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Tian Y, Zhang P, Zhang W, Feng X, Redfern SAT, Liu H. Iron alloys of volatile elements in the deep Earth's interior. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3320. [PMID: 38637525 PMCID: PMC11026407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the compositional model of the Earth, particularly the atypical concentrations of volatile elements within the silicate portion of the early Earth, have attracted significant interest due to their pivotal role in elucidating the planet's evolution and dynamics. To understand the behavior of such volatile elements, an established 'volatility trend' has been used to explain the observed depletion of certain volatile elements. However, elements such as Se and Br remain notably over-depleted in the silicate Earth. Here we show the results from first-principles simulations that explore the potential for these elements to integrate into hcp-Fe through the formation of substitutional alloys, long presumed to be predominant constituents of the Earth's core. Based on our findings, the thermodynamic stability of these alloys suggests that these volatile elements might indeed be partially sequestered within the Earth's core. We suggest potential reservoirs for volatile elements within the deep Earth, augmenting our understanding of the deep Earth's composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiaolei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Simon A T Redfern
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods and Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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2
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Tkalčić H, Belonoshko AB, Muir JB, Mattesini M, Moresi L, Waszek L. Imaging the top of the Earth's inner core: a present-day flow model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8999. [PMID: 38637675 PMCID: PMC11026418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in seismology, mineral physics, geodynamics, paleomagnetism, and mathematical geophysics, Earth's inner core structure and evolution remain enigmatic. One of the most significant issues is its thermal history and the current thermal state. Several hypotheses involving a thermally-convecting inner core have been proposed: a simple, high-viscosity, translational mode, or a classical, lower-viscosity, plume-style convection. Here, we use state-of-the-art seismic imaging to probe the outermost shell of the inner core for its isotropic compressional speed and compare it with recently developed attenuation maps. The pattern emerging in the resulting tomograms is interpreted with recent data on the viscosity of iron as the inner core surface manifestation of a thermally-driven flow, with a positive correlation among compressional speed and attenuation and temperature. Although the outer-core convection controls the heat flux across the inner core boundary, the internally driven inner-core convection is a plausible model that explains a range of observations for the inner core, including distinct anisotropy in the innermost inner core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Tkalčić
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Anatoly B Belonoshko
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jack B Muir
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Maurizio Mattesini
- Department of Earth's Physics and Astrophysics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Instituto de Geociencias (UCM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Louis Moresi
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lauren Waszek
- Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
- Department of Physics, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, Australia
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3
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IRIFUNE T. Kawai-type multianvil ultrahigh-pressure technology. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:149-164. [PMID: 38311394 PMCID: PMC11105972 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Since the large-volume press with a double-stage multianvil system was created by the late Professor Naoto Kawai, this apparatus (Kawai-type multianvil apparatus or KMA) has been developed for higher-pressure generation, in situ X-ray and neutron observations, deformation experiments, measurements of physical properties, synthesis of high-pressure phases, etc., utilizing its large sample volume and capacity in stable and homogeneous high temperature generation compared to those of competitive diamond anvil cells. These advancements in KMA technology have been made primarily by Japanese scientists and engineers, which yielded a wealth of new experimental data on phase transitions, melting relations, and physical characteristics of minerals and rocks, leading to significant constraints on the structures, chemical compositions, and dynamics of the deep Earth. KMA technology has also been used for synthesis of novel functional materials such as nano-polycrystalline diamond and transparent nano-ceramics, opening a new research field of ultrahigh-pressure materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo IRIFUNE
- Geodynamics Research Center (GRC), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
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4
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Wang S, Berrada M, Chao KH, Lai X, Zhu F, Zhang D, Chariton S, Prakapenka VB, Sinogeikin S, Chen B. Externally Heated Diamond ANvil Cell Experimentation (EH-DANCE) for studying materials and processes under extreme conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:123902. [PMID: 38054834 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Externally heated diamond anvil cells provide a stable and uniform thermal environment, making them a versatile device to simultaneously generate high-pressure and high-temperature conditions in various fields of research, such as condensed matter physics, materials science, chemistry, and geosciences. The present study features the Externally Heated Diamond ANvil Cell Experimentation (EH-DANCE) system, a versatile configuration consisting of a diamond anvil cell with a customized microheater for stable resistive heating, bidirectional pressure control facilitated by compression and decompression membranes, and a water-cooled enclosure suitable for vacuum and controlled atmospheres. This integrated system excels with its precise control of both pressure and temperature for mineral and materials science research under extreme conditions. We showcase the capabilities of the system through its successful application in the investigation of the melting temperature and thermal equation of state of high-pressure ice-VII at temperatures up to 1400 K. The system was also used to measure the elastic properties of solid ice-VII and liquid H2O using Brillouin scattering and Raman spectra of carbonates using Raman spectroscopy, highlighting the potential of the EH-DANCE system in high-pressure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siheng Wang
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Meryem Berrada
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Keng-Hsien Chao
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Xiaojing Lai
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Gemmological Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongzhou Zhang
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | - Bin Chen
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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5
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wang J, Liang Z, Hao L, Gao Z, Li J, Wu Q, Zhang H, Liu Y, Sun J, Lin JF. Collective motion in hcp-Fe at Earth's inner core conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309952120. [PMID: 37782810 PMCID: PMC10576103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309952120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Earth's inner core is predominantly composed of solid iron (Fe) and displays intriguing properties such as strong shear softening and an ultrahigh Poisson's ratio. Insofar, physical mechanisms to explain these features coherently remain highly debated. Here, we have studied longitudinal and shear wave velocities of hcp-Fe (hexagonal close-packed iron) at relevant pressure-temperature conditions of the inner core using in situ shock experiments and machine learning molecular dynamics (MLMD) simulations. Our results demonstrate that the shear wave velocity of hcp-Fe along the Hugoniot in the premelting condition, defined as T/Tm (Tm: melting temperature of iron) above 0.96, is significantly reduced by ~30%, while Poisson's ratio jumps to approximately 0.44. MLMD simulations at 230 to 330 GPa indicate that collective motion with fast diffusive atomic migration occurs in premelting hcp-Fe primarily along [100] or [010] crystallographic direction, contributing to its elastic softening and enhanced Poisson's ratio. Our study reveals that hcp-Fe atoms can diffusively migrate to neighboring positions, forming open-loop and close-loop clusters in the inner core conditions. Hcp-Fe with collective motion at the inner core conditions is thus not an ideal solid previously believed. The premelting hcp-Fe with collective motion behaves like an extremely soft solid with an ultralow shear modulus and an ultrahigh Poisson's ratio that are consistent with seismic observations of the region. Our findings indicate that premelting hcp-Fe with fast diffusive motion represents the underlying physical mechanism to help explain the unique seismic and geodynamic features of the inner core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
- International Center for Planetary Science, College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Yuqian Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Zhixin Liang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Long Hao
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Jun Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Yun Liu
- International Center for Planetary Science, College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Jung-Fu Lin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
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6
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White TG, Dai J, Riley D. Dynamic and transient processes in warm dense matter. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220223. [PMID: 37393937 PMCID: PMC10315215 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss some of the key challenges in the study of time-dependent processes and non-equilibrium behaviour in warm dense matter. We outline some of the basic physics concepts that have underpinned the definition of warm dense matter as a subject area in its own right and then cover, in a selective, non-comprehensive manner, some of the current challenges, pointing along the way to topics covered by the papers presented in this volume. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and transient processes in warm dense matter'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. White
