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Rabiller G, Ip Z, Zarrabian S, Zhang H, Sato Y, Yazdan-Shahmorad A, Liu J. Type-2 Diabetes Alters Hippocampal Neural Oscillations and Disrupts Synchrony between the Hippocampus and Cortex. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2255-2270. [PMID: 38029397 PMCID: PMC11346393 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of neurological diseases, yet how brain oscillations change as age and T2DM interact is not well characterized. To delineate the age and diabetic effect on neurophysiology, we recorded local field potentials with multichannel electrodes spanning the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus (HPC) under urethane anesthesia in diabetic and normoglycemic control mice, at 200 and 400 days of age. We analyzed the signal power of brain oscillations, brain state, sharp wave associate ripples (SPW-Rs), and functional connectivity between the cortex and HPC. We found that while both age and T2DM were correlated with a breakdown in long-range functional connectivity and reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone, T2DM further slowed brain oscillations and reduced theta-gamma coupling. Age and T2DM also prolonged the duration of SPW-Rs and increased gamma power during SPW-R phase. Our results have identified potential electrophysiological substrates of hippocampal changes associated with T2DM and age. The perturbed brain oscillation features and diminished neurogenesis may underlie T2DM-accelerated cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratianne Rabiller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco VA medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Ip
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco VA medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco VA medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yoshimichi Sato
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco VA medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco VA medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Farooq U, Dragoi G. Experience of Euclidean geometry sculpts the development and dynamics of rodent hippocampal sequential cell assemblies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8417. [PMID: 39341810 PMCID: PMC11438871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Euclidean space is the fabric of the world we live in. Whether and how geometric experience shapes our spatial-temporal representations of the world remained unknown. We deprived male rats of experience with crucial features of Euclidean geometry by rearing them inside spheres, and compared activity of large hippocampal neuronal ensembles during navigation and sleep with that of cuboid cage-reared controls. Sphere-rearing from birth permitted emergence of accurate neuronal ensemble spatial codes and preconfigured and plastic time-compressed neuronal sequences. However, sphere-rearing led to diminished individual place cell tuning, more similar neuronal mapping of different track ends/corners, and impaired pattern separation and plasticity of multiple linear tracks, coupled with reduced preconfigured sleep network repertoires. Subsequent experience with multiple linear environments over four days largely reversed these effects. Thus, early-life experience with Euclidean geometry enriches the hippocampal repertoire of preconfigured neuronal patterns selected toward unique representation and discrimination of multiple linear environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Farooq
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George Dragoi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Son JY, Vives ML, Bhandari A, FeldmanHall O. Replay shapes abstract cognitive maps for efficient social navigation. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01990-w. [PMID: 39300309 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01990-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
To make adaptive social decisions, people must anticipate how information flows through their social network. While this requires knowledge of how people are connected, networks are too large to have first-hand experience with every possible route between individuals. How, then, are people able to accurately track information flow through social networks? Here we find that people immediately cache abstract knowledge about social network structure as they learn who is friends with whom, which enables the identification of efficient routes between remotely connected individuals. These cognitive maps of social networks, which are built while learning, are then reshaped through overnight rest. During these extended periods of rest, a replay-like mechanism helps to make these maps increasingly abstract, which privileges improvements in social navigation accuracy for the longest communication paths that span distinct communities within the network. Together, these findings provide mechanistic insight into the sophisticated mental representations humans use for social navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Son
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marc-Lluís Vives
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Apoorva Bhandari
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Oriel FeldmanHall
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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4
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Ding M, Tomsick PL, Young RA, Jadhav SP. Ventral tegmental area dopamine neural activity switches simultaneously with rule representations in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.09.611811. [PMID: 39314328 PMCID: PMC11419070 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.09.611811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Multiple brain regions need to coordinate activity to support cognitive flexibility and behavioral adaptation. Neural activity in both the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known to represent spatial context and is sensitive to reward and rule alterations. Midbrain dopamine (DA) activity is key in reward seeking behavior and learning. There is abundant evidence that midbrain DA modulates HPC and PFC activity. However, it remains underexplored how these networks engage dynamically and coordinate temporally when animals must adjust their behavior according to changing reward contingencies. In particular, is there any relationship between DA reward prediction change during rule switching, and rule representation changes in PFC and CA1? We addressed these questions using simultaneous recording of neuronal population activity from the hippocampal area CA1, PFC and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in male TH-Cre rats performing two spatial working memory tasks with frequent rule switches in blocks of trials. CA1 and PFC ensembles showed rule-specific activity both during maze running and at reward locations, with PFC rule coding more consistent across animals compared to CA1. Optogenetically tagged VTA DA neuron firing activity responded to and predicted reward outcome. We found that the correct prediction in DA emerged gradually over trials after rule-switching in coordination with transitions in PFC and CA1 ensemble representations of the current rule after a rule switch, followed by behavioral adaptation to the correct rule sequence. Therefore, our study demonstrates a crucial temporal coordination between the rule representation in PFC/CA1, the dopamine reward signal and behavioral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Ding
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Porter L. Tomsick
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ryan A. Young
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Shantanu P. Jadhav
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
- Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
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5
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Tarder-Stoll H, Baldassano C, Aly M. The brain hierarchically represents the past and future during multistep anticipation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.24.550399. [PMID: 37546761 PMCID: PMC10402095 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Memory for temporal structure enables both planning of future events and retrospection of past events. We investigated how the brain flexibly represents extended temporal sequences into the past and future during anticipation. Participants learned sequences of environments in immersive virtual reality. Pairs of sequences had the same environments in a different order, enabling context-specific learning. During fMRI, participants anticipated upcoming environments multiple steps into the future in a given sequence. Temporal structure was represented in the hippocampus and across higher-order visual regions (1) bidirectionally, with graded representations into the past and future and (2) hierarchically, with further events into the past and future represented in successively more anterior brain regions. In hippocampus, these bidirectional representations were context-specific, and suppression of far-away environments predicted response time costs in anticipation. Together, this work sheds light on how we flexibly represent sequential structure to enable planning over multiple timescales.
