1
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Rafique A, Ali I, Kim S, Farooq A, Manzoor U, Moon J, Arooj M, Ahn M, Park Y, Hyun CL, Koh YS. Toll-like receptor 13-mediated signaling protects against the development of colon cancer. Int J Cancer 2024. [PMID: 38989970 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.35089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Appropriate host-microbiota interactions are essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis; hence, an imbalance in these interactions leads to inflammation-associated intestinal diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial ligands and play a key role in host-microbe interactions in health and disease. TLR13 has a well-established function in enhancing host defenses against pathogenic bacteria. However, its role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and controlling colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) is largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of TLR13-mediated signaling in intestinal homeostasis and colonic tumorigenesis using ex vivo cell and in vivo CAC animal model. Tlr13-deficient mice were prone to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. During the early stages of the CAC regimen (AOM/DSS-treated), Tlr13 deficiency led to severe ulcerative colitis. Moreover, Tlr13-deficient mice exhibited increased intestinal permeability, as evidenced by elevated levels of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, endotoxins, and bacterial translocation. Enhanced cell survival and proliferation of colonic intestinal cells were observed in Tlr13-deficient mice. A transcriptome analysis revealed that Tlr13 deficiency is associated with substantial changes in gene expression profile of colonic tumor tissue. Tlr13-deficient mice were more susceptible to CAC, with increased production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and TNF-α cytokines and enhanced STAT3, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling in colon tissues. These findings suggest that TLR13 plays a protective role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and controlling CAC. Our study provides a novel perspective on intestinal health via TLR13-mediated signaling, which is crucial for deciphering the role of host-microbiota interactions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafique
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Irshad Ali
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Seukchan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Adeel Farooq
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Umar Manzoor
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jeungho Moon
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Madeeha Arooj
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Youngjun Park
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
- Laboratory of Immune and Inflammatory Disease, Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Chang Lim Hyun
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Young-Sang Koh
- College of Medicine, and Jeju Research Center for Natural Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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2
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Li K, Chatterjee A, Qian C, Lagree K, Wang Y, Becker CA, Freeman MR, Murali R, Yang W, Underhill DM. Profiling phagosome proteins identifies PD-L1 as a fungal-binding receptor. Nature 2024; 630:736-743. [PMID: 38839956 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the process by which myeloid phagocytes bind to and internalize potentially dangerous microorganisms1. During phagocytosis, innate immune receptors and associated signalling proteins are localized to the maturing phagosome compartment, forming an immune information processing hub brimming with microorganism-sensing features2-8. Here we developed proximity labelling of phagosomal contents (PhagoPL) to identify proteins localizing to phagosomes containing model yeast and bacteria. By comparing the protein composition of phagosomes containing evolutionarily and biochemically distinct microorganisms, we unexpectedly identified programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a protein that specifically enriches in phagosomes containing yeast. We found that PD-L1 directly binds to yeast upon processing in phagosomes. By surface display library screening, we identified the ribosomal protein Rpl20b as a fungal protein ligand for PD-L1. Using an auxin-inducible depletion system, we found that detection of Rpl20b by macrophages cross-regulates production of distinct cytokines including interleukin-10 (IL-10) induced by the activation of other innate immune receptors. Thus, this study establishes PhagoPL as a useful approach to quantifying the collection of proteins enriched in phagosomes during host-microorganism interactions, exemplified by identifying PD-L1 as a receptor that binds to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Avradip Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Lagree
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Courtney A Becker
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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3
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von Hofsten S, Fenton KA, Pedersen HL. Human and Murine Toll-like Receptor-Driven Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5351. [PMID: 38791389 PMCID: PMC11120885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is linked to the differential roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. TLR7 overexpression or gene duplication, as seen with the Y-linked autoimmune accelerator (Yaa) locus or TLR7 agonist imiquimod, correlates with increased SLE severity, and specific TLR7 polymorphisms and gain-of-function variants are associated with enhanced SLE susceptibility and severity. In addition, the X-chromosome location of TLR7 and its escape from X-chromosome inactivation provide a genetic basis for female predominance in SLE. The absence of TLR8 and TLR9 have been shown to exacerbate the detrimental effects of TLR7, leading to upregulated TLR7 activity and increased disease severity in mouse models of SLE. The regulatory functions of TLR8 and TLR9 have been proposed to involve competition for the endosomal trafficking chaperone UNC93B1. However, recent evidence implies more direct, regulatory functions of TLR9 on TLR7 activity. The association between age-associated B cells (ABCs) and autoantibody production positions these cells as potential targets for treatment in SLE, but the lack of specific markers necessitates further research for precise therapeutic intervention. Therapeutically, targeting TLRs is a promising strategy for SLE treatment, with drugs like hydroxychloroquine already in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah von Hofsten
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Kristin Andreassen Fenton
- Centre of Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Hege Lynum Pedersen
- Centre of Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
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4
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Carpenter S, O'Neill LAJ. From periphery to center stage: 50 years of advancements in innate immunity. Cell 2024; 187:2030-2051. [PMID: 38670064 PMCID: PMC11060700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years in the field of immunology, something of a Copernican revolution has happened. For a long time, immunologists were mainly concerned with what is termed adaptive immunity, which involves the exquisitely specific activities of lymphocytes. But the other arm of immunity, so-called "innate immunity," had been neglected. To celebrate Cell's 50th anniversary, we have put together a review of the processes and components of innate immunity and trace the seminal contributions leading to the modern state of this field. Innate immunity has joined adaptive immunity in the center of interest for all those who study the body's defenses, as well as homeostasis and pathology. We are now entering the era where therapeutic targeting of innate immune receptors and downstream signals hold substantial promise for infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Carpenter
- University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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5
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Castellano M, Blanco V, Calzi ML, Costa B, Witwer K, Hill M, Cayota A, Segovia M, Tosar JP. Ribonuclease activity undermines immune sensing of naked extracellular RNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590771. [PMID: 38712104 PMCID: PMC11071435 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The plasma membrane and the membrane of endosomal vesicles are considered physical barriers preventing extracellular RNA uptake. While naked RNA can be spontaneously internalized by certain cells types, functional delivery of naked RNA into the cytosol has been rarely observed. Here we show that extracellular ribonucleases, mainly derived from cell culture supplements, have so far hindered the study of extracellular RNA functionality. In the presence of active ribonuclease inhibitors (RI), naked bacterial RNA is pro-inflammatory when spiked in the media of dendritic cells and macrophages. In murine cells, this response mainly depends on the action of endosomal Toll-like receptors. However, we also show that naked RNA can perform endosomal escape and engage with cytosolic RNA sensors and ribosomes. For example, naked mRNAs encoding reporter proteins can be spontaneously internalized and translated by a variety of cell types, in an RI-dependent manner. In vivo, RI co-injection enhances the activation induced by naked extracellular RNA on splenic lymphocytes and myeloid-derived leukocytes. Furthermore, naked extracellular RNA is inherently pro-inflammatory in ribonuclease-poor compartments such as the peritoneal cavity. Overall, these results demonstrate that naked RNA is bioactive and does not need encapsulation inside synthetic or biological lipid vesicles for functional uptake, making a case for nonvesicular extracellular RNA-mediated intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castellano
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Immunoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valentina Blanco
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marco Li Calzi
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Costa
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Analytical Biochemistry Unit, School of Science, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Kenneth Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- EV Core Facility “EXCEL”, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcelo Hill
- Immunoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Academic Unit of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Alfonso Cayota
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes Segovia
- Immunoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Academic Unit of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Juan Pablo Tosar
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Uruguay
- Analytical Biochemistry Unit, School of Science, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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6
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Kawai T, Ikegawa M, Ori D, Akira S. Decoding Toll-like receptors: Recent insights and perspectives in innate immunity. Immunity 2024; 57:649-673. [PMID: 38599164 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family in the innate immune system and are the first line of host defense against microbial pathogens by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs, categorized into cell surface and endosomal subfamilies, recognize diverse PAMPs, and structural elucidation of TLRs and PAMP complexes has revealed their intricate mechanisms. TLRs activate common and specific signaling pathways to shape immune responses. Recent studies have shown the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in TLR-mediated inflammatory responses. Despite their protective functions, aberrant responses of TLRs contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the delicate balance between TLR activation and regulatory mechanisms is crucial for deciphering their dual role in immune defense and disease pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent insights into the history of TLR discovery, elucidation of TLR ligands and signaling pathways, and their relevance to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan; Life Science Collaboration Center (LiSCo), Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Moe Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ori
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DSS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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7
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Wang T, Song D, Li X, Luo Y, Yang D, Liu X, Kong X, Xing Y, Bi S, Zhang Y, Hu T, Zhang Y, Dai S, Shao Z, Chen D, Hou J, Ballestar E, Cai J, Zheng F, Yang JY. MiR-574-5p activates human TLR8 to promote autoimmune signaling and lupus. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:220. [PMID: 38589923 PMCID: PMC11000404 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Endosomal single-stranded RNA-sensing Toll-like receptor-7/8 (TLR7/8) plays a pivotal role in inflammation and immune responses and autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the initiation of the TLR7/8-mediated autoimmune signaling remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that miR-574-5p is aberrantly upregulated in tissues of lupus prone mice and in the plasma of lupus patients, with its expression levels correlating with the disease activity. miR-574-5p binds to and activates human hTLR8 or its murine ortholog mTlr7 to elicit a series of MyD88-dependent immune and inflammatory responses. These responses include the overproduction of cytokines and interferons, the activation of STAT1 signaling and B lymphocytes, and the production of autoantigens. In a transgenic mouse model, the induction of miR-574-5p overexpression is associated with increased secretion of antinuclear and anti-dsDNA antibodies, increased IgG and C3 deposit in the kidney, elevated expression of inflammatory genes in the spleen. In lupus-prone mice, lentivirus-mediated silencing of miR-574-5p significantly ameliorates major symptoms associated with lupus and lupus nephritis. Collectively, these results suggest that the miR-574-5p-hTLR8/mTlr7 signaling is an important axis of immune and inflammatory responses, contributing significantly to the development of lupus and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
- The Key Laboratory of Urinary Tract Tumors and Calculi, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xuejuan Li
- Wuhu Hospital of East China Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
- Kidney Health Institute, Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116144, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Nursing, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dianqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116144, China
| | - Xiaodan Kong
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yida Xing
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shulin Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tao Hu
- College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shuang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dahan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jinpao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Wuhu Hospital of East China Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China
- Kidney Health Institute, Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916, Spain
| | - Jianchun Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Feng Zheng
- Wuhu Hospital of East China Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
- Kidney Health Institute, Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116144, China.