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jiayu Dai
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, People’s Republic of China
| | - David Riley
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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7
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Dewaele A, Amadon B, Bosak A, Svitlyk V, Occelli F. Synthesis of Single Crystals of ε-Iron and Direct Measurements of Its Elastic Constants. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:034101. [PMID: 37540886 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.034101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Seismology finds that Earth's solid inner core behaves anisotropically. Interpretation of this requires a knowledge of crystalline elastic anisotropy of its constituents-the major phase being most likely ε-Fe, stable only under high pressure. Here, single crystals of this phase are synthesized, and its full elasticity tensor is measured between 15 and 33 GPa at 300 K. It is calculated under the same conditions, using the combination of density functional theory and dynamical mean field theory, which describes explicitly electronic correlation effects. The predictive power of this scheme is checked by comparison with measurements; it is then used to evaluate the crystalline anisotropy in ε-Fe under higher density. This anisotropy remains of the same amplitude up to densities typical of Earth's inner core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Dewaele
- CEA DAM-DIF, F-91297, Arpajon, France and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | - Bernard Amadon
- CEA DAM-DIF, F-91297, Arpajon, France and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
| | | | - Volodymyr Svitlyk
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florent Occelli
- CEA DAM-DIF, F-91297, Arpajon, France and Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Laboratoire Matière en Conditions Extrêmes, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France
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8
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Ohta K, Suehiro S, Kawaguchi SI, Okuda Y, Wakamatsu T, Hirose K, Ohishi Y, Kodama M, Hirai S, Azuma S. Measuring the Electrical Resistivity of Liquid Iron to 1.4 Mbar. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:266301. [PMID: 37450814 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.266301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We determined the electrical resistivity of liquid Fe to 135 GPa and 6680 K using a four-probe method in a diamond-anvil cell combined with two novel techniques: (i) enclosing a molten Fe in a sapphire capsule, and (ii) millisecond time-resolved simultaneous measurements of the resistance, x-ray diffraction, and temperature of instantaneously melted Fe. Our results show the minimal temperature dependence of the resistivity of liquid Fe and its anomalous resistivity decrease around 50 GPa, likely associated with a gradual magnetic transition, both in agreement with previous ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Sho Suehiro
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Saori I Kawaguchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Okuda
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Wakamatsu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kei Hirose
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohishi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Manabu Kodama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Hirai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shintaro Azuma
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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9
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Jang BG, He Y, Shim JH, Mao HK, Kim DY. Oxygen-Driven Enhancement of the Electron Correlation in Hexagonal Iron at Earth's Inner Core Conditions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3884-3890. [PMID: 37071052 PMCID: PMC10150722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Earth's inner core (IC) consists of mainly iron with some light elements. Understanding its structure and related physical properties has been elusive as a result of its required extremely high pressure and temperature conditions. The phase of iron, elastic anisotropy, and density-velocity deficit at the IC have long been questions of great interest. Here, we find that the electron correlation effect is enhanced by oxygen and modifies several important features, including the stability of iron oxides. Oxygen atoms energetically stabilize hexagonal-structured iron at IC conditions and induce elastic anisotropy. Electrical resistivity is much enhanced in comparison to pure hexagonal close-packed (hcp) iron as a result of the enhanced electron correlation effect, supporting the conventional thermal convection model. Moreover, our calculated seismic velocity shows a quantitative match with geologically observed preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) data. We suggest that oxygen is the essential light element to understand and model Earth's IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gyu Jang
- Center
for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
- Korea
Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Korea
| | - Yu He
- Center
for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth’s
Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Hoon Shim
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science
and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University
of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ho-kwang Mao
- Center
for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duck Young Kim
- Center
for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Material Frontiers Research in Extreme Environments
(MFree), Shanghai Advanced Research in Physical
Sciences (SHARPS), Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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10
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Ghosh M, Zhang S, Hu L, Hu SX. Cooperative diffusion in body-centered cubic iron in Earth and super-Earths' inner core conditions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:154002. [PMID: 36753774 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acba71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The physical chemistry of iron at the inner-core conditions is key to understanding the evolution and habitability of Earth and super-Earth planets. Based on full first-principles simulations, we report cooperative diffusion along the longitudinally fast⟨111⟩directions of body-centered cubic (bcc) iron in temperature ranges of up to 2000-4000 K below melting and pressures of ∼300-4000 GPa. The diffusion is due to the low energy barrier in the corresponding direction and is accompanied by mechanical and dynamical stability, as well as strong elastic anisotropy of bcc iron. These findings provide a possible explanation for seismological signatures of the Earth's inner core, particularly the positive correlation between P wave velocity and attenuation. The diffusion can also change the detailed mechanism of core convection by increasing the diffusivity and electrical conductivity and lowering the viscosity. The results need to be considered in future geophysical and planetary models and should motivate future studies of materials under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitrayee Ghosh
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14611, United States of America
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, United States of America
| | - Lianming Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14611, United States of America
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14611, United States of America
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11
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Wu Z, Wang W. Shear softening of earth's inner core as indicated by its high poisson ratio and elastic anisotropy. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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12
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Glazyrin K, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Dong W, Laniel D, Seiboth F, Schropp A, Garrevoet J, Brückner D, Falkenberg G, Kubec A, David C, Wendt M, Wenz S, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N, Liermann HP. Sub-micrometer focusing setup for high-pressure crystallography at the Extreme Conditions beamline at PETRA III. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:654-663. [PMID: 35510998 PMCID: PMC9070721 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522002582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scientific tasks aimed at decoding and characterizing complex systems and processes at high pressures set new challenges for modern X-ray diffraction instrumentation in terms of X-ray flux, focal spot size and sample positioning. Presented here are new developments at the Extreme Conditions beamline (P02.2, PETRA III, DESY, Germany) that enable considerable improvements in data collection at very high pressures and small scattering volumes. In particular, the focusing of the X-ray beam to the sub-micrometer level is described, and control of the aberrations of the focusing compound refractive lenses is made possible with the implementation of a correcting phase plate. This device provides a significant enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio by conditioning the beam shape profile at the focal spot. A new sample alignment system with a small sphere of confusion enables single-crystal data collection from grains of micrometer to sub-micrometer dimensions subjected to pressures as high as 200 GPa. The combination of the technical development of the optical path and the sample alignment system contributes to research and gives benefits on various levels, including rapid and accurate diffraction mapping of samples with sub-micrometer resolution at multimegabar pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Glazyrin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - T. Fedotenko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - W. Dong
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Laniel
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - F. Seiboth
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Schropp
- Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Imaging Platform, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Brückner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - G. Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Kubec
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - C. David
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - M. Wendt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Wenz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - N. Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Campus Valla, Fysikhuset F310, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - H.-P. Liermann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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He Y, Sun S, Kim DY, Jang BG, Li H, Mao HK. Superionic iron alloys and their seismic velocities in Earth's inner core. Nature 2022; 602:258-262. [PMID: 35140389 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth's inner core (IC) is less dense than pure iron, indicating the existence of light elements within it1. Silicon, sulfur, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen have been suggested to be the candidates2,3, and the properties of iron-light-element alloys have been studied to constrain the IC composition4-19. Light elements have a substantial influence on the seismic velocities4-13, the melting temperatures14-17 and the thermal conductivities18,19 of iron alloys. However, the state of the light elements in the IC is rarely considered. Here, using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we find that hydrogen, oxygen and carbon in hexagonal close-packed iron transform to a superionic state under the IC conditions, showing high diffusion coefficients like a liquid. This suggests that the IC can be in a superionic state rather than a normal solid state. The liquid-like light elements lead to a substantial reduction in the seismic velocities, which approach the seismological observations of the IC20,21. The substantial decrease in shear-wave velocity provides an explanation for the soft IC21. In addition, the light-element convection has a potential influence on the IC seismological structure and magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China. .,Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shichuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Duck Young Kim
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gyu Jang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
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14
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McMahon MI. Probing extreme states of matter using ultra-intense x-ray radiation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:043001. [PMID: 33725673 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abef26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme states of matter, that is, matter at extremes of density (pressure) and temperature, can be created in the laboratory either statically or dynamically. In the former, the pressure-temperature state can be maintained for relatively long periods of time, but the sample volume is necessarily extremely small. When the extreme states are generated dynamically, the sample volumes can be larger, but the pressure-temperature conditions are maintained for only short periods of time (ps toμs). In either case, structural information can be obtained from the extreme states by the use of x-ray scattering techniques, but the x-ray beam must be extremely intense in order to obtain sufficient signal from the extremely-small or short-lived sample. In this article I describe the use of x-ray diffraction at synchrotrons and XFELs to investigate how crystal structures evolve as a function of density and temperature. After a brief historical introduction, I describe the developments made at the Synchrotron Radiation Source in the 1990s which enabled the almost routine determination of crystal structure at high pressures, while also revealing that the structural behaviour of materials was much more complex than previously believed. I will then describe how these techniques are used at the current generation of synchrotron and XFEL sources, and then discuss how they might develop further in the future at the next generation of x-ray lightsources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McMahon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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15
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Wang W, Liu J, Zhu F, Li M, Dorfman SM, Li J, Wu Z. Formation of large low shear velocity provinces through the decomposition of oxidized mantle. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1911. [PMID: 33771990 PMCID: PMC7997914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) in the lowermost mantle are key to understanding the chemical composition and thermal structure of the deep Earth, but their origins have long been debated. Bridgmanite, the most abundant lower-mantle mineral, can incorporate extensive amounts of iron (Fe) with effects on various geophysical properties. Here our high-pressure experiments and ab initio calculations reveal that a ferric-iron-rich bridgmanite coexists with an Fe-poor bridgmanite in the 90 mol% MgSiO3-10 mol% Fe2O3 system, rather than forming a homogeneous single phase. The Fe3+-rich bridgmanite has substantially lower velocities and a higher VP/VS ratio than MgSiO3 bridgmanite under lowermost-mantle conditions. Our modeling shows that the enrichment of Fe3+-rich bridgmanite in a pyrolitic composition can explain the observed features of the LLSVPs. The presence of Fe3+-rich materials within LLSVPs may have profound effects on the deep reservoirs of redox-sensitive elements and their isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Wang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth’s Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jiachao Liu
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Feng Zhu
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mingming Li
- grid.215654.10000 0001 2151 2636School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Susannah M. Dorfman
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Jie Li
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhongqing Wu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth’s Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639National Geophysical Observatory at Mengcheng, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, USTC, Hefei, Anhui China
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16
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Ni Doping: A Viable Route to Make Body-Centered-Cubic Fe Stable at Earth’s Inner Core. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the goal of answering the highly debated question of whether the presence of Ni at the Earth’s inner core can make body-centered cubic (bcc) Fe stable, we performed a computational study based on first-principles calculations on bcc, hexagonal closed packed (hcp), and face-centered cubic (fcc) structures of the Fe1−xNix alloys (x = 0, 0.0312, 0.042, 0.0625, 0.084, 0.125, 0.14, 0.175) at 200–364 GPa and investigated their relative stability. Our thorough study reveals that the stability of Ni-doped bcc Fe is crucially dependent on the nature of the distribution of Ni in the Fe matrix. We confirm this observation by considering several possible configurations for a given concentration of Ni doping. Our theoretical evidence suggests that Ni-doped bcc Fe could be a stable phase at the Earth’s inner core condition as compared to its hcp and fcc counterparts.
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17
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Okuda Y, Kimura S, Ohta K, Park Y, Wakamatsu T, Mashino I, Hirose K. A cylindrical SiC heater for an externally heated diamond anvil cell to 1500 K. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:015119. [PMID: 33514222 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor-based heaters for diamond anvil cells (DACs) have advantages over metal wire heaters in terms of repeated use and the ability to reach higher temperatures. We introduce a cylindrical SiC heater for an externally heated DAC (EHDAC) that works satisfactorily at temperatures up to 1500 K and pressures around 90 GPa. The heater is reusable and inexpensive, and only slight modifications to the DAC are required to fit the heater. Experiments on melting of NaCl and gold are conducted at ambient pressure to test the temperature accuracy of the EHDAC system, and resistance measurements on iodine at high pressures and temperatures are performed to assess the heater assembly. These test runs show that a uniform and accurate temperature can be maintained by the EHDAC assembly, which has potential applications to a variety of transport property measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Okuda
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Seiji Kimura
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yohan Park
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Wakamatsu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Izumi Mashino
- Institute for Planetary Materials, Okayama University, 827 Yamada, Misasa, Tottori 682-0193, Japan
| | - Kei Hirose
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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18
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Turneaure SJ, Sharma SM, Gupta YM. Crystal Structure and Melting of Fe Shock Compressed to 273 GPa: In Situ X-Ray Diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:215702. [PMID: 33274960 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.215702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive shock wave and static compression experiments and corresponding theoretical work, consensus on the crystal structure and the melt boundary of Fe at Earth's core conditions is lacking. We present in situ x-ray diffraction measurements in laser-shock compressed Fe that establish the stability of the hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) structure along the Hugoniot through shock melting, which occurs between ∼242 to ∼247 GPa. Using previously reported hcp Fe Hugoniot temperatures, the melt temperature is estimated to be 5560(360) K at 242 GPa, consistent with several reported Fe melt curves. Extrapolation of this value suggests ∼6400 K melt temperature at Earth's inner core boundary pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Turneaure
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Surinder M Sharma
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Y M Gupta
- Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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19