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6
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Liao Z, Terada S, Raikov IG, Hadjiabadi D, Szoboszlay M, Soltesz I, Losonczy A. Inhibitory plasticity supports replay generalization in the hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01745-w. [PMID: 39227715 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Memory consolidation assimilates recent experiences into long-term memory. This process requires the replay of learned sequences, although the content of these sequences remains controversial. Recent work has shown that the statistics of replay deviate from those of experience: stimuli that are experientially salient may be either recruited or suppressed from sharp-wave ripples. In this study, we found that this phenomenon can be explained parsimoniously and biologically plausibly by a Hebbian spike-time-dependent plasticity rule at inhibitory synapses. Using models at three levels of abstraction-leaky integrate-and-fire, biophysically detailed and abstract binary-we show that this rule enables efficient generalization, and we make specific predictions about the consequences of intact and perturbed inhibitory dynamics for network dynamics and cognition. Finally, we use optogenetics to artificially implant non-generalizable representations into the network in awake behaving mice, and we find that these representations also accumulate inhibition during sharp-wave ripples, experimentally validating a major prediction of our model. Our work outlines a potential direct link between the synaptic and cognitive levels of memory consolidation, with implications for both normal learning and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Satoshi Terada
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Georgiev Raikov
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Darian Hadjiabadi
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miklos Szoboszlay
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Awh MP, Latimer KW, Zhou N, Leveroni ZM, Poon AG, Stephens ZM, Yu JY. Persistent Impact of Prior Experience on Spatial Learning. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0266-24.2024. [PMID: 39284675 PMCID: PMC11419697 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0266-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning to solve a new problem involves identifying the operating rules, which can be accelerated if known rules generalize in the new context. We ask how prior experience affects learning a new rule that is distinct from known rules. We examined how rats learned a new spatial navigation task after having previously learned tasks with different navigation rules. The new task differed from the previous tasks in spatial layout and navigation rule. We found that experience history did not impact overall performance. However, by examining navigation choice sequences in the new task, we found experience-dependent differences in exploration patterns during early stages of learning, as well as differences in the types of errors made during stable performance. The differences were consistent with the animals adopting experience-dependent memory strategies to discover and implement the new rule. Our results indicate prior experience shapes the strategies for solving novel problems, and the impact of prior experience remains persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Awh
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Data Science Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Kenneth W Latimer
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Grossman Center for Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Zachary M Leveroni
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Anna G Poon
- Data Science Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Zoe M Stephens
- University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Jai Y Yu
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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8
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Schieferstein N, Del Toro A, Evangelista R, Imbrosci B, Swaminathan A, Schmitz D, Maier N, Kempter R. Propagation of sharp wave-ripple activity in the mouse hippocampal CA3 subfield in vitro. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39216085 DOI: 10.1113/jp285671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Sharp wave-ripple complexes (SPW-Rs) are spontaneous oscillatory events that characterize hippocampal activity during resting periods and slow-wave sleep. SPW-Rs are related to memory consolidation - the process during which newly acquired memories are transformed into long-lasting memory traces. To test the involvement of SPW-Rs in this process, it is crucial to understand how SPW-Rs originate and propagate throughout the hippocampus. SPW-Rs can originate in CA3, and they typically spread from CA3 to CA1, but little is known about their formation within CA3. To investigate the generation and propagation of SPW-Rs in CA3, we recorded from mouse hippocampal slices using multi-electrode arrays and patch-clamp electrodes. We characterized extracellular and intracellular correlates of SPW-Rs and quantified their propagation along the pyramidal cell layer of CA3. We found that a hippocampal slice can be described by a speed and a direction of propagation of SPW-Rs. The preferred propagation direction was from CA3c (the subfield closer to the dentate gyrus) toward CA3a (the subfield at the boundary to CA2). In patch-clamp recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons, propagation was estimated separately for excitatory and inhibitory currents associated with SPW-Rs. We found that propagation speed and direction of excitatory and inhibitory currents were correlated. The magnitude of the speed of propagation of SPW-Rs within CA3 was consistent with the speed of propagation of action potentials in axons of CA3 principal cells. KEY POINTS: Hippocampal sharp waves are considered important for memory consolidation; therefore, it is of interest to understand the mechanisms of their generation and propagation. Here, we used two different approaches to study the propagation of sharp waves in mouse CA3 in vitro: multi-electrode arrays and multiple single-cell recordings. We find a preferred direction of propagation of sharp waves from CA3c toward CA3a - both in the local field potential and in sharp wave-associated excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity. The speed of sharp wave propagation is consistent with the speed of action potential propagation along the axons of CA3 pyramidal neurons. These new insights into the dynamics of sharp waves in the CA3 network will inform future experiments and theoretical models of sharp-wave generation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schieferstein
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Del Toro
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberta Evangelista
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Imbrosci
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aarti Swaminathan
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences (ECN) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Maier
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Kempter
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences (ECN) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Swift KM, Gary NC, Urbanczyk PJ. On the basis of sex and sleep: the influence of the estrous cycle and sex on sleep-wake behavior. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1426189. [PMID: 39268035 PMCID: PMC11390649 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1426189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The recurrent hormonal fluctuations within reproductive cycles impact sleep-wake behavior in women and in rats and mice used in preclinical models of sleep research. Strides have been made in sleep-related clinical trials to include equal numbers of women; however, the inclusion of female rodents in neuroscience and sleep research is lacking. Female animals are commonly omitted from studies over concerns of the effect of estrus cycle hormones on measured outcomes. This review highlights the estrous cycle's broad effects on sleep-wake behavior: from changes in sleep macroarchitecture to regionally specific alterations in neural oscillations. These changes are largely driven by cycle-dependent ovarian hormonal fluctuations occurring during proestrus and estrus that modulate neural circuits regulating sleep-wake behavior. Removal of estrous cycle influence by ovariectomy ablates characteristic sleep changes. Further, sex differences in sleep are present between gonadally intact females and males. Removal of reproductive hormones via gonadectomy in both sexes mitigates some, but not all sex differences. We examine the extent to which reproductive hormones and sex chromosomes contribute to sex differences in sleep-wake behavior. Finally, this review addresses the limitations in our understanding of the estrous cycle's impact on sleep-wake behavior, gaps in female sleep research that are well studied in males, and the implications that ignoring the estrous cycle has on studies of sleep-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Swift
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas C Gary
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Phillip J Urbanczyk
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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10
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Acosta G, Rico KT, Madden JT, LaCour A, Wang E, Sanchez LM, Davies S, Maestas-Olguin C, Cox KB, Reyna NC, Hogeveen J, Savage DD, Pentkowski NS, Clark BJ. The effects of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on performance in hippocampal-sensitive spatial memory and anxiety tasks by adult male and female rat offspring. Alcohol 2024; 121:75-86. [PMID: 39122134 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (mPAE) results in structural alterations to the hippocampus. Previous studies have reported impairments in hippocampal-sensitive tasks, but have not compared performance between male and female animals. In the present study, performance in hippocampal-sensitive spatial memory and anxiety behavior tests were compared across adult male and female saccharin (SACC) control mPAE Long-Evans rat offspring. Two tests of spatial memory were conducted that were aimed at assessing memory for recently acquired spatial information: A delayed spatial alternation task using an M-shaped maze and a delayed match-to-place task in the Morris water task. In both tasks, rats in SACC and mPAE groups showed similar learning and retention of a spatial location even after a 2-h interval between encoding and retention. A separate group of adult male and female SACC and mPAE rat offspring were tested for anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus-maze paradigm. In this test, both male and female mPAE rats exhibited a significantly greater amount of time and a greater number of head dips in the open arms, while locomotion and open arm entries did not differ between groups. The results suggest that mPAE produces a reduction in anxiety-like behaviors in both male and female rats in the elevated plus-maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Acosta
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kehiry Trejo Rico
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - John T Madden
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ariyana LaCour
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Enhui Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lilliana M Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Suzy Davies
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Kayla B Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nicole C Reyna
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel D Savage
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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11
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Huang YC, Chen HC, Lin YT, Lin ST, Zheng Q, Abdelfattah AS, Lavis LD, Schreiter ER, Lin BJ, Chen TW. Dynamic assemblies of parvalbumin interneurons in brain oscillations. Neuron 2024; 112:2600-2613.e5. [PMID: 38955183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Brain oscillations are crucial for perception, memory, and behavior. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons are critical for these oscillations, but their population dynamics remain unclear. Using voltage imaging, we simultaneously recorded membrane potentials in up to 26 PV interneurons in vivo during hippocampal ripple oscillations in mice. We found that PV cells generate ripple-frequency rhythms by forming highly dynamic cell assemblies. These assemblies exhibit rapid and significant changes from cycle to cycle, varying greatly in both size and membership. Importantly, this variability is not just random spiking failures of individual neurons. Rather, the activities of other PV cells contain significant information about whether a PV cell spikes or not in a given cycle. This coordination persists without network oscillations, and it exists in subthreshold potentials even when the cells are not spiking. Dynamic assemblies of interneurons may provide a new mechanism to modulate postsynaptic dynamics and impact cognitive functions flexibly and rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ting Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Qinsi Zheng
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Ahmed S Abdelfattah
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Eric R Schreiter
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Bei-Jung Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Wen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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12
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Fernández-Arroyo B, Jurado S, Lerma J. Understanding OLM interneurons: Characterization, circuitry, and significance in memory and navigation. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00366-X. [PMID: 39097181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying memory formation and retention relies on unraveling how the hippocampus, a structure fundamental for memory acquisition, is organized. Within the complex hippocampal network, interneurons play a crucial role in orchestrating memory processes. Among these interneurons, Oriens-Lacunosum Moleculare (OLM) cells emerge as key regulators, governing the flow of information to CA1 pyramidal cells. In this review, we explore OLM interneurons in detail, describing their mechanisms and effects on memory processing, particularly in spatial and contextual memory tasks. Our aim is to provide a detailed understanding of how OLM interneurons contribute to the dynamic landscape of memory formation and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Jurado
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan Lerma
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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13
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Raju RV, Guntupalli JS, Zhou G, Wendelken C, Lázaro-Gredilla M, George D. Space is a latent sequence: A theory of the hippocampus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm8470. [PMID: 39083616 PMCID: PMC11290523 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm8470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Fascinating phenomena such as landmark vector cells and splitter cells are frequently discovered in the hippocampus. Without a unifying principle, each experiment seemingly uncovers new anomalies or coding types. Here, we provide a unifying principle that the mental representation of space is an emergent property of latent higher-order sequence learning. Treating space as a sequence resolves numerous phenomena and suggests that the place field mapping methodology that interprets sequential neuronal responses in Euclidean terms might itself be a source of anomalies. Our model, clone-structured causal graph (CSCG), employs higher-order graph scaffolding to learn latent representations by mapping aliased egocentric sensory inputs to unique contexts. Learning to compress sequential and episodic experiences using CSCGs yields allocentric cognitive maps that are suitable for planning, introspection, consolidation, and abstraction. By explicating the role of Euclidean place field mapping and demonstrating how latent sequential representations unify myriad observed phenomena, our work positions the hippocampus in a sequence-centric paradigm, challenging the prevailing space-centric view.
