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Gong Y, Zhou H, Chun X, Wan Z, Wang J, Liu C. Response of PM 2.5 chemical composition to the emission reduction and meteorological variation during the COVID-19 lockdown. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142844. [PMID: 39004145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
PM2.5 is a main atmospheric pollutant with various sources and complex chemical compositions, which are influenced by various factors, such as anthropogenic emissions (AE) and meteorological conditions (MC). MC have a significant impacts on variations in atmospheric pollutant; therefore, emission reduction policies and ambient air quality are non-linearly correlated, which hinders the accurate assessment of the effectiveness of control measures. In this study, we conducted online observations of PM2.5 and its chemical composition in Hohhot, China, from December 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020, to investigate how the chemical compositions of PM2.5 respond to the variations in AE and MC. Moreover, the random forest (RF) model was used to quantify the contributions of AE and MC to PM2.5 and its chemical composition during severe hazes and the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period. During the clean period, MC reduced PM2.5 concentrations by 124%, while MC incresed PM2.5 concentrations by 49% during severe pollution episode. Inorganic aerosols (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) showed the strongest response to MC. MC significantly contributed to PM2.5 (36%), SO42- (32%), NO3- (29%), NH4+ (28%), OC (22%), and SOC (17%) levels during pollution episodes. From the pre-lockdown to lockdown period, AE (MC) contributed 52% (48%), 81% (19%), 48% (52%), 68% (32%), 59% (41%), and 288% (-188%) to the PM2.5, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, OC, and SOC reductions, respectively. The variations in MC (especially the increase in relative humidity) rapidly generated meteorologically sensitive species (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+), which led to severe winter pollution. This study provides a reference for assessing the net benefits of emission reduction measures for PM2.5 and its chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Gong
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Xi Chun
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wan
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Chun Liu
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
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2
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Xu Y, O'Sharkey K, Cabison J, Rosales M, Chavez T, Johnson M, Yang T, Cho SH, Chartier R, Grubbs B, Lurvey N, Lerner D, Lurmann F, Farzan S, Bastain TM, Breton C, Wilson JP, Habre R. Sources of personal PM 2.5 exposure during pregnancy in the MADRES cohort. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00648-z. [PMID: 38326532 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is impacted by different sources each with different chemical composition. Determining these sources is important for reducing personal exposure and its health risks especially during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE Identify main sources and their contributions to the personal PM2.5 exposure in 213 women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy in Los Angeles, CA. METHODS We measured 48-hr integrated personal PM2.5 exposure and analyzed filters for PM2.5 mass, elemental composition, and optical carbon fractions. We used the EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model to resolve and quantify the major sources of personal PM2.5 exposure. We then investigated bivariate relationships between sources, time-activity patterns, and environmental exposures in activity spaces and residential neighborhoods to further understand sources. RESULTS Mean personal PM2.5 mass concentration was 22.3 (SD = 16.6) μg/m3. Twenty-five species and PM2.5 mass were used in PMF with a final R2 of 0.48. We identified six sources (with major species in profiles and % contribution to PM2.5 mass) as follows: secondhand smoking (SHS) (brown carbon, environmental tobacco smoke; 65.3%), fuel oil (nickel, vanadium; 11.7%), crustal (aluminum, calcium, silicon; 11.5%), fresh sea salt (sodium, chlorine; 4.7%), aged sea salt (sodium, magnesium, sulfur; 4.3%), and traffic (black carbon, zinc; 2.6%). SHS was significantly greater in apartments compared to houses. Crustal source was correlated with more occupants in the household. Aged sea salt increased with temperature and outdoor ozone, while fresh sea salt was highest on days with westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean. Traffic was positively correlated with ambient NO2 and traffic-related NOx at residence. Overall, 76.8% of personal PM2.5 mass came from indoor or personal compared to outdoor sources. IMPACT We conducted source apportionment of personal PM2.5 samples in pregnancy in Los Angeles, CA. Among identified sources, secondhand smoking contributed the most to the personal exposure. In addition, traffic, crustal, fuel oil, fresh and aged sea salt sources were also identified as main sources. Traffic sources contained markers of combustion and non-exhaust wear emissions. Crustal source was correlated with more occupants in the household. Aged sea salt source increased with temperature and outdoor ozone and fresh sea salt source was highest on days with westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Karl O'Sharkey
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane Cabison
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marisela Rosales
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Chavez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tingyu Yang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Brendan Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shohreh Farzan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John P Wilson