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Mijiti Y, Perri M, Coquet J, Nataf L, Minicucci M, Trapananti A, Irifune T, Baudelet F, Di Cicco A. A new internally heated diamond anvil cell system for time-resolved optical and x-ray measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:085114. [PMID: 32872921 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new internally heated diamond anvil cell (DAC) system for in situ high-pressure and high-temperature x-ray and optical experiments. We have adopted a self-heating W/Re gasket design allowing for both sample confinement and heating. This solution has been seldom used in the past but proved to be very efficient to reduce the size of the heating spot near the sample region, improving heating and cooling rates as compared to other resistive heating strategies. The system has been widely tested under high-temperature conditions by performing several thermal emission measurements. A robust relationship between electric power and average sample temperature inside the DAC has been established up to about 1500 K by a measurement campaign on different simple substances. A micro-Raman spectrometer was used for various in situ optical measurements and allowed us to map the temperature distribution of the sample. The distribution resulted to be uniform within the typical uncertainty of these measurements (5% at 1000 K). The high-temperature performances of the DAC were also verified in a series of XAS (x-ray absorption spectroscopy) experiments using both nano-polycrystalline and single-crystal diamond anvils. XAS measurements of germanium at 3.5 GPa were obtained in the 300 K-1300 K range, studying the melting transition and nucleation to the crystal phase. The achievable heating and cooling rates of the DAC were studied exploiting a XAS dispersive setup, collecting series of near-edge XAS spectra with sub-second time resolution. An original XAS-based dynamical temperature calibration procedure was developed and used to monitor the sample and diamond temperatures during the application of constant power cycles, indicating that heating and cooling rates in the 100 K/s range can be easily achieved using this device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Mijiti
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Marco Perri
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Jean Coquet
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Lucie Nataf
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Marco Minicucci
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Angela Trapananti
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Tetsuo Irifune
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Francois Baudelet
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cicco
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, Camerino (MC) 62032, Italy
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20
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A Practical Review of the Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for University Laboratories and Synchrotron Applications. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past couple of decades, the laser-heated diamond anvil cell (combined with in situ techniques) has become an extensively used tool for studying pressure-temperature-induced evolution of various physical (and chemical) properties of materials. In this review, the general challenges associated with the use of the laser-heated diamond anvil cells are discussed together with the recent progress in the use of this tool combined with synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy.
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21
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Adeleke AA, Yao Y. Formation of Stable Compounds of Potassium and Iron under Pressure. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4752-4763. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo A. Adeleke
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Yansun Yao
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
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22
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Ritterbex S, Tsuchiya T. Viscosity of hcp iron at Earth's inner core conditions from density functional theory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6311. [PMID: 32286388 PMCID: PMC7156496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner core, extending to 1,221 km above the Earth’s center at pressures between 329 and 364 GPa, is primarily composed of solid iron. Its rheological properties influence both the Earth’s rotation and deformation of the inner core which is a potential source of the observed seismic anisotropy. However, the rheology of the inner core is poorly understood. We propose a mineral physics approach based on the density functional theory to infer the viscosity of hexagonal close packed (hcp) iron at the inner core pressure (P) and temperature (T). As plastic deformation is rate-limited by atomic diffusion under the extreme conditions of the Earth’s center, we quantify self-diffusion in iron non-empirically. The results are applied to model steady-state creep of hcp iron. Here, we show that dislocation creep is a key mechanism driving deformation of hcp iron at inner core conditions. The associated viscosity agrees well with the estimates from geophysical observations supporting that the inner core is significantly less viscous than the Earth’s mantle. Such low viscosity rules out inner core translation, with melting on one side and solidification on the opposite, but allows for the occurrence of the seismically observed fluctuations in inner core differential rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ritterbex
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Taku Tsuchiya
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
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23
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Ye Q, Hu Y, Duan X, Liu H, Zhang H, Zhang C, Sun L, Yang W, Xu W, Cai Q, Wang Z, Jiang S. Theoretical development and experimental validation on the measurement of temperature by extended X-ray absorption fine structure. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:436-445. [PMID: 32153282 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation on the theoretical framework of the ultra-fast measurement of temperature by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) applied in laser-driven-compression experiments has been carried out and a new temperature measurement scheme based on the EXAFS cumulant expansion analysis and anharmonic correlated Debye model has been advanced. By considering the anharmonic effect of thermal vibration and avoiding the employment of the empirical model as well as parameters which have large inherent uncertainties in the temperature determination, this new scheme is theoretically more accurate than traditional ones. Then the performance of the new measurement scheme and traditional methods were validated on a synchrotron radiation platform by temperature-dependent EXAFS (TDEXAFS) experiments on Au, Fe, V and Ti; the results showed that the new scheme could provide the most accurate measured temperatures with much lower uncertainties. This accurate scheme gives a firmer physical ground to the EXAFS temperature measurement technique and can expect to be applied in laser-driven compression experiments and promote the development of matter state research at extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Duan
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Sun
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Yang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Cai
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhebin Wang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoen Jiang
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, People's Republic of China
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24
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Abstract
The high-pressure, high-temperature behavior of iron was investigated to 140 GPa and 3500 K with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Iron samples were compressed in diamond-anvil cells and heated up with the double-sided laser-heating system installed at the high-pressure ID27 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). Three different structures, namely α-bcc, γ-fcc or ε-hcp Fe were identified as a function of pressure and temperature in the domain we explored. At pressures above 90 GPa, it is clearly shown that ε-iron is the single stable solid phase up to 160 GPa at high temperatures. The analysis of the P-V-T relationship allows us to propose a reliable experimental thermal equation of state (EoS) for iron. We also show that the addition of low pressure points to our EoS refinement yields more robust constrain on the determination of the reference volume V0 of the ε-hcp structure, which has important implications on the final parametrization of the equation of state. The extrapolation of the proposed EoS to core pressure conditions indicates that a pure iron core would have an excess of density of 3% compared to the PREM density profile.
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25
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Effect of Carbon on the Volume of Solid Iron at High Pressure: Implications for Carbon Substitution in Iron Structures and Carbon Content in the Earth’s Inner Core. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9120720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of carbon on the density of hcp (hexagonal-close-packed) Fe-C alloys is essential for modeling the carbon content in the Earth’s inner core. Previous studies have focused on the equations of state of iron carbides that may not be applicable to the solid inner core that may incorporate carbon as dissolved carbon in metallic iron. Carbon substitution in hcp-Fe and its effect on the density have never been experimentally studied. We investigated the compression behavior of Fe-C alloys with 0.31 and 1.37 wt % carbon, along with pure iron as a reference, by in-situ X-ray diffraction measurements up to 135 GPa for pure Fe, and 87 GPa for Fe-0.31C and 109 GPa for Fe-1.37C. The results show that the incorporation of carbon in hcp-Fe leads to the expansion of the lattice, contrary to the known effect in body-centered cubic (bcc)-Fe, suggesting a change in the substitution mechanism or local environment. The data on axial compressibility suggest that increasing carbon content could enhance seismic anisotropy in the Earth’s inner core. The new thermoelastic parameters allow us to develop a thermoelastic model to estimate the carbon content in the inner core when carbon is incorporated as dissolved carbon hcp-Fe. The required carbon contents to explain the density deficit of Earth’s inner core are 1.30 and 0.43 wt % at inner core boundary temperatures of 5000 K and 7000 K, respectively.