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14
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Liao Z, Losonczy A. Learning, Fast and Slow: Single- and Many-Shot Learning in the Hippocampus. Annu Rev Neurosci 2024; 47:187-209. [PMID: 38663090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-102423-100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus is critical for memory and spatial navigation. The ability to map novel environments, as well as more abstract conceptual relationships, is fundamental to the cognitive flexibility that humans and other animals require to survive in a dynamic world. In this review, we survey recent advances in our understanding of how this flexibility is implemented anatomically and functionally by hippocampal circuitry, during both active exploration (online) and rest (offline). We discuss the advantages and limitations of spike timing-dependent plasticity and the more recently discovered behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity in supporting distinct learning modes in the hippocampus. Finally, we suggest complementary roles for these plasticity types in explaining many-shot and single-shot learning in the hippocampus and discuss how these rules could work together to support the learning of cognitive maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Liao
- Department of Neuroscience and Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience and Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
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15
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Athanasiadis M, Masserini S, Yuan L, Fetterhoff D, Leutgeb JK, Leutgeb S, Leibold C. Low rate hippocampal delay period activity encodes behavioral experience. Hippocampus 2024; 34:422-437. [PMID: 38838068 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Remembering what just happened is a crucial prerequisite to form long-term memories but also for establishing and maintaining working memory. So far there is no general agreement about cortical mechanisms that support short-term memory. Using a classifier-based decoding approach, we report that hippocampal activity during few sparsely distributed brief time intervals contains information about the previous sensory motor experience of rodents. These intervals are characterized by only a small increase of firing rate of only a few neurons. These low-rate predictive patterns are present in both working memory and non-working memory tasks, in two rodent species, rats and Mongolian gerbils, are strongly reduced for rats with medial entorhinal cortex lesions, and depend on the familiarity of the sensory-motor context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Athanasiadis
- Fakultät für Biologie, Bernstein Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Masserini
- Computational Neurophysics Lab, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Li Yuan
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dustin Fetterhoff
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jill K Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christian Leibold
- Fakultät für Biologie, Bernstein Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Young RA, Shin JD, Guo Z, Jadhav SP. Hippocampal-prefrontal communication subspaces align with behavioral and network patterns in a spatial memory task. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.601617. [PMID: 39026752 PMCID: PMC11257456 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.601617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Rhythmic network states have been theorized to facilitate communication between brain regions, but how these oscillations influence communication subspaces, i.e, the low-dimensional neural activity patterns that mediate inter-regional communication, and in turn how subspaces impact behavior remains unclear. Using a spatial memory task in rats, we simultaneously recorded ensembles from hippocampal CA1 and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to address this question. We found that task behaviors best aligned with low-dimensional, shared subspaces between these regions, rather than local activity in either region. Critically, both network oscillations and speed modulated the structure and performance of this communication subspace. Contrary to expectations, theta coherence did not better predict CA1-PFC shared activity, while theta power played a more significant role. To understand the communication space, we visualized shared CA1-PFC communication geometry using manifold techniques and found ring-like structures. We hypothesize that these shared activity manifolds are utilized to mediate the task behavior. These findings suggest that memory-guided behaviors are driven by shared CA1-PFC interactions that are dynamically modulated by oscillatory states, offering a novel perspective on the interplay between rhythms and behaviorally relevant neural communication.
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17
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Jones EAA, Low IIC, Cho FS, Giocomo LM. Entorhinal cortex represents task-relevant remote locations independent of CA1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.23.604815. [PMID: 39091781 PMCID: PMC11291150 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.23.604815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurons can collectively represent the current sensory experience while an animal is exploring its environment or remote experiences while the animal is immobile. These remote representations can reflect learned associations1-3 and be required for learning4. Neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) reflect the animal's current location during movement5, but little is known about what MEC neurons collectively represent during immobility. Here, we recorded thousands of neurons in superficial MEC and dorsal CA1 as mice learned to associate two pairs of rewarded locations. We found that during immobility, the MEC neural population frequently represented positions far from the animal's location, which we defined as 'non-local coding'. Cells with spatial firing fields at remote locations drove non-local coding, even as cells representing the current position remained active. While MEC non-local coding has been reported during sharp-wave ripples in downstream CA16, we observed non-local coding more often outside of ripples. In fact, CA1 activity was less coordinated with MEC during non-local coding. We further observed that non-local coding was pertinent to the task, as MEC preferentially represented remote task-relevant locations at appropriate times, while rarely representing task-irrelevant locations. Together, this work raises the possibility that MEC non-local coding could strengthen associations between locations independently from CA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Aery Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Isabel I. C. Low
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Frances S. Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisa M. Giocomo
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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18
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Sheridan CL, Panoz-Brown D, Shiffrin RM, Crystal JD. Validation of a rodent model of episodic memory replay. Learn Behav 2024:10.3758/s13420-024-00632-5. [PMID: 39020162 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Vivid episodic memories in humans have been described as the replay of the flow of past events in sequential order. Recently, Panoz-Brown et al. Current Biology, 28, 1628-1634, (2018) developed an olfactory memory task in which rats were presented with a list of trial-unique odors in an encoding context; next, in a distinctive memory assessment context, the rats were rewarded for choosing the second to last item from the list while avoiding other items from the list. In a different memory assessment context, the fourth to last item was rewarded. According to the episodic memory replay hypothesis, the rat remembers the list items and searches these items to find the item at the targeted locations in the list. However, events presented sequentially differ in memory trace strength, allowing a rat to use the relative familiarity of the memory traces, instead of episodic memory replay, to solve the task. Here, we directly manipulated memory trace strength by manipulating the odor intensity of target odors in both the list presentation and memory assessment. The rats relied on episodic memory replay to solve the memory assessment in conditions in which reliance on memory trace strength is ruled out. We conclude that rats are able to replay episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Sheridan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Danielle Panoz-Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Richard M Shiffrin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10TH St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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19
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Gillespie AK, Astudillo Maya D, Denovellis EL, Desse S, Frank LM. Neurofeedback training can modulate task-relevant memory replay rate in rats. eLife 2024; 12:RP90944. [PMID: 38958562 PMCID: PMC11221834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal replay - the time-compressed, sequential reactivation of ensembles of neurons related to past experience - is a key neural mechanism of memory consolidation. Replay typically coincides with a characteristic pattern of local field potential activity, the sharp-wave ripple (SWR). Reduced SWR rates are associated with cognitive impairment in multiple models of neurodegenerative disease, suggesting that a clinically viable intervention to promote SWRs and replay would prove beneficial. We therefore developed a neurofeedback paradigm for rat subjects in which SWR detection triggered rapid positive feedback in the context of a memory-dependent task. This training protocol increased the prevalence of task-relevant replay during the targeted neurofeedback period by changing the temporal dynamics of SWR occurrence. This increase was also associated with neural and behavioral forms of compensation after the targeted period. These findings reveal short-timescale regulation of SWR generation and demonstrate that neurofeedback is an effective strategy for modulating hippocampal replay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Gillespie
- Departments of Biological Structure and Lab Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry and the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Daniela Astudillo Maya
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry and the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Eric L Denovellis
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry and the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Sachi Desse
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry and the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Loren M Frank
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry and the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
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20
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Cushing SD, Moseley SC, Stimmell AC, Schatschneider C, Wilber AA. Rescuing impaired hippocampal-cortical interactions and spatial reorientation learning and memory during sleep in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease using hippocampal 40 Hz stimulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599921. [PMID: 38979221 PMCID: PMC11230253 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), spatial learning and memory is impaired. We reported similar impairments in 3xTg-AD mice on a virtual maze (VM) spatial-reorientation-task that requires using landmarks to navigate. Hippocampal (HPC)-cortical dysfunction during sleep (important for memory consolidation) is a potential mechanism for memory impairments in AD. We previously found deficits in HPC-cortical coordination during sleep coinciding with VM impairments the next day. Some forms of 40 Hz stimulation seem to clear AD pathology in mice, and improve functional connectivity in AD patients. Thus, we implanted a recording array targeting parietal cortex (PC) and HPC to assess HPC-PC coordination, and an optical fiber targeting HPC for 40 Hz or sham optogenetic stimulation in 3xTg/PV cre mice. We assessed PC delta waves (DW) and HPC sharp wave ripples (SWRs). In sham mice, SWR-DW cross-correlations were reduced, similar to 3xTg-AD mice. In 40 Hz mice, this phase-locking was rescued, as was performance on the VM. However, rescued HPC-PC coupling no longer predicted performance as in NonTg animals. Instead, DWs and SWRs independently predicted performance in 40 Hz mice. Thus, 40 Hz stimulation of HPC rescued functional interactions in the HPC-PC network, and rescued impairments in spatial navigation, but did not rescue the correlation between HPC-PC coordination during sleep and learning and memory. Together this pattern of results could inform AD treatment timing by suggesting that despite applying 40 Hz stimulation before significant tau and amyloid aggregation, pathophysiological processes led to brain changes that were not fully reversed even though cognition was recovered. Significance Statement One of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is getting lost in space or experiencing deficits in spatial navigation, which involve navigation computations as well as learning and memory. We investigated cross brain region interactions supporting memory formation as a potential causative factor of impaired spatial learning and memory in AD. To assess this relationship between AD pathophysiology, brain changes, and behavioral alterations, we used a targeted approach for clearing amyloid beta and tau to rescue functional interactions in the brain. This research strongly connects brain activity patterns during sleep to tau and amyloid accumulation, and will aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction in AD. Furthermore, the results offer insight for improving early identification and treatment strategies.