- The Advanced Institute for Molecular Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116144, China.
| | - James Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang'an, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- Wuhu Hospital of East China Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
- Kidney Health Institute, Health Science Center, East China Normal University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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8
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Zeng YC, Young OJ, Wintersinger CM, Anastassacos FM, MacDonald JI, Isinelli G, Dellacherie MO, Sobral M, Bai H, Graveline AR, Vernet A, Sanchez M, Mulligan K, Choi Y, Ferrante TC, Keskin DB, Fell GG, Neuberg D, Wu CJ, Mooney DJ, Kwon IC, Ryu JH, Shih WM. Fine tuning of CpG spatial distribution with DNA origami for improved cancer vaccination. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01615-3. [PMID: 38491184 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Multivalent presentation of ligands often enhances receptor activation and downstream signalling. DNA origami offers a precise nanoscale spacing of ligands, a potentially useful feature for therapeutic nanoparticles. Here we use a square-block DNA origami platform to explore the importance of the spacing of CpG oligonucleotides. CpG engages Toll-like receptors and therefore acts to activate dendritic cells. Through in vitro cell culture studies and in vivo tumour treatment models, we demonstrate that square blocks induce Th1 immune polarization when CpG is spaced at 3.5 nm. We observe that this DNA origami vaccine enhances DC activation, antigen cross-presentation, CD8 T-cell activation, Th1-polarized CD4 activation and natural-killer-cell activation. The vaccine also effectively synergizes with anti-PD-L1 for improved cancer immunotherapy in melanoma and lymphoma models and induces long-term T-cell memory. Our results suggest that DNA origami may serve as a platform for controlling adjuvant spacing and co-delivering antigens in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang C Zeng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia J Young
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Wintersinger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frances M Anastassacos
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James I MacDonald
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giorgia Isinelli
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maxence O Dellacherie
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Sobral
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haiqing Bai
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda R Graveline
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andyna Vernet
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melinda Sanchez
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Mulligan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youngjin Choi
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas C Ferrante
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derin B Keskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Fell
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - William M Shih
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Cui JZ, Chew ZH, Lim LHK. New insights into nucleic acid sensor AIM2: The potential benefit in targeted therapy for cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107079. [PMID: 38272334 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The AIM2 inflammasome represents a multifaceted oligomeric protein complex within the innate immune system, with the capacity to perceive double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and engage in diverse physiological reactions and disease contexts, including cancer. While originally conceived as a discerning DNA sensor, AIM2 has demonstrated its capability to discern various nucleic acid variations, encompassing RNA and DNA-RNA hybrids. Through its interaction with nucleic acids, AIM2 orchestrates the assembly of a complex involving multiple proteins, aptly named the AIM2 inflammasome, which facilitates the enzymatic cleavage of proinflammatory cytokines, namely pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18. This process, in turn, underpins its pivotal biological role. In this review, we provide a systematic summary and discussion of the latest advancements in AIM2 sensing various types of nucleic acids. Additionally, we discuss the modulation of AIM2 activation, which can cause cell death, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Finally, we fully illustrate the evidence for the dual role of AIM2 in different cancer types, including both anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic functions. Considering the above information, we uncover the therapeutic promise of modulating the AIM2 inflammasome in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhou Cui
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS-Cambridge Immunophenotyping Centre, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Zhi Huan Chew
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Translational Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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10
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Han FY, Wu RX, Miao BB, Niu SF, Wang QH, Liang ZB. Whole-Genome Sequencing Analyses Reveal the Whip-like Tail Formation, Innate Immune Evolution, and DNA Repair Mechanisms of Eupleurogrammus muticus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:434. [PMID: 38338077 PMCID: PMC10854985 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Smallhead hairtail (Eupleurogrammus muticus) is an important marine economic fish distributed along the northern Indian Ocean and the northwest Pacific coast; however, little is known about the mechanism of its genetic evolution. This study generated the first genome assembly of E. muticus at the chromosomal level using a combination of PacBio SMRT, Illumina Nova-Seq, and Hi-C technologies. The final assembled genome size was 709.27 Mb, with a contig N50 of 25.07 Mb, GC content of 40.81%, heterozygosity rate of 1.18%, and repetitive sequence rate of 35.43%. E. muticus genome contained 21,949 protein-coding genes (97.92% of the genes were functionally annotated) and 24 chromosomes. There were 143 expansion gene families, 708 contraction gene families, and 4888 positively selected genes in the genome. Based on the comparative genomic analyses, we screened several candidate genes and pathways related to whip-like tail formation, innate immunity, and DNA repair in E. muticus. These findings preliminarily reveal some molecular evolutionary mechanisms of E. muticus at the genomic level and provide important reference genomic data for the genetic studies of other trichiurids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yuan Han
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (F.-Y.H.); (S.-F.N.); (Z.-B.L.)
| | - Ren-Xie Wu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (F.-Y.H.); (S.-F.N.); (Z.-B.L.)
| | - Ben-Ben Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Su-Fang Niu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (F.-Y.H.); (S.-F.N.); (Z.-B.L.)
| | - Qing-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Zhen-Bang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (F.-Y.H.); (S.-F.N.); (Z.-B.L.)
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11
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Phelps GA, Cheramie MN, Fernando DM, Selchow P, Meyer CJ, Waidyarachchi SL, Dharuman S, Liu J, Meuli M, Molin MD, Killam BY, Murphy PA, Reeve SM, Wilt LA, Anderson SM, Yang L, Lee RB, Temrikar ZH, Lukka PB, Meibohm B, Polikanov YS, Hobbie SN, Böttger EC, Sander P, Lee RE. Development of 2nd generation aminomethyl spectinomycins that overcome native efflux in Mycobacterium abscessus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314101120. [PMID: 38165935 PMCID: PMC10786304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab), a nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species, is an emerging pathogen with high intrinsic drug resistance. Current standard-of-care therapy results in poor outcomes, demonstrating the urgent need to develop effective antimycobacterial regimens. Through synthetic modification of spectinomycin (SPC), we have identified a distinct structural subclass of N-ethylene linked aminomethyl SPCs (eAmSPCs) that are up to 64-fold more potent against Mab over the parent SPC. Mechanism of action and crystallography studies demonstrate that the eAmSPCs display a mode of ribosomal inhibition consistent with SPC. However, they exert their increased antimicrobial activity through enhanced accumulation, largely by circumventing efflux mechanisms. The N-ethylene linkage within this series plays a critical role in avoiding TetV-mediated efflux, as lead eAmSPC 2593 displays a mere fourfold susceptibility improvement against Mab ΔtetV, in contrast to the 64-fold increase for SPC. Even a minor shortening of the linkage by a single carbon, akin to 1st generation AmSPC 1950, results in a substantial increase in MICs and a 16-fold rise in susceptibility against Mab ΔtetV. These shifts suggest that longer linkages might modify the kinetics of drug expulsion by TetV, ultimately shifting the equilibrium towards heightened intracellular concentrations and enhanced antimicrobial efficacy. Furthermore, lead eAmSPCs were also shown to synergize with various classes of anti-Mab antibiotics and retain activity against clinical isolates and other mycobacterial strains. Encouraging pharmacokinetic profiles coupled with robust efficacy in Mab murine infection models suggest that eAmSPCs hold the potential to be developed into treatments for Mab and other NTM infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Phelps
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38103
| | - Martin N. Cheramie
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Dinesh M. Fernando
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Petra Selchow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Christopher J. Meyer
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Samanthi L. Waidyarachchi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Suresh Dharuman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Michael Meuli
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dal Molin
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Y. Killam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607
| | - Patricia A. Murphy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Stephanie M. Reeve
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Laura A. Wilt
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Shelby M. Anderson
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Robin B. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
| | - Zaid H. Temrikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163
| | - Pradeep B. Lukka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN38163
| | - Yury S. Polikanov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607
| | - Sven N. Hobbie
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Erik C. Böttger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, ZurichCH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN38105
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12
