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Cheng KM, Hsu WL, Ma YL, Liu YC, Lee EHY. Novel role of NCoR1 in impairing spatial memory through the mediation of a novel interacting protein DEC2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:273. [PMID: 38900294 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Long-term memory formation requires de novo RNA and protein synthesis. Using differential display PCR, we found that the NCoR1 cDNA fragment is differentially expressed between fast learners and slow learners, with fast learners showing a lower expression level than slow learners in the water maze learning task. Fast learners also show lower NCoR1 mRNA and protein expression levels. In addition, spatial training decreases both NCoR1 mRNA and protein expression, whereas NCoR1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice show enhanced spatial memory. In studying the molecular mechanism, we found that spatial training decreases the association between NCoR1 and DEC2. Both NCoR1 and DEC2 suppress the expression of BDNF, integrin α3 and SGK1 through C/EBPα binding to their DNA promoters, but overexpression of DEC2 in NCoR1 cKO mice rescues the decreased expression of these proteins compared with NCoR1 loxP mice overexpressing DEC2. Further, spatial training decreases DEC2 expression. Spatial training also enhances C/EBPα binding to Bdnf, Itga3 and Sgk1 promoters, an effect also observed in fast learners, and both NCoR1 and DEC2 control C/EBPα activity. Whereas knockdown of BDNF, integrin α3 or SGK1 expression impairs spatial learning and memory, it does not affect Y-maze performance, suggesting that BDNF, integrin α3 and SGK1 are involved in long-term memory formation, but not short-term memory formation. Moreover, NCoR1 expression is regulated by the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings identify DEC2 as a novel interacting protein of NCoR1 and elucidate the novel roles and mechanisms of NCoR1 and DEC2 in negative regulation of spatial memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Min Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Li Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Eminy H Y Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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2
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Comyn T, Preat T, Pavlowsky A, Plaçais PY. PKCδ is an activator of neuronal mitochondrial metabolism that mediates the spacing effect on memory consolidation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.06.561186. [PMID: 38948698 PMCID: PMC11212906 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Relevance-based selectivity and high energy cost are two distinct features of long-term memory (LTM) formation that warrant its default inhibition. Spaced repetition of learning is a highly conserved cognitive mechanism that can lift this inhibition. Here, we questioned how the spacing effect integrates experience selection and energy efficiency at the cellular and molecular levels. We showed in Drosophila that spaced training triggers LTM formation by extending over several hours an increased mitochondrial metabolic activity in neurons of the associative memory center, the mushroom bodies (MBs). We found that this effect is mediated by PKCδ, a member of the so-called 'novel PKC' family of enzymes, which uncovers the critical function of PKCδ in neurons as a regulator of mitochondrial metabolism for LTM. Additionally, PKCδ activation and translocation to mitochondria result from LTM-specific dopamine signaling on MB neurons. By bridging experience-dependent neuronal circuit activity with metabolic modulation of memory-encoding neurons, PKCδ signaling binds the cognitive and metabolic constraints underlying LTM formation into a unified gating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Typhaine Comyn
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Preat
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alice Pavlowsky
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
- Co-corresponding authors
| | - Pierre-Yves Plaçais
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
- Co-corresponding authors
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3
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Abstract
The brain is designed not only with molecules and cellular processes that help to form memories but also with molecules and cellular processes that suppress the formation and retention of memory. The latter processes are critical for an efficient memory management system, given the vast amount of information that each person experiences in their daily activities and that most of this information becomes irrelevant with time. Thus, efficiency dictates that the brain should have processes for selecting the most critical information for storage and suppressing the irrelevant or forgetting it later should it escape the initial filters. Such memory suppressor molecules and processes are revealed by genetic or pharmacologic insults that lead to enhanced memory expression. We review here the predominant memory suppressor molecules and processes that have recently been discovered. They are diverse, as expected, because the brain is complex and employs many different strategies and mechanisms to form memories. They include the gene-repressive actions of small noncoding RNAs, repressors of protein synthesis, cAMP-mediated gene expression pathways, inter- and intracellular signaling pathways for normal forgetting, and others. A deep understanding of memory suppressor molecules and processes is necessary to fully comprehend how the brain forms, stabilizes, and retrieves memories and to reveal how brain disorders disrupt memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C. Noyes
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ronald L. Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL, USA
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4
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Jino K, Miyamoto K, Kanbara T, Unemura C, Horiguchi N, Ago Y. Allosteric inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4D induces biphasic memory-enhancing effects associated with learning-activated signaling pathways. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:805-816. [PMID: 38114603 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phosphodiesterase 4D negative allosteric modulators (PDE4D NAMs) enhance memory and cognitive function in animal models without emetic-like side effects. However, the relationship between increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and the effects of PDE4D NAM remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of hippocampal cAMP metabolism and synaptic activation in the effects of D159687, a PDE4D NAM, under baseline and learning-stimulated conditions. RESULTS At 3 mg/kg, D159687 enhanced memory formation and consolidation in contextual fear conditioning; however, neither lower (0.3 mg/kg) nor higher (30 mg/kg) doses induced memory-enhancing effects. A biphasic (bell-shaped) dose-response effect was also observed in a scopolamine-induced model of amnesia in the Y-maze, whereas D159687 dose-dependently caused an emetic-like effect in the xylazine/ketamine anesthesia test. At 3 mg/kg, D159687 increased cAMP levels in the hippocampal CA1 region after conditioning in the fear conditioning test, but not in the home-cage or conditioning cage (i.e., context only). By contrast, 30 mg/kg of D159687 increased hippocampal cAMP levels under all conditions. Although both 3 and 30 mg/kg of D159687 upregulated learning-induced Fos expression in the hippocampal CA1 30 min after conditioning, 3 mg/kg, but not 30 mg/kg, of D159687 induced phosphorylation of synaptic plasticity-related proteins such as cAMP-responsive element-binding protein, synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that learning-stimulated conditions can alter the effects of a PDE4D NAM on hippocampal cAMP levels and imply that a PDE4D NAM exerts biphasic memory-enhancing effects associated with synaptic plasticity-related signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Jino
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyamoto
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kanbara
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Chie Unemura
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naotaka Horiguchi
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Yukio Ago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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5
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Brito DVC, Kupke J, Sokolov R, Cambridge S, Both M, Bengtson CP, Rozov A, Oliveira AMM. Biphasic Npas4 expression promotes inhibitory plasticity and suppression of fear memory consolidation in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02454-3. [PMID: 38347124 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Long-term memories are believed to be encoded by unique transcriptional signatures in the brain. The expression of immediate early genes (IEG) promotes structural and molecular changes required for memory consolidation. Recent evidence has shown that the brain is equipped with mechanisms that not only promote, but actively constrict memory formation. However, it remains unknown whether IEG expression may play a role in memory suppression. Here we uncovered a novel function of the IEG neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4), as an inducible memory suppressor gene of highly salient aversive experiences. Using a contextual fear conditioning paradigm, we found that low stimulus salience leads to monophasic Npas4 expression, while highly salient learning induces a biphasic expression of Npas4 in the hippocampus. The later phase requires N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity and is independent of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Our in vivo pharmacological and genetic manipulation experiments suggested that the later phase of Npas4 expression restricts the consolidation of a fear memory and promote behavioral flexibility, by facilitating fear extinction and the contextual specificity of fear responses. Moreover, immunofluorescence and electrophysiological analysis revealed a concomitant increase in synaptic input from cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing interneurons. Our results demonstrate how salient experiences evoke unique temporal patterns of IEG expression that fine-tune memory consolidation. Moreover, our study provides evidence for inducible gene expression associated with memory suppression as a possible mechanism to balance the consolidation of highly salient memories, and thereby to evade the formation of maladaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V C Brito
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Janina Kupke
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Rostilav Sokolov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology, 117513, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhny, Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sidney Cambridge
- Anatomy II, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Both
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Peter Bengtson
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrei Rozov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology, 117513, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- OpenLab of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ana M M Oliveira
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Cognition Research, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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6
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Miao S, Fourgeaud L, Burrola PG, Stern S, Zhang Y, Happonen KE, Novak SW, Gage FH, Lemke G. Tyro3 promotes the maturation of glutamatergic synapses. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1327423. [PMID: 38410160 PMCID: PMC10894971 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1327423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase Tyro3 is abundantly expressed in neurons of the neocortex, hippocampus, and striatum, but its role in these cells is unknown. We found that neuronal expression of this receptor was markedly up-regulated in the postnatal mouse neocortex immediately prior to the final development of glutamatergic synapses. In the absence of Tyro3, cortical and hippocampal synapses never completed end-stage differentiation and remained electrophysiologically and ultrastructurally immature. Tyro3-/- cortical neurons also exhibited diminished plasma membrane expression of the GluA2 subunits of AMPA-type glutamate receptors, which are essential to mature synaptic function. Correspondingly, GluA2 membrane insertion in wild-type neurons was stimulated by Gas6, a Tyro3 ligand widely expressed in the postnatal brain. Behaviorally, Tyro3-/- mice displayed learning enhancements in spatial recognition and fear-conditioning assays. Together, these results demonstrate that Tyro3 promotes the functional maturation of glutamatergic synapses by driving plasma membrane translocation of GluA2 AMPA receptor subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Miao