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21
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Rangel Guerrero DK, Balueva K, Barayeu U, Baracskay P, Gridchyn I, Nardin M, Roth CN, Wulff P, Csicsvari J. Hippocampal cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons regulate temporal coding and contextual learning. Neuron 2024; 112:2045-2061.e10. [PMID: 38636524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons (CCKIs) are hypothesized to shape pyramidal cell-firing patterns and regulate network oscillations and related network state transitions. To directly probe their role in the CA1 region, we silenced their activity using optogenetic and chemogenetic tools in mice. Opto-tagged CCKIs revealed a heterogeneous population, and their optogenetic silencing triggered wide disinhibitory network changes affecting both pyramidal cells and other interneurons. CCKI silencing enhanced pyramidal cell burst firing and altered the temporal coding of place cells: theta phase precession was disrupted, whereas sequence reactivation was enhanced. Chemogenetic CCKI silencing did not alter the acquisition of spatial reference memories on the Morris water maze but enhanced the recall of contextual fear memories and enabled selective recall when similar environments were tested. This work suggests the key involvement of CCKIs in the control of place-cell temporal coding and the formation of contextual memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dámaris K Rangel Guerrero
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Kira Balueva
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Uladzislau Barayeu
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Baracskay
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Igor Gridchyn
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michele Nardin
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Nina Roth
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peer Wulff
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jozsef Csicsvari
- Information and Systems Sciences, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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22
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Kleinman MR, Foster DJ. Spatial localization of hippocampal replay requires dopamine signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597435. [PMID: 38895442 PMCID: PMC11185723 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Sequenced reactivations of hippocampal neurons called replays, concomitant with sharp-wave ripples in the local field potential, are critical for the consolidation of episodic memory, but whether replays depend on the brain's reward or novelty signals is unknown. Here we combined chemogenetic silencing of dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area (VTA) and simultaneous electrophysiological recordings in dorsal hippocampal CA1, in freely behaving rats experiencing changes to reward magnitude and environmental novelty. Surprisingly, VTA silencing did not prevent ripple increases where reward was increased, but caused dramatic, aberrant ripple increases where reward was unchanged. These increases were associated with increased reverse-ordered replays. On familiar tracks this effect disappeared, and ripples tracked reward prediction error, indicating that non-VTA reward signals were sufficient to direct replay. Our results reveal a novel dependence of hippocampal replay on dopamine, and a role for a VTA-independent reward prediction error signal that is reliable only in familiar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kleinman
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David J Foster
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lead contact
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23
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Kozlov M. Sleep deprivation disrupts memory: here's why. Nature 2024; 630:542. [PMID: 38867014 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
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24
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Zhong Z, Yan F, Xie C. Waking Up Brain with Electrical Stimulation to Boost Memory in Sleep: A Neuroscience Exploration. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:852-854. [PMID: 38573557 PMCID: PMC11178686 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhong
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fuling Yan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chunming Xie
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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25
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Hoffman LJ, Foley JM, Tanrıverdi B, Chein J, Olson IR. Awake targeted memory reactivation doesn't work. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01576-x. [PMID: 38744776 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Memories are pliable and can be biased by post-encoding information. In targeted memory reactivation (TMR) studies, participants encode information then sleep, during which time sounds or scents that were previously associated with the encoded images are re-presented in an effort to trigger reactivation of the associated memory traces. Upon subsequent testing, memory for reactivated items is often enhanced. Is sleep essential for this process? The literature on awake TMR is small and findings are mixed. Here, we asked English-speaking adults to learn Japanese vocabulary words. During a subsequent active rest phase, participants played Tetris while sound cues associated with the vocabulary words were presented. Results showed that when memories were reactivated, they were either disrupted (Experiment 1) or unaffected (Experiments 2, 3). These findings indicate that awake TMR is not beneficial, and may actually impair subsequent memory. These findings have important implications for research on memory consolidation and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Julia M Foley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Büşra Tanrıverdi
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Jason Chein
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Ingrid R Olson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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26
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Chen HT, van der Meer MAA. Paradoxical replay can protect contextual task representations from destructive interference when experience is unbalanced. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593332. [PMID: 38766204 PMCID: PMC11100794 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Experience replay is a powerful mechanism to learn efficiently from limited experience. Despite several decades of compelling experimental results, the factors that determine which experiences are selected for replay remain unclear. A particular challenge for current theories is that on tasks that feature unbalanced experience, rats paradoxically replay the less-experienced trajectory. To understand why, we simulated a feedforward neural network with two regimes: rich learning (structured representations tailored to task demands) and lazy learning (unstructured, task-agnostic representations). Rich, but not lazy, representations degraded following unbalanced experience, an effect that could be reversed with paradoxical replay. To test if this computational principle can account for the experimental data, we examined the relationship between paradoxical replay and learned task representations in the rat hippocampus. Strikingly, we found a strong association between the richness of learned task representations and the paradoxicality of replay. Taken together, these results suggest that paradoxical replay specifically serves to protect rich representations from the destructive effects of unbalanced experience, and more generally demonstrate a novel interaction between the nature of task representations and the function of replay in artificial and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tu Chen
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
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27
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Qiu Y, Li H, Liao J, Chen K, Wu X, Liu B, Huang R. Forming cognitive maps for abstract spaces: the roles of the human hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex. Commun Biol 2024; 7:517. [PMID: 38693344 PMCID: PMC11063219 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
How does the human brain construct cognitive maps for decision-making and inference? Here, we conduct an fMRI study on a navigation task in multidimensional abstract spaces. Using a deep neural network model, we assess learning levels and categorized paths into exploration and exploitation stages. Univariate analyses show higher activation in the bilateral hippocampus and lateral prefrontal cortex during exploration, positively associated with learning level and response accuracy. Conversely, the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and retrosplenial cortex show higher activation during exploitation, negatively associated with learning level and response accuracy. Representational similarity analysis show that the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and OFC more accurately represent destinations in exploitation than exploration stages. These findings highlight the collaboration between the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex in learning abstract space structures. The hippocampus may be involved in spatial memory formation and representation, while the OFC integrates sensory information for decision-making in multidimensional abstract spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Qiu
- School of Psychology; Center for the Study of Applied Psychology; Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Huakang Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiajun Liao
- School of Psychology; Center for the Study of Applied Psychology; Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Kemeng Chen
- School of Psychology; Center for the Study of Applied Psychology; Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Psychology; Center for the Study of Applied Psychology; Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Bingyi Liu