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Shields KE, Ranava D, Tan Y, Zhang D, Yap MNF. Epitranscriptional m6A modification of rRNA negatively impacts translation and host colonization in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011968. [PMID: 38252661 PMCID: PMC10833563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLS) are structurally distinct molecules that are among the safest antibiotics for prophylactic use and for the treatment of bacterial infections. The family of erythromycin resistance methyltransferases (Erm) invariantly install either one or two methyl groups onto the N6,6-adenosine of 2058 nucleotide (m6A2058) of the bacterial 23S rRNA, leading to bacterial cross-resistance to all MLS antibiotics. Despite extensive structural studies on the mechanism of Erm-mediated MLS resistance, how the m6A epitranscriptomic mark affects ribosome function and bacterial physiology is not well understood. Here, we show that Staphylococcus aureus cells harboring m6A2058 ribosomes are outcompeted by cells carrying unmodified ribosomes during infections and are severely impaired in colonization in the absence of an unmodified counterpart. The competitive advantage of m6A2058 ribosomes is manifested only upon antibiotic challenge. Using ribosome profiling (Ribo-Seq) and a dual-fluorescence reporter to measure ribosome occupancy and translational fidelity, we found that specific genes involved in host interactions, metabolism, and information processing are disproportionally deregulated in mRNA translation. This dysregulation is linked to a substantial reduction in translational capacity and fidelity in m6A2058 ribosomes. These findings point to a general "inefficient translation" mechanism of trade-offs associated with multidrug-resistant ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Shields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Ranava
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Tan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Program of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mee-Ngan F. Yap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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13
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Lee JC, Shirey RJ, Turner LD, Park H, Lairson LL, Janda KD. Discovery of PLD4 modulators by high-throughput screening and kinetic analysis. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2024; 7:101349. [PMID: 38560090 PMCID: PMC10977906 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and D4 (PLD4) are endolysosomal exonucleases of ssDNA and ssRNA that regulate innate immunity. Polymorphisms of these enzymes are correlated with numerous human diseases, including Alzheimer's, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis. Pharmacological modulation of these immunoregulatory proteins may yield novel immunotherapies and adjuvants. A previous study reported a high-throughput screen (N = 17,952) that discovered a PLD3-selective activator and inhibitor, as well as a nonselective inhibitor, but failed to identify selective modulators of PLD4. However, modulators selective for PLD4 are therapeutically pertinent, since recent reports have shown that regulating this protein has direct implications in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the high expression of PLD4 in dendritic and myeloid cells, in comparison to the broader expression of PLD3, presents the opportunity for a cell-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we describe screening of an expended diversity library (N = 45,760) with an improved platform and report the discovery of one inhibitor and three activators selective for PLD4. Furthermore, kinetic modeling and structural analysis suggest mechanistic differences in the modulation of these hits. These findings further establish the utility of this screening platform and provide a set of chemical scaffolds to guide future small-molecule development for this novel immunoregulator target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan J. Shirey
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lewis D. Turner
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hyeri Park
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Rahim MI, Waqas SFUH, Lienenklaus S, Willbold E, Eisenburger M, Stiesch M. Effect of titanium implants along with silver ions and tetracycline on type I interferon-beta expression during implant-related infections in co-culture and mouse model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1227148. [PMID: 37929187 PMCID: PMC10621036 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1227148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon-beta (IFN-β) is a crucial component of innate and adaptive immune systems inside the host. The formation of bacterial biofilms on medical implants can lead to inflammatory diseases and implant failure. Biofilms elicit IFN-β production inside the host that, in turn, restrict bacterial growth. Biofilms pose strong antibiotic resistance, whereas surface modification of medical implants with antibacterial agents may demonstrate strong antimicrobial effects. Most of the previous investigations were focused on determining the antibacterial activities of implant surfaces modified with antibacterial agents. The present study, for the first time, measured antibacterial activities and IFN-β expression of titanium surfaces along with silver or tetracycline inside co-culture and mouse models. A periodontal pathogen: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans reported to induce strong inflammation, was used for infection. Silver and tetracycline were added to the titanium surface using the heat evaporation method. Macrophages showed reduced compatibility on titanium surfaces with silver, and IFN-β expression inside cultured cells significantly decreased. Macrophages showed compatibility on implant surfaces with tetracycline, but IFN-β production significantly decreased inside seeded cells. The decrease in IFN-β production inside macrophages cultured on implant surfaces with silver and tetracycline was not related to the downregulation of Ifn-β gene. Bacterial infection significantly upregulated mRNA expression levels of Isg15, Mx1, Mx2, Irf-3, Irf-7, Tlr-2, Tnf-α, Cxcl-1, and Il-6 genes. Notably, mRNA expression levels of Mx1, Irf7, Tlr2, Tnf-α, Cxcl1, and Il-6 genes inside macrophages significantly downregulated on implant surfaces with silver or tetracycline. Titanium with tetracycline showed higher antibacterial activities than silver. The in vivo evaluation of IFN-β expression around implants was measured inside transgenic mice constitutive for IFN-β expression. Of note, the non-invasive in vivo imaging revealed a significant decrease in IFN-β expression around subcutaneous implants with silver compared to titanium and titanium with tetracycline in sterile or infected situations. The histology of peri-implant tissue interfaces around infected implants with silver showed a thick interface with a significantly higher accumulation of inflammatory cells. Titanium implants with silver and tetracycline remained antibacterial in mice. Findings from this study unequivocally indicate that implant surfaces with silver decrease IFN-β expression, a crucial component of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Rahim
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Syed Fakhar-Ul-Hassnain Waqas
- Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Willbold
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Eisenburger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Buys W, Bick A, Madel RJ, Westendorf AM, Buer J, Herbstreit F, Kirschning CJ, Peters J. Substantial heterogeneity of inflammatory cytokine production and its inhibition by a triple cocktail of toll-like receptor blockers in early sepsis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277033. [PMID: 37869001 PMCID: PMC10588698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early sepsis is a life-threatening immune dysregulation believed to feature a "cytokine storm" due to activation of pattern recognition receptors by pathogen and danger associated molecular patterns. However, treatments with single toll-like receptor (TLR) blockers have shown no clinical benefit. We speculated that sepsis patients at the time of diagnosis are heterogeneous in relation to their cytokine production and its potential inhibition by a triple cocktail of TLR blockers. Accordingly, we analyzed inflammatory cytokine production in whole blood assays from early sepsis patients and determined the effects of triple TLR-blockade. Methods Whole blood of 51 intensive care patients sampled within 24h of meeting Sepsis-3 criteria was incubated for 6h without or with specific TLR2, 4, and 7/8 stimuli or suspensions of heat-killed S. aureus or E. coli bacteria as pan-TLR challenges, and also with a combination of monoclonal antibodies against TLR2 and 4 and chloroquine (endosomal TLR inhibition), subsequent to dose optimization. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1α and IL-1β were measured (multiplex ELISA) before and after incubation. Samples from 11 sex and age-matched healthy volunteers served as controls and for dose-finding studies. Results Only a fraction of sepsis patient samples revealed ongoing cytokine production ex vivo despite sampling within 24 h of first meeting Sepsis-3 criteria. In dose finding studies, inhibition of TLR2, 4 and endosomal TLRs reliably suppressed cytokine production to specific TLR agonists and added bacteria. However, inflammatory cytokine production ex vivo was only suppressed in the high cytokine producing samples but not in the majority. The suppressive response to TLR-blockade correlated both with intraassay inflammatory cytokine production (r=0.29-0.68; p<0.0001-0.04) and cytokine baseline concentrations (r=0.55; p<0.0001). Discussion Upon meeting Sepsis-3 criteria for less than 24 h, a mere quarter of patient samples exhibits a strong inflammatory phenotype, as characterized by increased baseline inflammatory cytokine concentrations and a stark TLR-dependent increase upon further ex vivo incubation. Thus, early sepsis patient cohorts as defined by Sepsis-3 criteria are very heterogeneous in regard to inflammation. Accordingly, proper ex vivo assays may be useful in septic individuals before embarking on immunomodulatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Bick
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank Herbstreit
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten J. Kirschning
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Peters
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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16
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Bai L, Li S, Wang P, Guo Y, Zheng Y, He J, Li D, He J, Peng Y, Yu D. Toll-like receptor may be involved in acquired immune response in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109091. [PMID: 37722444 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The increasing experimental evidence suggests that there are some forms of specific acquired immunity in invertebrates, in which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play vital roles in activating innate and adaptive immunity and have been comprehensively investigated in mammalian species. Yet, the immune mechanisms underlying TLR mediation in mollusks remain obscure. In this study, we identified a TLR13 gene in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata for the first time and named it PfTLR13 which consists of a 5'-untranslated terminal region (5'-UTR) of 543 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 2667 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 729 bp. We found that PfTLR13 mRNA was expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest level in the gills. The expression of PfTLR13 in the gills of oysters exposed to Vibrio alginolyticus or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (including LPS, PGN, and poly(I:C)) was significantly higher than in the control group. Interestingly, the immune response to the first stimulation was weaker than the response to the second stimulation, suggesting that the primary stimulation may lead to immune priming of TLR in pearl oysters, similar to acquired immunity in vertebrates. Furthermore, we found that PfTLR13 expression was differentially associated with allograft and xenograft in the pearl oyster P. fucata, with the highest expression levels observed at 12 h post-allograft and 24 h post-xenograft. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the immune mechanisms underlying TLR mediation in mollusks and suggest that PfTLR13 may play a crucial role in the specific acquired immunity of pearl oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Bai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Suping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yusi Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jiaqing He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jicui He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yeshao Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Dahui Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, Guangxi, PR China.
