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Ott CM, Constable S, Nguyen TM, White K, Lee WCA, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Mukhopadhyay S. Permanent deconstruction of intracellular primary cilia in differentiating granule cell neurons. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202404038. [PMID: 39137043 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202404038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia on granule cell neuron progenitors in the developing cerebellum detect sonic hedgehog to facilitate proliferation. Following differentiation, cerebellar granule cells become the most abundant neuronal cell type in the brain. While granule cell cilia are essential during early developmental stages, they become infrequent upon maturation. Here, we provide nanoscopic resolution of cilia in situ using large-scale electron microscopy volumes and immunostaining of mouse cerebella. In many granule cells, we found intracellular cilia, concealed from the external environment. Cilia were disassembled in differentiating granule cell neurons-in a process we call cilia deconstruction-distinct from premitotic cilia resorption in proliferating progenitors. In differentiating granule cells, cilia deconstruction involved unique disassembly intermediates, and, as maturation progressed, mother centriolar docking at the plasma membrane. Unlike ciliated neurons in other brain regions, our results show the deconstruction of concealed cilia in differentiating granule cells, which might prevent mitogenic hedgehog responsiveness. Ciliary deconstruction could be paradigmatic of cilia removal during differentiation in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Ott
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Sandii Constable
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tri M Nguyen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Allen Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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2
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Dumoulin A, Wilson NH, Tucker KL, Stoeckli ET. A cell-autonomous role for primary cilium-mediated signaling in long-range commissural axon guidance. Development 2024; 151:dev202788. [PMID: 39157903 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are characterized by the absence or dysfunction of primary cilia. Despite the fact that cognitive impairments are a common feature of ciliopathies, how cilia dysfunction affects neuronal development has not been characterized in detail. Here, we show that primary cilium-mediated signaling is required cell-autonomously by neurons during neural circuit formation. In particular, a functional primary cilium is crucial during axonal pathfinding for the switch in responsiveness of axons at a choice point or intermediate target. Using different animal models and in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro experiments, we provide evidence for a crucial role of primary cilium-mediated signaling in long-range axon guidance. The primary cilium on the cell body of commissural neurons transduces long-range guidance signals sensed by growth cones navigating an intermediate target. In extension of our finding that Shh is required for the rostral turn of post-crossing commissural axons, we suggest a model implicating the primary cilium in Shh signaling upstream of a transcriptional change of axon guidance receptors, which in turn mediate the repulsive response to floorplate-derived Shh shown by post-crossing commissural axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dumoulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole H Wilson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerry L Tucker
- University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program 'Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning' (URPP AdaBD), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Thor S. Indirect neurogenesis in space and time. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:519-534. [PMID: 38951687 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) generate neurons and glia in two different ways. In direct neurogenesis, daughter cells differentiate directly into neurons or glia, whereas in indirect neurogenesis, neurons or glia are generated after one or more daughter cell divisions. Intriguingly, indirect neurogenesis is not stochastically deployed and plays instructive roles during CNS development: increased generation of cells from specific lineages; increased generation of early or late-born cell types within a lineage; and increased cell diversification. Increased indirect neurogenesis might contribute to the anterior CNS expansion evident throughout the Bilateria and help to modify brain-region size without requiring increased NPC numbers or extended neurogenesis. Increased indirect neurogenesis could be an evolutionary driver of the gyrencephalic (that is, folded) cortex that emerged during mammalian evolution and might even have increased during hominid evolution. Thus, selection of indirect versus direct neurogenesis provides a powerful developmental and evolutionary instrument that drives not only the evolution of CNS complexity but also brain expansion and modulation of brain-region size, and thereby the evolution of increasingly advanced cognitive abilities. This Review describes indirect neurogenesis in several model species and humans, and highlights some of the molecular genetic mechanisms that control this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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4
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André M, Dinvaut S, Castellani V, Falk J. 3D exploration of gene expression in chicken embryos through combined RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and clearing. BMC Biol 2024; 22:131. [PMID: 38831263 PMCID: PMC11149291 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine characterization of gene expression patterns is crucial to understand many aspects of embryonic development. The chicken embryo is a well-established and valuable animal model for developmental biology. The period spanning from the third to sixth embryonic days (E3 to E6) is critical for many organ developments. Hybridization chain reaction RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (HCR RNA-FISH) enables multiplex RNA detection in thick samples including embryos of various animal models. However, its use is limited by tissue opacity. RESULTS We optimized HCR RNA-FISH protocol to efficiently label RNAs in whole mount chicken embryos from E3.5 to E5.5 and adapted it to ethyl cinnamate (ECi) tissue clearing. We show that light sheet imaging of HCR RNA-FISH after ECi clearing allows RNA expression analysis within embryonic tissues with good sensitivity and spatial resolution. Finally, whole mount immunofluorescence can be performed after HCR RNA-FISH enabling as exemplified to assay complex spatial relationships between axons and their environment or to monitor GFP electroporated neurons. CONCLUSIONS We could extend the use of HCR RNA-FISH to older chick embryos by optimizing HCR RNA-FISH and combining it with tissue clearing and 3D imaging. The integration of immunostaining makes possible to combine gene expression with classical cell markers, to correlate expressions with morphological differentiation and to depict gene expressions in gain or loss of function contexts. Altogether, this combined procedure further extends the potential of HCR RNA-FISH technique for chicken embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlys André
- MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.
| | - Sarah Dinvaut
- MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Castellani
- MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Falk
- MeLiS, CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.
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5
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Hizawa K, Sasaki T, Arimura N. A comparative overview of DSCAM and its multifunctional roles in Drosophila and vertebrates. Neurosci Res 2024; 202:1-7. [PMID: 38141781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
DSCAM (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule) is a unique neuronal adhesion protein with extensively documented multifaceted functionalities. DSCAM also has interesting properties in vertebrates and invertebrates, respectively. In Drosophila species, particularly, Dscam exhibits remarkable genetic diversity, with tens of thousands of splicing isoforms that modulate the specificity of neuronal wiring. Interestingly, this splice variant diversity of Dscam is absent in vertebrates. DSCAM plays a pivotal role in mitigating excessive adhesion between identical cell types, thereby maintaining the structural and functional coherence of neural networks. DSCAM contributes to the oversight of selective intercellular interactions such as synaptogenesis; however, the precise regulatory mechanisms underlying the promotion and inhibition of cell adhesion involved remain unclear. In this review, we aim to delineate the distinct molecules that interact with DSCAM and their specific roles within the biological landscapes of Drosophila and vertebrates. By integrating these comparative insights, we aim to elucidate the multifunctional nature of DSCAM, particularly its capacity to facilitate or deter intercellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Hizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nariko Arimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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6
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Caiaffa CD, Ambekar YS, Singh M, Lin YL, Wlodarczyk B, Aglyamov SR, Scarcelli G, Larin KV, Finnell RH. Disruption of Fuz in mouse embryos generates hypoplastic hindbrain development and reduced cranial nerve ganglia. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38501709 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain and spinal cord formation is initiated in the earliest stages of mammalian pregnancy in a highly organized process known as neurulation. Environmental or genetic interferences can impair neurulation, resulting in clinically significant birth defects known collectively as neural tube defects. The Fuz gene encodes a subunit of the CPLANE complex, a macromolecular planar polarity effector required for ciliogenesis. Ablation of Fuz in mouse embryos results in exencephaly and spina bifida, including dysmorphic craniofacial structures due to defective cilia formation and impaired Sonic Hedgehog signaling. RESULTS We demonstrate that knocking Fuz out during embryonic mouse development results in a hypoplastic hindbrain phenotype, displaying abnormal rhombomeres with reduced length and width. This phenotype is associated with persistent reduction of ventral neuroepithelial stiffness in a notochord adjacent area at the level of the rhombomere 5. The formation of cranial and paravertebral ganglia is also impaired in these embryos. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that hypoplastic hindbrain development, identified by abnormal rhombomere morphology and persistent loss of ventral neuroepithelial stiffness, precedes exencephaly in Fuz ablated murine mutants, indicating that the gene Fuz has a critical function sustaining normal neural tube development and neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Donato Caiaffa
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Yogeshwari S Ambekar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manmohan Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Linda Lin
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bogdan Wlodarczyk
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Salavat R Aglyamov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirill V Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Hutchings C, Nuriel Y, Lazar D, Kohl A, Muir E, Genin O, Cinnamon Y, Benyamini H, Nevo Y, Sela-Donenfeld D. Hindbrain boundaries as niches of neural progenitor and stem cells regulated by the extracellular matrix proteoglycan chondroitin sulphate. Development 2024; 151:dev201934. [PMID: 38251863 PMCID: PMC10911165 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between neural progenitors and stem cells (NPSCs), and their extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial regulatory mechanism that determines their behavior. Nonetheless, how the ECM dictates the state of NPSCs remains elusive. The hindbrain is valuable to examine this relationship, as cells in the ventricular surface of hindbrain boundaries (HBs), which arise between any two neighboring rhombomeres, express the NPSC marker Sox2, while being surrounded with the membrane-bound ECM molecule chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG), in chick and mouse embryos. CSPG expression was used to isolate HB Sox2+ cells for RNA-sequencing, revealing their distinguished molecular properties as typical NPSCs, which express known and newly identified genes relating to stem cells, cancer, the matrisome and cell cycle. In contrast, the CSPG- non-HB cells, displayed clear neural-differentiation transcriptome. To address whether CSPG is significant for hindbrain development, its expression was manipulated in vivo and in vitro. CSPG manipulations shifted the stem versus differentiation state of HB cells, evident by their behavior and altered gene expression. These results provide further understanding of the uniqueness of hindbrain boundaries as repetitive pools of NPSCs in-between the rapidly growing rhombomeres, which rely on their microenvironment to maintain their undifferentiated state during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Hutchings