- School of Psychology; Center for the Study of Applied Psychology; Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- School of Psychology; Center for the Study of Applied Psychology; Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Seenivasan P, Basak R, Narayanan R. Cross-strata co-occurrence of ripples with theta-frequency oscillations in the hippocampus of foraging rats. J Physiol 2024; 602:2315-2341. [PMID: 38654581 PMCID: PMC7615956 DOI: 10.1113/jp284629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain rhythms have been postulated to play central roles in animal cognition. A prominently reported dichotomy of hippocampal rhythms links theta-frequency oscillations (4-12 Hz) and ripples (120-250 Hz) exclusively to preparatory and consummatory behaviours, respectively. However, because of the differential power expression of these two signals across hippocampal strata, such exclusivity requires validation through analyses of simultaneous multi-strata recordings. We assessed co-occurrence of theta-frequency oscillations with ripples in multi-channel recordings of extracellular potentials across hippocampal strata from foraging rats. We detected all ripple events from an identified stratum pyramidale (SP) channel. We then defined theta epochs based on theta oscillations detected from the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (SLM) or the stratum radiatum (SR). We found ∼20% of ripple events (in SP) to co-occur with theta epochs identified from SR/SLM channels, defined here as theta ripples. Strikingly, when theta epochs were instead identified from the SP channel, such co-occurrences were significantly reduced because of a progressive reduction in theta power along the SLM-SR-SP axis. Behaviourally, we found most theta ripples to occur during immobile periods, with comparable theta power during exploratory and immobile theta epochs. Furthermore, the progressive reduction in theta power along the SLM-SR-SP axis was common to exploratory and immobile periods. Finally, we found a strong theta-phase preference of theta ripples within the fourth quadrant [3π/2 - 2π] of the associated theta oscillation. The prevalence of theta ripples expands the potential roles of ripple-frequency oscillations to span the continuum of encoding, retrieval and consolidation, achieved through interactions with theta oscillations. KEY POINTS: The brain manifests oscillations in recorded electrical potentials, with different frequencies of oscillation associated with distinct behavioural states. A prominently reported dichotomy assigns theta-frequency oscillations (4-12 Hz) and ripples (120-250 Hz) recorded in the hippocampus to be exclusively associated with preparatory and consummatory behaviours, respectively. Our multi-strata recordings from the rodent hippocampus coupled with cross-strata analyses provide direct quantitative evidence for the occurrence of ripple events nested within theta oscillations. These results highlight the need for an analysis pipeline that explicitly accounts for the specific strata where individual oscillatory power is high, in analysing simultaneously recorded data from multiple strata. Our observations open avenues for investigations involving cross-strata interactions between theta oscillations and ripples across different behavioural states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithraa Seenivasan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Reshma Basak
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Blanco I, Caccavano A, Wu JY, Vicini S, Glasgow E, Conant K. Coupling of Sharp Wave Events between Zebrafish Hippocampal and Amygdala Homologs. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1467232024. [PMID: 38508712 PMCID: PMC11044098 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1467-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hippocampus exhibits spontaneous sharp wave events (1-30 Hz) with an often-present superimposed fast ripple oscillation (120-220 Hz) to form a sharp wave ripple (SWR) complex. During slow-wave sleep or quiet restfulness, SWRs result from the sequential spiking of hippocampal cell assemblies initially activated during learned or imagined experiences. Additional cortical/subcortical areas exhibit SWR events that are coupled to hippocampal SWRs, and studies in mammals suggest that coupling may be critical for the consolidation and recall of specific memories. In the present study, we have examined juvenile male and female zebrafish and show that SWR events are intrinsically generated and maintained within the telencephalon and that their hippocampal homolog, the anterodorsolateral lobe (ADL), exhibits SW events with ∼9% containing an embedded ripple (SWR). Single-cell calcium imaging coupled to local field potential recordings revealed that ∼10% of active cells in the dorsal telencephalon participate in any given SW event. Furthermore, fluctuations in cholinergic tone modulate SW events consistent with mammalian studies. Moreover, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) homolog exhibits SW events with ∼5% containing an embedded ripple. Computing the SW peak coincidence difference between the ADL and BLA showed bidirectional communication. Simultaneous coupling occurred more frequently within the same hemisphere, and in coupled events across hemispheres, the ADL more commonly preceded BLA. Together, these data suggest conserved mechanisms across species by which SW and SWR events are modulated, and memories may be transferred and consolidated through regional coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismary Blanco
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Adam Caccavano
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Jian-Young Wu
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
- Departments of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Eric Glasgow
- Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Katherine Conant
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
- Departments of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
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Negrón-Oyarzo I, Dib T, Chacana-Véliz L, López-Quilodrán N, Urrutia-Piñones J. Large-scale coupling of prefrontal activity patterns as a mechanism for cognitive control in health and disease: evidence from rodent models. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1286111. [PMID: 38638163 PMCID: PMC11024307 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1286111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control of behavior is crucial for well-being, as allows subject to adapt to changing environments in a goal-directed way. Changes in cognitive control of behavior is observed during cognitive decline in elderly and in pathological mental conditions. Therefore, the recovery of cognitive control may provide a reliable preventive and therapeutic strategy. However, its neural basis is not completely understood. Cognitive control is supported by the prefrontal cortex, structure that integrates relevant information for the appropriate organization of behavior. At neurophysiological level, it is suggested that cognitive control is supported by local and large-scale synchronization of oscillatory activity patterns and neural spiking activity between the prefrontal cortex and distributed neural networks. In this review, we focus mainly on rodent models approaching the neuronal origin of these prefrontal patterns, and the cognitive and behavioral relevance of its coordination with distributed brain systems. We also examine the relationship between cognitive control and neural activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex, and its role in normal cognitive decline and pathological mental conditions. Finally, based on these body of evidence, we propose a common mechanism that may underlie the impaired cognitive control of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Negrón-Oyarzo
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tatiana Dib
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Chacana-Véliz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nélida López-Quilodrán
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Urrutia-Piñones
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Mou X, Ji D. Observational activation of anterior cingulate cortical neurons coordinates hippocampal replay in social learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.587484. [PMID: 38617364 PMCID: PMC11014478 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.587484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Social learning enables a subject to make decisions by observing the actions of another. How neural circuits acquire relevant information during observation to guide subsequent behavior is unknown. Utilizing an observational spatial working memory task, we show that neurons in the rat anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) associated with spatial trajectories during self-running in a maze are activated when observing another rat running the same maze. The observation-induced ACC activities are reduced in error trials and are correlated with activities of hippocampal place cells representing the same trajectories. The ACC activities during observation also predict subsequent hippocampal place cell activities during sharp-wave ripples and spatial contents of hippocampal replay prior to self-running. The results support that ACC neurons involved in decisions during self-running are reactivated during observation and coordinate hippocampal replay to guide subsequent spatial navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Mou
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine; One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daoyun Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine; One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine; One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Lead Contact
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32
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Pezzulo G, D'Amato L, Mannella F, Priorelli M, Van de Maele T, Stoianov IP, Friston K. Neural representation in active inference: Using generative models to interact with-and understand-the lived world. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1534:45-68. [PMID: 38528782 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This paper considers neural representation through the lens of active inference, a normative framework for understanding brain function. It delves into how living organisms employ generative models to minimize the discrepancy between predictions and observations (as scored with variational free energy). The ensuing analysis suggests that the brain learns generative models to navigate the world adaptively, not (or not solely) to understand it. Different living organisms may possess an array of generative models, spanning from those that support action-perception cycles to those that underwrite planning and imagination; namely, from explicit models that entail variables for predicting concurrent sensations, like objects, faces, or people-to action-oriented models that predict action outcomes. It then elucidates how generative models and belief dynamics might link to neural representation and the implications of different types of generative models for understanding an agent's cognitive capabilities in relation to its ecological niche. The paper concludes with open questions regarding the evolution of generative models and the development of advanced cognitive abilities-and the gradual transition from pragmatic to detached neural representations. The analysis on offer foregrounds the diverse roles that generative models play in cognitive processes and the evolution of neural representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Leo D'Amato
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannella
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Priorelli
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Toon Van de Maele
- IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - imec, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivilin Peev Stoianov
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- VERSES Research Lab, Los Angeles, California, USA
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33
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Yang W, Sun C, Huszár R, Hainmueller T, Kiselev K, Buzsáki G. Selection of experience for memory by hippocampal sharp wave ripples. Science 2024; 383:1478-1483. [PMID: 38547293 PMCID: PMC11068097 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk8261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Experiences need to be tagged during learning for further consolidation. However, neurophysiological mechanisms that select experiences for lasting memory are not known. By combining large-scale neural recordings in mice with dimensionality reduction techniques, we observed that successive maze traversals were tracked by continuously drifting populations of neurons, providing neuronal signatures of both places visited and events encountered. When the brain state changed during reward consumption, sharp wave ripples (SPW-Rs) occurred on some trials, and their specific spike content decoded the trial blocks that surrounded them. During postexperience sleep, SPW-Rs continued to replay those trial blocks that were reactivated most frequently during waking SPW-Rs. Replay content of awake SPW-Rs may thus provide a neurophysiological tagging mechanism to select aspects of experience that are preserved and consolidated for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannan Yang