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Computer Science, and Sociology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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O'Sharkey K, Xu Y, Cabison J, Rosales M, Yang T, Chavez T, Johnson M, Lerner D, Lurvey N, Corral CMT, Farzan SF, Bastain TM, Breton CV, Habre R. Effects of in-utero personal exposure to PM 2.5 sources and components on birthweight. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21987. [PMID: 38081912 PMCID: PMC10713978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48920-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In-utero exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and specific sources and components of PM2.5 have been linked with lower birthweight. However, previous results have been mixed, likely due to heterogeneity in sources impacting PM2.5 and due to measurement error from using ambient data. Therefore, we investigated the effect of PM2.5 sources and their high-loading components on birthweight using data from 198 women in the 3rd trimester from the MADRES cohort 48-h personal PM2.5 exposure monitoring sub-study. The mass contributions of six major sources of personal PM2.5 exposure were estimated for 198 pregnant women in the 3rd trimester using the EPA Positive Matrix Factorization v5.0 model, along with their 17 high-loading chemical components using optical carbon and X-ray fluorescence approaches. Single- and multi-pollutant linear regressions evaluated the association between personal PM2.5 sources/components and birthweight, adjusting for gestational age, maternal age, race, infant sex, parity, diabetes status, temperature, maternal education, and smoking history. Participants were predominately Hispanic (81%), with a mean (SD) gestational age of 39.1 (1.5) weeks and age of 28.2 (6.0) years. Mean birthweight was 3295.8 g (484.1) and mean PM2.5 exposure was 21.3 (14.4) µg/m3. A 1 SD increase in the mass contribution of the fresh sea salt source was associated with a 99.2 g decrease in birthweight (95% CI - 197.7, - 0.6), and aged sea salt was associated with a 70.1 g decrease in birthweight (95% CI - 141.7, 1.4). Magnesium, sodium, and chlorine were associated with lower birthweight, which remained after adjusting for PM2.5 mass. This study found evidence that major sources of personal PM2.5 including fresh and aged sea salt were negatively associated with birthweight, with the strongest effect on birthweight from Na and Mg. The effect of crustal and fuel oil sources differed by infant sex with negative associations seen in boys compared to positive associations in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl O'Sharkey
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Yan Xu
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane Cabison
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Marisela Rosales
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Tingyu Yang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Thomas Chavez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia M Toledo Corral
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St., Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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O'Sharkey K, Xu Y, Cabison J, Rosales M, Yang T, Chavez T, Johnson M, Lerner D, Lurvey N, Toledo Corral CM, Farzan SF, Bastain TM, Breton CV, Habre R. Effects of In-Utero Personal Exposure to PM2.5 Sources and Components on Birthweight. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3026552. [PMID: 37333108 PMCID: PMC10274950 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3026552/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background In-utero exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and specific sources and components of PM2.5 have been linked with lower birthweight. However, previous results have been mixed, likely due to heterogeneity in sources impacting PM2.5 and due to measurement error from using ambient data. Therefore, we investigated the effect of PM2.5 sources and their high-loading components on birthweight using data from 198 women in the 3rd trimester from the MADRES cohort 48-hour personal PM2.5 exposure monitoring sub-study. Methods The mass contributions of six major sources of personal PM2.5 exposure were estimated for 198 pregnant women in the 3rd trimester using the EPA Positive Matrix Factorization v5.0 model, along with their 17 high-loading chemical components using optical carbon and X-ray fluorescence approaches. Single- and multi-pollutant linear regressions were used to evaluate the association between personal PM2.5 sources and birthweight. Additionally, high-loading components were evaluated with birthweight individually and in models further adjusted for PM2.5 mass. Results Participants were predominately Hispanic (81%), with a mean (SD) gestational age of 39.1 (1.5) weeks and age of 28.2 (6.0) years. Mean birthweight was 3,295.8g (484.1) and mean PM2.5 exposure was 21.3 (14.4) μg/m3. A 1 SD increase in the mass contribution of the fresh sea salt source was associated with a 99.2g decrease in birthweight (95% CI: -197.7, -0.6), while aged sea salt was associated with lower birthweight (β =-70.1; 95% CI: -141.7, 1.4). Magnesium sodium, and chlorine were associated with lower birthweight, which remained after adjusting for PM2.5 mass. Conclusions This study found evidence that major sources of personal PM2.5 including fresh and aged sea salt were negatively associated with birthweight, with the strongest effect on birthweight from Na and Mg. The effect of crustal and fuel oil sources differed by infant sex with negative associations seen in boys compared to positive associations in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Xu
- University of Southern California
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5