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yarden Nuriel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Daniel Lazar
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ayelet Kohl
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Muir
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Olga Genin
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeTsiyon 7505101, Israel
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeTsiyon 7505101, Israel
| | - Hadar Benyamini
- Info-CORE, Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yuval Nevo
- Info-CORE, Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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8
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Gavrish M, Kustova A, Celis Suescún JC, Bessa P, Mitina N, Tarabykin V. Molecular mechanisms of corpus callosum development: a four-step journey. Front Neuroanat 2024; 17:1276325. [PMID: 38298831 PMCID: PMC10827913 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1276325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The Corpus Callosum (CC) is a bundle of axons connecting the cerebral hemispheres. It is the most recent structure to have appeared during evolution of placental mammals. Its development is controlled by a very complex interplay of many molecules. In humans it contains almost 80% of all commissural axons in the brain. The formation of the CC can be divided into four main stages, each controlled by numerous intracellular and extracellular molecular factors. First, a newborn neuron has to specify an axon, leave proliferative compartments, the Ventricular Zone (VZ) and Subventricular Zone (SVZ), migrate through the Intermediate Zone (IZ), and then settle at the Cortical Plate (CP). During the second stage, callosal axons navigate toward the midline within a compact bundle. Next stage is the midline crossing into contralateral hemisphere. The last step is targeting a defined area and synapse formation. This review provides an insight into these four phases of callosal axons development, as well as a description of the main molecular players involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gavrish
- Laboratory of Genetics of Brain Development, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Angelina Kustova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Brain Development, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Juan C. Celis Suescún
- Laboratory of Genetics of Brain Development, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Paraskevi Bessa
- Charité Hospital, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Mitina
- Laboratory of Genetics of Brain Development, Research Institute of Neurosciences, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Charité Hospital, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Ott CM, Constable S, Nguyen TM, White K, Lee WCA, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Mukhopadhyay S. Permanent deconstruction of intracellular primary cilia in differentiating granule cell neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.07.565988. [PMID: 38106104 PMCID: PMC10723395 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.565988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia on granule cell neuron progenitors in the developing cerebellum detect sonic hedgehog to facilitate proliferation. Following differentiation, cerebellar granule cells become the most abundant neuronal cell type in the brain. While essential during early developmental stages, the fate of granule cell cilia is unknown. Here, we provide nanoscopic resolution of ciliary dynamics in situ by studying developmental changes in granule cell cilia using large-scale electron microscopy volumes and immunostaining of mouse cerebella. We found that many granule cell primary cilia were intracellular and concealed from the external environment. Cilia were disassembed in differentiating granule cell neurons in a process we call cilia deconstruction that was distinct from pre-mitotic cilia resorption in proliferating progenitors. In differentiating granule cells, ciliary loss involved unique disassembly intermediates, and, as maturation progressed, mother centriolar docking at the plasma membrane. Cilia did not reform from the docked centrioles, rather, in adult mice granule cell neurons remained unciliated. Many neurons in other brain regions require cilia to regulate function and connectivity. In contrast, our results show that granule cell progenitors had concealed cilia that underwent deconstruction potentially to prevent mitogenic hedgehog responsiveness. The ciliary deconstruction mechanism we describe could be paradigmatic of cilia removal during differentiation in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Ott
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sandii Constable
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tri M. Nguyen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Current affiliation, Zetta AI LLC, USA
| | - Kevin White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Allen Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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10
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Frith TJR, Briscoe J, Boezio GLM. From signalling to form: the coordination of neural tube patterning. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 159:168-231. [PMID: 38729676 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate spinal cord involves the formation of the neural tube and the generation of multiple distinct cell types. The process starts during gastrulation, combining axial elongation with specification of neural cells and the formation of the neuroepithelium. Tissue movements produce the neural tube which is then exposed to signals that provide patterning information to neural progenitors. The intracellular response to these signals, via a gene regulatory network, governs the spatial and temporal differentiation of progenitors into specific cell types, facilitating the assembly of functional neuronal circuits. The interplay between the gene regulatory network, cell movement, and tissue mechanics generates the conserved neural tube pattern observed across species. In this review we offer an overview of the molecular and cellular processes governing the formation and patterning of the neural tube, highlighting how the remarkable complexity and precision of vertebrate nervous system arises. We argue that a multidisciplinary and multiscale understanding of the neural tube development, paired with the study of species-specific strategies, will be crucial to tackle the open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Gopalakrishnan J, Feistel K, Friedrich BM, Grapin‐Botton A, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Mass E, Mick DU, Müller R, May‐Simera H, Schermer B, Schmidts M, Walentek P, Wachten D. Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113891. [PMID: 37743763 PMCID: PMC10620770 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context-dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Human Genetics, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversitätUniversitätsklinikum DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Anne Grapin‐Botton
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune SystemUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - David U Mick
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland School of MedicineHomburgGermany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helen May‐Simera
- Institute of Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Walentek
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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12
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Bañón A, Alsina B. Pioneer statoacoustic neurons guide neuroblast behaviour during otic ganglion assembly. Development 2023; 150:dev201824. [PMID: 37938828 PMCID: PMC10651105 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cranial ganglia are aggregates of sensory neurons that mediate distinct types of sensation. The statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) develops into several lobes that are spatially arranged to connect appropriately with hair cells of the inner ear. To investigate the cellular behaviours involved in the 3D organization of the SAG, we use high-resolution confocal imaging of single-cell, labelled zebrafish neuroblasts (NBs), photoconversion, photoablation, and genetic perturbations. We show that otic NBs delaminate out of the otic epithelium in an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like manner, rearranging apical polarity and primary cilia proteins. We also show that, once delaminated, NBs require RhoGTPases in order to perform active migration. Furthermore, tracking of recently delaminated NBs revealed their directed migration and coalescence around a small population of pioneer SAG neurons. These pioneer SAG neurons, not from otic placode origin, populate the coalescence region before otic neurogenesis begins and their ablation disrupts delaminated NB migratory pathways, consequentially affecting SAG shape. Altogether, this work shows for the first time the role of pioneer SAG neurons in orchestrating SAG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Bañón
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Alsina
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Herrera A, Menendez A, Ochoa A, Bardia L, Colombelli J, Pons S. Neurogenesis redirects β-catenin from adherens junctions to the nucleus to promote axonal growth. Development 2023; 150:dev201651. [PMID: 37519286 PMCID: PMC10482005 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we show that, in the developing spinal cord, after the early Wnt-mediated Tcf transcription activation that confers dorsal identity to neural stem cells, neurogenesis redirects β-catenin from the adherens junctions to the nucleus to stimulate Tcf-dependent transcription in a Wnt-independent manner. This new β-catenin activity regulates genes implicated in several aspects of contralateral axon growth, including axon guidance and adhesion. Using live imaging of ex-vivo chick neural tube, we showed that the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and the rise in Tcf-dependent transcription both initiate before the dismantling of the adherens junctions and remain during the axon elongation process. Notably, we demonstrated that β-catenin activity in post-mitotic cells depends on TCF7L2 and is central to spinal commissural axon growth. Together, our results reveal Wnt-independent Tcf/β-catenin regulation of genes that control the growth and guidance of commissural axons in chick spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Anghara Menendez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Andrea Ochoa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Lídia Bardia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Julien Colombelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sebastian Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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14
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Caiaffa CD, Ambekar YS, Singh M, Lin YL, Wlodarczyk B, Aglyamov SR, Scarcelli G, Larin KV, Finnell R. Disruption of Fuz in mouse embryos generates hypoplastic hindbrain development and reduced cranial nerve ganglia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.552068. [PMID: 37577618 PMCID: PMC10418252 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.552068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the brain and spinal cord is initiated in the earliest stages of mammalian pregnancy in a highly organized process known as neurulation. Convergent and extension movements transforms a flat sheet of ectodermal cells into a narrow and elongated line of neuroepithelia, while a major source of Sonic Hedgehog signaling from the notochord induces the overlying neuroepithelial cells to form two apposed neural folds. Afterward, neural tube closure occurs by synchronized coordination of the surface ectoderm and adjacent neuroepithelial walls at specific axial regions known as neuropores. Environmental or genetic interferences can impair neurulation resulting in neural tube defects. The Fuz gene encodes a subunit of the CPLANE complex, which is a macromolecular planar polarity effector required for ciliogenesis. Ablation of Fuz in mouse embryos results in exencephaly and spina bifida, including dysmorphic craniofacial structures due to defective cilia formation and impaired Sonic Hedgehog signaling. In this work, we demonstrate that knocking Fuz out during embryonic mouse development results in a hypoplastic hindbrain phenotype, displaying abnormal rhombomeres with reduced length and width. This phenotype is associated with persistent loss of ventral neuroepithelial stiffness, in a notochord adjacent area at the level of the rhombomere 5, preceding the development of exencephaly in Fuz ablated mutants. The formation of cranial and paravertebral ganglia is also impaired in these embryos, indicating that Fuz has a critical function sustaining normal neural tube development and neuronal differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a common cause of disability in children, representing the second most common congenital structural malformation in humans following only congenital cardiovascular malformations. NTDs affect approximately 1 to 2 pregnancies per 1000 births every year worldwide, when the mechanical forces folding the neural plate fails to close at specific neuropores located anteriorly (cranial) or posteriorly (caudal) along the neural tube, in a process known as neurulation, which happens throughout the third and fourth weeks of human pregnancy.