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Chen Sun
- Mila - Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roman Huszár
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Hainmueller
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Kirill Kiselev
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
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34
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Deceuninck L, Kloosterman F. Disruption of awake sharp-wave ripples does not affect memorization of locations in repeated-acquisition spatial memory tasks. eLife 2024; 13:e84004. [PMID: 38530125 PMCID: PMC11018343 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Storing and accessing memories is required to successfully perform day-to-day tasks, for example for engaging in a meaningful conversation. Previous studies in both rodents and primates have correlated hippocampal cellular activity with behavioral expression of memory. A key role has been attributed to awake hippocampal replay - a sequential reactivation of neurons representing a trajectory through space. However, it is unclear if awake replay impacts immediate future behavior, gradually creates and stabilizes long-term memories over a long period of time (hours and longer), or enables the temporary memorization of relevant events at an intermediate time scale (seconds to minutes). In this study, we aimed to address the uncertainty around the timeframe of impact of awake replay by collecting causal evidence from behaving rats. We detected and disrupted sharp wave ripples (SWRs) - signatures of putative replay events - using electrical stimulation of the ventral hippocampal commissure in rats that were trained on three different spatial memory tasks. In each task, rats were required to memorize a new set of locations in each trial or each daily session. Interestingly, the rats performed equally well with or without SWR disruptions. These data suggest that awake SWRs - and potentially replay - does not affect the immediate behavior nor the temporary memorization of relevant events at a short timescale that are required to successfully perform the spatial tasks. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the impact of awake replay on memory and behavior is long-term and cumulative over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Deceuninck
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft Matter and BiophysicsHeverleeBelgium
- NERF-NeuroElectronics Research Flanders, Kloosterman LabHeverleeBelgium
| | - Fabian Kloosterman
- NERF-NeuroElectronics Research Flanders, Kloosterman LabHeverleeBelgium
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology & Educational SciencesLeuvenBelgium
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35
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Adaikkan C, Joseph J, Foustoukos G, Wang J, Polygalov D, Boehringer R, Middleton SJ, Huang AJY, Tsai LH, McHugh TJ. Silencing CA1 pyramidal cells output reveals the role of feedback inhibition in hippocampal oscillations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2190. [PMID: 38467602 PMCID: PMC10928166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The precise temporal coordination of neural activity is crucial for brain function. In the hippocampus, this precision is reflected in the oscillatory rhythms observed in CA1. While it is known that a balance between excitatory and inhibitory activity is necessary to generate and maintain these oscillations, the differential contribution of feedforward and feedback inhibition remains ambiguous. Here we use conditional genetics to chronically silence CA1 pyramidal cell transmission, ablating the ability of these neurons to recruit feedback inhibition in the local circuit, while recording physiological activity in mice. We find that this intervention leads to local pathophysiological events, with ripple amplitude and intrinsic frequency becoming significantly larger and spatially triggered local population spikes locked to the trough of the theta oscillation appearing during movement. These phenotypes demonstrate that feedback inhibition is crucial in maintaining local sparsity of activation and reveal the key role of lateral inhibition in CA1 in shaping circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Joseph
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Georgios Foustoukos
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Denis Polygalov
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Roman Boehringer
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Steven J Middleton
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Arthur J Y Huang
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan.
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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36
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Lai AT, Espinosa G, Wink GE, Angeloni CF, Dombeck DA, MacIver MA. A robot-rodent interaction arena with adjustable spatial complexity for ethologically relevant behavioral studies. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113671. [PMID: 38280195 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Outside of the laboratory, animals behave in spaces where they can transition between open areas and coverage as they interact with others. Replicating these conditions in the laboratory can be difficult to control and record. This has led to a dominance of relatively simple, static behavioral paradigms that reduce the ethological relevance of behaviors and may alter the engagement of cognitive processes such as planning and decision-making. Therefore, we developed a method for controllable, repeatable interactions with others in a reconfigurable space. Mice navigate a large honeycomb lattice of adjustable obstacles as they interact with an autonomous robot coupled to their actions. We illustrate the system using the robot as a pseudo-predator, delivering airpuffs to the mice. The combination of obstacles and a mobile threat elicits a diverse set of behaviors, such as increased path diversity, peeking, and baiting, providing a method to explore ethologically relevant behaviors in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technological Institute E311, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - German Espinosa
- Department of Computer Science, Northwestern University, Seeley Mudd 3219, 2233 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Gabrielle E Wink
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technological Institute B224, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christopher F Angeloni
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Hogan 2-160, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daniel A Dombeck
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Hogan 2-160, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Malcolm A MacIver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technological Institute E311, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Computer Science, Northwestern University, Seeley Mudd 3219, 2233 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technological Institute B224, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Hogan 2-160, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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37
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Kim J, Huang H, Gilbert ET, Arndt KC, English DF, Jia X. T-DOpE probes reveal sensitivity of hippocampal oscillations to cannabinoids in behaving mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1686. [PMID: 38402238 PMCID: PMC10894268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural basis of behavior requires monitoring and manipulating combinations of physiological elements and their interactions in behaving animals. We developed a thermal tapering process enabling fabrication of low-cost, flexible probes combining ultrafine features: dense electrodes, optical waveguides, and microfluidic channels. Furthermore, we developed a semi-automated backend connection allowing scalable assembly. We demonstrate T-DOpE (Tapered Drug delivery, Optical stimulation, and Electrophysiology) probes achieve in single neuron-scale devices (1) high-fidelity electrophysiological recording (2) focal drug delivery and (3) optical stimulation. The device tip can be miniaturized (as small as 50 µm) to minimize tissue damage while the ~20 times larger backend allows for industrial-scale connectorization. T-DOpE probes implanted in mouse hippocampus revealed canonical neuronal activity at the level of local field potentials (LFP) and neural spiking. Taking advantage of the triple-functionality of these probes, we monitored LFP while manipulating cannabinoid receptors (CB1R; microfluidic agonist delivery) and CA1 neuronal activity (optogenetics). Focal infusion of CB1R agonist downregulated theta and sharp wave-ripple oscillations (SPW-Rs). Furthermore, we found that CB1R activation reduces sharp wave-ripples by impairing the innate SPW-R-generating ability of the CA1 circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoon Kim
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Hengji Huang
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Earl T Gilbert
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kaiser C Arndt
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoting Jia
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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38
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Lin L, Li C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Gao L, Jin L, Shu Y, Shen Y. Effects of an Akt-activating peptide obtained from walnut protein degradation on the prevention of memory impairment in mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:2115-2130. [PMID: 38305469 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Akt acts as a central protein influencing multiple pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases including AD and PD, and using Akt activators is a promising management strategy. The current study characterized the effects of an Akt-activating peptide (Glu-Pro-Glu-Val-Leu-Pro, EPEVLR) obtained from walnut protein degradation on D-gal-induced memory impairment in mice. EPEVLR was obtained by hydrolysis of walnut proteins, identification of peptide sequences, and screening for molecular docking sequentially. The MWM test in mice indicated that the oral administration of EPEVLR (80, 200 and 400 mg per kg per day) significantly (p < 0.05) reversed D-gal-induced memory impairment. WB tests of the mouse hippocampus confirmed that EPEVLR could activate Akt by promoting its phosphorylation. In addition, further characterization (including TEM, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry) related to Akt phosphorylation showed lower Aβ and p-tau levels, as well as more autophagosomes than those in the model group. Moreover, the EPEVLR treatment significantly increased Lactobacillus abundance and reduced Helicobacter abundance in the gut microbiome and caused up-regulation of SCFAs and down-regulation of LPS of serum metabolites. Therefore, EPEVLR ingestion reversed cognitive impairment symptoms, possibly related to the activation of Akt and regulation of the intestinal flora pathway. Consumption of an EPEVLR-containing diet is beneficial for treating cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
| | - Lihua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
| | - Yu Shu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yehua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, China.