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lawrence Fourgeaud
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Patrick G Burrola
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shani Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kaisa E Happonen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sammy Weiser Novak
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
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7
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Vanrobaeys Y, Mukherjee U, Langmack L, Beyer SE, Bahl E, Lin LC, Michaelson JJ, Abel T, Chatterjee S. Mapping the spatial transcriptomic signature of the hippocampus during memory consolidation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6100. [PMID: 37773230 PMCID: PMC10541893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation involves discrete patterns of transcriptional events in the hippocampus. Despite the emergence of single-cell transcriptomic profiling techniques, mapping the transcriptomic signature across subregions of the hippocampus has remained challenging. Here, we utilized unbiased spatial sequencing to delineate transcriptome-wide gene expression changes across subregions of the dorsal hippocampus of male mice following learning. We find that each subregion of the hippocampus exhibits distinct yet overlapping transcriptomic signatures. The CA1 region exhibited increased expression of genes related to transcriptional regulation, while the DG showed upregulation of genes associated with protein folding. Importantly, our approach enabled us to define the transcriptomic signature of learning within two less-defined hippocampal subregions, CA1 stratum radiatum, and oriens. We demonstrated that CA1 subregion-specific expression of a transcription factor subfamily has a critical functional role in the consolidation of long-term memory. This work demonstrates the power of spatial molecular approaches to reveal simultaneous transcriptional events across the hippocampus during memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Vanrobaeys
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Utsav Mukherjee
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Lucy Langmack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stacy E Beyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ethan Bahl
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Li-Chun Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob J Michaelson
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Snehajyoti Chatterjee
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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8
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Cohen T, Shomron N. Can RNA Affect Memory Modulation? Implications for PTSD Understanding and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12908. [PMID: 37629089 PMCID: PMC10454422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Memories are a central aspect of our lives, but the mechanisms underlying their formation, consolidation, retrieval, and extinction remain poorly understood. In this review, we explore the molecular mechanisms of memory modulation and investigate the effects of RNA on these processes. Specifically, we examine the effects of time and location on gene expression alterations. We then discuss the potential for harnessing these alterations to modulate memories, particularly fear memories, to alleviate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The current state of research suggests that transcriptional changes play a major role in memory modulation and targeting them through microRNAs may hold promise as a novel approach for treating memory-related disorders such as PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tehila Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Edmond J Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Tel Aviv University Innovation Labs (TILabs), Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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9
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Davis RL. Learning and memory using Drosophila melanogaster: a focus on advances made in the fifth decade of research. Genetics 2023; 224:iyad085. [PMID: 37212449 PMCID: PMC10411608 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, researchers using Drosophila melanogaster have made extraordinary progress in uncovering the mysteries underlying learning and memory. This progress has been propelled by the amazing toolkit available that affords combined behavioral, molecular, electrophysiological, and systems neuroscience approaches. The arduous reconstruction of electron microscopic images resulted in a first-generation connectome of the adult and larval brain, revealing complex structural interconnections between memory-related neurons. This serves as substrate for future investigations on these connections and for building complete circuits from sensory cue detection to changes in motor behavior. Mushroom body output neurons (MBOn) were discovered, which individually forward information from discrete and non-overlapping compartments of the axons of mushroom body neurons (MBn). These neurons mirror the previously discovered tiling of mushroom body axons by inputs from dopamine neurons and have led to a model that ascribes the valence of the learning event, either appetitive or aversive, to the activity of different populations of dopamine neurons and the balance of MBOn activity in promoting avoidance or approach behavior. Studies of the calyx, which houses the MBn dendrites, have revealed a beautiful microglomeruluar organization and structural changes of synapses that occur with long-term memory (LTM) formation. Larval learning has advanced, positioning it to possibly lead in producing new conceptual insights due to its markedly simpler structure over the adult brain. Advances were made in how cAMP response element-binding protein interacts with protein kinases and other transcription factors to promote the formation of LTM. New insights were made on Orb2, a prion-like protein that forms oligomers to enhance synaptic protein synthesis required for LTM formation. Finally, Drosophila research has pioneered our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate permanent and transient active forgetting, an important function of the brain along with acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval. This was catalyzed partly by the identification of memory suppressor genes-genes whose normal function is to limit memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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10
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Vanrobeys Y, Mukherjee U, Langmack L, Bahl E, Lin LC, Michaelson JJ, Abel T, Chatterjee S. Mapping the spatial transcriptomic signature of the hippocampus during memory consolidation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524576. [PMID: 36711475 PMCID: PMC9882356 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Memory consolidation involves discrete patterns of transcriptional events in the hippocampus. Despite the emergence of single-cell transcriptomic profiling techniques, defining learning-responsive gene expression across subregions of the hippocampus has remained challenging. Here, we utilized unbiased spatial sequencing to elucidate transcriptome-wide changes in gene expression in the hippocampus following learning, enabling us to define molecular signatures unique to each hippocampal subregion. We find that each subregion of the hippocampus exhibits distinct yet overlapping transcriptomic signatures. Although the CA1 region exhibited increased expression of genes related to transcriptional regulation, the DG showed upregulation of genes associated with protein folding. We demonstrate the functional relevance of subregion-specific gene expression by genetic manipulation of a transcription factor selectively in the CA1 hippocampal subregion, leading to long-term memory deficits. This work demonstrates the power of using spatial molecular approaches to reveal transcriptional events during memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Vanrobeys
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Utsav Mukherjee
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lucy Langmack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ethan Bahl
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Li-Chun Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jacob J Michaelson
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Snehajyoti Chatterjee
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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11
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Wu R, Rao R, Zhang X, Shen H. Expression of mapk1 and egr1 genes in Onchidium reevesii under tidal stimulation. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Kelvington BA, Nickl-Jockschat T, Abel T. Neurobiological insights into twice-exceptionality: Circuits, cells, and molecules. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 195:107684. [PMID: 36174887 PMCID: PMC9888516 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Twice-exceptional learners face a unique set of challenges arising from the intersection of extraordinary talent and disability. Neurobiology research has the capacity to complement pedagogical research and provide support for twice-exceptional learners. Very few studies have attempted to specifically address the neurobiological underpinnings of twice-exceptionality. However, neurobiologists have built a broad base of knowledge in nervous system function spanning from the level of neural circuits to the molecular basis of behavior. It is known that distinct neural circuits mediate different neural functions, which suggests that 2e learning may result from enhancement in one circuit and disruption in another. Neural circuits are known to adapt and change in response to experience, a cellular process known as neuroplasticity. Plasticity is controlled by a bidirectional connection between the synapse, where neural signals are received, and the nucleus, where regulated gene expression can return to alter synaptic function. Complex molecular mechanisms compose this connection in distinct neural circuits, and genetic alterations in these mechanisms are associated with both memory enhancements and psychiatric disorder. Understanding the consequences of these changes at the molecular, cellular, and circuit levels will provide critical insights into the neurobiological bases of twice-exceptionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kelvington
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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13
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Ojea Ramos S, Feld M, Fustiñana MS. Contributions of extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 activity to the memory trace. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:988790. [PMID: 36277495 PMCID: PMC9580372 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.988790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn from experience and consequently adapt our behavior is one of the most fundamental capacities enabled by complex and plastic nervous systems. Next to cellular and systems-level changes, learning and memory formation crucially depends on molecular signaling mechanisms. In particular, the extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK), historically studied in the context of tumor growth and proliferation, has been shown to affect synaptic transmission, regulation of neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis leading to structural synaptic changes. However, to what extent the effects of ERK are specifically related to memory formation and stabilization, or merely the result of general neuronal activation, remains unknown. Here, we review the signals leading to ERK activation in the nervous system, the subcellular ERK targets associated with learning-related plasticity, and how neurons with activated ERK signaling may contribute to the formation of the memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ojea Ramos
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Feld
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Mariana Feld,
| | - María Sol Fustiñana
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- María Sol Fustiñana,
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14