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17
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Mertowska P, Smolak K, Mertowski S, Grywalska E. Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10115. [PMID: 37373262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons are a group of immunomodulatory substances produced by the human immune system in response to the presence of pathogens, especially during viral and bacterial infections. Their remarkably diverse mechanisms of action help the immune system fight infections by activating hundreds of genes involved in signal transduction pathways. In this review, we focus on discussing the interplay between the IFN system and seven medically important and challenging viruses (herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza, hepatitis C virus (HCV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and SARS-CoV coronavirus) to highlight the diversity of viral strategies. In addition, the available data also suggest that IFNs play an important role in the course of bacterial infections. Research is currently underway to identify and elucidate the exact role of specific genes and effector pathways in generating the antimicrobial response mediated by IFNs. Despite the numerous studies on the role of interferons in antimicrobial responses, many interdisciplinary studies are still needed to understand and optimize their use in personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Smolak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Doğan G, Karagenç N, Esmen K, Kul BÇ, Yeşilkaya H, Akgün Ş, Orman MN, Sandıkçı M, Eren Ü, Ünsal H, Karagenç L. Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Lung Tissue of Mouse Fetuses Generated by in vitro Embryo Culture and Embryo Transfer. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 213:181-202. [PMID: 37105136 DOI: 10.1159/000529974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse fetuses generated by in vitro embryo culture and embryo transfer exhibit impaired lung development, altered composition of pulmonary epithelial cells associated with downregulation of several genes involved in lung development and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. The aims of the present study were to determine the expression of all TLRs and to examine if the expression of TLRs, along with genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, is altered in the lung tissue of mouse fetuses generated through embryo culture and embryo transfer. Two experimental (EGs) and one control (CG) group were included in the study. Embryos cultured at 5% CO2-95% air for 95 h or less than 24 h were transferred to pseudo-pregnant females to obtain fetuses comprising EGin vitro (n = 18) and EGin vivo (n = 18), respectively. Fetuses obtained from naturally ovulating females on day 18 of pregnancy served as the CG (n = 18). Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression of TLR proteins. The expression of transcripts encoding TLRs, and the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway (Lbp, Pik3r1, Pik3cb, Nfkbia, and Fos), was determined using qRT-PCR. While all TLRs were expressed by cells lining the bronchial/bronchiolar epithelium of lung tissues in all groups, some of the TLRs were expressed in a specific pattern. When compared to CG, the expression of transcripts encoding TLR-2, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, -12, -13, Lbp, Pik3r1, Pik3cb, Nfkbia, and Fos was significantly downregulated in both EGs. It appears that stress imposed on embryos at preimplantation stages of development is associated with downregulation of TLRs, along with some of the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, in the lung tissue during the perinatal period. It remains to be determined if downregulation of TLRs, along with the genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, has any functional consequences in the adult lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksel Doğan
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Nedim Karagenç
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Kerem Esmen
- Department of Medical, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Bengi Çınar Kul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yeşilkaya
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Şakir Akgün
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nurullah Orman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sandıkçı
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Ülker Eren
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Hümeyra Ünsal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Levent Karagenç
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Understanding the molecular response of non-mammalian toll-like receptor 22 (TLR22) in amphibious air-breathing catfish, Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) to bacterial infection or ligand stimulation through molecular cloning and expression profiling. Gene 2023; 866:147351. [PMID: 36893873 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 22 is a non-mammalian TLR, which is identified initially as a functional substitute of mammalian TLR3 in recognizing cell surface long dsRNA in teleosts. To understand the pathogen surveillance role played by TLR22 in an air-breathing catfish model the full-length cDNA of TLR22 was identified in Clarias magur and found to be consisted of 3597 nucleotides encoding for 966 amino acids. In the deduced amino acid sequence of C. magur TLR22 (CmTLR22) key signature domains such as one signal peptide, 13 LRRs, one transmembrane domain, one LRR_CT domain and an intracellular TIR domain could be identified. The CmTLR22 formed a separate cluster with other catfish TLR22 genes and situated within the TLR22 cluster in the phylogenetic analysis of teleost TLR groups. The CmTLR22 was constitutively expressed in all the 12 tested tissues of healthy C. magur juveniles with the highest transcript abundance in spleen followed by brain, intestine and head kidney. Following induction with the dsRNA viral analogue, poly (I:C), the level of expression of CmTLR22 was up-regulated in tissues such as kidney, spleen and gills. Whereas, in Aeromonas hydrophila-challenged C. magur, the expression levels of CmTLR22 was found to be up-regulated in gills, kidney and spleen, and down-regulated in liver. The findings of the current study suggest that the specific function of TLR22 is evolutionarily conserved in C. magur and might play a key role in mounting immune response by recognizing Gram-negative fish pathogen such as A. hydrophila and aquatic viruses in air-breathing amphibious catfishes.
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Liu Y, Yang M, Tang X, Xu D, Chi C, Lv Z, Liu H. Characterization of a novel Toll-like receptor 13 homologue from a marine fish Nibea albiflora, revealing its immunologic function as PRRs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104563. [PMID: 36209842 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Congenital immunity mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is the first line of defense for disease-resistant immunity of fish and plays a vital role as a bridge between innate immunity and acquired immunity. As a less known member of the TLR family TLR13 can participate in the immune and inflammatory reactions of the body for recognizing the conserved sequence of 23S rRNA in bacteria and induce immune response. In this study, the full-length cDNA of TLR13 from Nibea albiflora (named as NaTLR13) was cloned and was functionally characterized. It was 4210bp (GenBank accession no. MT701899) including an open reading frame (ORF) of 2886bp to encode 962 amino acids with molecular weight of 110.37 kDa and the theoretical isoelectric point of 9.08. There were several conservative structures in NaTLR13 such as 15 leucine-rich repeat sequences (LRRs), a Toll-IL-1 receptor domain (TIR), an LRR-CT terminal domain, two LRR-TYP structures and two transmembrane domains. The multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis manifested that NaTLR13 had high similarity with Larimichthys crocea and Collichthys lucidus (88.79% and 87.02%, respectively) and they fell into the same branch. The Real-time PCR showed that NaTLR13 was expressed in all selected tissues, with the highest in the spleen, followed by the liver, kidney, gill, heart and muscle. After being challenged by Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus or Poly (I:C), the expression of NaTLR13 increased firstly, then decreased and finally stabilized with time for its immune defense function. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that NaTLR13 was unevenly distributed in the cytoplasm with green fluorescence and MyD88 was evenly spread in the cytoplasm with red signals. When NaTLR13 and MyD88 were co-transfected, they obviously overlapped and displayed orange-yellow color, which showed that the homologous TLR13 might interact with MyD88 for NFκB signaling pathway transmission. The functional domains of NaTLR13 (named NaTLR13-TIR and NaTLR13-LRR) were expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) and purified by Ni-NAT Superflow Resin conforming to the expected molecular weights, and the recombinant proteins could bind to three Vibrios (V.alginolyticus, V.parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi), indicating that NaTLR13 could be bounden to bacteria through its functional domain. These results suggested that NaTLR13 might play an important role in the defense of N.albiflora against bacteria or viral infection and the data would provide some information for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of the innate immune system in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Meijun Yang
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Xiuqin Tang
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, 316100, China
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
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Recent Approaches for Downplaying Antibiotic Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5250040. [PMID: 36726844 PMCID: PMC9886476 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5250040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a ubiquitous public health menace. AMR emergence causes complications in treating infections contributing to an upsurge in the mortality rate. The epidemic of AMR in sync with a high utilization rate of antimicrobial drugs signifies an alarming situation for the fleet recovery of both animals and humans. The emergence of resistant species calls for new treatments and therapeutics. Current records propose that health drug dependency, veterinary medicine, agricultural application, and vaccination reluctance are the primary etymology of AMR gene emergence and spread. Recently, several encouraging avenues have been presented to contest resistance, such as antivirulent therapy, passive immunization, antimicrobial peptides, vaccines, phage therapy, and botanical and liposomal nanoparticles. Most of these therapies are used as cutting-edge methodologies to downplay antibacterial drugs to subdue the resistance pressure, which is a featured motive of discussion in this review article. AMR can fade away through the potential use of current cutting-edge therapeutics, advancement in antimicrobial susceptibility testing, new diagnostic testing, prompt clinical response, and probing of new pharmacodynamic properties of antimicrobials. It also needs to promote future research on contemporary methods to maintain host homeostasis after infections caused by AMR. Referable to the microbial ability to break resistance, there is a great ultimatum for using not only appropriate and advanced antimicrobial drugs but also other neoteric diverse cutting-edge therapeutics.
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22
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Distinct changes in endosomal composition promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:30-41. [PMID: 36443515 PMCID: PMC9810532 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasome complexes are pivotal in the innate immune response. The NLR family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated in response to a broad variety of cellular stressors. However, a primary and converging sensing mechanism by the NLRP3 receptor initiating inflammasome assembly remains ill defined. Here, we demonstrate that NLRP3 inflammasome activators primarily converge on disruption of endoplasmic reticulum-endosome membrane contact sites (EECS). This defect causes endosomal accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and a consequent impairment of endosome-to-trans-Golgi network trafficking (ETT), necessary steps for endosomal recruitment of NLRP3 and subsequent inflammasome activation. Lowering endosomal PI4P levels prevents endosomal association of NLRP3 and inhibits inflammasome activation. Disruption of EECS or ETT is sufficient to enhance endosomal PI4P levels, to recruit NLRP3 to endosomes and to potentiate NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mice with defects in ETT in the myeloid compartment are more susceptible to lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis. Our study thus identifies a distinct cellular mechanism leading to endosomal NLRP3 recruitment and inflammasome activation.