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Ishihara Y, Fujimoto K, Murai H, Ishikawa J, Mitsushima D. Classification of Hippocampal Ripples: Convolutional Neural Network Learns Episode-Specific Changes. Brain Sci 2024; 14:177. [PMID: 38391751 PMCID: PMC10886971 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is known to play an important role in memory by processing spatiotemporal information of episodic experiences. By recording synchronized multiple-unit firing events (ripple firings with 300 Hz-10 kHz) of hippocampal CA1 neurons in freely moving rats, we previously found an episode-dependent diversity in the waveform of ripple firings. In the present study, we hypothesized that changes in the diversity would depend on the type of episode experienced. If this hypothesis holds, we can identify the ripple waveforms associated with each episode. Thus, we first attempted to classify the ripple firings measured from rats into five categories: those experiencing any of the four episodes and those before experiencing any of the four episodes. In this paper, we construct a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the current stocks of ripple firings into these five categories and demonstrate that the CNN can successfully classify the ripple firings. We subsequently indicate partial ripple waveforms that the CNN focuses on for classification by applying gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) to the CNN. The method of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) maps ripple waveforms into a two-dimensional feature space. Analyzing the distribution of partial waveforms extracted by Grad-CAM in a t-SNE feature space suggests that the partial waveforms may be representative of each category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ishihara
- Graduate School of Science for Creative Emergence, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
| | - Ken'ichi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murai
- Faculty of Global and Science Studies, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8541, Japan
| | - Junko Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Dai Mitsushima
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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40
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Lara-Vasquez A, Espinosa N, Morales C, Moran C, Billeke P, Gallagher J, Strohl JJ, Huerta PT, Fuentealba P. Dominance hierarchy regulates social behavior during spatial movement. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1237748. [PMID: 38384483 PMCID: PMC10879816 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1237748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rodents establish dominance hierarchy as a social ranking system in which one subject acts as dominant over all the other subordinate individuals. Dominance hierarchy regulates food access and mating opportunities, but little is known about its significance in other social behaviors, for instance during collective navigation for foraging or migration. Here, we implemented a simplified goal-directed spatial task in mice, in which animals navigated individually or collectively with their littermates foraging for food. We compared between conditions and found that the social condition exerts significant influence on individual displacement patterns, even when efficient navigation rules leading to reward had been previously learned. Thus, movement patterns and consequent task performance were strongly dependent on contingent social interactions arising during collective displacement, yet their influence on individual behavior was determined by dominance hierarchy. Dominant animals did not behave as leaders during collective displacement; conversely, they were most sensitive to the social environment adjusting their performance accordingly. Social ranking in turn was associated with specific spontaneous neural activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, with dominant mice showing higher firing rates, larger ripple oscillations, and stronger neuronal entrainment by ripples than subordinate animals. Moreover, dominant animals selectively increased their cortical spiking activity during collective movement, while subordinate mice did not modify their firing rates, consistent with dominant animals being more sensitive to the social context. These results suggest that dominance hierarchy influences behavioral performance during contingent social interactions, likely supported by the coordinated activity in the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Lara-Vasquez
- Centro Integrativo de Neurociencias y Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Espinosa
- Centro Integrativo de Neurociencias y Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Morales
- Centro Integrativo de Neurociencias y Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Moran
- Centro Integrativo de Neurociencias y Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Billeke
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulación, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joseph Gallagher
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Joshua J. Strohl
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Patricio T. Huerta
- Laboratory of Immune & Neural Networks, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Pablo Fuentealba
- Centro Integrativo de Neurociencias y Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados – CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Sheridan CL, Lang S, Knappenberger M, Albers C, Loper R, Tillett B, Sanchez J, Wilcox A, Harrison T, Panoz-Brown D, Crystal JD. Replay of incidentally encoded episodic memories in the rat. Curr Biol 2024; 34:641-647.e5. [PMID: 38218186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Although events are not always known to be important when they occur, people can remember details about such incidentally encoded information using episodic memory. Importantly, when information is explicitly encoded for use in an expected test of retention (as in most assessments in animals), it is possible that it is used to generate a planned action1,2,3; thus, the remembered action can occur without remembering the earlier episode. By contrast, when a test is unexpected, transforming information into an action plan is unlikely because the importance of the information and the nature of the test are not yet known. Thus, accurate performance in an unexpected test after incidental encoding documents episodic memory.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Here, we present evidence that rats replay episodic memories of incidentally encoded information in an unexpected assessment of memory. In one task,9 rats reported the third-last item in an explicitly encoded list of trial-unique odors. In a second task,10 rats foraged in a radial maze in the absence of odors. On a critical test, rats foraged in the radial maze, but scented lids covered the food. Next, memory of the third-last odor was assessed. All participating rats correctly answered the unexpected question. These results suggest that rats encoded multiple pieces of putatively unimportant information, and later they replayed a stream of episodic memories when that information was needed to solve an unexpected problem. We propose that rats replay episodic memories of incidentally encoded information, which documents a critical aspect of human episodic memory in a non-human animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Sheridan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Stephen Lang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Mya Knappenberger
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Cami Albers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Ryleigh Loper
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Baily Tillett
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Jonah Sanchez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Alyssa Wilcox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Tess Harrison
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Danielle Panoz-Brown
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10(TH) ST, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA.
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42
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Schieferstein N, Schwalger T, Lindner B, Kempter R. Intra-ripple frequency accommodation in an inhibitory network model for hippocampal ripple oscillations. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011886. [PMID: 38377147 PMCID: PMC10923461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal ripple oscillations have been implicated in important cognitive functions such as memory consolidation and planning. Multiple computational models have been proposed to explain the emergence of ripple oscillations, relying either on excitation or inhibition as the main pacemaker. Nevertheless, the generating mechanism of ripples remains unclear. An interesting dynamical feature of experimentally measured ripples, which may advance model selection, is intra-ripple frequency accommodation (IFA): a decay of the instantaneous ripple frequency over the course of a ripple event. So far, only a feedback-based inhibition-first model, which relies on delayed inhibitory synaptic coupling, has been shown to reproduce IFA. Here we use an analytical mean-field approach and numerical simulations of a leaky integrate-and-fire spiking network to explain the mechanism of IFA. We develop a drift-based approximation for the oscillation dynamics of the population rate and the mean membrane potential of interneurons under strong excitatory drive and strong inhibitory coupling. For IFA, the speed at which the excitatory drive changes is critical. We demonstrate that IFA arises due to a speed-dependent hysteresis effect in the dynamics of the mean membrane potential, when the interneurons receive transient, sharp wave-associated excitation. We thus predict that the IFA asymmetry vanishes in the limit of slowly changing drive, but is otherwise a robust feature of the feedback-based inhibition-first ripple model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schieferstein
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilo Schwalger
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Mathematics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Kempter
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Marriott BA, Do AD, Portet C, Thellier F, Goutagny R, Jackson J. Brain-state-dependent constraints on claustrocortical communication and function. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113620. [PMID: 38159273 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural activity in the claustrum has been associated with a range of vigilance states, yet the activity patterns and efficacy of synaptic communication of identified claustrum neurons have not been thoroughly determined. Here, we show that claustrum neurons projecting to the retrosplenial cortex are most active during synchronized cortical states such as non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and are suppressed during increased cortical desynchronization associated with arousal, movement, and REM sleep. The efficacy of claustrocortical signaling is increased during NREM and diminished during movement due in part to increased cholinergic tone. Finally, claustrum activation during NREM sleep enhances memory consolidation through the phase resetting of cortical delta waves. Therefore, claustrocortical communication is constrained to function most effectively during cognitive processes associated with synchronized cortical states, such as memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Marriott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Alison D Do
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Coline Portet
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, CNRS UMR7364, Strasbourg, France
| | - Flora Thellier
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, CNRS UMR7364, Strasbourg, France
| | - Romain Goutagny
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, CNRS UMR7364, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jesse Jackson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada.
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44
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Zhang H, Skelin I, Ma S, Paff M, Mnatsakanyan L, Yassa MA, Knight RT, Lin JJ. Awake ripples enhance emotional memory encoding in the human brain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:215. [PMID: 38172140 PMCID: PMC10764865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhanced memory for emotional experiences is hypothesized to depend on amygdala-hippocampal interactions during memory consolidation. Here we show using intracranial recordings from the human amygdala and the hippocampus during an emotional memory encoding and discrimination task increased awake ripples after encoding of emotional, compared to neutrally-valenced stimuli. Further, post-encoding ripple-locked stimulus similarity is predictive of later memory discrimination. Ripple-locked stimulus similarity appears earlier in the amygdala than in hippocampus and mutual information analysis confirms amygdala influence on hippocampal activity. Finally, the joint ripple-locked stimulus similarity in the amygdala and hippocampus is predictive of correct memory discrimination. These findings provide electrophysiological evidence that post-encoding ripples enhance memory for emotional events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92603, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92603, CA, USA.
| | - Ivan Skelin
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1M8, Canada
- Department Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Shiting Ma
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92603, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Paff
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92603, CA, USA
| | - Lilit Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92603, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92603, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Jack J Lin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, 95817, CA, USA.
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, 95618, CA, USA.
