arctic, and the results showed that although marine sources were the largest contributors to aerosols in the AO, the contribution of anthropogenic sources could not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jinpei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shuhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Suqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Miming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Liqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
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17
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McConnell JR, Chellman NJ, Mulvaney R, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Plunkett G, Kipfstuhl S, Freitag J, Isaksson E, Gleason KE, Brugger SO, McWethy DB, Abram NJ, Liu P, Aristarain AJ. Hemispheric black carbon increase after the 13th-century Māori arrival in New Zealand. Nature 2021; 598:82-85. [PMID: 34616056 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03858-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand was among the last habitable places on earth to be colonized by humans1. Charcoal records indicate that wildfires were rare prior to colonization and widespread following the 13th- to 14th-century Māori settlement2, but the precise timing and magnitude of associated biomass-burning emissions are unknown1,3, as are effects on light-absorbing black carbon aerosol concentrations over the pristine Southern Ocean and Antarctica4. Here we used an array of well-dated Antarctic ice-core records to show that while black carbon deposition rates were stable over continental Antarctica during the past two millennia, they were approximately threefold higher over the northern Antarctic Peninsula during the past 700 years. Aerosol modelling5 demonstrates that the observed deposition could result only from increased emissions poleward of 40° S-implicating fires in Tasmania, New Zealand and Patagonia-but only New Zealand palaeofire records indicate coincident increases. Rapid deposition increases started in 1297 (±30 s.d.) in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, consistent with the late 13th-century Māori settlement and New Zealand black carbon emissions of 36 (±21 2 s.d.) Gg y-1 during peak deposition in the 16th century. While charcoal and pollen records suggest earlier, climate-modulated burning in Tasmania and southern Patagonia6,7, deposition in Antarctica shows that black carbon emissions from burning in New Zealand dwarfed other preindustrial emissions in these regions during the past 2,000 years, providing clear evidence of large-scale environmental effects associated with early human activities across the remote Southern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Nathan J Chellman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Robert Mulvaney
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gill Plunkett
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sepp Kipfstuhl
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Johannes Freitag
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Kelly E Gleason
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sandra O Brugger
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - David B McWethy
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Nerilie J Abram
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alberto J Aristarain
- Instituto Antártico Argentino, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientifícas y Teconológicas, Mendoza, Argentina
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18
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Kang JH, Hwang H, Lee SJ, Choi SD, Kim JS, Hong S, Hur SD, Baek JH. Record of North American boreal forest fires in northwest Greenland snow. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130187. [PMID: 33740646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present boreal forest fire proxies in a northwest Greenland snowpit spanning a period of six years, from spring 2003 to summer 2009. Levoglucosan (C6H10O5) is a specific organic molecular marker of biomass burning caused by boreal forest fires. In this study, levoglucosan was determined via liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, wherein isotope-dilution and multiple reaction monitoring methods are employed. Ammonium (NH4+) and oxalate (C2O42-), traditional biomass burning proxies, were determined using two-channel ion chromatography. In the northwest Greenland snowpit, peaks in levoglucosan, ammonium, and oxalate were observed in snow layers corresponding to the summer-fall seasons of 2004 and 2005. Considered together, these spikes are a marker for large boreal forest fires. The levoglucosan deposited in the Greenland snow was strongly dependent on long-range atmospheric transportation. A 10-day backward air mass trajectory analysis supports that the major contributors were air masses from North America. In addition, satellite-derived carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations suggest that chemicals from North American boreal forest fires during the summer-fall of 2004 and 2005 were transported to Greenland. However, large boreal fires in Siberia in 2003 and 2008 were not recorded in the snowpit. The sub-annual resolution measurements of levoglucosan and ammonium can distinguish between the contributions of past boreal forest fires and soil emissions from anthropogenic activity to Greenland snow and ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Kang
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heejin Hwang
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sangbum Hong
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Do Hur
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hyun Baek
- Analysis Service Center, Diatech Korea Co., Ltd., Seoul, 05808, Republic of Korea
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19
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Barraza F, Lambert F, MacDonell S, Sinclair K, Fernandoy F, Jorquera H. Major atmospheric particulate matter sources for glaciers in Coquimbo Region, Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36817-36827. [PMID: 33710483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tapado Glacier is a subtropical mountain glacier in the Coquimbo region of Chile that has been continuously retreating during the last 60 years due to diminishing precipitation rates and rising temperatures and likely due to a currently unknown influence from atmospheric pollutant deposition. Climatic and meteorological impacts on this, and other, Andean glacier have been previously studied; however, cryosphere changes driven by aerosols are still largely unknown. To contribute to the understanding of the origin of aerosols and their dispersion, this study aims to identify natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution deposited on the Tapado Glacier (4500-5536 m a.s.l.) and their transport by using a receptor model (positive matrix factorization) together with the concentration of major ions as proxies of air pollution deposited on this glacier. This model's outcomes were complemented with daily wind backward trajectories computed for a whole year using the HYSPLYT meteorological model. Four sources were identified as the main contributors to major soluble ions in the Tapado surface snow. These sources are natural Aeolian dust (38%) from the Atacama Desert (including mining sites), natural weathered sulphates (27%), anthropogenic nitrates (25%), and coastal aerosols (10%). Coastal nitrate emissions and coastal aerosols are both sources with an important anthropogenic component, coming from La Serena and Coquimbo's coastal cities. The crustal components and sulphate profiles are similar to detritus dispersed from the glacier after wind erosion. Although the glacier is located over 4000 m above sea level, anthropogenic pollutants reached this location. However, their contributions were smaller compared to natural contaminants. Our findings can likely be extended to the nearest glaciers in Northern Chile, which have similar potential contaminant sources from cities, ports, and thriving mining activity. However, these findings may not be suitable for southern Chilean glaciers, which are closer to bigger cities and to smoke from residential heating prevalent in winter months and wildfires during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barraza
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- School of Geography, University of Otago, Richardson Building, 85 Albany St., Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Fabrice Lambert
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shelley MacDonell
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | | | - Francisco Fernandoy
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Análisis Isotópico, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Héctor Jorquera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Coal fly ash is a major carbon flux in the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:1921544118. [PMID: 34001595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921544118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fly ash-the residuum of coal burning-contains a considerable amount of fossilized particulate organic carbon (FOCash) that remains after high-temperature combustion. Fly ash leaks into natural environments and participates in the contemporary carbon cycle, but its reactivity and flux remained poorly understood. We characterized FOCash in the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin, China, and quantified the riverine FOCash fluxes. Using Raman spectral analysis, ramped pyrolysis oxidation, and chemical oxidation, we found that FOCash is highly recalcitrant and unreactive, whereas shale-derived FOC (FOCrock) was much more labile and easily oxidized. By combining mass balance calculations and other estimates of fly ash input to rivers, we estimated that the flux of FOCash carried by the Chang Jiang was 0.21 to 0.42 Mt C⋅y-1 in 2007 to 2008-an amount equivalent to 37 to 72% of the total riverine FOC export. We attributed such high flux to the combination of increasing coal combustion that enhances FOCash production and the massive construction of dams in the basin that reduces the flux of FOCrock eroded from upstream mountainous areas. Using global ash data, a first-order estimate suggests that FOCash makes up to 16% of the present-day global riverine FOC flux to the oceans. This reflects a substantial impact of anthropogenic activities on the fluxes and burial of fossil organic carbon that has been made less reactive than the rocks from which it was derived.