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23
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Li Q, An Z, Sun T, Ji S, Wang W, Peng Y, Wang Z, Salentijn GIJ, Gao Z, Han D. Sensitive colorimetric detection of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus on dairy farms using LAMP with pH-responsive polydiacetylene. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114824. [PMID: 36327562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly and accurately detecting antibiotic-resistant pathogens in agriculture and husbandry is important since these represent a major threat to public health. While much attention has been dedicated to detecting now-common resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, fewer methods have been developed to assess resistance against macrolides in Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Here, we report a visual on-site detection system for macrolide resistant SA in dairy products. First, metagenomic sequencing in raw milk, cow manure, water and aerosol deposit collected from dairy farms around Tianjin was used to identify the most abundant macrolide resistance gene, which was found to be the macB gene. In parallel, SA housekeeping genes were screened to allow selective identification of SA, which resulted in the selection of the SAOUHSC_01275 gene. Next, LAMP assays targeting the above-mentioned genes were developed and interpreted by agarose gel electrophoresis. For on-site application, different pH-sensitive colorimetric LAMP indicators were compared, which resulted in selection of polydiacetylene (PDA) as the most sensitive candidate. Additionally, a semi-quantitative detection could be realized by analyzing the RGB information via smartphone with a LOD of 1.344 × 10-7 ng/μL of genomic DNA from a milk sample. Finally, the proposed method was successfully carried out at a real farm within 1 h from sample to result by using freeze-dried reagents and portable devices. This is the first instance in which PDA is used to detect LAMP products, and this generic read-out system can be expanded to other antibiotic resistant genes and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhaoxia An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Tieqiang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Shuaifeng Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Weiya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Gert I J Salentijn
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708, WE, the Netherlands.
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
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Weiss HJ, O’Neill LAJ. Of Flies and Men—The Discovery of TLRs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193127. [PMID: 36231089 PMCID: PMC9563146 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three immunologists: Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, and Ralph M. Steinman. While Steinman was honored for his work on dendritic cells and adaptive immunity, Beutler and Hoffman received the prize for their contributions to discoveries in innate immunity. In 1996, Hoffmann found the toll gene to be crucial for mounting antimicrobial responses in fruit flies, first implicating this developmental gene in immune signaling. Two years later, Beutler built on this observation by describing a Toll-like gene, tlr4, as the receptor for the bacterial product LPS, representing a crucial step in innate immune activation and protection from bacterial infections in mammals. These publications spearheaded research in innate immune sensing and sparked a huge interest regarding innate defense mechanisms in the following years and decades. Today, Beutler and Hoffmann’s research has not only resulted in the discovery of the role of multiple TLRs in innate immunity but also in a much broader understanding of the molecular components of the innate immune system. In this review, we aim to collect the discoveries leading up to the publications of Beutler and Hoffmann, taking a close look at how early advances in both developmental biology and immunology converged into the research awarded with the Nobel Prize. We will also discuss how these discoveries influenced future research and highlight the importance they hold today.
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25
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Du Y, Han D, An Z, Wang J, Gao Z. CRISPR/dCas9-surface-enhanced Raman scattering for the detection of drug resistance gene macB. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:394. [PMID: 36155855 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have brought many benefits to public health systems worldwide since their first use in the last century, yet with their overuse in clinical treatment and livestock farming, new public health issues have arisen. Previously, we found in our experiments that the levels of macB genes in bovine raw milk ranked among the top of many drug resistance genes. In this paper, we present an analysis of regularly interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) combined with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology for the detection of the drug resistance gene macB. The analysis was accomplished through the collaboration of the CRISPR system's ability to specifically identify genes and the more sensitive performance of the SERS. The analysis detects the drug resistance gene macB and does not yet require complex steps such as nucleic acid amplification. This method may prove to be an effective method for accurate detection of the drug-resistant gene macB, thus enabling more effective prevention of contamination of drug-resistant genes in food hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwan Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia An
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Hebei University, Hebei, 71000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China.
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The Inference of the Evolution of Immune Traits as Constrained by Phylogeny: Insight into the Immune System of the Basal Diapsid. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182482. [PMID: 36139341 PMCID: PMC9495024 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In light of emerging pathogenic threats affecting wildlife, it is important to broaden the current understanding of immune system function, development, and evolution. The relation of descent of immune traits is critical to understand the ability of organisms to handle pathogens. Here, we explore the evolution of toll-like receptors (TLRs), a series of receptors crucial to the initial immune response in reptiles. Our analysis revealed that the common ancestor may have had an immune system that lacked two receptors: TLR 15, a receptor uniquely present in Reptilia, and TLR 13, a receptor important in the recognition of pathogens. Additionally, our analysis showed a dynamic evolution for various TLRs, likely attributed to redundancies in function. Abstract Among vertebrates, some of the most vulnerable taxa to emergent fungal pathogens are members of Reptilia. In light of the growing threat of emergent fungal pathogens affecting wildlife, it is important to broaden the current understanding of immune system function, development, and evolution. The homologous condition of a trait is necessary in order to study its evolution, as such, homology is necessary in the study of immunological evolution. Here, we explore the evolution of toll-like receptors (TLRs), a series of homologous receptors crucial to the initial immune response. The homologous condition of TLR genes provides a unique system in which to explore the evolution of the TLR; using a Reptilian phylogeny, we elucidate the immune condition of the basal diapsid. Our analysis revealed that the basal diapsid may have had an immune system that lacked two receptors: TLR 15, a receptor uniquely present in Reptilia, and TLR 13, a receptor important in the recognition of nucleic acid motifs. Additionally, our analysis showed multiple losses and convergences for various TLRs, likely attributed to redundancies in receptor function. Further exploration into the immune condition of extinct taxa may shed light on the evolution of the reptilian immune system.
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Bick A, Buys W, Engler A, Madel R, Atia M, Faro F, Westendorf AM, Limmer A, Buer J, Herbstreit F, Kirschning CJ, Peters J. Immune hyporeactivity to bacteria and multiple TLR-ligands, yet no response to checkpoint inhibition in patients just after meeting Sepsis-3 criteria. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273247. [PMID: 35981050 PMCID: PMC9387870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale
The immune profile of sepsis patients is incompletely understood and hyperinflammation and hypoinflammation may occur concurrently or sequentially. Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) may counter hypoinflammation but effects are uncertain. We tested the reactivity of septic whole blood to bacteria, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and to ICI.
Methods
Whole blood assays of 61 patients’ samples within 24h of meeting sepsis-3 criteria and 12 age and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Measurements included pattern/danger-associated molecular pattern (P/DAMP), cytokine concentrations at baseline and in response to TLR 2, 4, and 7/8 ligands, heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli, E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concentration of soluble and cellular immune checkpoint molecules, and cytokine concentrations in response to ICI directed against programmed-death receptor 1 (PD1), PD1-ligand 1, or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, both in the absence and presence of LPS.
Main results
In sepsis, concentrations of P/DAMPs and inflammatory cytokines were increased and the latter increased further upon incubation ex vivo. However, cytokine responses to TLR 2, 4, and 7/8 ligands, heat-inactivated S. aureus or E. coli, and E. coli LPS were all depressed. Depression of the response to LPS was associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Despite increased PD-1 expression on monocytes and T-cells, and monocyte CTLA-4 expression, however, addition of corresponding checkpoint inhibitors to assays failed to increase inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the absence and presence of LPS.
Conclusion
Patients first meeting Sepsis-3 criteria reveal 1) depressed responses to multiple TLR-ligands, bacteria, and bacterial LPS, despite concomitant inflammation, but 2) no response to immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bick
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Willem Buys
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Engler
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Mazen Atia
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Limmer
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank Herbstreit
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carsten J. Kirschning
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Peters
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universität Duisburg Essen & Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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Jain A, Mittal S, Tripathi LP, Nussinov R, Ahmad S. Host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions: A comprehensive review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4415-4436. [PMID: 36051878 PMCID: PMC9420432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by host cells is an effective host strategy to detect pathogenic invasion and trigger immune responses. In the context of pathogen-specific pharmacology, there is a growing interest in mapping the interactions between pathogen-derived nucleic acids and host proteins. Insight into the principles of the structural and immunological mechanisms underlying such interactions and their roles in host defense is necessary to guide therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the newest advances in studies of molecular interactions involving pathogen nucleic acids and host factors, including their drug design, molecular structure and specific patterns. We observed that two groups of nucleic acid recognizing molecules, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) form the backbone of host responses to pathogen nucleic acids, with additional support provided by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and DNA-dependent activator of Interferons (IFNs)-regulatory factors (DAI) like cytosolic activity. We review the structural, immunological, and other biological aspects of these representative groups of molecules, especially in terms of their target specificity and affinity and challenges in leveraging host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions (HP-PNI) in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Mittal
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Lokesh P. Tripathi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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29
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Milillo MA, Velásquez LN, Barrionuevo P. Microbial RNA, the New PAMP of Many Faces. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.924719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) were described as structural molecular motifs shared by different classes of microorganisms. However, it was later discovered that the innate immune system is also capable of distinguishing metabolically active microbes through the detection of a special class of viability-associated PAMPs (vita-PAMPs). Indeed, recognition of vita-PAMPs triggers an extra warning sign not provoked by dead bacteria. Bacterial RNA is classified as a vita-PAMP since it stops being synthesized once the microbes are eliminated. Most of the studies in the literature have focused on the pro-inflammatory capacity of bacterial RNA on macrophages, neutrophils, endothelial cells, among others. However, we, and other authors, have shown that microbial RNA also has down-modulatory properties. More specifically, bacterial RNA can reduce the surface expression of MHC class I and MHC class II on monocytes/macrophages and help evade CD8+ and CD4+ T cell-mediated immune surveillance. This phenomenon has been described for several different bacteria and parasites, suggesting that microbial RNA plays a significant immunoregulatory role in the context of many infectious processes. Thus, beyond the pro-inflammatory capacity of microbial RNA, it seems to be a crucial component in the intricate collection of immune evasion strategies. This review focuses on the different facets of the immune modulating capacity of microbial RNA.