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Maity S, Abbaspour R, Nahabedian D, Connor SA. Norepinephrine, beyond the Synapse: Coordinating Epigenetic Codes for Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179916. [PMID: 36077313 PMCID: PMC9456295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic system is implicated in neuropathologies contributing to major disorders of the memory, including post-traumatic stress disorder and Alzheimer’s disease. Determining the impact of norepinephrine on cellular function and plasticity is thus essential for making inroads into our understanding of these brain conditions, while expanding our capacity for treating them. Norepinephrine is a neuromodulator within the mammalian central nervous system which plays important roles in cognition and associated synaptic plasticity. Specifically, norepinephrine regulates the formation of memory through the stimulation of β-ARs, increasing the dynamic range of synaptic modifiability. The mechanisms through which NE influences neural circuit function have been extended to the level of the epigenome. This review focuses on recent insights into how the noradrenergic recruitment of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and post-translational modification of histones, contribute to homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity. These advances will be placed in the context of synaptic changes associated with memory formation and linked to brain disorders and neurotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Maity
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Sciences, St. George’s University School of Medicine, True Blue FZ818, Grenada
| | - Raman Abbaspour
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David Nahabedian
- The Center for Biomedical Visualization, Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University School of Medicine, True Blue FZ818, Grenada
| | - Steven A. Connor
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(416)-736-2100 (ext. 33803)
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15
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Tian F, Cheng Y, Zhou S, Wang Q, Monavarfeshani A, Gao K, Jiang W, Kawaguchi R, Wang Q, Tang M, Donahue R, Meng H, Zhang Y, Jacobi A, Yan W, Yin J, Cai X, Yang Z, Hegarty S, Stanicka J, Dmitriev P, Taub D, Zhu J, Woolf CJ, Sanes JR, Geschwind DH, He Z. Core transcription programs controlling injury-induced neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Neuron 2022; 110:2607-2624.e8. [PMID: 35767995 PMCID: PMC9391318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory programs governing neuronal death and axon regeneration in neurodegenerative diseases remain poorly understood. In adult mice, optic nerve crush (ONC) injury by severing retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons results in massive RGC death and regenerative failure. We performed an in vivo CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screen of 1,893 transcription factors (TFs) to seek repressors of RGC survival and axon regeneration following ONC. In parallel, we profiled the epigenetic and transcriptional landscapes of injured RGCs by ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to identify injury-responsive TFs and their targets. These analyses converged on four TFs as critical survival regulators, of which ATF3/CHOP preferentially regulate pathways activated by cytokines and innate immunity and ATF4/C/EBPγ regulate pathways engaged by intrinsic neuronal stressors. Manipulation of these TFs protects RGCs in a glaucoma model. Our results reveal core transcription programs that transform an initial axonal insult into a degenerative process and suggest novel strategies for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Songlin Zhou
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qianbin Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kun Gao
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Weiqian Jiang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Mingjun Tang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan Donahue
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huyan Meng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne Jacobi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jiani Yin
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Xinyi Cai
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiyun Yang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shane Hegarty
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joanna Stanicka
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phillip Dmitriev
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Taub
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA.
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Shetty MS, Ris L, Schindler RFR, Mizuno K, Fedele L, Giese KP, Brand T, Abel T. Mice Lacking the cAMP Effector Protein POPDC1 Show Enhanced Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3457-3471. [PMID: 34937090 PMCID: PMC9376866 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has uncovered diverse forms of synaptic plasticity and an array of molecular signaling mechanisms that act as positive or negative regulators. Specifically, cyclic 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathways are crucially implicated in long-lasting synaptic plasticity. In this study, we examine the role of Popeye domain-containing protein 1 (POPDC1) (or blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES)), a cAMP effector protein, in modulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Unlike other cAMP effectors, such as protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange factor directly activated by cAMP, POPDC1 is membrane-bound and the sequence of the cAMP-binding cassette differs from canonical cAMP-binding domains, suggesting that POPDC1 may have an unique role in cAMP-mediated signaling. Our results show that Popdc1 is widely expressed in various brain regions including the hippocampus. Acute hippocampal slices from Popdc1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit PKA-dependent enhancement in CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to weaker stimulation paradigms, which in slices from wild-type mice induce only transient LTP. Loss of POPDC1, while not affecting basal transmission or input-specificity of LTP, results in altered response during high-frequency stimulation. Popdc1 KO mice also show enhanced forskolin-induced potentiation. Overall, these findings reveal POPDC1 as a novel negative regulator of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and, together with recent evidence for its interaction with phosphodiesterases (PDEs), suggest that POPDC1 is involved in modulating activity-dependent local cAMP-PKA-PDE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Shivarama Shetty
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laurence Ris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Mons, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Keiko Mizuno
- Department of Neuroscience, King’s College, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Laura Fedele
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | | | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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17
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Gruscheski L, Brand T. The Role of POPDC Proteins in Cardiac Pacemaking and Conduction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:160. [PMID: 34940515 PMCID: PMC8706714 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) gene family, consisting of Popdc1 (also known as Bves), Popdc2, and Popdc3, encodes transmembrane proteins abundantly expressed in striated muscle. POPDC proteins have recently been identified as cAMP effector proteins and have been proposed to be part of the protein network involved in cAMP signaling. However, their exact biochemical activity is presently poorly understood. Loss-of-function mutations in animal models causes abnormalities in skeletal muscle regeneration, conduction, and heart rate adaptation after stress. Likewise, patients carrying missense or nonsense mutations in POPDC genes have been associated with cardiac arrhythmias and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. In this review, we introduce the POPDC protein family, and describe their structure function, and role in cAMP signaling. Furthermore, the pathological phenotypes observed in zebrafish and mouse models and the clinical and molecular pathologies in patients carrying POPDC mutations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
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18
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Conde-Dusman MJ, Dey PN, Elía-Zudaire Ó, Rabaneda LG, García-Lira C, Grand T, Briz V, Velasco ER, Andero R, Niñerola S, Barco A, Paoletti P, Wesseling JF, Gardoni F, Tavalin SJ, Perez-Otaño I. Control of protein synthesis and memory by GluN3A-NMDA receptors through inhibition of GIT1/mTORC1 assembly. eLife 2021; 10:e71575. [PMID: 34787081 PMCID: PMC8598234 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo protein synthesis is required for synapse modifications underlying stable memory encoding. Yet neurons are highly compartmentalized cells and how protein synthesis can be regulated at the synapse level is unknown. Here, we characterize neuronal signaling complexes formed by the postsynaptic scaffold GIT1, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, and Raptor that couple synaptic stimuli to mTOR-dependent protein synthesis; and identify NMDA receptors containing GluN3A subunits as key negative regulators of GIT1 binding to mTOR. Disruption of GIT1/mTOR complexes by enhancing GluN3A expression or silencing GIT1 inhibits synaptic mTOR activation and restricts the mTOR-dependent translation of specific activity-regulated mRNAs. Conversely, GluN3A removal enables complex formation, potentiates mTOR-dependent protein synthesis, and facilitates the consolidation of associative and spatial memories in mice. The memory enhancement becomes evident with light or spaced training, can be achieved by selectively deleting GluN3A from excitatory neurons during adulthood, and does not compromise other aspects of cognition such as memory flexibility or extinction. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into synaptic translational control and reveal a potentially selective target for cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Conde-Dusman
- lnstituto de Neurociencias (UMH-CSIC)AlicanteSpain
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Partha N Dey
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | | | - Luis G Rabaneda
- lnstituto de Neurociencias (UMH-CSIC)AlicanteSpain
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | | | - Teddy Grand
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure/CNRS/INSERMParisFrance
| | - Victor Briz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Eric R Velasco
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
| | - Raül Andero
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- ICREABarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Angel Barco
- lnstituto de Neurociencias (UMH-CSIC)AlicanteSpain
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure/CNRS/INSERMParisFrance
| | | | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Steven J Tavalin
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Isabel Perez-Otaño
- lnstituto de Neurociencias (UMH-CSIC)AlicanteSpain
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of NavarraPamplonaSpain
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19
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Epigenetic Mechanisms in Memory and Cognitive Decline Associated with Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212280. [PMID: 34830163 PMCID: PMC8618067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation, a variety of post-translational modifications of histone proteins (acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, serotonylation, dopaminylation), chromatin remodeling enzymes, and long non-coding RNAs, are robust regulators of activity-dependent changes in gene transcription. In the brain, many of these epigenetic modifications have been widely implicated in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms has been reported in the aged brain and is associated with or contributes to memory decline across the lifespan. Furthermore, alterations in the epigenome have been reported in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we review the diverse types of epigenetic modifications and their role in activity- and learning-dependent synaptic plasticity. We then discuss how these mechanisms become dysregulated across the lifespan and contribute to memory loss with age and in Alzheimer’s disease. Collectively, the evidence reviewed here strongly supports a role for diverse epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation, aging, and neurodegeneration in the brain.