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21
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Liu P, Kaplan JO, Mickley LJ, Li Y, Chellman NJ, Arienzo MM, Kodros JK, Pierce JR, Sigl M, Freitag J, Mulvaney R, Curran MAJ, McConnell JR. Improved estimates of preindustrial biomass burning reduce the magnitude of aerosol climate forcing in the Southern Hemisphere. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/22/eabc1379. [PMID: 34049885 PMCID: PMC8163089 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fire plays a pivotal role in shaping terrestrial ecosystems and the chemical composition of the atmosphere and thus influences Earth's climate. The trend and magnitude of fire activity over the past few centuries are controversial, which hinders understanding of preindustrial to present-day aerosol radiative forcing. Here, we present evidence from records of 14 Antarctic ice cores and 1 central Andean ice core, suggesting that historical fire activity in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) exceeded present-day levels. To understand this observation, we use a global fire model to show that overall SH fire emissions could have declined by 30% over the 20th century, possibly because of the rapid expansion of land use for agriculture and animal production in middle to high latitudes. Radiative forcing calculations suggest that the decreasing trend in SH fire emissions over the past century largely compensates for the cooling effect of increasing aerosols from fossil fuel and biofuel sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jed O Kaplan
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Loretta J Mickley
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yang Li
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Nathan J Chellman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Monica M Arienzo
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - John K Kodros
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael Sigl
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Freitag
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Mark A J Curran
- Australian Antarctic Division and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystem Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
- Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9AL, UK
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22
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Ruppel MM, Eckhardt S, Pesonen A, Mizohata K, Oinonen MJ, Stohl A, Andersson A, Jones V, Manninen S, Gustafsson Ö. Observed and Modeled Black Carbon Deposition and Sources in the Western Russian Arctic 1800-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4368-4377. [PMID: 33769801 PMCID: PMC8154361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) particles contribute to climate warming by heating the atmosphere and reducing the albedo of snow/ice surfaces. The available Arctic BC deposition records are restricted to the Atlantic and North American sectors, for which previous studies suggest considerable spatial differences in trends. Here, we present first long-term BC deposition and radiocarbon-based source apportionment data from Russia using four lake sediment records from western Arctic Russia, a region influenced by BC emissions from oil and gas production. The records consistently indicate increasing BC fluxes between 1800 and 2014. The radiocarbon analyses suggest mainly (∼70%) biomass sources for BC with fossil fuel contributions peaking around 1960-1990. Backward calculations with the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART show emission source areas and indicate that modeled BC deposition between 1900 and 1999 is largely driven by emission trends. Comparison of observed and modeled data suggests the need to update anthropogenic BC emission inventories for Russia, as these seem to underestimate Russian BC emissions and since 1980s potentially inaccurately portray their trend. Additionally, the observations may indicate underestimation of wildfire emissions in inventories. Reliable information on BC deposition trends and sources is essential for design of efficient and effective policies to limit climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri M. Ruppel
- Ecosystems
and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental
Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- Norwegian
Institute for Air Research (NILU), NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Antto Pesonen
- Technology
Center, Neste Corporation, FI-06101 Porvoo, Finland
- Laboratory
of Chronology, Finnish Museum of Natural History—LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kenichiro Mizohata
- Division
of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku J. Oinonen
- Laboratory
of Chronology, Finnish Museum of Natural History—LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department
of Meteorology and Geophysics, University
of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - August Andersson
- Department
of Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivienne Jones
- Environmental
Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, U.K.
| | - Sirkku Manninen
- Ecosystems
and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental
Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department
of Environmental Science and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Schneider T, Pongpiachan S, Ho SSH, Wei C, Wang Q, Xing L, Wilcke W. A 150-year record of black carbon (soot and char) and polycyclic aromatic compounds deposition in Lake Phayao, north Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116148. [PMID: 33310199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of the historical variation in the emissions and sources (biomass burning, BB vs. fossil fuel, FF combustion) of soot and char, the two components of black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) may help in assessing the environmental effects of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) in SE Asia. We therefore determined historical variations of the fluxes of soot, char, and PACs (24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and 4 azaarenes) in a dated sediment core (covering the past ∼150 years) of Phayao Lake in Thailand. The soot fluxes have been increasing in recent times, but at a far lower rate than previously estimated based on BC emission inventories. This may be associated with a decreasing BB contribution as indicated by the decreasing char fluxes from old to young sediments. The fluxes of high- and low-molecular-weight (HMW and LMW) PAHs, OPAHs, and azaarenes all sharply increased after ∼1980, while the ΣLMW-/ΣHMW-PAHs ratios decreased, further supporting the reduction in BB contribution at the expense of increasing FF combustion emissions. We also suggest that the separate record of char and soot, which has up to now not been done in aerosol studies, is useful to assess the environmental effects of ABC because of the different light-absorbing properties of these two BC components. Our results suggest that besides the establishment of improved FF combustion technology, BB must be further reduced in the SE Asian region in order to weaken the ABC haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Department of Geosciences, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Siwatt Pongpiachan
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; School of Social & Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Sereethai Road, Klongchan, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chong Wei
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li Xing
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Menon A, Martin JW, Akroyd J, Kraft M. Reactivity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Soot Precursors: Kinetics and Equilibria. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10040-10052. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angiras Menon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, CREATE Tower, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Jacob W. Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, CREATE Tower, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Jethro Akroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kraft
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, CREATE Tower, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
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25
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Wang M, Xu B, Wang H, Zhang R, Yang Y, Gao S, Tang X, Wang N. Black carbon deposited in Hariqin Glacier of the Central Tibetan Plateau record changes in the emission from Eurasia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 273:115778. [PMID: 33460874 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), by the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, has profound effects on climate change and glacier retreat in industrial eras. In the present study, we report refractory BC (rBC) in an ice core spanning 1850-2014, retrieved from the Hariqin Glacier of the Tanggula Mountains in the central Tibetan Plateau, measured using a single particle soot photometer (SP2). The rBC concentration shows a three-fold increase since the 1950s. The mean rBC concentration was 0.71 ± 0.52 ng mL-1 during 1850s-1940s and 2.11 ± 1.60 ng mL-1 during 1950s-2010s. The substantial increase in rBC since the 1950s is consistent with rBC ice core records from the Tibetan Plateau and Eastern Europe. According to the predominant atmospheric circulation patterns over the glacier and timing of changes in regional emissions, the post-1950 amplification of rBC concentration in the central Tibetan Plateau most likely reflects increases in emissions in Eastern Europe, former USSR, the Middle East, and South Asia. Despite the low-level background rBC concentrations in the ice cores from the Tibetan Plateau, the present study highlights a remarkable increase in anthropogenic BC emissions in recent decades and the consequent influence on glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Wang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Baiqing Xu