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26
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Pourovskii LV. Electronic correlations in dense iron: from moderate pressure to Earth's core conditions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:373001. [PMID: 31167170 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab274f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the role of dynamical many-electron effects in the physics of iron and iron-rich solid alloys under applied pressure on the basis of recent ab initio studies employing the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT). We review in detail two particularly interesting regimes: first, a moderate pressure range up to 60 GPa and, second, the ultra-high pressure of about 360 GPa expected inside the solid inner core of Earth. Electronic correlations in iron under the moderate pressure of several tens GPa are discussed in the first section. DMFT-based methods predict an enhancement of electronic correlations at the pressure-induced body-centered cubic α to hexagonal close-packed [Formula: see text] phase transition. In particular, the electronic effective mass, scattering rate and electron-electron contribution to the electrical resistivity undergo a step-wise increase at the transition point. One also finds a significant many-body correction to the [Formula: see text]-Fe equation of state, thus clarifying the origin of discrepancies between previous DFT studies and experiment. An electronic topological transition is predicted to be induced in [Formula: see text]-Fe by many-electron effects; its experimental signatures are analyzed. The next section focuses on the geophysically relevant pressure-temperature regime of the Earth's inner core (EIC) corresponding to the extreme pressure of 360 GPa combined with temperatures up to 6000 K. The three iron allotropes ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and face-centered-cubic [Formula: see text]) previously proposed as possible stable phases at such conditions are found to exhibit qualitatively different many-electron effects as evidenced by a strongly non-Fermi-liquid metallic state of [Formula: see text]-Fe and an almost perfect Fermi liquid in the case of [Formula: see text]-Fe. A recent active discussion on the electronic state and transport properties of [Formula: see text]-Fe at the EIC conditions is reviewed in details. Estimations for the dynamical many-electron contribution to the relative phase stability are presented. We also discuss the impact of a Ni admixture, which is expected to be present in the core matter. We conclude by outlining some limitation of the present DMFT-based framework relevant for studies of iron-base systems as well as perspective directions for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Pourovskii
- CPHT, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France. Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
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Anzellini S, Monteseguro V, Bandiello E, Dewaele A, Burakovsky L, Errandonea D. In situ characterization of the high pressure - high temperature melting curve of platinum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13034. [PMID: 31506567 PMCID: PMC6736956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the melting line of platinum has been characterized both experimentally, using synchrotron X-ray diffraction in laser-heated diamond-anvil cells, and theoretically, using ab initio simulations. In the investigated pressure and temperature range (pressure between 10 GPa and 110 GPa and temperature between 300 K and 4800 K), only the face-centered cubic phase of platinum has been observed. The melting points obtained with the two techniques are in good agreement. Furthermore, the obtained results agree and considerably extend the melting line previously obtained in large-volume devices and in one laser-heated diamond-anvil cells experiment, in which the speckle method was used as melting detection technique. The divergence between previous laser-heating experiments is resolved in favor of those experiments reporting the higher melting slope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Anzellini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Virginia Monteseguro
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrico Bandiello
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Leonid Burakovsky
- Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Daniel Errandonea
- Departamento de Física Aplicada - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales, Matter at High Pressure (MALTA) Consolider Team, Universidad de Valencia, Edificio de Investigación, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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Petitgirard S, Jacobs J, Cerantola V, Collings IE, Tucoulou R, Dubrovinsky L, Sahle CJ. A versatile diamond anvil cell for X-ray inelastic, diffraction and imaging studies at synchrotron facilities. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:095107. [PMID: 31575253 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a new diamond anvil cell design, hereafter called mBX110, that combines both the advantages of a membrane and screws to generate high pressure. It enables studies at large-scale facilities for many synchrotron X-ray techniques and has the possibility to remotely control the pressure with the membrane as well as the use of the screws in the laboratory. It is fully compatible with various gas-loading systems as well as high/low temperature environments in the lab or at large scale facilities. The mBX110 possesses an opening angle of 85° suitable for single-crystal diffraction or Brillouin spectroscopy and a large side opening of 110° which can be used for X-ray inelastic techniques, such as X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy, but also for X-ray emission, X-ray fluorescence, or X-ray absorption. An even larger opening of 150° can be manufactured enabling X-ray imaging tomography. We report data obtained with the mBX110 on different beamlines with single-crystal diffraction of stishovite up to 55 GPa, X-ray powder diffraction of rutile-GeO2 and tungsten to 25 GPa and 280 GPa, respectively, X-Ray Raman spectra of the Si L-edge in silica to 95 GPa, and Fe Kβ X-ray emission spectra on a basalt glass to 17 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeroen Jacobs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Valerio Cerantola
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Ines E Collings
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Remi Tucoulou
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth D-95490, Germany
| | - Christoph J Sahle
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
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Machida A, Saitoh H, Hattori T, Sano-Furukawa A, Funakoshi KI, Sato T, Orimo SI, Aoki K. Hexagonal Close-packed Iron Hydride behind the Conventional Phase Diagram. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12290. [PMID: 31444386 PMCID: PMC6707217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexagonal close-packed iron hydride, hcp FeHx, is absent from the conventional phase diagram of the Fe-H system, although hcp metallic Fe exists stably over extensive temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions, including those corresponding to the Earth's inner core. In situ X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements at temperatures ranging from 298 to 1073 K and H pressures ranging from 4 to 7 GPa revealed that the hcp hydride was formed for FeHx compositions when x < 0.6. Hydrogen atoms occupied the octahedral interstitial sites of the host metal lattice both partially and randomly. The hcp hydride exhibited a H-induced volume expansion of 2.48(5) Å3/H-atom, which was larger than that of the face-centered cubic (fcc) hydride. The hcp hydride showed an increase in x with T, whereas the fcc hydride showed a corresponding decrease. The present study provides guidance for further investigations of the Fe-H system over an extensive x-T-P region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Machida
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Saitoh
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takanori Hattori
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Asami Sano-Furukawa
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Funakoshi
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Toyoto Sato
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Orimo
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Aoki
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Hasegawa A, Yagi T, Ohta K. Combination of pulsed light heating thermoreflectance and laser-heated diamond anvil cell for in-situ high pressure-temperature thermal diffusivity measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:074901. [PMID: 31370458 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By combining thermoreflectance measurements and laser heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC) techniques, an instrument for the measurement of in situ high pressure-temperature thermal diffusivity of materials was developed. In an LHDAC system, high-power continuous-wave laser beams irradiate both faces of a disk-shaped metal sample loaded into diamond anvil cells (DACs), to maintain a stable high-temperature condition. During the operation of the LHDAC system, temperature of the sample is determined from the thermal radiation spectrum between 640 and 740 nm to fit Planck's law. Subsequently, a pulsed laser beam irradiates the metal disk to induce a temperature gradient inside the sample, and the transient temperature, caused by heat diffusion, is measured by a continuous wave probe laser based on the thermoreflectance phenomenon. We determined the thermal conductivities of Pt and Fe up to approximately 60 GPa and 2000 K using the measured thermal diffusivities and obtained values consistent with previous works. The uncertainties in the pressure and the temperature are estimated to be approximately 10%, and that in the thermal conductivity is estimated to approximately 15%. The system developed in this study enables us to determine thermal transport properties of materials under pressure-temperature conditions of the deep Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hasegawa
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Takashi Yagi