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15
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Wilmerding A, Espana-Bonilla P, Giakoumakis NN, Saade M. Expansion microscopy of the chick embryo neural tube to overcome molecular crowding at the centrosomes-cilia. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:101997. [PMID: 36609151 PMCID: PMC9850183 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe an optimized protocol for application of expansion microscopy (ExM) on chick neural tube (NT) which enables different oriented nanoscale resolution imaging of the centrosomes/cilia. We explain embryo NT transversal sections and open-book preparations, immunohistochemistry for labeling, and sample preparation for 5-fold tissue expansion. Further, we detail sample orientation and Fast Airyscan confocal acquisition and show that NT-ExM retains fluorescence signals and overcomes biomolecules crowding in structural features that to date were only imaged with electron microscopy on tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Wilmerding
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Espana-Bonilla
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikolaos-Nikiforos Giakoumakis
- Advanced Digital Microscopy Facility Institute for Research in Biomedicine - IRB, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Murielle Saade
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri i Reixac 20, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Ampartzidis I, Efstathiou C, Paonessa F, Thompson EM, Wilson T, McCann CJ, Greene NDE, Copp AJ, Livesey FJ, Elvassore N, Giobbe GG, De Coppi P, Maniou E, Galea GL. Synchronisation of apical constriction and cell cycle progression is a conserved behaviour of pseudostratified neuroepithelia informed by their tissue geometry. Dev Biol 2023; 494:60-70. [PMID: 36509125 PMCID: PMC10570144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroepithelial cells balance tissue growth requirement with the morphogenetic imperative of closing the neural tube. They apically constrict to generate mechanical forces which elevate the neural folds, but are thought to apically dilate during mitosis. However, we previously reported that mitotic neuroepithelial cells in the mouse posterior neuropore have smaller apical surfaces than non-mitotic cells. Here, we document progressive apical enrichment of non-muscle myosin-II in mitotic, but not non-mitotic, neuroepithelial cells with smaller apical areas. Live-imaging of the chick posterior neuropore confirms apical constriction synchronised with mitosis, reaching maximal constriction by anaphase, before division and re-dilation. Mitotic apical constriction amplitude is significantly greater than interphase constrictions. To investigate conservation in humans, we characterised early stages of iPSC differentiation through dual SMAD-inhibition to robustly produce pseudostratified neuroepithelia with apically enriched actomyosin. These cultured neuroepithelial cells achieve an equivalent apical area to those in mouse embryos. iPSC-derived neuroepithelial cells have large apical areas in G2 which constrict in M phase and retain this constriction in G1/S. Given that this differentiation method produces anterior neural identities, we studied the anterior neuroepithelium of the elevating mouse mid-brain neural tube. Instead of constricting, mid-brain mitotic neuroepithelial cells have larger apical areas than interphase cells. Tissue geometry differs between the apically convex early midbrain and flat posterior neuropore. Culturing human neuroepithelia on equivalently convex surfaces prevents mitotic apical constriction. Thus, neuroepithelial cells undergo high-amplitude apical constriction synchronised with cell cycle progression but the timing of their constriction if influenced by tissue geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioakeim Ampartzidis
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christoforos Efstathiou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Francesco Paonessa
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK
| | - Elliott M Thompson
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tyler Wilson
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Conor J McCann
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nicholas DE Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Frederick J Livesey
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK
| | - Giovanni G Giobbe
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK; Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Eirini Maniou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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17
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Van Heurck R, Bonnefont J, Wojno M, Suzuki IK, Velez-Bravo FD, Erkol E, Nguyen DT, Herpoel A, Bilheu A, Beckers S, Ledent C, Vanderhaeghen P. CROCCP2 acts as a human-specific modifier of cilia dynamics and mTOR signaling to promote expansion of cortical progenitors. Neuron 2023; 111:65-80.e6. [PMID: 36334595 PMCID: PMC9831670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a central signaling component during embryonic development. Here we focus on CROCCP2, a hominid-specific gene duplicate from ciliary rootlet coiled coil (CROCC), also known as rootletin, that encodes the major component of the ciliary rootlet. We find that CROCCP2 is highly expressed in the human fetal brain and not in other primate species. CROCCP2 gain of function in the mouse embryonic cortex and human cortical cells and organoids results in decreased ciliogenesis and increased cortical progenitor amplification, particularly basal progenitors. CROCCP2 decreases ciliary dynamics by inhibition of the IFT20 ciliary trafficking protein, which then impacts neurogenesis through increased mTOR signaling. Loss of function of CROCCP2 in human cortical cells and organoids leads to increased ciliogenesis, decreased mTOR signaling, and impaired basal progenitor amplification. These data identify CROCCP2 as a human-specific modifier of cortical neurogenesis that acts through modulation of ciliary dynamics and mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Van Heurck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Bonnefont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marta Wojno
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ikuo K. Suzuki
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fausto D. Velez-Bravo
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emir Erkol
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dan Truc Nguyen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adèle Herpoel
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Angéline Bilheu
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Beckers
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Ledent
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium,Corresponding author
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18
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Kwak M, Southard KM, Kim WR, Lin A, Kim NH, Gopalappa R, Lee HJ, An M, Choi SH, Jung Y, Noh K, Farlow J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK, Kang MK, Kutys ML, Seo D, Kim HH, Kim YH, Cheon J, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW. Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1739-1753. [PMID: 36456828 PMCID: PMC10665132 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) create spatially, chemically and mechanically discrete microdomains at cellular interfaces. Here, using a mechanogenetic platform that generates artificial AJs with controlled protein localization, clustering and mechanical loading, we find that AJs also organize proteolytic hotspots for γ-secretase with a spatially regulated substrate selectivity that is critical in the processing of Notch and other transmembrane proteins. Membrane microdomains outside of AJs exclusively organize Notch ligand-receptor engagement (LRE microdomains) to initiate receptor activation. Conversely, membrane microdomains within AJs exclusively serve to coordinate regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP microdomains). They do so by concentrating γ-secretase and primed receptors while excluding full-length Notch. AJs induce these functionally distinct microdomains by means of lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein segregation. By excluding full-length Notch from RIP microdomains, AJs prevent inappropriate enzyme-substrate interactions and suppress spurious Notch activation. Ligand-induced ectodomain shedding eliminates size-dependent segregation, releasing Notch to translocate into AJs for processing by γ-secretase. This mechanism directs radial differentiation of ventricular zone-neural progenitor cells in vivo and more broadly regulates the proteolysis of other large cell-surface receptors such as amyloid precursor protein. These findings suggest an unprecedented role of AJs in creating size-selective spatial switches that choreograph γ-secretase processing of multiple transmembrane proteins regulating development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaden M Southard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Woon Ryoung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nam Hyeong Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramu Gopalappa
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minji An
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Choi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmin Jung
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Noh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Farlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min K Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L Kutys
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daeha Seo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Young-Wook Jun