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20
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Noyes NC, Phan A, Davis RL. Memory suppressor genes: Modulating acquisition, consolidation, and forgetting. Neuron 2021; 109:3211-3227. [PMID: 34450024 PMCID: PMC8542634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The brain has a remarkable but underappreciated capacity to limit memory formation and expression. The term "memory suppressor gene" was coined in 1998 as an attempt to explain emerging reports that some genes appeared to limit memory. At that time, only a handful of memory suppressor genes were known, and they were understood to work by limiting cAMP-dependent consolidation. In the intervening decades, almost 100 memory suppressor genes with diverse functions have been discovered that affect not only consolidation but also acquisition and forgetting. Here we highlight the surprising extent to which biological limits are placed on memory formation through reviewing the literature on memory suppressor genes. In this review, we present memory suppressors within the framework of their actions on different memory operations: acquisition, consolidation, and forgetting. This is followed by a discussion of the reasons why there may be a biological need to limit memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Noyes
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Anna Phan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11355 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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21
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Vinarskaya AK, Balaban PM, Roshchin MV, Zuzina AB. Sodium butyrate as a selective cognitive enhancer for weak or impaired memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 180:107414. [PMID: 33610771 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies showed that memory can be modulated by manipulating chromatin modifications using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors during memory formation, consolidation, and reconsolidation. We used a context fear conditioning paradigm with minimal non-painful current as a reinforcement, what elicited alertness to the context and freezing during tests in rats. Such paradigm resulted in a relatively weak memory in significant part of the rats. Here, we demonstrate that intraperitoneal administration of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate immediately following memory reactivation, produced memory enhancement in rats with weak memory, however, not in rats with strong memory. Additionally, we investigated the ability of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate to restore the contextual memory impaired due to the blockade of protein synthesis during memory reactivation. The results obtained evidence that the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate reinstated the impaired contextual memory. This enhancement effect is consistent with other studies demonstrating a role for HDAC inhibitors in the facilitation of contextual fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Kh Vinarskaya
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., Moscow 117485, Russia.
| | - Pavel M Balaban
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Matvey V Roshchin
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Alena B Zuzina
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerova St., Moscow 117485, Russia.
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22
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Govindarajulu M, Pinky PD, Steinke I, Bloemer J, Ramesh S, Kariharan T, Rella RT, Bhattacharya S, Dhanasekaran M, Suppiramaniam V, Amin RH. Gut Metabolite TMAO Induces Synaptic Plasticity Deficits by Promoting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:138. [PMID: 32903435 PMCID: PMC7437142 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is strongly associated with metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies indicate that Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite is implicated in the development of age-related cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms of the impact of TMAO on neuronal function has not been elucidated. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between TMAO and deficits in synaptic plasticity in an Alzheimer’s model (3×Tg-AD) and insulin resistance (Leptin deficient db/db) mouse by measuring plasma and brain levels of TMAO. We observed increased TMAO levels in the plasma and brain of both db/db and 3×Tg-AD mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Besides, TMAO levels further increased as mice progressed in age. Deficits in synaptic plasticity, in the form of reduced long-term potentiation (LTP), were noted in both groups of mice in comparison to wild-type mice. To further explore the impact of TMAO on neuronal function, we utilized an ex-vivo model by incubating wild-type hippocampal brain slices with TMAO and found impaired synaptic transmission. We observed that TMAO induced the PERK-EIF2α-ER stress signaling axis in TMAO treated ex-vivo slices as well as in both db/db and 3×Tg-AD mice. Lastly, we also observed altered presynaptic and reduced postsynaptic receptor expression. Our findings suggest that TMAO may induce deficits in synaptic plasticity through the ER stress-mediated PERK signaling pathway. Our results offer novel insight into the mechanism by which TMAO may induce cognitive deficits by promoting ER stress and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Priyanka D Pinky
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ian Steinke
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jenna Bloemer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thiruchelvan Kariharan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Robert T Rella
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Subhrajit Bhattacharya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rajesh H Amin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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23
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Mariottini C, Munari L, Gunzel E, Seco JM, Tzavaras N, Hansen J, Stern SA, Gao V, Aleyasin H, Sharma A, Azeloglu EU, Hodes GE, Russo SJ, Huff V, Birtwistle MR, Blitzer RD, Alberini CM, Iyengar R. Wilm's tumor 1 promotes memory flexibility. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3756. [PMID: 31434897 PMCID: PMC6704057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, strength and persistence of memory must be regulated in order to produce behavioral flexibility. In fact, impairments in memory flexibility are associated with pathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder or autism; however, the underlying mechanisms that enable memory flexibility are still poorly understood. Here, we identify transcriptional repressor Wilm's Tumor 1 (WT1) as a critical synaptic plasticity regulator that decreases memory strength, promoting memory flexibility. WT1 is activated in the hippocampus following induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) or learning. WT1 knockdown enhances CA1 neuronal excitability, LTP and long-term memory whereas its overexpression weakens memory retention. Moreover, forebrain WT1-deficient mice show deficits in both reversal, sequential learning tasks and contextual fear extinction, exhibiting impaired memory flexibility. We conclude that WT1 limits memory strength or promotes memory weakening, thus enabling memory flexibility, a process that is critical for learning from new experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mariottini
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
- Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
| | - Leonardo Munari
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Gunzel
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Seco
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Nikos Tzavaras
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Jens Hansen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Sarah A Stern
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Virginia Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Hossein Aleyasin
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Ali Sharma
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Georgia E Hodes
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Marc R Birtwistle
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Robert D Blitzer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Cristina M Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, 10003, NY, USA.