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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Belonoshko AB, Fu J, Bryk T, Simak SI, Mattesini M. Low viscosity of the Earth's inner core. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2483. [PMID: 31171778 PMCID: PMC6554349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Earth's solid inner core is a highly attenuating medium. It consists mainly of iron. The high attenuation of sound wave propagation in the inner core is at odds with the widely accepted paradigm of hexagonal close-packed phase stability under inner core conditions, because sound waves propagate through the hexagonal iron without energy dissipation. Here we show by first-principles molecular dynamics that the body-centered cubic phase of iron, recently demonstrated to be thermodynamically stable under the inner core conditions, is considerably less elastic than the hexagonal phase. Being a crystalline phase, the body-centered cubic phase of iron possesses the viscosity close to that of a liquid iron. The high attenuation of sound in the inner core is due to the unique diffusion characteristic of the body-centered cubic phase. The low viscosity of iron in the inner core enables the convection and resolves a number of controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly B Belonoshko
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jie Fu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Ningbo University, 315211, Ningbo, China
| | - Taras Bryk
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, 79011, Ukraine
| | - Sergei I Simak
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Mattesini
- Department of Earth's Physics and Astrophysics, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Geociencias (UCM-CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Gao P, Su C, Shao S, Wang S, Liu P, Liu S, Lv J. Iron–magnesium compounds under high pressure. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02804h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dynamically and thermodynamically stable Fe-rich compound, Fe2Mg, reveals that Mg may be a light element candidate in the earth's inner core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & Innovation Center for Computational Physics Methods and Software
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Chuanxun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & Innovation Center for Computational Physics Methods and Software
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Sen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & Innovation Center for Computational Physics Methods and Software
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & Innovation Center for Computational Physics Methods and Software
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & Innovation Center for Computational Physics Methods and Software
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & Innovation Center for Computational Physics Methods and Software
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Jian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials & Innovation Center for Computational Physics Methods and Software
- College of Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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33
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Anzellini S, Kleppe AK, Daisenberger D, Wharmby MT, Giampaoli R, Boccato S, Baron MA, Miozzi F, Keeble DS, Ross A, Gurney S, Thompson J, Knap G, Booth M, Hudson L, Hawkins D, Walter MJ, Wilhelm H. Laser-heating system for high-pressure X-ray diffraction at the Extreme Conditions beamline I15 at Diamond Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1860-1868. [PMID: 30407199 PMCID: PMC6225745 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518013383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the specification and application of the new double-sided YAG laser-heating system built on beamline I15 at Diamond Light Source are presented. This system, combined with diamond anvil cell and X-ray diffraction techniques, allows in situ and ex situ characterization of material properties at extremes of pressure and temperature. In order to demonstrate the reliability and stability of this experimental setup over a wide range of pressure and temperature, a case study was performed and the phase diagram of lead was investigated up to 80 GPa and 3300 K. The obtained results agree with previously published experimental and theoretical data, underlining the quality and reliability of the installed setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Anzellini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Annette K. Kleppe
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Dominik Daisenberger
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Michael T. Wharmby
- PETRA III, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruggero Giampaoli
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
- Physics Department, Instituto Superior Tecnico (Universidade de Lisboa), Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Silvia Boccato
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, CS40220, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Marzena A. Baron
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Miozzi
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dean S. Keeble
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Allan Ross
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Stuart Gurney
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Jon Thompson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Giles Knap
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Mark Booth
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Lee Hudson
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Dave Hawkins
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Michael J. Walter
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington DC, 20015, USA
| | - Heribert Wilhelm
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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Samanta A, Belof JL. The thermodynamics of a liquid-solid interface at extreme conditions: A model close-packed system up to 100 GPa. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:124703. [PMID: 30278656 DOI: 10.1063/1.5028268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The first experimental insight into the nature of the liquid-solid interface occurred with the pioneering experiments of Turnbull, which simultaneously demonstrated both that metals could be deeply undercooled (and therefore had relatively large barriers to nucleation) and that the inferred interfacial free energy γ was linearly proportional to the enthalpy of fusion [D. Turnbull, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1022 (1950)]. By an atomistic simulation of a model face-centered cubic system via adiabatic free energy dynamics, we extend Turnbull's result to the realm of high pressure and demonstrate that the interfacial free energy, evaluated along the melting curve, remains linear with the bulk enthalpy of fusion, even up to 100 GPa. This linear dependence of γ on pressure is shown to be a consequence of the entropy dominating the free energy of the interface in conjunction with the fact that the entropy of fusion does not vary greatly along the melting curve for simple monoatomic metals. Based on this observation, it appears that large undercoolings in liquid metals can be achieved even at very high pressure. Therefore, nucleation rates at high pressure are expected to be non-negligible, resulting in observable solidification kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Samanta
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan L Belof
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
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35
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Lord OT, Wang W. MIRRORS: A MATLAB ® GUI for temperature measurement by multispectral imaging radiometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:104903. [PMID: 30399832 DOI: 10.1063/1.5041360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
MultIspectRal imaging RadiOmetRy Software (MIRRORS) is an open source MATLAB based Graphical User Interface (GUI) designed to automatically process images generated from a four colour multispectral imaging radiometry system for the temperature measurement of samples heated in a diamond anvil cell. The GUI can work in either a live mode (during an experiment) or a post-processing mode and performs background subtraction, spatial correlation, and thermal calibration of the data before producing maps of temperature, emissivity, and their associated uncertainties, an image difference map (i.e., the change in the shape of the temperature field), and a variety of other visualisations derived from them. We describe the distribution, system requirements, and required hardware specific code modifications necessary to setup MIRRORS. We also describe the workflow of the software and its underlying methodologies and provide an example output as well as the results of benchmarking against a traditional spectroradiometric system of known accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Lord
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom
| | - W Wang
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom
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36
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Metallization and molecular dissociation of dense fluid nitrogen. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2624. [PMID: 29980680 PMCID: PMC6035179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatomic nitrogen is an archetypal molecular system known for its exceptional stability and complex behavior at high pressures and temperatures, including rich solid polymorphism, formation of energetic states, and an insulator-to-metal transformation coupled to a change in chemical bonding. However, the thermobaric conditions of the fluid molecular–polymer phase boundary and associated metallization have not been experimentally established. Here, by applying dynamic laser heating of compressed nitrogen and using fast optical spectroscopy to study electronic properties, we observe a transformation from insulating (molecular) to conducting dense fluid nitrogen at temperatures that decrease with pressure and establish that metallization, and presumably fluid polymerization, occurs above 125 GPa at 2500 K. Our observations create a better understanding of the interplay between molecular dissociation, melting, and metallization revealing features that are common in simple molecular systems. Nitrogen is a model system still presenting unknown behaviors at the pressures and temperatures typical of deep planets’ interiors. Here the authors explore, by pulsed laser heating in a diamond anvil cell and optical measurements, the metallization and non-molecular states of nitrogen in a previously unexplored domain above 1 Mbar and at 2000-7000K.