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30
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Rasa SMM, Annunziata F, Krepelova A, Nunna S, Omrani O, Gebert N, Adam L, Käppel S, Höhn S, Donati G, Jurkowski TP, Rudolph KL, Ori A, Neri F. Inflammaging is driven by upregulation of innate immune receptors and systemic interferon signaling and is ameliorated by dietary restriction. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111017. [PMID: 35767948 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation known as inflammaging in multiple tissues, representing a risk factor for age-related diseases. Dietary restriction (DR) is the best-known non-invasive method to ameliorate aging in many organisms. However, the molecular mechanism and the signaling pathways that drive inflammaging across different tissues and how they are modulated by DR are not yet understood. Here we identify a multi-tissue gene network regulating inflammaging. This network is characterized by chromatin opening and upregulation in the transcription of innate immune system receptors and by activation of interferon signaling through interferon regulatory factors, inflammatory cytokines, and Stat1-mediated transcription. DR ameliorates aging-induced alterations of chromatin accessibility and RNA transcription of the inflammaging gene network while failing to rescue those alterations on the rest of the genome. Our results present a comprehensive understanding of the molecular network regulating inflammation in aging and DR and provide anti-inflammaging therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Krepelova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Suneetha Nunna
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Omid Omrani
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Nadja Gebert
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Adam
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Käppel
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Höhn
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Giacomo Donati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Francesco Neri
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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31
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Dai J, Wang Y, Wang H, Gao Z, Wang Y, Fang M, Shi S, Zhang P, Wang H, Su Y, Yang M. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Innate Immune Responses and the Potential Application Value of Toll-Like Receptor Immunomodulators in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:948770. [PMID: 35832809 PMCID: PMC9271922 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.948770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to activate innate immune response to clear the invading virus. However, dysregulated immune responses may elicit the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, resulting in the enhancement of immune-mediated pathology. Therefore, a proper understanding of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and TLR-induced immune responses is very important for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 components by TLRs and the downstream signaling pathways that are activated, as well as the dual role of TLRs in regulating antiviral effects and excessive inflammatory responses in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, this article describes recent progress in the development of TLR immunomodulators including the agonists and antagonists, as vaccine adjuvants or agents used to treat hyperinflammatory responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyuan Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingli Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyou Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Yingying Su,
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Ming Yang,
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32
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Miyake K, Shibata T, Fukui R, Sato R, Saitoh SI, Murakami Y. Nucleic Acid Sensing by Toll-Like Receptors in the Endosomal Compartment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941931. [PMID: 35812450 PMCID: PMC9259784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) respond to pathogen constituents, such as microbial lipids and nucleic acids (NAs). TLRs recognize NAs in endosomal compartments. Structural and functional studies have shown that recognition of NAs by TLRs depends on NA processing by RNases and DNases. DNase II-dependent DNA degradation is required for TLR9 responses to single-stranded DNAs, whereas RNase T2-dependent RNA degradation enables TLR7 and TLR8 to respond to nucleosides and oligoribonucleotides. In contrast, RNases and DNases negatively regulate TLR responses by degrading their ligands. RNase T2 negatively regulates TLR3 responses to degrading the TLR3 ligand double-stranded RNAs. Therefore, NA metabolism in the endosomal compartments affects the endosomal TLR responses. Dysregulation of NA metabolism in the endosomal compartment drives the TLR-dependent pathologies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kensuke Miyake,
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiroh Saitoh
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050542. [PMID: 35625186 PMCID: PMC9138074 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed. Resistant strains of S. aureus are highly efficient in invading a variety of professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and are able to survive inside host cells. Eliciting immune protection against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection is a global challenge, requiring both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DC), which sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses, are central to the induction of immune protection against S. aureus. However, it has been observed that S. aureus has the capacity to develop further antibiotic resistance and acquire increased resistance to immunological recognition by the innate immune system. In this article, we review the strategies utilised by S. aureus to circumvent antibiotic and innate immune responses, especially the interaction between S. aureus and DC, focusing on how this relationship is perturbed with the development of antibiotic resistance.
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34
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Ghait M, Husain RA, Duduskar SN, Haack TB, Rooney M, Göhrig B, Bauer M, Rubio I, Deshmukh SD. The TLR-chaperone CNPY3 is a critical regulator of NLRP3-Inflammasome activation. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:907-923. [PMID: 35334124 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) mediate the recognition of microbial and endogenous insults to orchestrate the inflammatory response. TLRs localize to the plasma membrane or endomembranes, depending on the member, and rely critically on endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperones to mature and reach their subcellular destinations. The chaperone canopy FGF signaling regulator 3 (CNPY3) is necessary for the proper trafficking of multiple TLRs including TLR1/2/4/5/9 but not TLR3. However, the exact role of CNPY3 in inflammatory signalling downstream of TLRs has not been studied in detail. Consistent with the reported client specificity, we report here that functional loss of CNPY3 in engineered macrophages impairs downstream signalling by TLR2 but not TLR3. Unexpectedly, CNPY3-deficient macrophages show reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1ß) and IL-18 processing and production independent of the challenged upstream TLR species, demonstrating a separate, specific role for CNPY3 in inflammasome activation. Mechanistically, we document that CNPY3 regulates caspase-1 localization to the apoptosis speck and auto-activation of caspase-1. Importantly, we were able to recapitulate these findings in macrophages from an early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) patient with a novel CNPY3 loss-of-function variant. Summarizing, our findings reveal a hitherto unknown, TLR-independent role of CNPY3 in inflammasome activation, highlighting a more complex and dedicated role of CNPY3 to the inflammatory response than anticipated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ghait
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf A Husain
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Shivalee N Duduskar
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Rooney
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bianca Göhrig
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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35
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Focus on the Mechanisms and Functions of Pyroptosis, Inflammasomes, and Inflammatory Caspases in Infectious Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2501279. [PMID: 35132346 PMCID: PMC8817853 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2501279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells can initiate several distinct self-destruction mechanisms to display essential roles for the homeostasis maintenance, development, and survival of an organism. Pyroptosis, a key response mode in innate immunity, also referred to as caspase-1-dependent proinflammatory programmed necrotic cell death activated by human caspase-1/4/5, or mouse caspase-1/11, plays indispensable roles in response to cytoplasmic insults and immune defense against infectious diseases. These inflammatory caspases are employed by the host to eliminate pathogen infections such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi. Gasdermin D requires to be cleaved and activated by these inflammatory caspases to trigger the pyroptosis process. Physiological rupture of cells results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, the alarmins IL-1β and IL-18, symbolizing the inflammatory potential of pyroptosis. Moreover, long noncoding RNAs play direct or indirect roles in the upstream of the pyroptosis trigger pathway. Here, we review in detail recently acquired insights into the central roles of inflammatory caspases, inflammasomes, and pyroptosis, as well as the crosstalk between pyroptosis and long noncoding RNAs in mediating infection immunity and pathogen clearance.
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36
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Lai HC, Ho UY, James A, De Souza P, Roberts TL. RNA metabolism and links to inflammatory regulation and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:21. [PMID: 34971439 PMCID: PMC11072290 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is vital to protect the host against foreign organism invasion and cellular damage. It requires tight and concise gene expression for regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression in immune cells. Dysregulated immune responses caused by gene mutations and errors in post-transcriptional regulation can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. The mechanisms underlying post-transcriptional gene expression regulation include mRNA splicing, mRNA export, mRNA localisation, mRNA stability, RNA/protein interaction, and post-translational events such as protein stability and modification. The majority of studies to date have focused on transcriptional control pathways. However, post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA in eukaryotes is equally important and related information is lacking. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in the pre-mRNA splicing events, mRNA surveillance, RNA degradation pathways, disorders or symptoms caused by mutations or errors in post-transcriptional regulation during innate immunity especially toll-like receptor mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Lai
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
- South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Uda Y Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexander James
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul De Souza
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Macarthur, NSW, Australia
| | - Tara L Roberts
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Macarthur, NSW, Australia
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37
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Modeling Innate Antiviral Immunity in Physiological Context. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167374. [PMID: 34863779 PMCID: PMC8940657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An effective innate antiviral response is critical for the mitigation of severe disease and host survival following infection. In vivo, the innate antiviral response is triggered by cells that detect the invading pathogen and then communicate through autocrine and paracrine signaling to stimulate the expression of genes that inhibit viral replication, curtail cell proliferation, or modulate the immune response. In other words, the innate antiviral response is complex and dynamic. Notably, in the laboratory, culturing viruses and assaying viral life cycles frequently utilizes cells that are derived from tissues other than those that support viral replication during natural infection, while the study of viral pathogenesis often employs animal models. In recapitulating the human antiviral response, it is important to consider that variation in the expression and function of innate immune sensors and antiviral effectors exists across species, cell types, and cell differentiation states, as well as when cells are placed in different contexts. Thus, to gain novel insight into the dynamics of the host response and how specific sensors and effectors impact infection kinetics by a particular virus, the model system must be selected carefully. In this review, we briefly introduce key signaling pathways involved in the innate antiviral response and highlight how these differ between systems. We then review the application of tissue-engineered or 3D models for studying the antiviral response, and suggest how these in vitro culture systems could be further utilized to assay physiologically-relevant host responses and reveal novel insight into virus-host interactions.