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
- Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
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24
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Park H, Kaang BK. Balanced actions of protein synthesis and degradation in memory formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:299-306. [PMID: 31416903 PMCID: PMC6699412 DOI: 10.1101/lm.048785.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Storage of long-term memory requires not only protein synthesis but also protein degradation. In this article, we overview recent publications related to this issue, stressing that the balanced actions of protein synthesis and degradation are critical for long-term memory formation. We particularly focused on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling that leads to protein synthesis; proteasome- and autophagy-dependent protein degradation that removes molecular constraints; the role of Fragile X mental retardation protein in translational suppression; and epigenetic modifications that control gene expression at the genomic level. Numerous studies suggest that an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation leads to intellectual impairment and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungju Park
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, South Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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25
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Scheunemann L, Plaçais PY, Dromard Y, Schwärzel M, Preat T. Dunce Phosphodiesterase Acts as a Checkpoint for Drosophila Long-Term Memory in a Pair of Serotonergic Neurons. Neuron 2019; 98:350-365.e5. [PMID: 29673482 PMCID: PMC5919781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A key function of the brain is to filter essential information and store it in the form of stable, long-term memory (LTM). We demonstrate here that the Dunce (Dnc) phosphodiesterase, an important enzyme that degrades cAMP, acts as a molecular switch that controls LTM formation in Drosophila. We show that, during LTM formation, Dnc is inhibited in the SPN, a pair of newly characterized serotonergic neurons, which stimulates the cAMP/PKA pathway. As a consequence, the SPN activates downstream dopaminergic neurons, opening the gate for LTM formation in the olfactory memory center, the mushroom body. Strikingly, transient inhibition of Dnc in the SPN by RNAi was sufficient to induce LTM formation with a training protocol that normally generates only short-lived memory. Thus, Dnc activity in the SPN acts as a memory checkpoint to guarantee that only the most relevant learned experiences are consolidated into stable memory. Dunce phosphodiesterase is a default inhibitor of long-term memory (LTM) formation Dunce acts in a pair of newly identified serotonergic projection neurons These serotonergic neurons control the activity of LTM-gating dopaminergic neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Scheunemann
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Plaçais
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yann Dromard
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martin Schwärzel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise Str. 28-30, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Thomas Preat
- Genes and Dynamics of Memory Systems, Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
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26
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Phan A, Thomas CI, Chakraborty M, Berry JA, Kamasawa N, Davis RL. Stromalin Constrains Memory Acquisition by Developmentally Limiting Synaptic Vesicle Pool Size. Neuron 2018; 101:103-118.e5. [PMID: 30503644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stromalin, a cohesin complex protein, was recently identified as a novel memory suppressor gene, but its mechanism remained unknown. Here, we show that Stromalin functions as a negative regulator of synaptic vesicle (SV) pool size in Drosophila neurons. Stromalin knockdown in dopamine neurons during a critical developmental period enhances learning and increases SV pool size without altering the number of dopamine neurons, their axons, or synapses. The developmental effect of Stromalin knockdown persists into adulthood, leading to strengthened synaptic connections and enhanced olfactory memory acquisition in adult flies. Correcting the SV content in dopamine neuron axon terminals by impairing anterograde SV trafficking motor protein Unc104/KIF1A rescues the enhanced-learning phenotype in Stromalin knockdown flies. Our results identify a new mechanism for memory suppression and reveal that the size of the SV pool is controlled genetically and independent from other aspects of neuron structure and function through Stromalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Phan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Connon I Thomas
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Molee Chakraborty
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jacob A Berry
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Naomi Kamasawa
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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27
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Pak VM, Mazzotti DR, Keenan BT, Hirotsu C, Gehrman P, Bittencourt L, Pack AI, Tufik S. Candidate gene analysis in the São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study (EPISONO) shows an association of variant in PDE4D and sleepiness. Sleep Med 2018; 47:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Iobbi C, Korte M, Zagrebelsky M. Nogo-66 Restricts Synaptic Strengthening via Lingo1 and the ROCK2-Cofilin Pathway to Control Actin Dynamics. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2779-2792. [PMID: 27166169 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A restricts long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway in the adult hippocampus via 2 extracellular domains: Nogo-A-Δ20 and Nogo-66. Nogo-66 signals via Nogo Receptor 1 (NgR1) to regulate synaptic function. Whether the NgR1 coreceptors Lingo1 and p75NTR are involved in the signaling in this context is still not known. Moreover, the intracellular cascade mediating the activity of Nogo-66 in restricting LTP is unexplored. We combine electrophysiology and biochemistry in acute hippocampal slices and demonstrate that a loss of function for Lingo1 results in a significant increase in LTP levels at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway, and that Lingo1 is the NgR1 coreceptor mediating the role of Nogo-66 in restricting LTP. Our data show that p75NTR is not involved in mediating the Nogo-66 effect on LTP. Moreover, loss of function for p75NTR and NgR1 equally attenuate LTD, suggesting that p75NTR might mediate the NgR1-dependent regulation of LTD, independently of Nogo-66. Finally, our results indicate that Nogo-66 signaling limits LTP via the ROCK2-Cofilin pathway to control the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. The present results elucidate the signaling pathway activated by Nogo-66 to control LTP and contribute to the understanding of how Nogo-A stabilizes the neural circuits to limit activity-dependent plasticity events in the mature hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Iobbi
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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29
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Lin J, Wang S, Feng Y, Zhao W, Zhao W, Luo F, Feng N. Propofol exposure during early gestation impairs learning and memory in rat offspring by inhibiting the acetylation of histone. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2600-2611. [PMID: 29461008 PMCID: PMC5908131 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is widely used in clinical practice, including non-obstetric surgery in pregnant women. Previously, we found that propofol anaesthesia in maternal rats during the third trimester (E18) caused learning and memory impairment to the offspring rats, but how about the exposure during early pregnancy and the underlying mechanisms? Histone acetylation plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. In this study, propofol was administered to the pregnant rats in the early pregnancy (E7). The learning and memory function of the offspring were tested by Morris water maze (MWM) test on post-natal day 30. Two hours before each MWM trial, histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), Senegenin (SEN, traditional Chinese medicine), hippyragranin (HGN) antisense oligonucleotide (HGNA) or vehicle were given to the offspring. The protein levels of HDAC2, acetylated histone 3 (H3) and 4 (H4), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) 2 subunit B (NR2B), HGN and synaptophysin in offspring's hippocampus were determined by Western blot or immunofluorescence test. It was discovered that infusion with propofol in maternal rats on E7 leads to impairment of learning and memory in offspring, increased the protein levels of HDAC2 and HGN, decreased the levels of acetylated H3 and H4 and phosphorylated CREB, NR2B and synaptophysin. HDAC2 inhibitor SAHA, Senegenin or HGN antisense oligonucleotide reversed all the changes. Thus, present results indicate exposure to propofol during the early gestation impairs offspring's learning and memory via inhibiting histone acetylation. SAHA, Senegenin and HGN antisense oligonucleotide might have therapeutic value for the adverse effect of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, the Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunlin Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weilu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Foquan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Namin Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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30
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Briskin-Luchinsky V, Levy R, Halfon M, Susswein AJ. Molecular correlates of separate components of training that contribute to long-term memory formation after learning that food is inedible in Aplysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:90-99. [PMID: 29339560 PMCID: PMC5772390 DOI: 10.1101/lm.046326.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Training Aplysia with inedible food for a period that is too brief to produce long-term memory becomes effective in producing memory when training is paired with a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Lip stimulation for the same period of time paired with an NO donor is ineffective. Using qPCR, we examined molecular correlates of brief training versus lip stimulation, of treatment with an NO donor versus saline, and of the combined stimuli producing long-term memory. Changes were examined in mRNA expression of Aplysia homologs of C/EBP, CREB1, CREB1α, CREB1β, and CREB2, in both the buccal and cerebral ganglia controlling feeding. Both the brief training and the NO donor increased expression of C/EBP, CREB1, CREB1α, and CREB1β, but not CREB2 in the buccal ganglia. For CREB1α, there was a significant interaction between the effects of the brief training and of the NO donor. In addition, the NO donor, but not brief training, increased expression of all of the genes in the cerebral ganglion. These findings show that the components of learning that alone do not produce memory produce molecular changes in different ganglia. Thus, long-term memory is likely to arise by both additive and interactive increases in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Briskin-Luchinsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Roi Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Maayan Halfon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Abraham J Susswein
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
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31
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PERK as a hub of multiple pathogenic pathways leading to memory deficits and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2017; 141:72-78. [PMID: 28804008 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling in response to an array of diverse stress stimuli converges on the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α). In the brain, eIF2α is a hub for controlling learning and memory function and for maintaining neuronal integrity in health and disease. Among four eIF2α kinases, PERK is emerging as a key regulator for memory impairments and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of PERK-eIF2α signaling have revealed that the overactivation of this pathway is not a mere consequence of the neurodegenerative process but play critical roles in AD pathogenesis and the occurrence of memory deficits. This review provides an overview of recent progress in animal model studies, which demonstrate that dysregulated PERK accounts for memory deficits and neurodegeneration not only as a detrimental mediator downstream of β-amyloidosis and tauopathy but also as an important determinant upstream of both pathogenic mechanisms in AD. A therapeutic perspective is also discussed, in which interventions targeting the PERK-eIF2α pathway are expected to provide multiple beneficial outcomes in AD, including enhanced mnemonic function, neuroprotection and disease modification.