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McLay EM, Donaldson DJ. Ionic Composition of Particulate Matter across Canada Shows Evidence for Near-Ubiquitous Chloride Activation and Sulfate Neutralization. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:533-547. [PMID: 36960423 PMCID: PMC10026722 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using publicly available data from the National Air Pollution Surveillance Program, water-soluble ion mole fractions in PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 were extracted for 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2015 at six locations across Canada. Fine particle ion content was dominated by ammonium sulfate, with ammonium to sulfate ratios largely approaching 2 and no seasonal or geographic trends. Sulfate and nitrate mole fractions were negatively correlated in the fine particles, consistent with their expected pathways of entry into PM2.5. Coarse particle composition varied depending on location and season. Coastal stations were dominated by sodium and chloride year-round while inland stations showed high amounts of these ions only during the colder months, where road salt is often applied. A negative correlation between nitrate and chloride mole fractions as well as a positive correlation between nitrate concentrations and "missing" chloride provides evidence for near-ubiquitous nitrate displacement of chloride. This displacement was strongly indicated in coastal sites and also evident inland, especially during cold months. Weak evidence for nitrogen dioxide as the source of nitrate was found for inland sites, but none was found for coastal sites, suggesting a nonlocal source for the particulate nitrate precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. McLay
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - D. James Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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6
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Bernhardt B, Schauermann M, Solel E, Eckhardt AK, Schreiner PR. Equilibrating parent aminomercaptocarbene and CO 2 with 2-amino-2-thioxoacetic acid via heavy-atom quantum tunneling. Chem Sci 2022; 14:130-135. [PMID: 36605744 PMCID: PMC9769125 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for methods to bind CO2 and use it synthetically as a C1-building block under mild conditions is an ongoing endeavor of great urgency. The formation of heterocyclic carbene-carbon dioxide adducts occurs rapidly when the carbene is generated in solution in the presence of CO2. Here we demonstrate the reversible formation of a complex of the hitherto unreported aminomercaptocarbene (H2N-C̈-SH) with CO2 isolated in solid argon by photolysis of 2-amino-2-thioxoacetic acid. Remarkably, the complex disappears in the dark as deduced by time-dependent matrix infrared measurements, and equilibrates back to the covalently bound starting material. This kinetically excluded process below ca. 8 K is made possible through heavy-atom quantum mechanical tunneling, as also evident from density functional theory and ab initio computations at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level of theory. Our results provide insight into CO2 activation using a carbene and emphasize the role of quantum mechanical tunneling in organic processes, even involving heavy atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bernhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Markus Schauermann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Ephrath Solel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - André K Eckhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
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7
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Tang B, Li Z. Mechanisms of Reactions between HOI and HY (Y = Cl, Br, I) on a Water Nanodroplet Surface. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8028-8036. [PMID: 36260343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iodine chemistry has a broad range of implications for atmospheric processes including new particle formation. Hypoiodous acid (HOI) is a major iodine reservoir species. Its heterogeneous recycling in marine aerosols influences the lifetime of ozone in the troposphere. One important step of such recycling is the reaction between HOI and HY (Y = Cl, Br, I). In this article, we employ ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and quantum chemistry to investigate these reactions at the surface of atmospheric aerosols. Di-halogen (XY) can be formed in a picosecond time scale, with the formation of a loop structure connected by hydrogen and halogen bonds. The photolysis of XY at the surface of an aerosol is faster than in the gas phase. In addition to the formation of di-halogen, a new pathway to forming a [H2O···I···OH2]+ complex by the direct or indirect proton transition is identified. Results presented in this study deepen our understanding of the faster iodine-heterogeneous recycling at the surface of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
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8
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Source Apportionment of Ambient Aerosols during a Winter Pollution Episode in Yinchuan by Using Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For a winter pollution episode in Yinchuan, a city in Northwestern China, ambient aerosols were characterized using a real-time single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). More than 160,000 individual particles analyzed with the SPAMS were classified into eight major categories on the basis of their mass spectral patterns: traffic emissions, biomass burning, dust, coal burning, industrial emissions, secondary inorganic, cooking, and others, all of which contribute to fine particles. The results revealed that coal burning (29.6%) and traffic emissions (23.4%) were the main sources during the monitoring period. Industrial emissions and secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for 16.6% and 14.0%, respectively. The SPAMS data indicated that the number concentration of the eight types of particles was markedly different in the different pollution cases, and higher number concentrations were discovered more often during pollution episodes. The three pollution cases were mainly caused by the accumulation of fine particles, mainly from traffic emissions, industrial emissions, and increased secondary inorganic conversion.