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Gerstmann K, Kindbeiter K, Telley L, Bozon M, Reynaud F, Théoulle E, Charoy C, Jabaudon D, Moret F, Castellani V. A balance of noncanonical Semaphorin signaling from the cerebrospinal fluid regulates apical cell dynamics during corticogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4552. [PMID: 36399562 PMCID: PMC9674300 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During corticogenesis, dynamic regulation of apical adhesion is fundamental to generate correct numbers and cell identities. While radial glial cells (RGCs) maintain basal and apical anchors, basal progenitors and neurons detach and settle at distal positions from the apical border. Whether diffusible signals delivered from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contribute to the regulation of apical adhesion dynamics remains fully unknown. Secreted class 3 Semaphorins (Semas) trigger cell responses via Plexin-Neuropilin (Nrp) membrane receptor complexes. Here, we report that unconventional Sema3-Nrp preformed complexes are delivered by the CSF from sources including the choroid plexus to Plexin-expressing RGCs via their apical endfeet. Through analysis of mutant mouse models and various ex vivo assays mimicking ventricular delivery to RGCs, we found that two different complexes, Sema3B/Nrp2 and Sema3F/Nrp1, exert dual effects on apical endfeet dynamics, nuclei positioning, and RGC progeny. This reveals unexpected balance of CSF-delivered guidance molecules during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gerstmann
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Karine Kindbeiter
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Ludovic Telley
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Bozon
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Florie Reynaud
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emy Théoulle
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Camille Charoy
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Moret
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Valerie Castellani
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
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20
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Moore RE, Pop S, Alleyne C, Clarke JDW. Microtubules are not required to generate a nascent axon in embryonic spinal neurons
in vivo. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52493. [DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Moore
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
| | - Sînziana Pop
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute London UK
| | - Caché Alleyne
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
| | - Jonathan D W Clarke
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK
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21
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Abstract
Cilia sense and transduce sensory stimuli, homeostatic cues and developmental signals by orchestrating signaling reactions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that bud from the ciliary membrane have well-studied roles in the disposal of excess ciliary material, most dramatically exemplified by the shedding of micrometer-sized blocks by photoreceptors. Shedding of EVs by cilia also affords cells with a powerful means to shorten cilia. Finally, cilium-derived EVs may enable cell-cell communication in a variety of organisms, ranging from single-cell parasites and algae to nematodes and vertebrates. Mechanistic understanding of EV shedding by cilia is an active area of study, and future progress may open the door to testing the function of ciliary EV shedding in physiological contexts. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that drive the shedding of ciliary material into the extracellular space, the consequences of shedding for the donor cell and the possible roles that ciliary EVs may have in cell non-autonomous contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ojeda Naharros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Maxence V. Nachury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
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22
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László ZI, Lele Z. Flying under the radar: CDH2 (N-cadherin), an important hub molecule in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:972059. [PMID: 36213737 PMCID: PMC9539934 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.972059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CDH2 belongs to the classic cadherin family of Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion molecules with a meticulously described dual role in cell adhesion and β-catenin signaling. During CNS development, CDH2 is involved in a wide range of processes including maintenance of neuroepithelial integrity, neural tube closure (neurulation), confinement of radial glia progenitor cells (RGPCs) to the ventricular zone and maintaining their proliferation-differentiation balance, postmitotic neural precursor migration, axon guidance, synaptic development and maintenance. In the past few years, direct and indirect evidence linked CDH2 to various neurological diseases, and in this review, we summarize recent developments regarding CDH2 function and its involvement in pathological alterations of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia I. László
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Lele
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Primary Cilia Influence Progenitor Function during Cortical Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182895. [PMID: 36139475 PMCID: PMC9496791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticogenesis is an intricate process controlled temporally and spatially by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Alterations during this important process can lead to severe cortical malformations. Apical neuronal progenitors are essential cells able to self-amplify and also generate basal progenitors and/or neurons. Apical radial glia (aRG) are neuronal progenitors with a unique morphology. They have a long basal process acting as a support for neuronal migration to the cortical plate and a short apical process directed towards the ventricle from which protrudes a primary cilium. This antenna-like structure allows aRG to sense cues from the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) helping to maintain cell shape and to influence several key functions of aRG such as proliferation and differentiation. Centrosomes, major microtubule organising centres, are crucial for cilia formation. In this review, we focus on how primary cilia influence aRG function during cortical development and pathologies which may arise due to defects in this structure. Reporting and cataloguing a number of ciliary mutant models, we discuss the importance of primary cilia for aRG function and cortical development.
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24
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Martínez Traverso IM, Steimle JD, Zhao X, Wang J, Martin JF. LATS1/2 control TGFB-directed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the murine dorsal cranial neuroepithelium through YAP regulation. Development 2022; 149:dev200860. [PMID: 36125128 PMCID: PMC9587805 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippo signaling, an evolutionarily conserved kinase cascade involved in organ size control, plays key roles in various tissue developmental processes, but its role in craniofacial development remains poorly understood. Using the transgenic Wnt1-Cre2 driver, we inactivated the Hippo signaling components Lats1 and Lats2 in the cranial neuroepithelium of mouse embryos and found that the double conditional knockout (DCKO) of Lats1/2 resulted in neural tube and craniofacial defects. Lats1/2 DCKO mutant embryos had microcephaly with delayed and defective neural tube closure. Furthermore, neuroepithelial cell shape and architecture were disrupted within the cranial neural tube in Lats1/2 DCKO mutants. RNA sequencing of embryonic neural tubes revealed increased TGFB signaling in Lats1/2 DCKO mutants. Moreover, markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were upregulated in the cranial neural tube. Inactivation of Hippo signaling downstream effectors, Yap and Taz, suppressed neuroepithelial defects, aberrant EMT and TGFB upregulation in Lats1/2 DCKO embryos, indicating that LATS1/2 function via YAP and TAZ. Our findings reveal important roles for Hippo signaling in modulating TGFB signaling during neural crest EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idaliz M. Martínez Traverso
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Steimle
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F. Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Organ Repair and Renewal, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 , USA
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25
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Luxmi R, King SM. Cilia-derived vesicles: An ancient route for intercellular communication. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:82-92. [PMID: 35346578 PMCID: PMC9378432 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a mechanism for intercellular communication that transports complex signals in membrane delimited structures between cells, tissues and organisms. Cells secrete EVs of various subtypes defined by the pathway leading to release and by the pathological condition of the cell. Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that can act as sensory structures surveilling the extracellular environment. Here we discuss the secretory functions of cilia and their biological implications. Studies in multiple species - from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the chlorophyte alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to mammals - have revealed that cilia shed bioactive EVs (ciliary EVs or ectosomes) by outward budding of the ciliary membrane. The content of ciliary EVs is distinct from that of other vesicles released by cells. Peptides regulate numerous aspects of metazoan physiology and development through evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Intriguingly, cilia-derived vesicles have recently been found to mediate peptidergic signaling. C. reinhardtii releases the peptide α-amidating enzyme (PAM), bioactive amidated products and components of the peptidergic signaling machinery in ciliary EVs in a developmentally regulated manner. Considering the origin of cilia in early eukaryotes, it is likely that release of peptidergic signals in ciliary EVs represents an alternative and ancient mode of regulated secretion that cells can utilize in the absence of dedicated secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Luxmi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA.
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA.