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32
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Raab-Graham KF, Niere F. mTOR referees memory and disease through mRNA repression and competition. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1540-1554. [PMID: 28493559 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity is required for memory and is dysregulated in disease. Activation of mTOR promotes protein synthesis; however, new studies are demonstrating that mTOR activity also represses the translation of mRNAs. Almost three decades ago, Kandel and colleagues hypothesised that memory was due to the induction of positive regulators and removal of negative constraints. Are these negative constraints repressed mRNAs that code for proteins that block memory formation? Herein, we will discuss the mRNAs coded by putative memory suppressors, how activation/inactivation of mTOR repress protein expression at the synapse, how mTOR activity regulates RNA binding proteins, mRNA stability, and translation, and what the possible implications of mRNA repression are to memory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly F Raab-Graham
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Farr Niere
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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33
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Igamberdiev AU, Shklovskiy-Kordi NE. The quantum basis of spatiotemporality in perception and consciousness. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 130:15-25. [PMID: 28232245 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Living systems inhabit the area of the world which is shaped by the predictable space-time of physical objects and forces that can be incorporated into their perception pattern. The process of selecting a "habitable" space-time is the internal quantum measurement in which living systems become embedded into the environment that supports their living state. This means that living organisms choose a coordinate system in which the influence of measurement is minimal. We discuss specific roles of biological macromolecules, in particular of the cytoskeleton, in shaping perception patterns formed in the internal measurement process. Operation of neuron is based on the transmission of signals via cytoskeleton where the digital output is generated that can be decoded through a reflective action of the perceiving agent. It is concluded that the principle of optimality in biology as formulated by Liberman et al. (BioSystems 22, 135-154, 1989) is related to the establishment of spatiotemporal patterns that are maximally predictable and can hold the living state for a prolonged time. This is achieved by the selection of a habitable space approximated to the conditions described by classical physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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34
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Pearce K, Cai D, Roberts AC, Glanzman DL. Role of protein synthesis and DNA methylation in the consolidation and maintenance of long-term memory in Aplysia. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28067617 PMCID: PMC5310836 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that long-term memory (LTM) in Aplysia can be reinstated by truncated (partial) training following its disruption by reconsolidation blockade and inhibition of PKM (Chen et al., 2014). Here, we report that LTM can be induced by partial training after disruption of original consolidation by protein synthesis inhibition (PSI) begun shortly after training. But when PSI occurs during training, partial training cannot subsequently establish LTM. Furthermore, we find that inhibition of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), whether during training or shortly afterwards, blocks consolidation of LTM and prevents its subsequent induction by truncated training; moreover, later inhibition of DNMT eliminates consolidated LTM. Thus, the consolidation of LTM depends on two functionally distinct phases of protein synthesis: an early phase that appears to prime LTM; and a later phase whose successful completion is necessary for the normal expression of LTM. Both the consolidation and maintenance of LTM depend on DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaycey Pearce
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Diancai Cai
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Adam C Roberts
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - David L Glanzman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States.,Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
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35
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Korzus E. Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome and Epigenetic Alterations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:39-62. [PMID: 28523540 PMCID: PMC6863608 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare genetic disorder in humans characterized by growth and psychomotor delay, abnormal gross anatomy, and mild to severe mental retardation (Rubinstein and Taybi, Am J Dis Child 105:588-608, 1963, Hennekam et al., Am J Med Genet Suppl 6:56-64, 1990). RSTS is caused by de novo mutations in epigenetics-associated genes, including the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREBBP), the gene-encoding protein referred to as CBP, and the EP300 gene, which encodes the p300 protein, a CBP homologue. Recent studies of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying cognitive functions in mice provide direct evidence for the involvement of nuclear factors (e.g., CBP) in the control of higher cognitive functions. In fact, a role for CBP in higher cognitive function is suggested by the finding that RSTS is caused by heterozygous mutations at the CBP locus (Petrij et al., Nature 376:348-351, 1995). CBP was demonstrated to possess an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity (Ogryzko et al., Cell 87:953-959, 1996) that is required for CREB-mediated gene expression (Korzus et al., Science 279:703-707, 1998). The intrinsic protein acetyltransferase activity in CBP might directly destabilize promoter-bound nucleosomes, facilitating the activation of transcription. Due to the complexity of developmental abnormalities and the possible genetic compensation associated with this congenital disorder, however, it is difficult to establish a direct role for CBP in cognitive function in the adult brain. Although aspects of the clinical presentation in RSTS cases have been extensively studied, a spectrum of symptoms found in RSTS patients can be accessed only after birth, and, thus, prenatal genetic tests for this extremely rare genetic disorder are seldom considered. Even though there has been intensive research on the genetic and epigenetic function of the CREBBP gene in rodents, the etiology of this devastating congenital human disorder is largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Korzus
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University Of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Zhou M, Greenhill S, Huang S, Silva TK, Sano Y, Wu S, Cai Y, Nagaoka Y, Sehgal M, Cai DJ, Lee YS, Fox K, Silva AJ. CCR5 is a suppressor for cortical plasticity and hippocampal learning and memory. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27996938 PMCID: PMC5213777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of CCR5 in immunity and in HIV infection has been studied widely, its role in neuronal plasticity, learning and memory is not understood. Here, we report that decreasing the function of CCR5 increases MAPK/CREB signaling, long-term potentiation (LTP), and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice, while neuronal CCR5 overexpression caused memory deficits. Decreasing CCR5 function in mouse barrel cortex also resulted in enhanced spike timing dependent plasticity and consequently, dramatically accelerated experience-dependent plasticity. These results suggest that CCR5 is a powerful suppressor for plasticity and memory, and CCR5 over-activation by viral proteins may contribute to HIV-associated cognitive deficits. Consistent with this hypothesis, the HIV V3 peptide caused LTP, signaling and memory deficits that were prevented by Ccr5 knockout or knockdown. Overall, our results demonstrate that CCR5 plays an important role in neuroplasticity, learning and memory, and indicate that CCR5 has a role in the cognitive deficits caused by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miou Zhou
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Stuart Greenhill
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shan Huang
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Tawnie K Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shumin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ying Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yoshiko Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Megha Sehgal
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Denise J Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin Fox
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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Mirisis AA, Alexandrescu A, Carew TJ, Kopec AM. The Contribution of Spatial and Temporal Molecular Networks in the Induction of Long-term Memory and Its Underlying Synaptic Plasticity. AIMS Neurosci 2016; 3:356-384. [PMID: 27819030 PMCID: PMC5096789 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2016.3.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form long-lasting memories is critical to survival and thus is highly conserved across the animal kingdom. By virtue of its complexity, this same ability is vulnerable to disruption by a wide variety of neuronal traumas and pathologies. To identify effective therapies with which to treat memory disorders, it is critical to have a clear understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms which subserve normal learning and memory. A significant challenge to achieving this level of understanding is posed by the wide range of distinct temporal and spatial profiles of molecular signaling induced by learning-related stimuli. In this review we propose that a useful framework within which to address this challenge is to view the molecular foundation of long-lasting plasticity as composed of unique spatial and temporal molecular networks that mediate signaling both within neurons (such as via kinase signaling) as well as between neurons (such as via growth factor signaling). We propose that evaluating how cells integrate and interpret these concurrent and interacting molecular networks has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios A. Mirisis
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anamaria Alexandrescu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J. Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley M. Kopec
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Oliveira AMM. DNA methylation: a permissive mark in memory formation and maintenance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:587-93. [PMID: 27634149 PMCID: PMC5026210 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042739.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation was traditionally viewed as a static mechanism required during cell fate determination. This view has been challenged and it is now accepted that DNA methylation is involved in the regulation of genomic responses in mature neurons, particularly in cognitive functions. The evidence for a role of DNA methylation in memory formation and maintenance comes from the increasing number of studies that have assessed the effects of manipulation of DNA methylation modifiers in the ability to form and maintain memories. Moreover, insights from genome-wide analyses of the hippocampal DNA methylation status after neuronal activity show that DNA methylation is dynamically regulated. Despite all the experimental evidence, we are still far from having a clear picture of how DNA methylation regulates long-term adaptations. This review aims on one hand to describe the findings that led to the confirmation of DNA methylation as an important player in memory formation. On the other hand, it tries to integrate these discoveries into the current views of how memories are formed and maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M M Oliveira
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Hegde AN. Proteolysis, synaptic plasticity and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 138:98-110. [PMID: 27614141 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein degradation has many critical functions in the nervous system such as refinement of synaptic connections during development and synaptic plasticity and memory in the adult organisms. A major cellular machinery of proteolysis is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). The UPP precisely regulates proteolysis by covalently attaching ubiquitin, a small protein, to substrates through sequential enzymatic reactions and the proteins marked with the ubiquitin tag are degraded by complex containing many subunits called the proteasome. Research over the years has shown a role for the UPP in regulating presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins critical for neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Studies have also revealed a role for the UPP in various forms of memory. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the function of the UPP in neurons is not homogenous and is subject to local regulation in different neuronal sub-compartments. In both invertebrate and vertebrate model systems, local roles have been found for enzymes that attach ubiquitin to substrate proteins as well as for enzymes that remove ubiquitin from substrates. The proteasome also has disparate functions in different parts of the neuron. In addition to the UPP, proteolysis by the lysosome and autophagy play a role in synaptic plasticity and memory. This review details the functions of proteolysis in synaptic plasticity and summarizes the findings on the connection between proteolysis and memory mainly focusing on the UPP including its local roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok N Hegde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA.