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hailong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Rudong Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiangxiang Tang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ninglian Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710172, China
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26
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Kirdyanov AV, Krusic PJ, Shishov VV, Vaganov EA, Fertikov AI, Myglan VS, Barinov VV, Browse J, Esper J, Ilyin VA, Knorre AA, Korets MA, Kukarskikh VV, Mashukov DA, Onuchin AA, Piermattei A, Pimenov AV, Prokushkin AS, Ryzhkova VA, Shishikin AS, Smith KT, Taynik AV, Wild M, Zorita E, Büntgen U. Ecological and conceptual consequences of Arctic pollution. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1827-1837. [PMID: 32975023 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the effect of pollution on forest health and decline received much attention in the 1980s, it has not been considered to explain the 'Divergence Problem' in dendroclimatology; a decoupling of tree growth from rising air temperatures since the 1970s. Here we use physical and biogeochemical measurements of hundreds of living and dead conifers to reconstruct the impact of heavy industrialisation around Norilsk in northern Siberia. Moreover, we develop a forward model with surface irradiance forcing to quantify long-distance effects of anthropogenic emissions on the functioning and productivity of Siberia's taiga. Downwind from the world's most polluted Arctic region, tree mortality rates of up to 100% have destroyed 24,000 km2 boreal forest since the 1960s, coincident with dramatic increases in atmospheric sulphur, copper, and nickel concentrations. In addition to regional ecosystem devastation, we demonstrate how 'Arctic Dimming' can explain the circumpolar 'Divergence Problem', and discuss implications on the terrestrial carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kirdyanov
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Vladimir V Shishov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia.,Mathematical Methods and IT Department, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660075, Russia
| | - Eugene A Vaganov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Rectorate, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Alexey I Fertikov
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Valentin V Barinov
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Jo Browse
- Center for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55099, Germany
| | - Viktor A Ilyin
- Mathematical Methods and IT Department, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660075, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Knorre
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia.,State Natural Reserve (Stolby), Krasnoyarsk, 660006, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Korets
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kukarskikh
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch RAS, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Mashukov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Alexander A Onuchin
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Alma Piermattei
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Alexander V Pimenov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Anatoly S Prokushkin
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Vera A Ryzhkova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shishikin
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | | | - Anna V Taynik
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Martin Wild
- Institute for Atmosphere for Climate Science, ETH-Z, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo Zorita
- Helmholtz Centrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.,Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Brno, 603 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
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27
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Hullar T, Bononi FC, Chen Z, Magadia D, Palmer O, Tran T, Rocca D, Andreussi O, Donadio D, Anastasio C. Photodecay of guaiacol is faster in ice, and even more rapid on ice, than in aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1666-1677. [PMID: 32671365 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Snowpacks contain a wide variety of inorganic and organic compounds, including some that absorb sunlight and undergo direct photoreactions. How the rates of these reactions in, and on, ice compare to rates in water is unclear: some studies report similar rates, while others find faster rates in/on ice. Further complicating our understanding, there is conflicting evidence whether chemicals react more quickly at the air-ice interface compared to in liquid-like regions (LLRs) within the ice. To address these questions, we measured the photodegradation rate of guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) in various sample types, including in solution, in ice, and at the air-ice interface of nature-identical snow. Compared to aqueous solution, we find modest rate constant enhancements (increases of 3- to 6-fold) in ice LLRs, and much larger enhancements (of 17- to 77-fold) at the air-ice interface of nature-identical snow. Our computational modeling suggests the absorption spectrum for guaiacol red-shifts and increases on ice surfaces, leading to more light absorption, but these changes explain only a small portion (roughly 2 to 9%) of the observed rate constant enhancements in/on ice. This indicates that increases in the quantum yield are primarily responsible for the increased photoreactivity of guaiacol on ice; relative to solution, our results suggest that the quantum yield is larger by a factor of roughly 3-6 in liquid-like regions and 12-40 at the air-ice interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Hullar
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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28
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Martinez-Swatson K, Mihály E, Lange C, Ernst M, Dela Cruz M, Price MJ, Mikkelsen TN, Christensen JH, Lundholm N, Rønsted N. Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Deposition in Greenland Using Historical Moss Herbarium Specimens Shows a Decrease in Pollution During the 20 th Century. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1085. [PMID: 32760420 PMCID: PMC7373755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although most point sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are at lower latitudes, the Arctic region is contaminated. In particular, PAHs now dominate the POP body burden of the region's marine biota at the lower trophic levels. Greenlandic Inuits have the most elevated levels of POPs in their blood compared to any other population, due to their consumption of seal meat and other marine mammals. PAHs, the by-products of the incomplete combustion of petroleum products, are known carcinogens and have been shown to affect the immune system, reproduction, endocrine functions, and the nervous system. With industrial activities and climate change set to increase local PAH emissions, it is paramount to document changes in atmospheric PAH deposition to further investigate PAH exposure in the region and attribute contaminations to their sources. As a measure of atmospheric pollution, we sampled bryophyte herbarium specimens of three common and widespread species collected in Greenland between the 1920s and 1970s after which time new collections were not available. They were analyzed for 19 PAHs using GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry). The presence of more low-molecular-weight PAHs than high-molecular-weight PAHs is evidence that the PAH contamination in Greenland is due to long-range transport rather than originating from local sources. The results show peaks in PAH atmospheric deposition in the first part of the 19th century followed by a trend of decrease, which mirror global trends in atmospheric pollution known from those periods. PAHs associated with wood and fossil-fuel combustion decrease in the 1970s coinciding with the disappearance of charcoal pits and foundries in Europe and North America, and a shift away from domestic heating with wood during the 19th century. The results highlight the value of bryophytes as bioindicators to measure PAH atmospheric pollution as well as the unrealized potential of herbaria as historical records of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Martinez-Swatson
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eszter Mihály
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Lange
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madeleine Ernst