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26
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Darrier B, Colas I, Rimbert H, Choulet F, Bazile J, Sortais A, Jenczewski E, Sourdille P. Location and Identification on Chromosome 3B of Bread Wheat of Genes Affecting Chiasma Number. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2281. [PMID: 36079661 PMCID: PMC9460588 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding meiotic crossover (CO) variation in crops like bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is necessary as COs are essential to create new, original and powerful combinations of genes for traits of agronomical interest. We cytogenetically characterized a set of wheat aneuploid lines missing part or all of chromosome 3B to identify the most influential regions for chiasma formation located on this chromosome. We showed that deletion of the short arm did not change the total number of chiasmata genome-wide, whereas this latter was reduced by ~35% while deleting the long arm. Contrary to what was hypothesized in a previous study, deletion of the long arm does not disturb the initiation of the synaptonemal complex (SC) in early meiotic stages. However, progression of the SC is abnormal, and we never observed its completion when the long arm is deleted. By studying six different deletion lines (missing different parts of the long arm), we revealed that at least two genes located in both the proximal (C-3BL2-0.22) and distal (3BL7-0.63-1.00) deletion bins are involved in the control of chiasmata, each deletion reducing the number of chiasmata by ~15%. We combined sequence analyses of deletion bins with RNA-Seq data derived from meiotic tissues and identified a set of genes for which at least the homoeologous copy on chromosome 3B is expressed and which are involved in DNA processing. Among these genes, eight (CAP-E1/E2, DUO1, MLH1, MPK4, MUS81, RTEL1, SYN4, ZIP4) are known to be involved in the recombination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Darrier
- UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5, INRAE–Université Clermont-Auvergne, Chemin de Beaulieu, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Syngenta, Toulouse Innovation Centre 12 Chemin de l’Hobit, 31790 Saint-Sauveur, France
| | - Isabelle Colas
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hélène Rimbert
- UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5, INRAE–Université Clermont-Auvergne, Chemin de Beaulieu, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Choulet
- UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5, INRAE–Université Clermont-Auvergne, Chemin de Beaulieu, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jeanne Bazile
- UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5, INRAE–Université Clermont-Auvergne, Chemin de Beaulieu, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélien Sortais
- UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5, INRAE–Université Clermont-Auvergne, Chemin de Beaulieu, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Jenczewski
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Pierre Sourdille
- UMR 1095 Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5, INRAE–Université Clermont-Auvergne, Chemin de Beaulieu, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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27
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González-Martínez J, Cwetsch AW, Gilabert-Juan J, Gómez J, Garaulet G, Schneider P, de Cárcer G, Mulero F, Caleiras E, Megías D, Porlan E, Malumbres M. Genetic interaction between PLK1 and downstream MCPH proteins in the control of centrosome asymmetry and cell fate during neural progenitor division. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1474-1485. [PMID: 35058575 PMCID: PMC9345906 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00937-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of centrosome function and dynamics results in major defects during chromosome segregation and is associated with primary autosomal microcephaly (MCPH). Despite the knowledge accumulated in the last few years, why some centrosomal defects specifically affect neural progenitors is not clear. We describe here that the centrosomal kinase PLK1 controls centrosome asymmetry and cell fate in neural progenitors during development. Gain- or loss-of-function mutations in Plk1, as well as deficiencies in the MCPH genes Cdk5rap2 (MCPH3) and Cep135 (MCPH8), lead to abnormal asymmetry in the centrosomes carrying the mother and daughter centriole in neural progenitors. However, whereas loss of MCPH proteins leads to increased centrosome asymmetry and microcephaly, deficient PLK1 activity results in reduced asymmetry and increased expansion of neural progenitors and cortical growth during mid-gestation. The combination of PLK1 and MCPH mutations results in increased microcephaly accompanied by more aggressive centrosomal and mitotic abnormalities. In addition to highlighting the delicate balance in the level and activity of centrosomal regulators, these data suggest that human PLK1, which maps to 16p12.1, may contribute to the neurodevelopmental defects associated with 16p11.2-p12.2 microdeletions and microduplications in children with developmental delay and dysmorphic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- José González-Martínez
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Imagine Institute of Genetic Diseases, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Javier Gilabert-Juan
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez
- Confocal Microscopy Core Unit, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paulina Schneider
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIB-CSIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Diego Megías
- Confocal Microscopy Core Unit, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Porlan
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, UAM, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Hawley J, Manning C, Biga V, Glendinning P, Papalopulu N. Dynamic switching of lateral inhibition spatial patterns. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220339. [PMID: 36000231 PMCID: PMC9399705 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hes genes are transcriptional repressors activated by Notch. In the developing mouse neural tissue, HES5 expression oscillates in neural progenitors (Manning et al. 2019 Nat. Commun. 10, 1-19 (doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10734-8)) and is spatially organized in small clusters of cells with synchronized expression (microclusters). Furthermore, these microclusters are arranged with a spatial periodicity of three-four cells in the dorso-ventral axis and show regular switching between HES5 high/low expression on a longer time scale and larger amplitude than individual temporal oscillators (Biga et al. 2021 Mol. Syst. Biol. 17, e9902 (doi:10.15252/msb.20209902)). However, our initial computational modelling of coupled HES5 could not explain these features of the experimental data. In this study, we provide theoretical results that address these issues with biologically pertinent additions. Here, we report that extending Notch signalling to non-neighbouring progenitor cells is sufficient to generate spatial periodicity of the correct size. In addition, introducing a regular perturbation of Notch signalling by the emerging differentiating cells induces a temporal switching in the spatial pattern, which is longer than an individual cell's periodicity. Thus, with these two new mechanisms, a computational model delivers outputs that closely resemble the complex tissue-level HES5 dynamics. Finally, we predict that such dynamic patterning spreads out differentiation events in space, complementing our previous findings whereby the local synchronization controls the rate of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hawley
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cerys Manning
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Veronica Biga
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Glendinning
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nancy Papalopulu
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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29
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Casas Gimeno G, Paridaen JTML. The Symmetry of Neural Stem Cell and Progenitor Divisions in the Vertebrate Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:885269. [PMID: 35693936 PMCID: PMC9174586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.885269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust brain development requires the tight coordination between tissue growth, neuronal differentiation and stem cell maintenance. To achieve this, neural stem cells need to balance symmetric proliferative and terminal divisions with asymmetric divisions. In recent years, the unequal distribution of certain cellular components in mitosis has emerged as a key mechanism to regulate the symmetry of division, and the determination of equal and unequal sister cell fates. Examples of such components include polarity proteins, signaling components, and cellular structures such as endosomes and centrosomes. In several types of neural stem cells, these factors show specific patterns of inheritance that correlate to specific cell fates, albeit the underlying mechanism and the potential causal relationship is not always understood. Here, we review these examples of cellular neural stem and progenitor cell asymmetries and will discuss how they fit into our current understanding of neural stem cell function in neurogenesis in developing and adult brains. We will focus mainly on the vertebrate brain, though we will incorporate relevant examples from invertebrate organisms as well. In particular, we will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complexities related cellular asymmetries in determining division mode outcomes, and how these mechanisms are spatiotemporally regulated to match the different needs for proliferation and differentiation as the brain forms.
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30
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Higgs VE, Das RM. Establishing neuronal polarity: microtubule regulation during neurite initiation. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac007. [PMID: 38596701 PMCID: PMC10913830 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The initiation of nascent projections, or neurites, from the neuronal cell body is the first stage in the formation of axons and dendrites, and thus a critical step in the establishment of neuronal architecture and nervous system development. Neurite formation relies on the polarized remodelling of microtubules, which dynamically direct and reinforce cell shape, and provide tracks for cargo transport and force generation. Within neurons, microtubule behaviour and structure are tightly controlled by an array of regulatory factors. Although microtubule regulation in the later stages of axon development is relatively well understood, how microtubules are regulated during neurite initiation is rarely examined. Here, we discuss how factors that direct microtubule growth, remodelling, stability and positioning influence neurite formation. In addition, we consider microtubule organization by the centrosome and modulation by the actin and intermediate filament networks to provide an up-to-date picture of this vital stage in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Higgs
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Raman M Das
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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31
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Vaid S, Huttner WB. Progenitor-Based Cell Biological Aspects of Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892922. [PMID: 35602606 PMCID: PMC9119302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the decision of stem and progenitor cells to switch from proliferation to differentiation is of critical importance for the overall size of an organ. Too early a switch will deplete the stem/progenitor cell pool, and too late a switch will not generate the required differentiated cell types. With a focus on the developing neocortex, a six-layered structure constituting the major part of the cerebral cortex in mammals, we discuss here the cell biological features that are crucial to ensure the appropriate proliferation vs. differentiation decision in the neural progenitor cells. In the last two decades, the neural progenitor cells giving rise to the diverse types of neurons that function in the neocortex have been intensely investigated for their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. In this review, we will first describe these different progenitor types and their diversity. We will then review the various cell biological features associated with the cell fate decisions of these progenitor cells, with emphasis on the role of the radial processes emanating from these progenitor cells. We will also discuss the species-specific differences in these cell biological features that have allowed for the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in humans. Finally, we will discuss the emerging role of cell cycle parameters in neocortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Vaid
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
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32
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Shimada IS, Kato Y. Ciliary signaling in stem cells in health and disease: Hedgehog pathway and beyond. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 129:115-125. [PMID: 35466055 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a hair-like sensory compartment that protrudes from the cellular surface. The primary cilium is enriched in a variety of signaling molecules that regulate cellular activities. Stem cells have primary cilia. They reside in a specialized environment, called the stem cell niche. This niche contains a variety of secreted factors, and some of their receptors are localized in the primary cilia of stem cells. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the function of cilia in compartmentalized signaling in stem cells. We describe how ciliary signaling regulates stem cells and progenitor cells during development, tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis. We summarize our understanding of cilia regulated signaling -primary involving the hedgehog pathway- in stem cells in diverse settings that include neuroepithelial cells, radial glia, cerebellar granule neuron precursors, hematopoietic stem cells, hair follicle stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and mammary gland stem cells. Overall, our review highlights a variety of roles that ciliary signaling plays in regulating stem cells throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei S Shimada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Azakawasumi, Mizuzho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601 Aichi, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Azakawasumi, Mizuzho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601 Aichi, Japan.