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Abstract
We report the isolation of hydroxy mercapto methylene (HO-C̈-SH) under cryogenic conditions via pyrolysis of 2-ethoxy-2-thioxo-acetic acid. The two most stable carbene rotamers form via extrusion of ethylene and CO2 from this precursor. This donor-stabilized carbene represents a hitherto uncharacterized CH2SO species and the first spectroscopically characterized free mercapto carbene. CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ computations support our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schauermann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Sauer JS, Mayer KJ, Lee C, Alves MR, Amiri S, Bahaveolos CJ, Franklin EB, Crocker DR, Dang D, Dinasquet J, Garofalo LA, Kaluarachchi CP, Kilgour DB, Mael LE, Mitts BA, Moon DR, Moore AN, Morris CK, Mullenmeister CA, Ni CM, Pendergraft MA, Petras D, Simpson RMC, Smith S, Tumminello PR, Walker JL, DeMott PJ, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Jaffe JS, Malfatti F, Martz TR, Slade JH, Tivanski AV, Bertram TH, Cappa CD, Prather KA. The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:290-315. [PMID: 35048927 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Duyen Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | - Delaney B Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Brock A Mitts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Daniel R Moon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Institute for Chemical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Clare K Morris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Mullenmeister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Chi-Min Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Matthew A Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Simpson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul R Tumminello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph L Walker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jules S Jaffe
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Todd R Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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11
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Figueiredo A, Strekowski RS, Bosland L, Durand A, Wortham H. Photodegradation of Molecular Iodine on SiO2 Particles: Influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity. JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND RADIATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4048846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A molecular derivatization method followed by gas chromatographic separation coupled with mass spectrometric detection was used to study photodegradation of molecular I2 adsorbed on solid SiO2 particles. The heterogeneous photodegradation of I2 was studied as a function of temperature and relative humidity in synthetic air to better understand its environmental fate. Two sets of experiments were carried out. In the first set of experiments, the temperature was T = (298 ± 1) K and relative humidity was varied from ≤ 2% to 75%RH under given experimental conditions. In the second set of experiments, the relative humidity within the Pyrex bulb was 40%RH and the temperature was varied from 283 ± 1 ≤ T (K) ≤ 323 ± 1. The obtained results show a considerably enhanced atmospheric lifetime of molecular iodine adsorbed on solid media that does not depend on relative humidity of the environment. The obtained results show that the rate constant for the photolysis of molecular iodine adsorbed on model SiO2 particles depends on temperature and is reported to be J (T)=(1.24 ± 1.4)×10−2×exp[(1482±345)/T]/s over the measured temperature range. The heterogeneous atmospheric residence time () of I2 adsorbed on solid media is calculated to range from 2 to 4.1 h. The experimentally obtained heterogeneous lifetime of I2 is shown to be considerably longer than its destruction by its principal atmospheric sink, photolysis. The observed enhanced atmospheric lifetime of I2 on heterogeneous media will likely have direct consequences on the atmospheric transport of I2 that influences the toxicity or the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Figueiredo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Marseille 13007, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSN-RES/SAG/LETR, Cadarache, France
| | | | - L. Bosland
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSN-RES/SAG/LETR, Cadarache, France
| | - A. Durand
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Marseille 13007, France
| | - H. Wortham
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, Marseille 13007, France
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12
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Hallar AG, Brown SS, Crosman E, Barsanti K, Cappa CD, Faloona I, Fast J, Holmes HA, Horel J, Lin J, Middlebrook A, Mitchell L, Murphy J, Womack CC, Aneja V, Baasandorj M, Bahreini R, Banta R, Bray C, Brewer A, Caulton D, de Gouw J, De Wekker SF, Farmer DK, Gaston CJ, Hoch S, Hopkins F, Karle NN, Kelly JT, Kelly K, Lareau N, Lu K, Mauldin RL, Mallia DV, Martin R, Mendoza D, Oldroyd HJ, Pichugina Y, Pratt KA, Saide P, Silva PJ, Simpson W, Stephens BB, Stutz J, Sullivan A. Coupled Air Quality and Boundary-Layer Meteorology in Western U.S. Basins during Winter: Design and Rationale for a Comprehensive Study. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021; 0:1-94. [PMID: 34446943 PMCID: PMC8384125 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-20-0017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wintertime episodes of high aerosol concentrations occur frequently in urban and agricultural basins and valleys worldwide. These episodes often arise following development of persistent cold-air pools (PCAPs) that limit mixing and modify chemistry. While field campaigns targeting either basin meteorology or wintertime pollution chemistry have been conducted, coupling between interconnected chemical and meteorological processes remains an insufficiently studied research area. Gaps in understanding the coupled chemical-meteorological interactions that drive high pollution events make identification of the most effective air-basin specific emission control strategies challenging. To address this, a September 2019 workshop occurred with the goal of planning a future research campaign to investigate air quality in Western U.S. basins. Approximately 120 people participated, representing 50 institutions and 5 countries. Workshop participants outlined the rationale and design for a comprehensive wintertime study that would couple atmospheric chemistry and boundary-layer and complex-terrain meteorology within western U.S. basins. Participants concluded the study should focus on two regions with contrasting aerosol chemistry: three populated valleys within Utah (Salt Lake, Utah, and Cache Valleys) and the San Joaquin Valley in California. This paper describes the scientific rationale for a campaign that will acquire chemical and meteorological datasets using airborne platforms with extensive range, coupled to surface-based measurements focusing on sampling within the near-surface boundary layer, and transport and mixing processes within this layer, with high vertical resolution at a number of representative sites. No prior wintertime basin-focused campaign has provided the breadth of observations necessary to characterize the meteorological-chemical linkages outlined here, nor to validate complex processes within coupled atmosphere-chemistry models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Crosman
- Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University
| | - Kelley Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616 USA
| | - Ian Faloona
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis
| | - Jerome Fast
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest, National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Heather A. Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Horel
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Logan Mitchell
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/ NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Viney Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | | | - Roya Bahreini
- Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Casey Bray
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Alan Brewer
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Dana Caulton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences & Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | | | - Cassandra J. Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Science - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami
| | - Sebastian Hoch
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Nakul N. Karle
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kerry Kelly
- Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Neil Lareau
- Atmospheric Sciences and Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - Roy L. Mauldin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Derek V. Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Randal Martin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | - Daniel Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Holly J. Oldroyd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | - Pablo Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Phillip J. Silva
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Bowling Green, KY
| | - William Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160
| | - Britton B. Stephens
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Amy Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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13
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Abstract
Theoretical chemists have been actively engaged for some time in processes such as ozone photodissociation, overtone photodissociation in nitric acid, pernitric acid, sulphuric acid, clusters and in small organic acids. The last of these have shown very different behaviours in the gas phase, liquid phase and importantly at the air–water interface in aqueous aerosols. The founder of molecular dynamics, B J Alder, pointed out long ago that hydrodynamic behaviour emerged when the symmetry of a random, thermalised population of hard spheres—billiard balls—was broken by a flux of energetic molecules. Despite this, efforts over two centuries to solve turbulence by finding top-down solutions to the Navier–Stokes equation have failed. It is time for theoretical chemistry to try a bottom-up solution. Gibbs free energy that drives the circulation arises from the entropy difference between the incoming low-entropy beam of visible and ultraviolet photons and the outgoing higher-entropy flux of infrared photons over the whole 4π solid angle. The role of the most energetic molecules with the highest velocities will affect the rovibrational line shapes of water, carbon dioxide and ozone in the far wings, where there is the largest effect on radiative transfer and hence on calculations of atmospheric temperature. The atmospheric state is determined by the interaction of radiation, chemistry and fluid dynamics on the microscopic scale, with propagation through the mesoscale to the macroscale. It will take theoretical chemistry to simulate that accurately. A challenging programme of research for theoretical chemistry is proposed, involving ab initio simulation by molecular dynamics of an air volume, starting in the upper stratosphere. The aim is to obtain scaling exponents for turbulence, providing a physical method for upscaling in numerical models. Turbulence affects chemistry, radiation and fluid dynamics at a fundamental, molecular level and is thus of basic concern to theoretical chemistry as it applies to the atmosphere, which consists of molecules in motion.