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Newborn Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majbrit Dela Cruz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michelle J. Price
- Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan H. Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Science and Conservation, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, United States
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Chen X, Kang S, Yang J. Investigation of distribution, transportation, and impact factors of atmospheric black carbon in the Arctic region based on a regional climate-chemistry model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113127. [PMID: 31706781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) as the main component of pollutants in the Arctic plays an important role on regional climate change. In this study, we applied the regional climate-chemistry model, WRF-Chem, to investigate the spatial distribution, transportation, and impact factors of BC in the Arctic. Compared with reanalysis data and observations, the WRF-Chem performed well in terms of the seasonal variations of meteorological parameters and BC concentrations, indicating the applicability of this model on Arctic BC simulation works. Our results showed that the BC concentrations in the Arctic had an obviously seasonalvariation pattern. Surface BC concentrations peaked during winter and spring seasons, while the minimum occurred during summer and autumn seasons. For the vertical distribution, BC aerosols mainly concentrated in the Arctic lower troposphere, and most of BC distributed near the surface during winter and spring seasons and in the higher altitude during other seasons. The seasonality of BC was associated with the seasonal change of meteorological field. During winter, the significant northward airflow prevailing in northern Eurasia caused the transport of accumulated pollutants from this region into the Arctic. The similar but weakened northward airflow pattern and the anticyclone activity during spring can allow pollutants to be transported to the Arctic lower troposphere. Moreover, the more stable atmosphere during winter and spring seasons made BC accumulated mainly near the surface. During summer and autumn seasons, the less stable boundary layer and the cyclone activity in the Arctic facilitated the diffusion of pollutants into the higher altitude. Meanwhile, the higher relative humidity can promote the wet removal process and lead to the relatively lower BC concentrations near the surface. Compared with the seasonal change of emission, our analysis showed that the seasonal variation of meteorological field was the main contributor for the seasonality of BC in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Junhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Magalhães ND, Evangelista H, Condom T, Rabatel A, Ginot P. Amazonian Biomass Burning Enhances Tropical Andean Glaciers Melting. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16914. [PMID: 31780676 PMCID: PMC6882791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The melting of tropical glaciers provides water resources to millions of people, involving social, ecological and economic demands. At present, these water reservoirs are threatened by the accelerating rates of mass loss associated with modern climate changes related to greenhouse gas emissions and ultimately land use/cover change. Until now, the effects of land use/cover change on the tropical Andean glaciers of South America through biomass burning activities have not been investigated. In this study, we quantitatively examine the hypothesis that regional land use/cover change is a contributor to the observed glacier mass loss, taking into account the role of Amazonian biomass burning. We demonstrated here, for the first time, that for tropical Andean glaciers, a massive contribution of black carbon emitted from biomass burning in the Amazon Basin does exist. This is favorable due to its positioning with respect to Amazon Basin fire hot spots and the predominant wind direction during the transition from the dry to wet seasons (Aug-Sep-Oct), when most fire events occur. We investigated changes in Bolivian Zongo Glacier albedo due to impurities on snow, including black carbon surface deposition and its potential for increasing annual glacier melting. We showed that the magnitude of the impact of Amazonian biomass burning depends on the dust content in snow. When high concentration of dust is present (e.g. 100 ppm of dust), the dust absorbs most of the radiation that otherwise would be absorbed by the BC. Our estimations point to a melting factor of 3.3 ± 0.8% for black carbon, and 5.0 ± 1.0% for black carbon in the presence of low dust content (e.g. 10 ppm of dust). For the 2010 hydrological year, we reported an increase in runoff corresponding to 4.5% of the annual discharge during the seasonal peak fire season, which is consistent with our predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newton de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Geoprocessing, Institute of Geography, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Geochemestry PHD program, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Radioecology and Global Change, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Heitor Evangelista
- Geochemestry PHD program, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Radioecology and Global Change, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Condom
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Antoine Rabatel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Ginot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), F-38000, Grenoble, France
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Qi L, Wang S. Sources of black carbon in the atmosphere and in snow in the Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:442-454. [PMID: 31323589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We systematically identify sources of black carbon (BC) in the Arctic, including BC in the troposphere, at surface and in snow, using tagged tracer technique implemented in a 3D global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. We validate modeled BC sources (fossil fuel combustion versus biomass burning) against carbon isotope measurements at Barrow (Alaska), Zeppelin (Norway), Abisko (Sweden), Alert (Canada) and Tiksi (Russia) in the Arctic. The model reproduces the observed annual mean fraction of biomass burning (fbb, %) at the five sites within 20% and the observed and modeled monthly fbb values agree within a factor of two. Model results suggest that fossil fuel combustion is the major source of BC in the troposphere (50-94%, vary with sub-regions), at surface (55-68%) and in snow (58-69%) in the Arctic as annual mean, but biomass burning dominates at certain altitudes (600-800 hPa) and during periods of time between April to September. The model shows that BC in the troposphere, in deposition and in snow in different Arctic sub-regions have distinctively different sources and source regions. We find that long-range transport of Asian emissions has a stronger influence on BC in the atmosphere than on BC deposition. In contrast, contributions from Russian and European emissions are larger for BC deposition than for BC in the atmosphere. Specifically, Asian fossil fuel combustion emissions dominate BC loading in all Arctic sub-regions in both winter (Oct.-Mar., 35-54%) and summer (Apr.-Sep., 34-56%). For BC deposition, Siberian fossil fuel emissions are the largest contributors in Russia both in winter (62%) and summer (44%), and European fossil fuel emissions dominate in Ny-Ålesund (44% in winter) and Tromsø (71% in winter and 46% in summer). For BC deposition in the North American sector, Asian fossil fuel emissions are the largest contributors in winter (25-38%) and North American biomass burning emissions (38-72%) dominate in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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The cascade of global trade to large climate forcing over the Tibetan Plateau glaciers. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3281. [PMID: 31337754 PMCID: PMC6650455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols constitute unique and important anthropogenic climate forcers that potentially accelerate the retreat of glaciers over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (HTP). Here we show that a large amount of BC emissions produced in India and China—a region of BC emissions to which the HTP is more vulnerable compared with other regions—are related to the consumption of goods and services in the USA and Europe through international trade. These processes lead to a virtual transport pathway of BC from distant regions to the HTP glaciers. From a consumption perspective, the contribution from India to the HTP glaciers shows a rapid increasing trend while the contributions from the USA, Europe, and China decreased over the last decade. International trade aggravates the BC pollution over the HTP glaciers and may cause significant climate change there. Global efforts toward reducing the cascading of BC emissions to Asia, especially the Indian subcontinent, are urgently needed. To trace the sources of Black Carbon being transported into the Tibetan Plateau is crucial for guiding an effective mitigation strategy. Here the authors utilized the adjoint of the Goddard Earth Observing System-Chem model and find that international trade aggravates the BC pollution over the HTP glacier regions and may cause significant climate change.