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33
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Kasioulis I, Dady A, James J, Prescott A, Halley PA, Storey KG. A lateral protrusion latticework connects neuroepithelial cells and is regulated during neurogenesis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274540. [PMID: 35217862 PMCID: PMC8995095 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic contacts between cells within the developing neuroepithelium are poorly understood but play important roles in cell and tissue morphology and cell signalling. Here, using live-cell imaging and electron microscopy we reveal multiple protrusive structures in neuroepithelial apical endfeet of the chick embryonic spinal cord, including sub-apical protrusions that extend laterally within the tissue, and observe similar structures in human neuroepithelium. We characterise the dynamics, shape and cytoskeleton of these lateral protrusions and distinguish them from cytonemes, filopodia and tunnelling nanotubes. We demonstrate that lateral protrusions form a latticework of membrane contacts between non-adjacent cells, depend on actin but not microtubule dynamics, and provide a lamellipodial-like platform for further extending fine actin-dependent filipodia. We find that lateral protrusions depend on the actin-binding protein WAVE1 (also known as WASF1): misexpression of mutant WAVE1 attenuated protrusion and generated a round-ended apical endfoot morphology. However, this did not alter apico-basal cell polarity or tissue integrity. During normal neuronal delamination, lateral protrusions were withdrawn, but precocious protrusion loss induced by mutant WAVE1 was insufficient to trigger neurogenesis. This study uncovers a new form of cell-cell contact within the developing neuroepithelium, regulation of which prefigures neuronal delamination. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Shi P, Tian J, Ulm BS, Mallinger JC, Khoshbouei H, Deleyrolle LP, Sarkisian MR. Tumor Treating Fields Suppression of Ciliogenesis Enhances Temozolomide Toxicity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837589. [PMID: 35359402 PMCID: PMC8962950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are low-intensity, alternating intermediate-frequency (200 kHz) electrical fields that extend survival of glioblastoma patients receiving maintenance temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. How TTFields exert efficacy on cancer over normal cells or interact with TMZ is unclear. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles triggered by extracellular ligands, mechanical and electrical field stimulation and are capable of promoting cancer growth and TMZ chemoresistance. We found in both low- and high-grade patient glioma cell lines that TTFields ablated cilia within 24 h. Halting TTFields treatment led to recovered frequencies of elongated cilia. Cilia on normal primary astrocytes, neurons, and multiciliated/ependymal cells were less affected by TTFields. The TTFields-mediated loss of glioma cilia was partially rescued by chloroquine pretreatment, suggesting the effect is in part due to autophagy activation. We also observed death of ciliated cells during TTFields by live imaging. Notably, TMZ and TTFields have opposing effects on glioma ciliogenesis. TMZ-induced stimulation of ciliogenesis in both adherent cells and gliomaspheres was blocked by TTFields. Surprisingly, the inhibitory effects of TTFields and TMZ on tumor cell recurrence are linked to the relative timing of TMZ exposure to TTFields and ARL13B+ cilia. Finally, TTFields disrupted cilia in patient tumors treated ex vivo. Our findings suggest that the efficacy of TTFields may depend on the degree of tumor ciliogenesis and relative timing of TMZ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brittany S. Ulm
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Julianne C. Mallinger
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Loic P. Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew R. Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Preston A. Wells Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew R. Sarkisian,
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35
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Sokpor G, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Tuoc T. Regulation of Cell Delamination During Cortical Neurodevelopment and Implication for Brain Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824802. [PMID: 35281509 PMCID: PMC8904418 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development is dependent on key processes that can influence apical progenitor cell division and progeny. Pivotal among such critical cellular processes is the intricate mechanism of cell delamination. This indispensable cell detachment process mainly entails the loss of apical anchorage, and subsequent migration of the mitotic derivatives of the highly polarized apical cortical progenitors. Such apical progenitor derivatives are responsible for the majority of cortical neurogenesis. Many factors, including transcriptional and epigenetic/chromatin regulators, are known to tightly control cell attachment and delamination tendency in the cortical neurepithelium. Activity of these molecular regulators principally coordinate morphogenetic cues to engender remodeling or disassembly of tethering cellular components and external cell adhesion molecules leading to exit of differentiating cells in the ventricular zone. Improper cell delamination is known to frequently impair progenitor cell fate commitment and neuronal migration, which can cause aberrant cortical cell number and organization known to be detrimental to the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. Indeed, some neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including Heterotopia, Schizophrenia, Hydrocephalus, Microcephaly, and Chudley-McCullough syndrome have been associated with cell attachment dysregulation in the developing mammalian cortex. This review sheds light on the concept of cell delamination, mechanistic (transcriptional and epigenetic regulation) nuances involved, and its importance for corticogenesis. Various neurodevelopmental disorders with defective (too much or too little) cell delamination as a notable etiological underpinning are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Sokpor,
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Tran Tuoc,
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36
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Transit Amplifying Progenitors in the Cerebellum: Similarities to and Differences from Transit Amplifying Cells in Other Brain Regions and between Species. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040726. [PMID: 35203375 PMCID: PMC8870322 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transit amplification of neural progenitors/precursors is widely used in the development of the central nervous system and for tissue homeostasis. In most cases, stem cells, which are relatively less proliferative, first differentiate into transit amplifying cells, which are more proliferative, losing their stemness. Subsequently, transit amplifying cells undergo a limited number of mitoses and differentiation to expand the progeny of differentiated cells. This step-by-step proliferation is considered an efficient system for increasing the number of differentiated cells while maintaining the stem cells. Recently, we reported that cerebellar granule cell progenitors also undergo transit amplification in mice. In this review, we summarize our and others’ recent findings and the prospective contribution of transit amplification to neural development and evolution, as well as the molecular mechanisms regulating transit amplification.
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37
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Ribba AS, Fraboulet S, Sadoul K, Lafanechère L. The Role of LIM Kinases during Development: A Lens to Get a Glimpse of Their Implication in Pathologies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030403. [PMID: 35159213 PMCID: PMC8834001 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of cell populations within animal tissues is essential for the morphogenesis of organs during development. Cells recognize three-dimensional positions with respect to the whole organism and regulate their cell shape, motility, migration, polarization, growth, differentiation, gene expression and cell death according to extracellular signals. Remodeling of the actin filaments is essential to achieve these cell morphological changes. Cofilin is an important binding protein for these filaments; it increases their elasticity in terms of flexion and torsion and also severs them. The activity of cofilin is spatiotemporally inhibited via phosphorylation by the LIM domain kinases 1 and 2 (LIMK1 and LIMK2). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the phospho-regulation of cofilin has evolved as a mechanism controlling the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during complex multicellular processes, such as those that occur during embryogenesis. In this context, the main objective of this review is to provide an update of the respective role of each of the LIM kinases during embryonic development.