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45
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Dragoi G. The generative grammar of the brain: a critique of internally generated representations. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:60-75. [PMID: 38036709 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The past decade of progress in neurobiology has uncovered important organizational principles for network preconfiguration and neuronal selection that suggest a generative grammar exists in the brain. In this Perspective, I discuss the competence of the hippocampal neural network to generically express temporally compressed sequences of neuronal firing that represent novel experiences, which is envisioned as a form of generative neural syntax supporting a neurobiological perspective on brain function. I compare this neural competence with the hippocampal network performance that represents specific experiences with higher fidelity after new learning during replay, which is envisioned as a form of neural semantic that supports a complementary neuropsychological perspective. I also demonstrate how the syntax of network competence emerges a priori during early postnatal life and is followed by the later development of network performance that enables rapid encoding and memory consolidation. Thus, I propose that this generative grammar of the brain is essential for internally generated representations, which are crucial for the cognitive processes underlying learning and memory, prospection, and inference, which ultimately underlie our reason and representation of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Dragoi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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46
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Nguyen ND, Lutas A, Amsalem O, Fernando J, Ahn AYE, Hakim R, Vergara J, McMahon J, Dimidschstein J, Sabatini BL, Andermann ML. Cortical reactivations predict future sensory responses. Nature 2024; 625:110-118. [PMID: 38093002 PMCID: PMC11014741 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Many theories of offline memory consolidation posit that the pattern of neurons activated during a salient sensory experience will be faithfully reactivated, thereby stabilizing the pattern1,2. However, sensory-evoked patterns are not stable but, instead, drift across repeated experiences3-6. Here, to investigate the relationship between reactivations and the drift of sensory representations, we imaged the calcium activity of thousands of excitatory neurons in the mouse lateral visual cortex. During the minute after a visual stimulus, we observed transient, stimulus-specific reactivations, often coupled with hippocampal sharp-wave ripples. Stimulus-specific reactivations were abolished by local cortical silencing during the preceding stimulus. Reactivations early in a session systematically differed from the pattern evoked by the previous stimulus-they were more similar to future stimulus response patterns, thereby predicting both within-day and across-day representational drift. In particular, neurons that participated proportionally more or less in early stimulus reactivations than in stimulus response patterns gradually increased or decreased their future stimulus responses, respectively. Indeed, we could accurately predict future changes in stimulus responses and the separation of responses to distinct stimuli using only the rate and content of reactivations. Thus, reactivations may contribute to a gradual drift and separation in sensory cortical response patterns, thereby enhancing sensory discrimination7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia D Nguyen
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Lutas
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oren Amsalem
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesseba Fernando
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andy Young-Eon Ahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Hakim
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josselyn Vergara
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin McMahon
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordane Dimidschstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Leontiadis LJ, Trompoukis G, Tsotsokou G, Miliou A, Felemegkas P, Papatheodoropoulos C. Rescue of sharp wave-ripples and prevention of network hyperexcitability in the ventral but not the dorsal hippocampus of a rat model of fragile X syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1296235. [PMID: 38107412 PMCID: PMC10722241 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1296235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and is related to autism. FXS is caused by mutations of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 gene (Fmr1) and is associated with alterations in neuronal network excitability in several brain areas including hippocampus. The loss of fragile X protein affects brain oscillations, however, the effects of FXS on hippocampal sharp wave-ripples (SWRs), an endogenous hippocampal pattern contributing to memory consolidation have not been sufficiently clarified. In addition, it is still not known whether dorsal and ventral hippocampus are similarly affected by FXS. We used a Fmr1 knock-out (KO) rat model of FXS and electrophysiological recordings from the CA1 area of adult rat hippocampal slices to assess spontaneous and evoked neural activity. We find that SWRs and associated multiunit activity are affected in the dorsal but not the ventral KO hippocampus, while complex spike bursts remain normal in both segments of the KO hippocampus. Local network excitability increases in the dorsal KO hippocampus. Furthermore, specifically in the ventral hippocampus of KO rats we found an increased effectiveness of inhibition in suppressing excitation and an upregulation of α1GABAA receptor subtype. These changes in the ventral KO hippocampus are accompanied by a striking reduction in its susceptibility to induced epileptiform activity. We propose that the neuronal network specifically in the ventral segment of the hippocampus is reorganized in adult Fmr1-KO rats by means of balanced changes between excitability and inhibition to ensure normal generation of SWRs and preventing at the same time derailment of the neural activity toward hyperexcitability.
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Salgado-Puga K, Rothschild G. Exposure to sounds during sleep impairs hippocampal sharp wave ripples and memory consolidation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.22.568283. [PMID: 38045371 PMCID: PMC10690295 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is critical for the consolidation of recent experiences into long-term memories. As a key underlying neuronal mechanism, hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) occurring during sleep define periods of hippocampal reactivation of recent experiences and have been causally linked with memory consolidation. Hippocampal SWR-dependent memory consolidation during sleep is often referred to as occurring during an "offline" state, dedicated to processing internally generated neural activity patterns rather than external stimuli. However, the brain is not fully disconnected from the environment during sleep. In particular, sounds heard during sleep are processed by a highly active auditory system which projects to brain regions in the medial temporal lobe, reflecting an anatomical pathway for sound modulation of hippocampal activity. While neural processing of salient sounds during sleep, such as those of a predator or an offspring, is evolutionarily adaptive, whether ongoing processing of environmental sounds during sleep interferes with SWR-dependent memory consolidation remains unknown. To address this question, we used a closed-loop system to deliver non-waking sound stimuli during or following SWRs in sleeping rats. We found that exposure to sounds during sleep suppressed the ripple power and reduced the rate of SWRs. Furthermore, sounds delivered during SWRs (On-SWR) suppressed ripple power significantly more than sounds delivered 2 seconds after SWRs (Off-SWR). Next, we tested the influence of sound presentation during sleep on memory consolidation. To this end, SWR-triggered sounds were applied during sleep sessions following learning of a conditioned place preference paradigm, in which rats learned a place-reward association. We found that On-SWR sound pairing during post-learning sleep induced a complete abolishment of memory retention 24 h following learning, while leaving memory retention immediately following sleep intact. In contrast, Off-SWR pairing weakened memory 24 h following learning as well as immediately following learning. Notably, On-SWR pairing induced a significantly larger impairment in memory 24 h after learning as compared to Off-SWR pairing. Together, these findings suggest that sounds heard during sleep suppress SWRs and memory consolidation, and that the magnitude of these effects are dependent on sound-SWR timing. These results suggest that exposure to environmental sounds during sleep may pose a risk for memory consolidation processes.
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Plitt MH, Kaganovsky K, Südhof TC, Giocomo LM. Hippocampal place code plasticity in CA1 requires postsynaptic membrane fusion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567978. [PMID: 38045362 PMCID: PMC10690209 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid delivery of glutamate receptors to the postsynaptic membrane via vesicle fusion is a central component of synaptic plasticity. However, it is unknown how this process supports specific neural computations during behavior. To bridge this gap, we combined conditional genetic deletion of a component of the postsynaptic membrane fusion machinery, Syntaxin3 (Stx3), in hippocampal CA1 neurons of mice with population in vivo calcium imaging. This approach revealed that Stx3 is necessary for forming the neural dynamics that support novelty processing, spatial reward memory and offline memory consolidation. In contrast, CA1 Stx3 was dispensable for maintaining aspects of the neural code that exist presynaptic to CA1 such as representations of context and space. Thus, manipulating postsynaptic membrane fusion identified computations that specifically require synaptic restructuring via membrane trafficking in CA1 and distinguished them from neural representation that could be inherited from upstream brain regions or learned through other mechanisms.
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50
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Yang W, Sun C, Huszár R, Hainmueller T, Buzsáki G. Selection of experience for memory by hippocampal sharp wave ripples. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.565935. [PMID: 37987008 PMCID: PMC10659301 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.565935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A general wisdom is that experiences need to be tagged during learning for further consolidation. However, brain mechanisms that select experiences for lasting memory are not known. Combining large-scale neural recordings with a novel application of dimensionality reduction techniques, we observed that successive traversals in the maze were tracked by continuously drifting populations of neurons, providing neuronal signatures of both places visited and events encountered (trial number). When the brain state changed during reward consumption, sharp wave ripples (SPW-Rs) occurred on some trials and their unique spike content most often decoded the trial in which they occurred. In turn, during post-experience sleep, SPW-Rs continued to replay those trials that were reactivated most frequently during awake SPW-Rs. These findings suggest that replay content of awake SPW-Rs provides a tagging mechanism to select aspects of experience that are preserved and consolidated for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannan Yang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Sun
- Mila - Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Roman Huszár
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Hainmueller
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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