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33
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Industrial-era decline in subarctic Atlantic productivity. Nature 2019; 569:551-555. [PMID: 31061499 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton have a crucial role in the modulation of marine-based food webs1, fishery yields2 and the global drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide3. However, owing to sparse measurements before satellite monitoring in the twenty-first century, the long-term response of planktonic stocks to climate forcing is unknown. Here, using a continuous, multi-century record of subarctic Atlantic marine productivity, we show that a marked 10 ± 7% decline in net primary productivity has occurred across this highly productive ocean basin over the past two centuries. We support this conclusion by the application of a marine-productivity proxy, established using the signal of the planktonic-derived aerosol methanesulfonic acid, which is commonly identified across an array of Greenlandic ice cores. Using contemporaneous satellite-era observations, we demonstrate the use of this signal as a robust and high-resolution proxy for past variations in spatially integrated marine productivity. We show that the initiation of declining subarctic Atlantic productivity broadly coincides with the onset of Arctic surface warming4, and that productivity strongly covaries with regional sea-surface temperatures and basin-wide gyre circulation strength over recent decades. Taken together, our results suggest that the decline in industrial-era productivity may be evidence of the predicted5 collapse of northern Atlantic planktonic stocks in response to a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation6-8. Continued weakening of this Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, as projected for the twenty-first century9,10, may therefore result in further productivity declines across this globally relevant region.
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Gleason KE, McConnell JR, Arienzo MM, Chellman N, Calvin WM. Four-fold increase in solar forcing on snow in western U.S. burned forests since 1999. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2026. [PMID: 31048696 PMCID: PMC6497640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest fires are increasing across the American West due to climate warming and fire suppression. Accelerated snow melt occurs in burned forests due to increased light transmission through the canopy and decreased snow albedo from deposition of light-absorbing impurities. Using satellite observations, we document up to an annual 9% growth in western forests burned since 1984, and 5 day earlier snow disappearance persisting for >10 years following fire. Here, we show that black carbon and burned woody debris darkens the snowpack and lowers snow albedo for 15 winters following fire, using measurements of snow collected from seven forested sites that burned between 2002 and 2016. We estimate a 372 to 443% increase in solar energy absorbed by snowpacks occurred beneath charred forests over the past two decades, with enhanced post-fire radiative forcing in 2018 causing earlier melt and snow disappearance in > 11% of forests in the western seasonal snow zone. The impacts of forest fire activity in the western US on snow melt are poorly quantified. Here the authors use satellite and field-based observations to document a four-fold increase in the solar forcing on snow in western burned forests from 1999 to 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Gleason
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, 89512, USA. .,Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207-0751, USA.
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Monica M Arienzo
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Nathan Chellman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Wendy M Calvin
- Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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Wan X, Kawamura K, Ram K, Kang S, Loewen M, Gao S, Wu G, Fu P, Zhang Y, Bhattarai H, Cong Z. Aromatic acids as biomass-burning tracers in atmospheric aerosols and ice cores: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:216-228. [PMID: 30677666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is one of the largest sources of carbonaceous aerosols with adverse impacts on air quality, visibility, health and climate. BB emits a few specific aromatic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic and dehydroabietic acids) which have been widely used as key indicators for source identification of BB-derived carbonaceous aerosols in various environmental matrices. In addition, measurement of p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids in snow and ice cores have revealed the historical records of the fire emissions. Despite their uniqueness and importance as tracers, our current understanding of analytical methods, concentrations, diagnostic ratios and degradation processes are rather limited and scattered in literature. In this review paper, firstly we have summarized the most established methods and protocols for the measurement of these aromatic acids in aerosols and ice cores. Secondly, we have highlighted the geographical variability in the abundances of these acids, their diagnostic ratios and degradation processes in the environments. The review of the existing data indicates that the concentrations of aromatic acids in aerosols vary greatly with locations worldwide, typically more abundant in urban atmosphere where biomass fuels are commonly used for residential heating and/or cooking purposes. In contrast, their concentrations are lowest in the polar regions which are avoid of localized emissions and largely influenced by long-range transport. The diagnostic ratios among aromatic acids can be used as good indicators for the relative amounts and types of biomass (e.g. hardwood, softwood and herbaceous plants) as well as photochemical oxidation processes. Although studies suggest that the degradation processes of the aromatic acids may be controlled by light, pH and hygroscopicity, a more careful investigation, including closed chamber studies, is highly appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mark Loewen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hemraj Bhattarai
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Dong Z, Qin D, Li K, Kang S, Wei T, Lu J. Spatial variability, mixing states and composition of various haze particles in atmosphere during winter and summertime in northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:79-88. [PMID: 30529944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants, which are usually transported from urban cities to remote glacier basins, and aerosol impurities affect the earth's temperature and climate by altering the radiative properties of the atmosphere. This work focused on the physicochemical properties of atmospheric pollutants across the urban and remote background sites in northwest China. Information on individual particles was obtained using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). Particle size and age-dependent mixing structures of individual particles in clean and polluted air were investigated. Aerosols were classified into eight components: mineral dust, black carbon (soot)/fly ash, sulfates, nitrates, NaCl salt, ammonium, organic matter, and metals. Marked spatial and seasonal changes in individual particle components were observed in the study area. Aerosol particles were generally found to be in the mixing state. For example, salt-coated particles in summer accounted for 31.2-44.8% of the total particles in urban sites and 37.5-74.5% of the total particles in background sites, while in winter, almost all urban sites comprised >50%, which implies a significant effect on the radiative forcing in the study area. We found that in PM2.5 section, the internally mixed black carbon/organic matter particles clearly increased with diameter. Moreover, urban cities were characterized by atmospheric particles sourced from anthropogenic activities, whereas background locations exhibited much lower aerosol concentrations and increased particle density, originating from natural crustal sources (e.g., mineral dust and NaCl salt), which, together with air mass trajectory analysis, indicates a potential spatial transport process and routes of atmospheric transport from urban cities to background locations. Thus, this work is of importance in evaluating atmospheric conditions in northwest China and northeast Tibetan Plateau regions, to discover the transport processes and facilitate improvements in climatic patterns concerning atmospheric impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne D, 50923, Germany.