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Mac Donald K, Iulianella A. The actin-cytoskeleton associating protein BASP1 regulates neural progenitor localization in the neural tube. Genesis 2021; 60:e23464. [PMID: 34897971 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1; previously NAP22 or CAP23) is an actin-associating protein that is highly expressed in the nervous system throughout development. While its roles at the neuromuscular junction and in certain non-neuronal tissues have been previously characterized, its function in the early neural tube is unclear. Using in ovo electroporation in the chicken (Gallus gallus) embryonic neural tube, we show that BASP1 overexpression resulted in the appearance of ectopic neural progenitor cells within the marginal zone of the neural tube. BASP1 knockdown did not affect the position of neural progenitors but did alter the complexity of axons developing from differentiated neurons. This suggests a role for BASP1 in regulating the apical polarity of progenitor cells and axon trajectories from developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Mac Donald
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Passanha FR, Geuens T, LaPointe VLS. Sticking together: Harnessing cadherin biology for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:107-115. [PMID: 34358698 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Directing cell behavior and building a tissue for therapeutic impact is the main goal of regenerative medicine, for which scientists need to modulate the interaction of cells with biomaterials. The focus of the field thus far has been on the incorporation of cues from the extracellular matrix but we propose that scientists take lessons from cell-cell adhesion proteins, more specifically cadherin biology, as these proteins make multicellularity possible. In this perspective, we re-examine cadherins through the lens of a tissue engineer for the purpose of advancing regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we summarize exciting developments in biomaterials inspired by cadherins and discuss some challenges and opportunities for the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue engineers need tools to direct cell behavior. To date, tissue engineers have designed many sophisticated materials to positively influence cell behavior but are faced with the challenge where these materials sometimes work and sometimes fail. This uncertainty is a big unanswered question that challenges the community. We propose that tissue engineering could be more successful if they would take lessons from cell-cell adhesion proteins, more specifically cadherin biology. In the article, we discuss key structural and functional characteristics that make cadherins ideal for tissue engineering approaches. Furthermore, by providing a state-of-the-art overview of exemplary studies that have used cadherins to influence cell behavior, we show tissue engineers that they already have the tools necessary to incorporate this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona R Passanha
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Geuens
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa L S LaPointe
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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40
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How neural stem cells contribute to neocortex development. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1997-2006. [PMID: 34397081 PMCID: PMC8589419 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is the seat of higher cognitive functions, such as thinking and language in human. A hallmark of the neocortex are the cortical neurons, which are generated from divisions of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during development, and which constitute a key feature of the well-organized layered structure of the neocortex. Proper formation of neocortex structure requires an orchestrated cellular behavior of different cortical NPCs during development, especially during the process of cortical neurogenesis. Here, we review the great diversity of NPCs and their contribution to the development of the neocortex. First, we review the categorization of NPCs into different classes and types based on their cell biological features, and discuss recent advances in characterizing marker expression and cell polarity features in the different types of NPCs. Second, we review the different modes of cell divisions that NPCs undergo and discuss the importance of the balance between proliferation and differentiation of NPCs in neocortical development. Third, we review the different proliferative capacities among different NPC types and among the same type of NPC in different mammalian species. Dissecting the differences between NPC types and differences among mammalian species is beneficial to further understand the development and the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex and may open up new therapeutic avenues for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
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41
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Speight P, Rozycki M, Venugopal S, Szászi K, Kofler M, Kapus A. Myocardin-related transcription factor and serum response factor regulate cilium turnover by both transcriptional and local mechanisms. iScience 2021; 24:102739. [PMID: 34278253 PMCID: PMC8261663 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnover of the primary cilium (PC) is critical for proliferation and tissue homeostasis. Each key component of the PC resorption machinery, the HEF1/Aurora kinase A (AurA)/HDAC6 pathway harbors cis-elements potentially targeted by the transcriptional co-activator myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) and/or its partner serum response factor (SRF). Thus we investigated if MRTF and/or SRF regulate PC turnover. Here we show that (1) both MRTF and SRF are indispensable for serum-induced PC resorption, and (2) they act via both transcriptional and local mechanisms. Intriguingly, MRTF and SRF are present in the basal body and/or the PC, and serum facilitates ciliary MRTF recruitment. MRTF promotes the stability and ciliary accumulation of AurA and facilitates SRF phosphorylation. Ciliary SRF interacts with AurA and HDAC6. MRTF also inhibits ciliogenesis. It interacts with and is required for the correct localization of the ciliogenesis modulator CEP290. Thus, MRTF and SRF are critical regulators of PC assembly and/or disassembly, acting both as transcription factors and as PC constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pam Speight
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Room 621, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Matthew Rozycki
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Room 621, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Shruthi Venugopal
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Room 621, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Katalin Szászi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Room 621, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Michael Kofler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Room 621, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - András Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Room 621, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
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42
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Font-Noguera M, Montemurro M, Benassayag C, Monier B, Suzanne M. Getting started for migration: A focus on EMT cellular dynamics and mechanics in developmental models. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203717. [PMID: 34245942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones, through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (or EMT) is a reversible process involved in critical steps of animal development as early as gastrulation and throughout organogenesis. In pathological conditions such as aggressive cancers, EMT is often associated with increased drug resistance, motility and invasiveness. The characterisation of the upstream signals and main decision takers, such as the EMT-transcription factors, has led to the identification of a core molecular machinery controlling the specification towards EMT. However, the cellular execution steps of this fundamental shift are poorly described, especially in cancerous cells. Here we review our current knowledge regarding the stepwise nature of EMT in model organisms as diverse as sea urchin, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse or chicken. We focus on the cellular dynamics and mechanics of the transitional stages by which epithelial cells progressively become mesenchymal and leave the epithelium. We gather the currently available pieces of the puzzle, including the overlooked property of EMT cells to produce mechanical forces along their apico-basal axis before detaching from their neighbours. We discuss the interplay between EMT and the surrounding tissue. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework of EMT cell dynamics from the very first hint of epithelial cell reorganisation to the successful exit from the epithelial sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Font-Noguera
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marianne Montemurro
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Benassayag
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Monier
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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43
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Shohayeb B, Muzar Z, Cooper HM. Conservation of neural progenitor identity and the emergence of neocortical neuronal diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:4-13. [PMID: 34083116 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One paramount challenge for neuroscientists over the past century has been to identify the embryonic origins of the enormous diversity of cortical neurons found in the adult human neocortex and to unravel the developmental processes governing their emergence. In all mammals, including humans, the radial glia lining the ventricles of the embryonic telencephalon, more recently reclassified as apical radial glia (aRGs), have been identified as the neural progenitors giving rise to all excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons of the six-layered cortex. In this review, we explore the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate aRG function and the generation of neuronal diversity in the dorsal telencephalon. We survey the key structural features essential for the retention of the highly polarized aRG morphology and therefore impose aRG identity after cytokinesis. We discuss how these structures and associated molecular signaling complexes influence aRG proliferative capacity and the decision to undergo proliferative self-renewing symmetric or neurogenic asymmetric divisions. We also explore the intriguing and complex question of how the extensive neuronal diversity within the adult neocortex arises from the small aRG population located within the cortical proliferative zone. We further highlight the recent clonal lineage tracing and single-cell transcriptomic profiling studies providing compelling evidence that individual neuronal identity emerges as a consequence of exposure to temporally regulated extrinsic cues which coordinate waves of transcriptional activity that evolve over time to drive neuronal commitment and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Shohayeb
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Zukhrofi Muzar
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Helen M Cooper
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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44
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Herrera A, Menendez A, Torroba B, Ochoa A, Pons S. Dbnl and β-catenin promote pro-N-cadherin processing to maintain apico-basal polarity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212044. [PMID: 33939796 PMCID: PMC8097490 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural tube forms when neural stem cells arrange into a pseudostratified, single-cell–layered epithelium, with a marked apico-basal polarity, and in which adherens junctions (AJs) concentrate in the subapical domain. We previously reported that sustained β-catenin expression promotes the formation of enlarged apical complexes (ACs), enhancing apico-basal polarity, although the mechanism through which this occurs remained unclear. Here, we show that β-catenin interacts with phosphorylated pro-N-cadherin early in its transit through the Golgi apparatus, promoting propeptide excision and the final maturation of N-cadherin. We describe a new β-catenin–dependent interaction of N-cadherin with Drebrin-like (Dbnl), an actin-binding protein that is involved in anterograde Golgi trafficking of proteins. Notably, Dbnl knockdown led to pro-N-cadherin accumulation and limited AJ formation. In brief, we demonstrate that Dbnl and β-catenin assist in the maturation of pro-N-cadherin, which is critical for AJ formation and for the recruitment AC components like aPKC and, consequently, for the maintenance of apico-basal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anghara Menendez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Torroba