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40
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Herdegen T, Mielke K, Kallunki T. Review : c-Jun and the c-Jun Amino-Terminal Kinases: Bipotential Components of the Neuronal Stress Response. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849900500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the inducible transcription factor c-Jun in neurons is a common finding after neuronal injury or 'stress,' such as ischemia, excitotoxicity, axon transection, UV irradiation, stimulation by cytokines, or production of such lipid messengers as ceramide. The neuronal 'stress response' displays striking similarities to the stress response of other cell types such as lymphocytes or tumor cells and is characterized by the activation of programs that lead to apoptosis or survival. It is accepted knowledge that c-Jun can act as neuronal 'killer' under in vitro conditions (with the death inducing ligand fas-ligand as novel AP-1 controlled target gene), but there is also growing evidence that c-Jun is linked to neuronal repair or survival. The control of this dichotomous function of c-Jun is not fully understood. Similar to the expression of c-Jun, the transcriptional activation of c-Jun by amino-terminal phosphorylation and the activation of the catalyzing c- Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK), also called stress activated protein kinases, can also be linked to both neuronal survival and apoptosis. We suggest a model for the control of gene transcription after neuronal stress with activation of JNK and phosphorylation of c-Jun as transcriptional prerequisites, and with asso ciated partners as transcriptional effectors, e.g., by the expression and/or suppression of other transcription factors as activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2), c-Fos, or JunD. This scenario is complicated by the observation that activity of JNK does not lead automatically to c-Jun phosphorylation. This review summa rizes the role of c-Jun and JNK as down-stream mediators of neuronal stressors and places the function of these molecules in the context of other stressful stimuli and intraneuronal responses. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:147-154, 1999
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten Mielke
- Department of Pharmacology University of Kiel Kiel,
Germany
| | - Tuula Kallunki
- Department of Pharmacology University of San Diego La
Jolla, California
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41
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Korte M, Schmitz D. Cellular and System Biology of Memory: Timing, Molecules, and Beyond. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:647-93. [PMID: 26960344 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The storage of information in the mammalian nervous systems is dependent on a delicate balance between change and stability of neuronal networks. The induction and maintenance of processes that lead to changes in synaptic strength to a multistep process which can lead to long-lasting changes, which starts and ends with a highly choreographed and perfectly timed dance of molecules in different cell types of the central nervous system. This is accompanied by synchronization of specific networks, resulting in the generation of characteristic "macroscopic" rhythmic electrical fields, whose characteristic frequencies correspond to certain activity and information-processing states of the brain. Molecular events and macroscopic fields influence each other reciprocally. We review here cellular processes of synaptic plasticity, particularly functional and structural changes, and focus on timing events that are important for the initial memory acquisition, as well as mechanisms of short- and long-term memory storage. Then, we cover the importance of epigenetic events on the long-time range. Furthermore, we consider how brain rhythms at the network level participate in processes of information storage and by what means they participating in it. Finally, we examine memory consolidation at the system level during processes of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroscience Research Centre, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany; and Neuroscience Research Centre, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Shobe J, Philips GT, Carew TJ. Transforming growth factor β recruits persistent MAPK signaling to regulate long-term memory consolidation in Aplysia californica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:182-8. [PMID: 27084925 PMCID: PMC4836639 DOI: 10.1101/lm.040915.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explore the mechanistic relationship between growth factor signaling and kinase activity that supports the protein synthesis-dependent phase of long-term memory (LTM) consolidation for sensitization of Aplysia. Specifically, we examine LTM for tail shock-induced sensitization of the tail-elicited siphon withdrawal (T-SW) reflex, a form of memory that requires both (i) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2; MAPK) activity within identified sensory neurons (SNs) that mediate the T-SW and (ii) the activation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. We now report that repeated tail shocks that induce intermediate-term (ITM) and LTM for sensitization, also induce a sustained post-training phase of MAPK activity in SNs (lasting at least 1 h). We identified two mechanistically distinct phases of post-training MAPK: (i) an immediate phase that does not require ongoing protein synthesis or TGFβ signaling, and (ii) a sustained phase that requires both protein synthesis and extracellular TGFβ signaling. We find that LTM consolidation requires sustained MAPK, and is disrupted by inhibitors of protein synthesis and TGFβ signaling during the consolidation window. These results provide strong evidence that TGFβ signaling sustains MAPK activity as an essential mechanistic step for LTM consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Shobe
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gary T Philips
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Thomas J Carew
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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43
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Gai Y, Liu Z, Cervantes-Sandoval I, Davis RL. Drosophila SLC22A Transporter Is a Memory Suppressor Gene that Influences Cholinergic Neurotransmission to the Mushroom Bodies. Neuron 2016; 90:581-95. [PMID: 27146270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that constrain memory formation are of special interest because they provide insights into the brain's memory management systems and potential avenues for correcting cognitive disorders. RNAi knockdown in the Drosophila mushroom body neurons (MBn) of a newly discovered memory suppressor gene, Solute Carrier DmSLC22A, a member of the organic cation transporter family, enhances olfactory memory expression, while overexpression inhibits it. The protein localizes to the dendrites of the MBn, surrounding the presynaptic terminals of cholinergic afferent fibers from projection neurons (Pn). Cell-based expression assays show that this plasma membrane protein transports cholinergic compounds with the highest affinity among several in vitro substrates. Feeding flies choline or inhibiting acetylcholinesterase in Pn enhances memory, an effect blocked by overexpression of the transporter in the MBn. The data argue that DmSLC22A is a memory suppressor protein that limits memory formation by helping to terminate cholinergic neurotransmission at the Pn:MBn synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Gai
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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44
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Hao L, Yang Z, Bi Y. Stochasticity and bifurcations in a reduced model with interlinked positive and negative feedback loops of CREB1 and CREB2 stimulated by 5-HT. Math Biosci 2016; 274:73-82. [PMID: 26877074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response element-binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors is crucial in regulating gene expression required for long-term memory (LTM) formation. Upon exposure of sensory neurons to the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT), CREB1 is activated via activation of the protein kinase A (PKA) intracellular signaling pathways, and CREB2 as a transcriptional repressor is relieved possibly via phosphorylation of CREB2 by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Song et al. [18] proposed a minimal model with only interlinked positive and negative feedback loops of transcriptional regulation by the activator CREB1 and the repressor CREB2. Without considering feedbacks between the CREB proteins, Pettigrew et al. [8] developed a computational model characterizing complex dynamics of biochemical pathways downstream of 5-HT receptors. In this work, to describe more simply the biochemical pathways and gene regulation underlying 5-HT-induced LTM, we add the important extracellular sensitizing stimulus 5-HT as well as the product Ap-uch into the Song's minimal model. We also strive to examine dynamical properties of the gene regulatory network under the changing concentration of the stimulus, [5-HT], cooperating with the varying positive feedback strength in inducing a high state of CREB1 for the establishment of long-term memory. Different dynamics including monostability, bistability and multistability due to coexistence of stable steady states and oscillations is investigated by means of codimension-2 bifurcation analysis. At the different positive feedback strengths, comparative analysis of deterministic and stochastic dynamics reveals that codimension-1 bifurcation with respect to [5-HT] as the parameter can predict diverse stochastic behaviors resulted from the finite number of molecules, and the number of CREB1 molecules more and more preferentially resides near the high steady state with increasing [5-HT], which contributes to long-term memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Hao
- School of Mathematics and Systems Science and LMIB, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuoqin Yang
- School of Mathematics and Systems Science and LMIB, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yuanhong Bi
- School of Mathematics and Systems Science and LMIB, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Statistics and Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot 010070, China
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45