| | - Dahe Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kaiming Li
- School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ting Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne D, 50923, Germany; Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Zangrando R, Corami F, Barbaro E, Grosso A, Barbante C, Turetta C, Capodaglio G, Gambaro A. Free phenolic compounds in waters of the Ross Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2117-2128. [PMID: 30290353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of free phenolic compounds (PC) in Antarctic sea water has been investigated to explain their source and particle size distribution in the atmospheric aerosols, as determined in our previous research. The sea water samples were filtered to distinguish the PC concentrations in the particulate and dissolved fractions. Two sample preparation procedures were developed to quantify nine PC in both fractions. The highest concentrations were found in the dissolved fraction of Ross Sea water, with vanillin, vanillic acid, acetovanillone and p-coumaric acid being the most abundant PC. Dissolved PC were mainly found in the upper part of water column. This facilitated the sea water-air exchange by bubble busting processes. In the aerosol, they were mainly found in the fine fraction, where these compounds have a higher degree of oxidation than PC detected in seawater, suggesting that they were newly emitted and they have been not yet oxidized. These results supported our previous hypothesis that PC were locally emitted into the atmosphere from the Ross Sea. Three different possible sources of PC are hypothesized for Antarctic sea waters: 1) from the intrusion of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water that may transport oceanic lignin; 2) from phytoplankton biomass that may be a source of PC in Antarctic waters since diatoms produce exudates that contain vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid and syringic acid; 3) from the melting of glaciers and sea ice: glaciers contain lignin that can be degraded, while in the sea ice there are diatoms that may release PC. Statistical analysis and the low value of vanillic acid/vanillin ratio indicated that the most plausible source for PC in the dissolved fraction was the senescence of phytoplankton. As a contrast, particulate PC with higher vanillic acid/vanillin ratios were ascribed to degraded lignin or the sorption of diagenically oxidized material on particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Corami
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Anna Grosso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capodaglio
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
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Krueger RA, Blanquart G. Predicting aromatic exciplex fluorescence emission energies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10325-10335. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of PAH exciplex TDDFT fluorescence energies shows a linear relationship between the mean monomer HOMO–LUMO gap and complex fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Krueger
- Department of Chemistry
- The California Institute of Technology
- Pasadena
- USA
| | - Guillaume Blanquart
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering
- The California Institute of Technology
- Pasadena
- USA
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Trusel LD, Das SB, Osman MB, Evans MJ, Smith BE, Fettweis X, McConnell JR, Noël BPY, van den Broeke MR. Nonlinear rise in Greenland runoff in response to post-industrial Arctic warming. Nature 2018; 564:104-108. [PMID: 30518887 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is a growing contributor to global sea-level rise1, with recent ice mass loss dominated by surface meltwater runoff2,3. Satellite observations reveal positive trends in GrIS surface melt extent4, but melt variability, intensity and runoff remain uncertain before the satellite era. Here we present the first continuous, multi-century and observationally constrained record of GrIS surface melt intensity and runoff, revealing that the magnitude of recent GrIS melting is exceptional over at least the last 350 years. We develop this record through stratigraphic analysis of central west Greenland ice cores, and demonstrate that measurements of refrozen melt layers in percolation zone ice cores can be used to quantifiably, and reproducibly, reconstruct past melt rates. We show significant (P < 0.01) and spatially extensive correlations between these ice-core-derived melt records and modelled melt rates5,6 and satellite-derived melt duration4 across Greenland more broadly, enabling the reconstruction of past ice-sheet-scale surface melt intensity and runoff. We find that the initiation of increases in GrIS melting closely follow the onset of industrial-era Arctic warming in the mid-1800s, but that the magnitude of GrIS melting has only recently emerged beyond the range of natural variability. Owing to a nonlinear response of surface melting to increasing summer air temperatures, continued atmospheric warming will lead to rapid increases in GrIS runoff and sea-level contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Trusel
- Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA. .,Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Sarah B Das
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Matthew B Osman
- Joint Program in Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Ben E Smith
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xavier Fettweis
- Department of Geography, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Brice P Y Noël
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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40
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Hamilton DS, Hantson S, Scott CE, Kaplan JO, Pringle KJ, Nieradzik LP, Rap A, Folberth GA, Spracklen DV, Carslaw KS. Reassessment of pre-industrial fire emissions strongly affects anthropogenic aerosol forcing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3182. [PMID: 30093678 PMCID: PMC6085333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty in pre-industrial natural aerosol emissions is a major component of the overall uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate. Improved characterisation of natural emissions and their radiative effects can therefore increase the accuracy of global climate model projections. Here we show that revised assumptions about pre-industrial fire activity result in significantly increased aerosol concentrations in the pre-industrial atmosphere. Revised global model simulations predict a 35% reduction in the calculated global mean cloud albedo forcing over the Industrial Era (1750-2000 CE) compared to estimates using emissions data from the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. An estimated upper limit to pre-industrial fire emissions results in a much greater (91%) reduction in forcing. When compared to 26 other uncertain parameters or inputs in our model, pre-industrial fire emissions are by far the single largest source of uncertainty in pre-industrial aerosol concentrations, and hence in our understanding of the magnitude of the historical radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosol emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Hamilton
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA.