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Ochoa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Ho EK, Stearns T. Hedgehog signaling and the primary cilium: implications for spatial and temporal constraints on signaling. Development 2021; 148:dev195552. [PMID: 33914866 PMCID: PMC8126410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling are linked to the biology of the primary cilium, an antenna-like organelle that projects from the surface of most vertebrate cell types. Although the advantages of restricting signal transduction to cilia are often noted, the constraints imposed are less frequently considered, and yet they are central to how Hedgehog signaling operates in developing tissues. In this Review, we synthesize current understanding of Hedgehog signal transduction, ligand secretion and transport, and cilia dynamics to explore the temporal and spatial constraints imposed by the primary cilium on Hedgehog signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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46
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Biga V, Hawley J, Soto X, Johns E, Han D, Bennett H, Adamson AD, Kursawe J, Glendinning P, Manning CS, Papalopulu N. A dynamic, spatially periodic, micro-pattern of HES5 underlies neurogenesis in the mouse spinal cord. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9902. [PMID: 34031978 PMCID: PMC8144840 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultradian oscillations of HES Transcription Factors (TFs) at the single-cell level enable cell state transitions. However, the tissue-level organisation of HES5 dynamics in neurogenesis is unknown. Here, we analyse the expression of HES5 ex vivo in the developing mouse ventral spinal cord and identify microclusters of 4-6 cells with positively correlated HES5 level and ultradian dynamics. These microclusters are spatially periodic along the dorsoventral axis and temporally dynamic, alternating between high and low expression with a supra-ultradian persistence time. We show that Notch signalling is required for temporal dynamics but not the spatial periodicity of HES5. Few Neurogenin 2 cells are observed per cluster, irrespective of high or low state, suggesting that the microcluster organisation of HES5 enables the stable selection of differentiating cells. Computational modelling predicts that different cell coupling strengths underlie the HES5 spatial patterns and rate of differentiation, which is consistent with comparison between the motoneuron and interneuron progenitor domains. Our work shows a previously unrecognised spatiotemporal organisation of neurogenesis, emergent at the tissue level from the synthesis of single-cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Biga
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Joshua Hawley
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Ximena Soto
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Emma Johns
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Daniel Han
- Department of MathematicsSchool of Natural SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Hayley Bennett
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Antony D Adamson
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Jochen Kursawe
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Paul Glendinning
- Department of MathematicsSchool of Natural SciencesFaculty of Science and EngineeringThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Cerys S Manning
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Nancy Papalopulu
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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47
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Mohieldin AM, Pala R, Beuttler R, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, Nauli SM. Ciliary extracellular vesicles are distinct from the cytosolic extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12086. [PMID: 33936569 PMCID: PMC8077156 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell‐derived membrane vesicles that are released into the extracellular space. EVs encapsulate key proteins and mediate intercellular signalling pathways. Recently, primary cilia have been shown to release EVs under fluid‐shear flow, but many proteins encapsulated in these vesicles have never been identified. Primary cilia are ubiquitous mechanosensory organelles that protrude from the apical surface of almost all human cells. Primary cilia also serve as compartments for signalling pathways, and their defects have been associated with a wide range of human genetic diseases called ciliopathies. To better understand the mechanism of ciliopathies, it is imperative to know the distinctive protein profiles of the differently sourced EVs (cilia vs cytosol). Here, we isolated EVs from ciliated wild‐type (WT) and non‐ciliated IFT88 knockout (KO) mouse endothelial cells using fluid‐shear flow followed by a conventional method of EV isolation. EVs isolated from WT and KO exhibited distinctive sizes. Differences in EV protein contents were studied using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS‐MS) and proteomic comparative analysis, which allowed us to classify proteins between ciliary EVs and cytosolic EVs derived from WT and KO, respectively. A total of 79 proteins were exclusively expressed in WT EVs, 145 solely in KO EVs, and 524 in both EVs. Our bioinformatics analyses revealed 29% distinct protein classes and 75% distinct signalling pathways between WT and KO EVs. Based on our statistical analyses and in vitro studies, we identified NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase (POR), and CD166 antigen (CD166) as potential biomarkers for ciliary and cytosolic EVs, respectively. Our protein‐protein interaction network analysis revealed that POR, but not CD166, interacted with either established or strong ciliopathy gene candidates. This report shows the unique differences between EVs secreted from cilia and the cytosol. These results will be important in advancing our understanding of human genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Mohieldin
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences Chapman University Irvine California USA.,Department of Medicine University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | - Rajasekharreddy Pala
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences Chapman University Irvine California USA
| | - Richard Beuttler
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences Chapman University Irvine California USA
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences Chapman University Irvine California USA.,Department of Medicine University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
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Yusifov E, Dumoulin A, Stoeckli ET. Investigating Primary Cilia during Peripheral Nervous System Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3176. [PMID: 33804711 PMCID: PMC8003989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium plays a pivotal role during the embryonic development of vertebrates. It acts as a somatic signaling hub for specific pathways, such as Sonic Hedgehog signaling. In humans, mutations in genes that cause dysregulation of ciliogenesis or ciliary function lead to severe developmental disorders called ciliopathies. Beyond its role in early morphogenesis, growing evidence points towards an essential function of the primary cilium in neural circuit formation in the central nervous system. However, very little is known about a potential role in the formation of the peripheral nervous system. Here, we investigate the presence of the primary cilium in neural crest cells and their derivatives in the trunk of developing chicken embryos in vivo. We found that neural crest cells, sensory neurons, and boundary cap cells all bear a primary cilium during key stages of early peripheral nervous system formation. Moreover, we describe differences in the ciliation of neuronal cultures of different populations from the peripheral and central nervous systems. Our results offer a framework for further in vivo and in vitro investigations on specific roles that the primary cilium might play during peripheral nervous system formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther T. Stoeckli
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.Y.); (A.D.)
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49
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Hansen JN, Rassmann S, Stüven B, Jurisch-Yaksi N, Wachten D. CiliaQ: a simple, open-source software for automated quantification of ciliary morphology and fluorescence in 2D, 3D, and 4D images. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:18. [PMID: 33683488 PMCID: PMC7940315 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like membrane protrusions that emanate from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are classified into motile and primary cilia. Motile cilia move fluid flow or propel cells, while also fulfill sensory functions. Primary cilia are immotile and act as a cellular antenna, translating environmental cues into cellular responses. Ciliary dysfunction leads to severe diseases, commonly termed ciliopathies. The molecular details underlying ciliopathies and ciliary function are, however, not well understood. Since cilia are small subcellular compartments, imaging-based approaches have been used to study them. However, tools to comprehensively analyze images are lacking. Automatic analysis approaches require commercial software and are limited to 2D analysis and only a few parameters. The widely used manual analysis approaches are time consuming, user-biased, and difficult to compare. Here, we present CiliaQ, a package of open-source, freely available, and easy-to-use ImageJ plugins. CiliaQ allows high-throughput analysis of 2D and 3D, static or time-lapse images from fluorescence microscopy of cilia in cell culture or tissues, and outputs a comprehensive list of parameters for ciliary morphology, length, bending, orientation, and fluorescence intensity, making it broadly applicable. We envision CiliaQ as a resource and platform for reproducible and comprehensive analysis of ciliary function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Niklas Hansen
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Rassmann
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Birthe Stüven
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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50
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Kawaguchi A. Neuronal Delamination and Outer Radial Glia Generation in Neocortical Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623573. [PMID: 33614631 PMCID: PMC7892903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During neocortical development, many neuronally differentiating cells (neurons and intermediate progenitor cells) are generated at the apical/ventricular surface by the division of neural progenitor cells (apical radial glial cells, aRGs). Neurogenic cell delamination, in which these neuronally differentiating cells retract their apical processes and depart from the apical surface, is the first step of their migration. Since the microenvironment established by the apical endfeet is crucial for maintaining neuroepithelial (NE)/aRGs, proper timing of the detachment of the apical endfeet is critical for the quantitative control of neurogenesis in cerebral development. During delamination, the microtubule-actin-AJ (adherens junction) configuration at the apical endfeet shows dynamic changes, concurrent with the constriction of the AJ ring at the apical endfeet and downregulation of cadherin expression. This process is mediated by transcriptional suppression of AJ-related molecules and multiple cascades to regulate cell adhesion and cytoskeletal architecture in a posttranscriptional manner. Recent advances have added molecules to the latter category: the interphase centrosome protein AKNA affects microtubule dynamics to destabilize the microtubule-actin-AJ complex, and the microtubule-associated protein Lzts1 inhibits microtubule assembly and activates actomyosin systems at the apical endfeet of differentiating cells. Moreover, Lzts1 induces the oblique division of aRGs, and loss of Lzts1 reduces the generation of outer radial glia (oRGs, also called basal radial glia, bRGs), another type of neural progenitor cell in the subventricular zone. These findings suggest that neurogenic cell delamination, and in some cases oRG generation, could be caused by a spectrum of interlinked mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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