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38
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Chen F, Zou L, Williams B, Chao W. Targeting Toll-Like Receptors in Sepsis: From Bench to Clinical Trials. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1324-1339. [PMID: 33588628 PMCID: PMC8817700 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Sepsis is a critical clinical syndrome with life-threatening organ dysfunction induced by a dysregulated host response to infection. Despite decades of intensive research, sepsis remains a leading cause of in-hospital mortality with few specific treatments. Recent Advances: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a part of the innate immune system and play an important role in host defense against invading pathogens such as bacteria, virus, and fungi. Using a combination of genetically modified animal models and pharmacological agents, numerous preclinical studies during the past two decades have demonstrated that dysregulated TLR signaling may contribute to sepsis pathogenesis. However, many clinical trials targeting inflammation and innate immunity such as TLR4 have yielded mixed results. Critical Issues: Here we review various TLRs and the specific molecules these TLRs sense-both the pathogen-associated and host-derived stress molecules, and their converging signaling pathways. We critically analyze preclinical investigations into the role of TLRs in animal sepsis, the complexity of targeting TLRs for sepsis intervention, and the disappointing clinical trials of the TLR4 antagonist eritoran. Future Directions: Future sepsis treatments will depend on better understanding the complex biological mechanisms of sepsis pathogenesis, the high heterogeneity of septic humans as defined by clinical presentations and unique immunological biomarkers, and improved stratifications for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Chen
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lin Zou
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittney Williams
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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39
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Briaud P, Frey A, Marino EC, Bastock RA, Zielinski RE, Wiemels RE, Keogh RA, Murphy ER, Shaw LN, Carroll RK. Temperature Influences the Composition and Cytotoxicity of Extracellular Vesicles in Staphylococcus aureus. mSphere 2021; 6:e0067621. [PMID: 34612674 PMCID: PMC8510519 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00676-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium but also a commensal of skin and anterior nares in humans. As S. aureus transits from skins/nares to inside the human body, it experiences changes in temperature. The production and content of S. aureus extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been increasingly studied over the past few years, and EVs are increasingly being recognized as important to the infectious process. Nonetheless, the impact of temperature variation on S. aureus EVs has not been studied in detail, as most reports that investigate EV cargoes and host cell interactions are performed using vesicles produced at 37°C. Here, we report that EVs in S. aureus differ in size and protein/RNA cargo depending on the growth temperature used. We demonstrate that the temperature-dependent regulation of vesicle production in S. aureus is mediated by the alpha phenol-soluble modulin peptides (αPSMs). Through proteomic analysis, we observed increased packaging of virulence factors at 40°C, whereas the EV proteome has greater diversity at 34°C. Similar to the protein content, we perform transcriptomic analysis and demonstrate that the RNA cargo also is impacted by temperature. Finally, we demonstrate greater αPSM- and alpha-toxin-mediated erythrocyte lysis with 40°C EVs, but 34°C EVs are more cytotoxic toward THP-1 cells. Together, our study demonstrates that small temperature variations have great impact on EV biogenesis and shape the interaction with host cells. IMPORTANCE Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer spheres that contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids secreted by bacteria. They are involved in Staphylococcus aureus infections, as they package virulence factors and deliver their contents inside host cells. The impact of temperature variations experienced by S. aureus during the infectious process on EVs is unknown. Here, we demonstrate the importance of temperature in vesicle production and packaging. High temperatures promote packaging of virulence factors and increase the protein and lipid concentration but reduce the overall RNA abundance and protein diversity in EVs. The importance of temperature changes is highlighted by the fact that EVs produced at low temperature are more toxic toward macrophages, whereas EVs produced at high temperature display more hemolysis toward erythrocytes. Our research brings new insights into temperature-dependent vesiculation and interaction with the host during S. aureus transition from colonization to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Briaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Emily C. Marino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Raeven A. Bastock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca A. Keogh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Erin R. Murphy
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ronan K. Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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40
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Cleavage of DNA and RNA by PLD3 and PLD4 limits autoinflammatory triggering by multiple sensors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5874. [PMID: 34620855 PMCID: PMC8497607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D3 (PLD3) and PLD4 polymorphisms have been associated with several important inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that PLD3 and PLD4 digest ssRNA in addition to ssDNA as reported previously. Moreover, Pld3−/−Pld4−/− mice accumulate small ssRNAs and develop spontaneous fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) characterized by inflammatory liver damage and overproduction of Interferon (IFN)-γ. Pathology is rescued in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice, which lack all endosomal TLR signaling; genetic codeficiency or antibody blockade of TLR9 or TLR7 ameliorates disease less effectively, suggesting that both RNA and DNA sensing by TLRs contributes to inflammation. IFN-γ made a minor contribution to pathology. Elevated type I IFN and some other remaining perturbations in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice requires STING (Tmem173). Our results show that PLD3 and PLD4 regulate both endosomal TLR and cytoplasmic/STING nucleic acid sensing pathways and have implications for the treatment of nucleic acid-driven inflammatory disease. Loss of function polymorphisms of phospholipase D3 and D4 are associated with inflammatory diseases and their function is unclear. Here the authors show that PLD3/4 function as RNAses and deletion of these proteins in mice leads to accumulation of ssRNA which exacerbates inflammation through TLR signalling.
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41
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Klammer MG, Dzaye O, Wallach T, Krüger C, Gaessler D, Buonfiglioli A, Derkow K, Kettenmann H, Brinkmann MM, Lehnardt S. UNC93B1 Is Widely Expressed in the Murine CNS and Is Required for Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Injury Induced by MicroRNA let-7b. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715774. [PMID: 34589086 PMCID: PMC8475950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chaperone protein Unc-93 homolog B1 (UNC93B1) regulates internalization, trafficking, and stabilization of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLR) in peripheral immune cells. We sought to determine UNC93B1 expression and its functional relevance in inflammatory and injurious processes in the central nervous system (CNS). We found that UNC93B1 is expressed in various CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, as assessed by PCR, immunocyto-/histochemistry, and flow cytometry. UNC93B1 expression in the murine brain increased during development. Exposure to the microRNA let-7b, a recently discovered endogenous TLR7 activator, but also to TLR3 and TLR4 agonists, led to increased UNC93B1 expression in microglia and neurons. Microglial activation by extracellular let-7b required functional UNC93B1, as assessed by TNF ELISA. Neuronal injury induced by extracellular let-7b was dependent on UNC93B1, as UNC93B1-deficient neurons were unaffected by the microRNA's neurotoxicity in vitro. Intrathecal application of let-7b triggered neurodegeneration in wild-type mice, whereas mice deficient for UNC93B1 were protected against injurious effects on neurons and axons. In summary, our data demonstrate broad UNC93B1 expression in the murine brain and establish this chaperone as a modulator of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury triggered by extracellular microRNA and subsequent induction of TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus G Klammer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Wallach
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Gaessler
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Buonfiglioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Derkow
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Yang L, Gong T, Shen H, Pei J, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Hu Z, Pan Z, Yang P, Lin L, Yu H. Precision N-Glycoproteomic Profiling of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages After Different Stimulations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722293. [PMID: 34484231 PMCID: PMC8416091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important immune cells that participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses, such as phagocytosis, recognition of molecular patterns, and activation of the immune response. In this study, murine peritoneal macrophages were isolated and then activated by LPS, HSV and VSV. Integrative proteomic and precision N-glycoproteomic profiling were conducted to assess the underlying macrophage activation. We identified a total of 587 glycoproteins, including 1239 glycopeptides, 526 monosaccharide components, and 8326 intact glycopeptides in glycoproteomics, as well as a total of 4496 proteins identified in proteomic analysis. These glycoproteins are widely involved in important biological processes, such as antigen presentation, cytokine production and glycosylation progression. Under the stimulation of the different pathogens, glycoproteins showed a dramatic change. We found that receptors in the Toll-like receptor pathway, such as Tlr2 and CD14, were increased under LPS and HSV stimulation. Glycosylation of those proteins was proven to influence their subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Yang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqi Gong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huali Shen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangnan Pei
- Obestetics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuojian Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ziyue Pan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongxiu Yu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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43
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Lentini G, Famà A, De Gaetano GV, Galbo R, Coppolino F, Venza M, Teti G, Beninati C. Role of Endosomal TLRs in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1448-1455. [PMID: 34362834 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the receptors involved in innate immune recognition of Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, is essential to develop alternative strategies to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. In the current study, we examine the role of endosomal TLRs, which sense the presence of prokaryotic-type nucleic acids, in anti-staphylococcal host defenses using infection models involving genetically defective mice. Single deficiencies in TLR7, 9, or 13 resulted in mild or no decrease in host defenses. However, the simultaneous absence of TLR7, 9, and 13 resulted in markedly increased susceptibility to cutaneous and systemic S. aureus infection concomitantly with decreased production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, neutrophil recruitment to infection sites, and reduced production of reactive oxygen species. This phenotype was significantly more severe than that of mice lacking TLR2, which senses the presence of staphylococcal lipoproteins. Notably, the combined absence of TLR7, 9, and 13 resulted in complete abrogation of IL-12 p70 and IFN-β responses to staphylococcal stimulation in macrophages. Taken together, our data highlight the presence of a highly integrated endosomal detection system, whereby TLR7, 9, and 13 cooperate in sensing the presence of staphylococcal nucleic acids. We demonstrate that the combined absence of these receptors cannot be compensated for by cell surface-associated TLRs, such as TLR2, or cytosolic receptors. These data may be useful to devise strategies aimed at stimulating innate immune receptors to treat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Mario Venza
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; and
| | | | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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44
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Antoine L, Bahena-Ceron R, Devi Bunwaree H, Gobry M, Loegler V, Romby P, Marzi S. RNA Modifications in Pathogenic Bacteria: Impact on Host Adaptation and Virulence. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1125. [PMID: 34440299 PMCID: PMC8394870 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications are involved in numerous biological processes and are present in all RNA classes. These modifications can be constitutive or modulated in response to adaptive processes. RNA modifications play multiple functions since they can impact RNA base-pairings, recognition by proteins, decoding, as well as RNA structure and stability. However, their roles in stress, environmental adaptation and during infections caused by pathogenic bacteria have just started to be appreciated. With the development of modern technologies in mass spectrometry and deep sequencing, recent examples of modifications regulating host-pathogen interactions have been demonstrated. They show how RNA modifications can regulate immune responses, antibiotic resistance, expression of virulence genes, and bacterial persistence. Here, we illustrate some of these findings, and highlight the strategies used to characterize RNA modifications, and their potential for new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Marzi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.A.); (R.B.-C.); (H.D.B.); (M.G.); (V.L.); (P.R.)