| | - S Hantson
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Geospatial Data Solutions Center, University of California Irvine, California, 92697, USA
| | - C E Scott
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J O Kaplan
- ARVE Research SARL, Pully, 1009, Switzerland
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - K J Pringle
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - L P Nieradzik
- Institute for Physical Geography and Ecosystem Sciences, Lund University, Lund, S-223 62, Sweden
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - A Rap
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - D V Spracklen
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - K S Carslaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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41
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Hegerl GC, Brönnimann S, Schurer A, Cowan T. The early 20th century warming: Anomalies, causes, and consequences. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. CLIMATE CHANGE 2018; 9:e522. [PMID: 30008810 PMCID: PMC6033150 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The most pronounced warming in the historical global climate record prior to the recent warming occurred over the first half of the 20th century and is known as the Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW). Understanding this period and the subsequent slowdown of warming is key to disentangling the relationship between decadal variability and the response to human influences in the present and future climate. This review discusses the observed changes during the ETCW and hypotheses for the underlying causes and mechanisms. Attribution studies estimate that about a half (40-54%; p > .8) of the global warming from 1901 to 1950 was forced by a combination of increasing greenhouse gases and natural forcing, offset to some extent by aerosols. Natural variability also made a large contribution, particularly to regional anomalies like the Arctic warming in the 1920s and 1930s. The ETCW period also encompassed exceptional events, several of which are touched upon: Indian monsoon failures during the turn of the century, the "Dust Bowl" droughts and extreme heat waves in North America in the 1930s, the World War II period drought in Australia between 1937 and 1945; and the European droughts and heat waves of the late 1940s and early 1950s. Understanding the mechanisms involved in these events, and their links to large scale forcing is an important test for our understanding of modern climate change and for predicting impacts of future change. This article is categorized under:Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Brönnimann
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of GeographyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Tim Cowan
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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42
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McConnell JR, Wilson AI, Stohl A, Arienzo MM, Chellman NJ, Eckhardt S, Thompson EM, Pollard AM, Steffensen JP. Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5726-5731. [PMID: 29760088 PMCID: PMC5984509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721818115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects midlatitude emissions from ancient lead-silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating, limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions between 1100 BCE and 800 CE derived from subannually resolved measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely varied with historical events, including imperial expansion, wars, and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion, accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic, and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the second and third centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of lead-silver mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, terminated by the second-century Antonine plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512;
- Visiting Fellow, All Souls College, University of Oxford, OX1 4AL Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Wilson
- Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, OX1 3LU Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Monica M Arienzo
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512
| | - Nathan J Chellman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - A Mark Pollard
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG Oxford, United Kingdom
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43
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Santibáñez PA, Maselli OJ, Greenwood MC, Grieman MM, Saltzman ES, McConnell JR, Priscu JC. Prokaryotes in the WAIS Divide ice core reflect source and transport changes between Last Glacial Maximum and the early Holocene. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2182-2197. [PMID: 29322639 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present the first long-term, highly resolved prokaryotic cell concentration record obtained from a polar ice core. This record, obtained from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide (WD) ice core, spanned from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene (EH) and showed distinct fluctuations in prokaryotic cell concentration coincident with major climatic states. The time series also revealed a ~1,500-year periodicity with greater amplitude during the Last Deglaciation (LDG). Higher prokaryotic cell concentration and lower variability occurred during the LGM and EH than during the LDG. A sevenfold decrease in prokaryotic cell concentration coincided with the LGM/LDG transition and the global 19 ka meltwater pulse. Statistical models revealed significant relationships between the prokaryotic cell record and tracers of both marine (sea-salt sodium [ssNa]) and burning emissions (black carbon [BC]). Collectively, these models, together with visual observations and methanosulfidic acid (MSA) measurements, indicated that the temporal variability in concentration of airborne prokaryotic cells reflected changes in marine/sea-ice regional environments of the WAIS. Our data revealed that variations in source and transport were the most likely processes producing the significant temporal variations in WD prokaryotic cell concentrations. This record provided strong evidence that airborne prokaryotic cell deposition differed during the LGM, LDG, and EH, and that these changes in cell densities could be explained by different environmental conditions during each of these climatic periods. Our observations provide the first ice-core time series evidence for a prokaryotic response to long-term climatic and environmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Santibáñez
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Departamento Científico, Instituto Antártico Chileno (INACH), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Olivia J Maselli
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Mark C Greenwood
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Mackenzie M Grieman
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Saltzman
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA
| | - John C Priscu
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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44
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DuBay SG, Fuldner CC. Bird specimens track 135 years of atmospheric black carbon and environmental policy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11321-11326. [PMID: 29073051 PMCID: PMC5664526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710239114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric black carbon has long been recognized as a public health and environmental concern. More recently, black carbon has been identified as a major, ongoing contributor to anthropogenic climate change, thus making historical emission inventories of black carbon an essential tool for assessing past climate sensitivity and modeling future climate scenarios. Current estimates of black carbon emissions for the early industrial era have high uncertainty, however, because direct environmental sampling is sparse before the mid-1950s. Using photometric reflectance data of >1,300 bird specimens drawn from natural history collections, we track relative ambient concentrations of atmospheric black carbon between 1880 and 2015 within the US Manufacturing Belt, a region historically reliant on coal and dense with industry. Our data show that black carbon levels within the region peaked during the first decade of the 20th century. Following this peak, black carbon levels were positively correlated with coal consumption through midcentury, after which they decoupled, with black carbon concentrations declining as consumption continued to rise. The precipitous drop in atmospheric black carbon at midcentury reflects policies promoting burning efficiency and fuel transitions rather than regulating emissions alone. Our findings suggest that current emission inventories based on predictive modeling underestimate levels of atmospheric black carbon for the early industrial era, suggesting that the contribution of black carbon to past climate forcing may also be underestimated. These findings build toward a spatially dynamic emission inventory of black carbon based on direct environmental sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane G DuBay
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Life Sciences Section, Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605
| | - Carl C Fuldner
- Department of Art History, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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45