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38
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Kang D, Dai J. Dynamic electron-ion collisions and nuclear quantum effects in quantum simulation of warm dense matter. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:073002. [PMID: 29186001 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa9e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The structural, thermodynamic and transport properties of warm dense matter (WDM) are crucial to the fields of astrophysics and planet science, as well as inertial confinement fusion. WDM refers to the states of matter in a regime of temperature and density between cold condensed matter and hot ideal plasmas, where the density is from near-solid up to ten times solid density, and the temperature between 0.1 and 100 eV. In the WDM regime, matter exhibits moderately or strongly coupled, partially degenerate properties. Therefore, the methods used to deal with condensed matter and isolated atoms need to be properly validated for WDM. It is therefore a big challenge to understand WDM within a unified theoretical description with reliable accuracy. Here, we review the progress in the theoretical study of WDM with state-of-the-art simulations, i.e. quantum Langevin molecular dynamics and first principles path integral molecular dynamics. The related applications for WDM are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Kang
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
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39
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Formation of Cellular Structure on Metastable Solidification of Undercooled Eutectic CoSi-62 at. %. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between emissivity, delay time, and surface growth for metastable solidification of CoSi-62 at. % eutectic alloys is reported from undercooling experiments conducted using electrostatic levitation. A fraction of the undercooled melt is first solidified to CoSi2 with subsequent nucleation in the mushy-zone of CoSi after an observed delay time. During this double recalescence event, the temperature of the secondary recalescence exceeds the liquidus, indicating that the spectral emissivity has changed. This emissivity change increases with longer delay times during solidification and is linked to the growth of cellular structure on the sample surface. Density measurements showed that the cellular structure begins to grow rapidly at a certain time during metastable solidification. This phenomenon is likely associated with the constitutional undercooling of the remaining melt.
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40
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Studies of the Core Conditions of the Earth and Super-Earths Using Intense Ion Beams at FAIR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aa813e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Nomura R, Azuma S, Uesugi K, Nakashima Y, Irifune T, Shinmei T, Kakizawa S, Kojima Y, Kadobayashi H. High-pressure rotational deformation apparatus to 135 GPa. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:044501. [PMID: 28456273 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A large-strain, torsional deformation apparatus has been developed based on diamond anvil cells at high pressures, up to 135 GPa with a help of hard nano-polycrystalline diamond anvils. These pressure conditions correspond to the base of the Earth's mantle. An X-ray laminography technique is introduced for high-pressure in situ 3D observations of the strain markers. The technique developed in this study introduces the possibility of the in situ rheological measurements of the deep Earth materials under ultrahigh-pressure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nomura
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shintaro Azuma
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakashima
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Irifune
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Toru Shinmei
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Sho Kakizawa
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Yohei Kojima
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kadobayashi
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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42
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Thermodynamics and Equations of State of Iron to 350 GPa and 6000 K. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41863. [PMID: 28262683 PMCID: PMC5338021 DOI: 10.1038/srep41863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The equations of state for solid (with bcc, fcc, and hcp structures) and liquid phases of Fe were defined via simultaneous optimization of the heat capacity, bulk moduli, thermal expansion, and volume at room and higher temperatures. The calculated triple points at the phase diagram have the following parameters: bcc–fcc–hcp is located at 7.3 GPa and 820 K, bcc–fcc–liquid at 5.2 GPa and 1998 K, and fcc–hcp–liquid at 106.5 GPa and 3787 K. At conditions near the fcc–hcp–liquid triple point, the Clapeyron slope of the fcc–liquid curve is dT/dP = 12.8 K/GPa while the slope of the hcp–liquid curve is higher (dT/dP = 13.7 K/GPa). Therefore, the hcp–liquid curve overlaps the metastable fcc–liquid curve at pressures of about 160 GPa. At high-pressure conditions, the metastable bcc–hcp curve is located inside the fcc-Fe or liquid stability field. The density, adiabatic bulk modulus and P-wave velocity of liquid Fe calculated up to 328.9 GPa at adiabatic temperature conditions started from 5882 K (outer/inner core boundary) were compared to the PREM seismological model. We determined the density deficit of hcp-Fe at the inner core boundary (T = 5882 K and P = 328.9 GPa) to be 4.4%.
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Fukuhara M. Possible generation of heat from nuclear fusion in Earth's inner core. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37740. [PMID: 27876860 PMCID: PMC5120317 DOI: 10.1038/srep37740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause and source of the heat released from Earth's interior have not yet been determined. Some research groups have proposed that the heat is supplied by radioactive decay or by a nuclear georeactor. Here we postulate that the generation of heat is the result of three-body nuclear fusion of deuterons confined in hexagonal FeDx core-centre crystals; the reaction rate is enhanced by the combined attraction effects of high-pressure (~364 GPa) and high-temperature (~5700 K) and by the physical catalysis of neutral pions: 2D + 2D + 2D → 21H + 4He + 2 + 20.85 MeV. The possible heat generation rate can be calculated as 8.12 × 1012 J/m3, based on the assumption that Earth's primitive heat supply has already been exhausted. The H and He atoms produced and the anti-neutrino are incorporated as Fe-H based alloys in the H-rich portion of inner core, are released from Earth's interior to the universe, and pass through Earth, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Fukuhara
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Centre, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
- Waseda University Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Green Device Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
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Konôpková Z, McWilliams RS, Gómez-Pérez N, Goncharov AF. Direct measurement of thermal conductivity in solid iron at planetary core conditions. Nature 2016; 534:99-101. [PMID: 27251283 DOI: 10.1038/nature18009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The conduction of heat through minerals and melts at extreme pressures and temperatures is of central importance to the evolution and dynamics of planets. In the cooling Earth's core, the thermal conductivity of iron alloys defines the adiabatic heat flux and therefore the thermal and compositional energy available to support the production of Earth's magnetic field via dynamo action. Attempts to describe thermal transport in Earth's core have been problematic, with predictions of high thermal conductivity at odds with traditional geophysical models and direct evidence for a primordial magnetic field in the rock record. Measurements of core heat transport are needed to resolve this difference. Here we present direct measurements of the thermal conductivity of solid iron at pressure and temperature conditions relevant to the cores of Mercury-sized to Earth-sized planets, using a dynamically laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. Our measurements place the thermal conductivity of Earth's core near the low end of previous estimates, at 18-44 watts per metre per kelvin. The result is in agreement with palaeomagnetic measurements indicating that Earth's geodynamo has persisted since the beginning of Earth's history, and allows for a solid inner core as old as the dynamo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Stewart McWilliams
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Natalia Gómez-Pérez
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.,Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanghu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.,Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington DC 20015, USA
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Dynamic X-ray diffraction observation of shocked solid iron up to 170 GPa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7745-9. [PMID: 27357672 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512127113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the iron phase diagram under high pressure and temperature is crucial for the determination of the composition of the cores of rocky planets and for better understanding the generation of planetary magnetic fields. Here we present X-ray diffraction results from laser-driven shock-compressed single-crystal and polycrystalline iron, indicating the presence of solid hexagonal close-packed iron up to pressure of at least 170 GPa along the principal Hugoniot, corresponding to a temperature of 4,150 K. This is confirmed by the agreement between the pressure obtained from the measurement of the iron volume in the sample and the inferred shock strength from velocimetry deductions. Results presented in this study are of the first importance regarding pure Fe phase diagram probed under dynamic compression and can be applied to study conditions that are relevant to Earth and super-Earth cores.