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Merschbaecher K, Hatko L, Folz J, Mueller U. Inhibition of different histone acetyltransferases (HATs) uncovers transcription-dependent and -independent acetylation-mediated mechanisms in memory formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:83-9. [PMID: 26773101 PMCID: PMC4749833 DOI: 10.1101/lm.039438.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of histones changes the efficiency of the transcription processes and thus contributes to the formation of long-term memory (LTM). In our comparative study, we used two inhibitors to characterize the contribution of different histone acetyl transferases (HATs) to appetitive associative learning in the honeybee. For one we applied garcinol, an inhibitor of the HATs of the p300 (EP300 binding protein)/CBP (CREB-binding protein) family, and the HATs of the PCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor) family. As comparative agent we applied C646, a specific inhibitor that selectively blocks HATS of the p300/CBP family. Immunochemical analysis reveals differences in histone H3 acetylation in the honeybee brain, in response to the injection of either C646 or garcinol. Behavioral assessment reveals that the two drugs cause memory impairment of different nature when injected after associative conditioning: processes disturbed by garcinol are annihilated by the established transcription blocker actinomycin D and thus seem to require transcription processes. Actions of C646 are unaltered by actinomycin D, and thus seem to be independent of transcription. The outcome of our different approaches as summarized suggests that distinct HATs contribute to different acetylation-mediated processes in memory formation. We further deduce that the acetylation-mediated processes in memory formation comprise transcription-dependent and transcription-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Merschbaecher
- Department 8.3 Biosciences Zoology/Physiology-Neurobiology, ZHMB (Center of Human and Molecular Biology), Faculty 8 - Natural Science and Technology III, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lucyna Hatko
- Department 8.3 Biosciences Zoology/Physiology-Neurobiology, ZHMB (Center of Human and Molecular Biology), Faculty 8 - Natural Science and Technology III, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jennifer Folz
- Department 8.3 Biosciences Zoology/Physiology-Neurobiology, ZHMB (Center of Human and Molecular Biology), Faculty 8 - Natural Science and Technology III, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Uli Mueller
- Department 8.3 Biosciences Zoology/Physiology-Neurobiology, ZHMB (Center of Human and Molecular Biology), Faculty 8 - Natural Science and Technology III, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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46
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Cho J, Yu NK, Choi JH, Sim SE, Kang SJ, Kwak C, Lee SW, Kim JI, Choi DI, Kim VN, Kaang BK. Multiple repressive mechanisms in the hippocampus during memory formation. Science 2015; 350:82-7. [PMID: 26430118 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Memory stabilization after learning requires translational and transcriptional regulations in the brain, yet the temporal molecular changes that occur after learning have not been explored at the genomic scale. We used ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing to quantify the translational status and transcript levels in the mouse hippocampus after contextual fear conditioning. We revealed three types of repressive regulations: translational suppression of ribosomal protein-coding genes in the hippocampus, learning-induced early translational repression of specific genes, and late persistent suppression of a subset of genes via inhibition of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1/ERα) signaling. In behavioral analyses, overexpressing Nrsn1, one of the newly identified genes undergoing rapid translational repression, or activating ESR1 in the hippocampus impaired memory formation. Collectively, this study unveils the yet-unappreciated importance of gene repression mechanisms for memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cho
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Nam-Kyung Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeok Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Su-Eon Sim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - SukJae Joshua Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Chuljung Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Ji-il Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Dong Il Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - V Narry Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 151-742, Korea. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea.
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea.
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Impaired acquisition of conditioned taste aversion memory induced by isoflurane is accompanied with calcineurin activation and Egr-1 down-regulation in amygdala in rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 607:114-119. [PMID: 26393333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Compared to neutral memory, emotional memory is extremely strong and persistent immediately after acquisition, therefore it may recruit specific mechanisms during acquisition. The calcineurin-dependent mechanisms engaging early growth response 1 (Egr-1) have been proved to determine the strength of emotional memory during establishment. Isoflurane, a widely used inhalation anesthetic, can interfere with the acquisition of emotional memory. We hypothesized that isoflurane impairs the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) memory in rats and the Egr-1 expression regulation via calcineurin (CaN) and ERK signaling pathway is involved in isoflurane-induced repression of CTA memory. To examine this, we investigated the influence of isoflurane on CTA memory and the expression and activity of CaN, the phosphorylation level of ERK and the expression of Egr-1 in amygdala in response to CTA training in rats. The results showed that isoflurane exposure (1.5%, 2h) before training impaired the acquisition of CTA memory in rats. Isoflurane exposure increased the CaN activity and decreased the p-ERK and Egr-1 in amygdala in rats. These findings suggest that isoflurane can disrupt the establishment of aversion memory, and CaN activation associating with p-ERK and Egr-1 down-regulation may contribute to the isoflurane induced impairment of aversion memory acquisition.
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48
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van Vugt JJFA, Hoedjes KM, van de Geest HC, Schijlen EWGM, Vet LEM, Smid HM. Differentially expressed genes linked to natural variation in long-term memory formation in Cotesia parasitic wasps. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:255. [PMID: 26557061 PMCID: PMC4617343 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though learning and memory are universal traits in the Animal Kingdom, closely related species reveal substantial variation in learning rate and memory dynamics. To determine the genetic background of this natural variation, we studied two congeneric parasitic wasp species, Cotesia glomerata and C. rubecula, which lay their eggs in caterpillars of the large and small cabbage white butterfly. A successful egg laying event serves as an unconditioned stimulus (US) in a classical conditioning paradigm, where plant odors become associated with the encounter of a suitable host caterpillar. Depending on the host species, the number of conditioning trials and the parasitic wasp species, three different types of transcription-dependent long-term memory (LTM) and one type of transcription-independent, anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) can be distinguished. To identify transcripts underlying these differences in memory formation, we isolated mRNA from parasitic wasp heads at three different time points between induction and consolidation of each of the four memory types, and for each sample three biological replicates, where after strand-specific paired-end 100 bp deep sequencing. Transcriptomes were assembled de novo and differential expression was determined for each memory type and time point after conditioning, compared to unconditioned wasps. Most differentially expressed (DE) genes and antisense transcripts were only DE in one of the LTM types. Among the DE genes that were DE in two or more LTM types, were many protein kinases and phosphatases, small GTPases, receptors and ion channels. Some genes were DE in opposing directions between any of the LTM memory types and ARM, suggesting that ARM in Cotesia requires the transcription of genes inhibiting LTM or vice versa. We discuss our findings in the context of neuronal functioning, including RNA splicing and transport, epigenetic regulation, neurotransmitter/peptide synthesis and antisense transcription. In conclusion, these brain transcriptomes provide candidate genes that may be involved in the observed natural variation in LTM in closely related Cotesia parasitic wasp species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke J F A van Vugt
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Katja M Hoedjes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Elio W G M Schijlen
- Applied Bioinformatics, Plant Research International Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands ; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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Walters BJ, Zovkic IB. Building up and knocking down: an emerging role for epigenetics and proteasomal degradation in systems consolidation. Neuroscience 2015; 300:39-52. [PMID: 25967264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Memory formation is a protracted process in which recently acquired events are consolidated to produce stable and specific associations. Initially, newly acquired information undergoes cellular consolidation in the hippocampus, which transiently supports the storage of recently acquired memories. In contrast, remote, or "old" memories are maintained in the cortex and show almost complete independence from the hippocampus. Memories are transferred from the hippocampus to the cortex through a process termed systems consolidation. Emerging evidence suggests that recurrent activation, or "training" of the cortex by the hippocampus is vital to systems consolidation. This process involves prolonged waves of memory-related gene activity in the hippocampus and cortex long after the learning event has terminated. Indeed, molecular events occurring within hours and days of fear conditioning are essential for stabilizing and eventually transitioning the memory to the cortex. It is increasingly evident that molecular mechanisms that exhibit a capacity for prolonged activation may underlie systems consolidation. Processes that have the capacity to control protein abundance over long time scales, such as epigenetic modifications, are prime candidates for the molecular mechanism of systems consolidation. Indeed, recent work has established two types of epigenetic modifications as integral for systems consolidation. First, localized nucleosomal histone variant exchange and histone modifications are integral for early stages of systems consolidation, whereas DNA methylation appears to be utilized to form stable marks that support memory maintenance. Since systems consolidation also requires discrete and time-sensitive changes in protein abundance, additional mechanisms, such as protein degradation, need also be considered, although their role in systems consolidation has yet to be investigated. Here, we discuss the role of molecular mechanisms in systems consolidation and their implications for understanding how memories persist over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Walters
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I B Zovkic
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Psychology, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
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