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Raman A, Arellano AF. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Characteristic Ratios of Elemental Carbon to Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6829-6838. [PMID: 28547992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A ratio-based method is used to characterize anthropogenic elemental carbon (ECa) using in situ measurements and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We use long-term records of ground-based measurements from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Air Quality System and Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments to assess the patterns in anthropogenic combustion ratios (ΔECa/ΔCO and ΔECa/ΔNOx) across the U.S. Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD) regions for the years 2000-2015. We investigate the change in these ratios between the periods 2000-2007 and 2008-2015. Overall, ΔECa/ΔCO ratios increase by 0.7-82% and ΔECa/ΔNOx by 6.8-104% across the East and West PADD regions. The urban West showed the largest increase relative to other regions. This is mainly attributed to a 13-23% increase in ΔECa during the winter and fall seasons and significant reductions in urban ΔNOx (except in winter). We also find that emission ratios derived from the EPA's National Emission Inventory (NEI) overestimate (underestimate) the increase in the observed enhancement ratios in the East (West). Analyses of changes in NEI emissions in the West reveal (a) smaller reductions in NEI emissions for NOx from the off-road sector and (b) an increase in PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter) emissions from commercial/residential combustion and smaller reductions in nonroad emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Raman
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Avelino F Arellano
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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46
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Li X, Kang S, He X, Qu B, Tripathee L, Jing Z, Paudyal R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yan F, Li G, Li C. Light-absorbing impurities accelerate glacier melt in the Central Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:482-490. [PMID: 28258749 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing impurities (LAIs), such as organic carbon (OC), black carbon (BC), and mineral dust (MD) deposited on the glacier surface can reduce albedo, thus accelerating the glacier melt. Surface fresh snow, aged snow, granular ice, and snowpits samples were collected between August 2014 and October 2015 on the Xiao Dongkemadi (XDKMD) glacier (33°04'N, 92°04'E) in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). The spatiotemporal variations of LAIs concentrations in the surface snow/ice were observed to be consistent, differing mainly in magnitudes. LAIs concentrations were found to be in the order: granular ice>snowpit>aged snow>fresh snow, which must be because of post-depositional effects and enrichment. In addition, more intense melting led to higher LAIs concentrations exposed to the surface at a lower elevation, suggesting a strong negative relationship between LAIs concentrations and elevation. The scavenging efficiencies of OC and BC were same (0.07±0.02 for OC, 0.07±0.01 for BC), and the highest enrichments was observed in late September and August for surface snow and granular ice, respectively. Meanwhile, as revealed by the changes in the OC/BC ratios, intense glacier melt mainly occurred between August and October. Based on the SNow ICe Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model simulations, BC and MD in the surface snow/ice were responsible for about 52%±19% and 25%±14% of the albedo reduction, while the radiative forcing (RF) were estimated to be 42.74±40.96Wm-2 and 21.23±22.08Wm-2, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest RF was observed in the granular ice, suggesting that the exposed glaciers melt and retreat more easily than the snow distributed glaciers. Furthermore, our results suggest that BC was the main forcing factor compared with MD in accelerating glacier melt during the melt season in the Central TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiaobo He
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Tanggula Cryosphere and Environment Observation Station, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bin Qu
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FIN-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Zhefan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rukumesh Paudyal
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fangping Yan
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FIN-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reducing of Gansu Province, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Antony R, Willoughby AS, Grannas AM, Catanzano V, Sleighter RL, Thamban M, Hatcher PG, Nair S. Molecular Insights on Dissolved Organic Matter Transformation by Supraglacial Microbial Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4328-4337. [PMID: 28328192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Snow overlays the majority of Antarctica and is an important repository of dissolved organic matter (DOM). DOM transformations by supraglacial microbes are not well understood. We use ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry to elucidate molecular changes in snowpack DOM by in situ microbial processes (up to 55 days) in a coastal Antarctic site. Both autochthonous and allochthonous DOM is highly bioavailable and is transformed by resident microbial communities through parallel processes of degradation and synthesis. DOM thought to be of a more refractory nature, such as dissolved black carbon and carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules, was also rapidly and extensively reworked. Microbially reworked DOM exhibits an increase in the number and magnitude of N-, S-, and P-containing formulas, is less oxygenated, and more aromatic when compared to the initial DOM. Shifts in the heteroatom composition suggest that microbial processes may be important in the cycling of not only C, but other elements such as N, S, and P. Microbial reworking also produces photoreactive compounds, with potential implications for DOM photochemistry. Refined measurements of supraglacial DOM and their cycling by microbes is critical for improving our understanding of supraglacial DOM cycling and the biogeochemical and ecological impacts of DOM export to downstream environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runa Antony
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa 403 804, India
| | - Amanda S Willoughby
- Old Dominion University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Amanda M Grannas
- Villanova University , Department of Chemistry, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Victoria Catanzano
- Villanova University , Department of Chemistry, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Rachel L Sleighter
- Old Dominion University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
- FBSciences, Inc. (Research and Development), Norfolk, Virginia 23508, United States
| | - Meloth Thamban
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa 403 804, India
| | - Patrick G Hatcher
- Old Dominion University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Shanta Nair
- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
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48
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Chellman N, McConnell JR, Arienzo M, Pederson GT, Aarons SM, Csank A. Reassessment of the Upper Fremont Glacier Ice-Core Chronologies by Synchronizing of Ice-Core-Water Isotopes to a Nearby Tree-Ring Chronology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4230-4238. [PMID: 28375598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG), Wyoming, is one of the few continental glaciers in the contiguous United States known to preserve environmental and climate records spanning recent centuries. A pair of ice cores taken from UFG have been studied extensively to document changes in climate and industrial pollution (most notably, mid-19th century increases in mercury pollution). Fundamental to these studies is the chronology used to map ice-core depth to age. Here, we present a revised chronology for the UFG ice cores based on new measurements and using a novel dating approach of synchronizing continuous water isotope measurements to a nearby tree-ring chronology. While consistent with the few unambiguous age controls underpinning the previous UFG chronologies, the new interpretation suggests a very different time scale for the UFG cores with changes of up to 80 years. Mercury increases previously associated with the mid-19th century Gold Rush now coincide with early-20th century industrial emissions, aligning the UFG record with other North American mercury records from ice and lake sediment cores. Additionally, new UFG records of industrial pollutants parallel changes documented in ice cores from southern Greenland, further validating the new UFG chronologies while documenting the extent of late 19th and early 20th century pollution in remote North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Chellman
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Hydrologic Sciences , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Hydrologic Sciences , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Monica Arienzo
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Hydrologic Sciences , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Gregory T Pederson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center , Bozeman, Montana 59715, United States
| | - Sarah M Aarons
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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49
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Sinha S, Rahman RK, Raj A. On the role of resonantly stabilized radicals in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation: pyrene and fluoranthene formation from benzyl–indenyl addition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19262-19278. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02539d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resonantly stabilized benzyl and indenyl radicals play a role in the formation of pyrene and fluoranthene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourab Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The Petroleum Institute
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Ramees K. Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The Petroleum Institute
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Abhijeet Raj
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The Petroleum Institute
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
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50
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Xu N, Bai X. Spatial distribution of organic carbon fractions and δ 13C in urban soils, Shanghai, China. Isr J Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2016.1256259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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