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Probing local and electronic structure in Warm Dense Matter: single pulse synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy on shocked Fe. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26402. [PMID: 27246145 PMCID: PMC4887872 DOI: 10.1038/srep26402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding Warm Dense Matter (WDM), the state of planetary interiors, is a new frontier in scientific research. There exists very little experimental data probing WDM states at the atomic level to test current models and those performed up to now are limited in quality. Here, we report a proof-of-principle experiment that makes microscopic investigations of materials under dynamic compression easily accessible to users and with data quality close to that achievable at ambient. Using a single 100 ps synchrotron x-ray pulse, we have measured, by K-edge absorption spectroscopy, ns-lived equilibrium states of WDM Fe. Structural and electronic changes in Fe are clearly observed for the first time at such extreme conditions. The amplitude of the EXAFS oscillations persists up to 500 GPa and 17000 K, suggesting an enduring local order. Moreover, a discrepancy exists with respect to theoretical calculations in the value of the energy shift of the absorption onset and so this comparison should help to refine the approximations used in models.
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Nomura R, Uesugi K. Note: High-pressure in situ x-ray laminography using diamond anvil cell. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:046105. [PMID: 27131721 DOI: 10.1063/1.4948315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-pressure in situ X-ray laminography technique was developed using a newly designed, laterally open diamond anvil cell. A low X-ray beam of 8 keV energy was used, aiming at future application to dual energy X-ray chemical imaging techniques. The effects of the inclination angle and the imaging angle range were evaluated at ambient pressure using the apparatus. Sectional images of ruby ball samples were successfully reconstructed at high pressures, up to approximately 50 GPa. The high-pressure in situ X-ray laminography technique is expected to provide new insights into the deep Earth sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Nomura
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8), 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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Kusada K, Kitagawa H. A Route for Phase Control in Metal Nanoparticles: A Potential Strategy to Create Advanced Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1129-1142. [PMID: 26539900 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is untapped potential for materials whose crystal structures are unobtainable in the bulk state. Several examples of such structures have been found in nanomaterials, and these materials exhibit unique properties that arise from their unique electronic states and surface structures. Here, recent developments in the syntheses of these nanomaterials and their unique properties, such as hydrogen-storage ability and catalytic activity, are summarized. Firstly, the syntheses and properties of novel solid-solution alloy nanoparticles in immiscible alloy systems such as Ag-Rh and Pd-Ru are introduced. Following this, the crystal structure control of nanoscale Ru is discussed. These unique alloy materials show enhanced properties and highlight the potential of phase control to be a new strategy for nanomaterial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kusada
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- JST CREST, 7 Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- JST CREST, 7 Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
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Sakamaki T, Ohtani E, Fukui H, Kamada S, Takahashi S, Sakairi T, Takahata A, Sakai T, Tsutsui S, Ishikawa D, Shiraishi R, Seto Y, Tsuchiya T, Baron AQR. Constraints on Earth's inner core composition inferred from measurements of the sound velocity of hcp-iron in extreme conditions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1500802. [PMID: 26933678 PMCID: PMC4771440 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal close-packed iron (hcp-Fe) is a main component of Earth's inner core. The difference in density between hcp-Fe and the inner core in the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) shows a density deficit, which implies an existence of light elements in the core. Sound velocities then provide an important constraint on the amount and kind of light elements in the core. Although seismological observations provide density-sound velocity data of Earth's core, there are few measurements in controlled laboratory conditions for comparison. We report the compressional sound velocity (V P) of hcp-Fe up to 163 GPa and 3000 K using inelastic x-ray scattering from a laser-heated sample in a diamond anvil cell. We propose a new high-temperature Birch's law for hcp-Fe, which gives us the V P of pure hcp-Fe up to core conditions. We find that Earth's inner core has a 4 to 5% smaller density and a 4 to 10% smaller V P than hcp-Fe. Our results demonstrate that components other than Fe in Earth's core are required to explain Earth's core density and velocity deficits compared to hcp-Fe. Assuming that the temperature effects on iron alloys are the same as those on hcp-Fe, we narrow down light elements in the inner core in terms of the velocity deficit. Hydrogen is a good candidate; thus, Earth's core may be a hidden hydrogen reservoir. Silicon and sulfur are also possible candidates and could show good agreement with PREM if we consider the presence of some melt in the inner core, anelasticity, and/or a premelting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakamaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Eiji Ohtani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Hiroshi Fukui
- Center for Novel Material Science under Multi-Extreme Conditions, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
- Materials Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Seiji Kamada
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Suguru Takahashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takanori Sakairi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akihiro Takahata
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakai
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsutsui
- Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishikawa
- Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Rei Shiraishi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Tsuchiya
- Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Alfred Q. R. Baron
- Materials Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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Kupenko I, Strohm C, McCammon C, Cerantola V, Glazyrin K, Petitgirard S, Vasiukov D, Aprilis G, Chumakov AI, Rüffer R, Dubrovinsky L. Time differentiated nuclear resonance spectroscopy coupled with pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:114501. [PMID: 26628151 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Developments in pulsed laser heating applied to nuclear resonance techniques are presented together with their applications to studies of geophysically relevant materials. Continuous laser heating in diamond anvil cells is a widely used method to generate extreme temperatures at static high pressure conditions in order to study the structure and properties of materials found in deep planetary interiors. The pulsed laser heating technique has advantages over continuous heating, including prevention of the spreading of heated sample and/or the pressure medium and, thus, a better stability of the heating process. Time differentiated data acquisition coupled with pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells was successfully tested at the Nuclear Resonance beamline (ID18) of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We show examples applying the method to investigation of an assemblage containing ε-Fe, FeO, and Fe3C using synchrotron Mössbauer source spectroscopy, FeCO3 using nuclear inelastic scattering, and Fe2O3 using nuclear forward scattering. These examples demonstrate the applicability of pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells to spectroscopic techniques with long data acquisition times, because it enables stable pulsed heating with data collection at specific time intervals that are synchronized with laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kupenko
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - C Strohm
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - C McCammon
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - V Cerantola
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - K Glazyrin
- Photon Science, DESY, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Petitgirard
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - D Vasiukov
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - G Aprilis
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - A I Chumakov
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - R Rüffer
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - L Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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