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45
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Lind NA, Rael VE, Pestal K, Liu B, Barton GM. Regulation of the nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:224-235. [PMID: 34272507 PMCID: PMC8283745 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a subset of TLRs recognizes nucleic acids, which are present in both the host and foreign microorganisms. This specificity enables broad recognition by virtue of the ubiquity of nucleic acids but also introduces the possibility of self-recognition and autoinflammatory or autoimmune disease. Defining the regulatory mechanisms required to ensure proper discrimination between foreign and self-nucleic acids by TLRs is an area of intense research. Progress over the past decade has revealed a complex array of regulatory mechanisms that ensure maintenance of this delicate balance. These regulatory mechanisms can be divided into a conceptual framework with four categories: compartmentalization, ligand availability, receptor expression and signal transduction. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of each of these layers of regulation. Activation of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors is finely tuned to limit self-reactivity while maintaining recognition of foreign microorganisms. The authors describe recent progress made in defining the regulatory mechanisms that facilitate this delicate balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lind
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Victoria E Rael
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Pestal
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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46
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de Oliveira Mann CC, Hornung V. Molecular mechanisms of nonself nucleic acid recognition by the innate immune system. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1897-1910. [PMID: 34138462 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids (NAs) represent one of the most important classes of molecules recognized by the innate immune system. However, NAs are not limited to pathogens, but are also present within the host. As such, the immune system has evolved an elaborate set of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that employ various strategies to recognize distinct types of NAs, while reliably distinguishing between self and nonself. The here-employed strategies encompass the positioning of NA-sensing PRRs in certain subcellular compartments that potentially come in contact with pathogens but not host NAs, the existence of counterregulatory measures that keep endogenous NAs below a certain threshold, and also the specific identification of certain nonself patterns. Here, we review recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of NA recognition by TLRs, RLRs, and the cGAS-STING axis. We highlight the differences in NA-PRR interfaces that confer specificity and selectivity toward an NA ligand, as well as the NA-dependent induced conformational changes required for signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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47
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Diversity of Rainbow Trout Blood B Cells Revealed by Single Cell RNA Sequencing. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060511. [PMID: 34207643 PMCID: PMC8227096 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although evolutionarily jawed fish constitute the first group of animals in which a complete adaptive immune system based on immunoglobulins (Igs) is present, many structural immune differences between fish and mammals predict important functional and phenotypical differences between B cells in these two animal groups. However, to date, very few tools are available to study B cell heterogeneity and functionality in fish. Hence, thus far, antibodies targeting the different Igs have been almost exclusively applied as tools to investigate B cell functionality in fish. In the current study, we used the newly developed 10× Genomics single cell RNA sequencing technology and used it to analyze the transcriptional pattern of single B cells from peripheral blood. The results obtained provide us with a transcriptional profile at single cell level of what seem to correspond to different B cell subsets or B cells in different stages of maturation or differentiation. The information provided will not only help us understand the biology of teleost B cells, but also provides us with a repertoire of potential markers that could be used in the future to differentiate trout B cell subsets. Abstract Single-cell sequencing technologies capable of providing us with immune information from dozens to thousands of individual cells simultaneously have revolutionized the field of immunology these past years. However, to date, most of these novel technologies have not been broadly applied to non-model organisms such as teleost fish. In this study, we used the 10× Genomics single cell RNA sequencing technology and used it to analyze for the first time in teleost fish the transcriptional pattern of single B cells from peripheral blood. The analysis of the data obtained in rainbow trout revealed ten distinct cell clusters that seem to be associated with different subsets and/or maturation/differentiation stages of circulating B cells. The potential characteristics and functions of these different B cell subpopulations are discussed on the basis of their transcriptomic profile. The results obtained provide us with valuable information to understand the biology of teleost B cells and offer us a repertoire of potential markers that could be used in the future to differentiate trout B cell subsets.
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48
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Liu T, Liu S, Zhou X. Innate Immune Responses and Pulmonary Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:53-71. [PMID: 34019263 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first defense line of the host against various infectious pathogens, environmental insults, and other stimuli causing cell damages. Upon stimulation, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) act as sensors to activate innate immune responses, containing NF-κB signaling, IFN response, and inflammasome activation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and other nucleic acid sensors are involved in innate immune responses. The activation of innate immune responses can facilitate the host to eliminate pathogens and maintain tissue homeostasis. However, the activity of innate immune responses needs to be tightly controlled to ensure the optimal intensity and duration of activation under various contexts. Uncontrolled innate immune responses can lead to various disorders associated with aberrant inflammatory response, including pulmonary diseases such as COPD, asthma, and COVID-19. In this chapter, we will have a broad overview of how innate immune responses function and the regulation and activation of innate immune response at molecular levels as well as their contribution to various pulmonary diseases. A better understanding of such association between innate immune responses and pulmonary diseases may provide potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siqi Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kayesh MEH, Hashem MA, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. Toll-Like Receptor and Cytokine Responses to Infection with Endogenous and Exogenous Koala Retrovirus, and Vaccination as a Control Strategy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:52-64. [PMID: 33946297 PMCID: PMC8928999 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Koala populations are currently declining and under threat from koala retrovirus (KoRV) infection both in the wild and in captivity. KoRV is assumed to cause immunosuppression and neoplastic diseases, favoring chlamydiosis in koalas. Currently, 10 KoRV subtypes have been identified, including an endogenous subtype (KoRV-A) and nine exogenous subtypes (KoRV-B to KoRV-J). The host’s immune response acts as a safeguard against pathogens. Therefore, a proper understanding of the immune response mechanisms against infection is of great importance for the host’s survival, as well as for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. A vaccine is an important protective as well as being a therapeutic tool against infectious disease, and several studies have shown promise for the development of an effective vaccine against KoRV. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing has opened a new window for gene therapy, and it appears to be a potential therapeutic tool in many viral infections, which could also be investigated for the treatment of KoRV infection. Here, we discuss the recent advances made in the understanding of the immune response in KoRV infection, as well as the progress towards vaccine development against KoRV infection in koalas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.E.H.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abul Hashem
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.E.H.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Department of Health, Chattogram City Corporation, Chattogram 4000, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (M.E.H.K.); (M.A.H.)
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-3589
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50
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Abstract
Cells respond to stress by activating a variety of defense signaling pathways, including cell survival and cell death pathways. Although cell survival signaling helps the cell to recover from acute insults, cell death or senescence pathways induced by chronic insults can lead to unresolved pathologies. Arterial hypertension results from chronic physiological maladaptation against various stressors represented by abnormal circulating or local neurohormonal factors, mechanical stress, intracellular accumulation of toxic molecules, and dysfunctional organelles. Hypertension and aging share common mechanisms that mediate or prolong chronic cell stress, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress and accumulation of protein aggregates, oxidative stress, metabolic mitochondrial stress, DNA damage, stress-induced senescence, and proinflammatory processes. This review discusses common adaptive signaling mechanisms against these stresses including unfolded protein responses, antioxidant response element signaling, autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial fission/fusion, STING (signaling effector stimulator of interferon genes)-mediated responses, and activation of pattern recognition receptors. The main molecular mechanisms by which the vasculature copes with hypertensive and aging stressors are presented and recent advancements in stress-adaptive signaling mechanisms as well as potential therapeutic targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Cicalese
- These authors contributed equally and are considered co-first authors
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Josiane Fernandes da Silva
- These authors contributed equally and are considered co-first authors
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- These authors contributed equally and are considered co-first authors
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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