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14
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Gonçalves SJ, Weis J, China S, Evangelista H, Harder TH, Müller S, Sampaio M, Laskin A, Gilles MK, Godoi RHM. Photochemical reactions on aerosols at West Antarctica: A molecular case-study of nitrate formation among sea salt aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143586. [PMID: 33218800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental implications of climate change are complex and exhibit regional variations both within and between the polar regions. The increase of solar UV radiation flux over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone depletion creates the optimal conditions for photochemical reactions on the snow. Modeling, laboratory, and indirect field studies suggest that snowpack process release gases to the atmosphere that can react on sea salt particles in remote regions such as Antarctica, modifying aerosol composition and physical properties of aerosols. Here, we present evidence of photochemical processing in West Antarctica aerosols using microscopic and chemical speciation of individual atmospheric particles. Individual aerosol particles collected at the Brazilian module Criosfera 1 were analyzed by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) combined with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. The displacement of chlorine relative to sodium was observed over most of the sea salt particles. Particles with a chemical composition consistent with NaCl-NO3 contributed up to 30% of atmospheric particles investigated. Overall, this study provides evidence that the snowpack and particulate nitrate photolysis should be considered in dynamic partition equilibrium in the troposphere. These findings may assist in reducing modeling uncertainties and present new insights into the aerosol chemical composition in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio J Gonçalves
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Heitor Evangelista
- LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Müller
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marcelo Sampaio
- Brazilian National Space Institute - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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15
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Arndt J, Healy RM, Setyan A, Flament P, Deboudt K, Riffault V, Alleman LY, Mbengue S, Wenger JC. Characterization and source apportionment of single particles from metalworking activities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116078. [PMID: 33243539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Industrial metalworking facilities emit a variety of air toxics including volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. In order to investigate these emissions, a 1-month multi-instrument field campaign was undertaken at an industrial site in Grande-Synthe, Dunkirk (France), in May and June 2012. One of the main objectives of the study was to provide new information on the chemical composition of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the vicinity of metalworking facilities. An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed to provide size-resolved chemical mixing state measurements of ambient single particles at high temporal resolution. This mixing state information was then used to apportion PM2.5 to local metalworking facilities influencing the receptor site. Periods when the site was influenced by metalworking sources were characterised by a pronounced increase in particles containing toxic metals (manganese, iron, lead) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a variety of chemical mixing states. The association of specific particle classes with a nearby ferromanganese alloy manufacturing plant was confirmed through comparison with previous analysis of raw materials (ores) and chimney filter particle samples collected at the facility. Particles associated with emissions from a nearby steelworks were also identified. The contribution of local metalworking activities to PM2.5 at the receptor site for the period when the ATOFMS was deployed ranged from 1 to 65% with an average contribution of 17%, while the remaining mass was attributed to other local and regional sources. These findings demonstrate the impact of metalworking facilities on air quality downwind and provide useful single particle signatures for future source apportionment studies in communities impacted by metalworking emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovanna Arndt
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Robert M Healy
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ari Setyan
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphère, Université Du Littoral Côte D'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Pascal Flament
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphère, Université Du Littoral Côte D'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Karine Deboudt
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphère, Université Du Littoral Côte D'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Y Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Saliou Mbengue
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - John C Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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16
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Habre R, Girguis M, Urman R, Fruin S, Lurmann F, Shafer M, Gorski P, Franklin M, McConnell R, Avol E, Gilliland F. Contribution of tailpipe and non-tailpipe traffic sources to quasi-ultrafine, fine and coarse particulate matter in southern California. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:209-230. [PMID: 32990509 PMCID: PMC8112073 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1826366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in the near-roadway environment is associated with multiple adverse health effects. To characterize the relative contribution of tailpipe and non-tailpipe TRAP sources to particulate matter (PM) in the quasi-ultrafine (PM0.2), fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) size fractions and identify their spatial determinants in southern California (CA). Month-long integrated PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 samples (n = 461, 265 and 298, respectively) were collected across cool and warm seasons in 8 southern CA communities (2008-9). Concentrations of PM mass, elements, carbons and major ions were obtained. Enrichment ratios (ER) in PM0.2 and PM10 relative to PM2.5 were calculated for each element. The Positive Matrix Factorization model was used to resolve and estimate the relative contribution of TRAP sources to PM in three size fractions. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with bivariate loess smooths were used to understand the geographic variation of TRAP sources and identify their spatial determinants. EC, OC, and B had the highest median ER in PM0.2 relative to PM2.5. Six, seven and five sources (with characteristic species) were resolved in PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, respectively. Combined tailpipe and non-tailpipe traffic sources contributed 66%, 32% and 18% of PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 mass, respectively. Tailpipe traffic emissions (EC, OC, B) were the largest contributor to PM0.2 mass (58%). Distinct gasoline and diesel tailpipe traffic sources were resolved in PM2.5. Others included fuel oil, biomass burning, secondary inorganic aerosol, sea salt, and crustal/soil. CALINE4 dispersion model nitrogen oxides, trucks and intersections were most correlated with TRAP sources. The influence of smaller roadways and intersections became more apparent once Long Beach was excluded. Non-tailpipe emissions constituted ~8%, 11% and 18% of PM0.2, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, respectively, with important exposure and health implications. Future efforts should consider non-linear relationships amongst predictors when modeling exposures. Implications: Vehicle emissions result in a complex mix of air pollutants with both tailpipe and non-tailpipe components. As mobile source regulations lead to decreased tailpipe emissions, the relative contribution of non-tailpipe traffic emissions to near-roadway exposures is increasing. This study documents the presence of non-tailpipe abrasive vehicular emissions (AVE) from brake and tire wear, catalyst degradation and resuspended road dust in the quasi-ultrafine (PM0.2), fine and coarse particulate matter size fractions, with contributions reaching up to 30% in PM0.2 in some southern California communities. These findings have important exposure and policy implications given the high metal content of AVE and the efficiency of PM0.2 at reaching the alveolar region of the lungs and other organ systems once inhaled. This work also highlights important considerations for building models that can accurately predict tailpipe and non-tailpipe exposures for population health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Habre
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mariam Girguis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert Urman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Scott Fruin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Martin Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Environmental Chemistry & Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
| | - Patrick Gorski
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Meredith Franklin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ed Avol
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Frank Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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17
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Plaas HE, Paerl HW. Toxic Cyanobacteria: A Growing Threat to Water and Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:44-64. [PMID: 33334098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) poses an increasing threat to public health. CyanoHABs are characterized by the production of toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Human exposure to cyanotoxins is challenging to forecast, and perhaps the least understood exposure route is via inhalation. While the aerosolization of toxins from marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been well documented, the aerosolization of cyanotoxins in freshwater systems remains understudied. In recent years, spray aerosol (SA) produced in the airshed of the Laurentian Great Lakes (United States and Canada) has been characterized, suggesting that freshwater systems may impact atmospheric aerosol loading more than previously understood. Therefore, further investigation regarding the impact of CyanoHABs on human respiratory health is warranted. This review examines current research on the incorporation of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins into SA of aquatic ecosystems which experience HABs. We present an overview of cyanotoxin fate in the environment, biological incorporation into SA, existing data on cyanotoxins in SA, relevant collection methods, and adverse health outcomes associated with cyanotoxin inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Plaas
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
| | - Hans W Paerl
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
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18
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Ault AP. Aerosol Acidity: Novel Measurements and Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1703-1714. [PMID: 32786333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pH of a solution is one of its most fundamental chemical properties, impacting reaction pathways and kinetics across every area of chemistry. The atmosphere is no different, with the pH of the condensed phase driving key chemical reactions that ultimately impact global climate in numerous ways. The condensed phase in the atmosphere is comprised of suspended liquid or solid particles, known as the atmospheric aerosol, which are differentiated from cloud droplets by their much smaller size (primarily <10 μm). The pH of the atmospheric aerosol can enhance certain chemical reactions leading to the formation of additional condensed phase mass from lower volatility species (secondary aerosol), alter the optical and water uptake properties of particles, and solubilize metals that can act as key nutrients in nutrient-limited ecosystems or cause oxidative stress after inhalation. However, despite the importance of aerosol acidity for climate and health, our fundamental understanding of pH has been limited due to aerosol size (by number >99% of particles are <1 μm) and complexity. Within a single atmospheric particle, there can be hundreds to thousands of distinct chemical species, varying water content, high ionic strengths, and different phases (liquid, semisolid, and solid). Making aerosol analysis even more challenging, atmospheric particles are constantly evolving through heterogeneous reactions with gases and multiphase chemistry within the condensed phase. Based on these challenges, traditional pH measurements are not feasible, and, for years, indirect and proxy methods were the most common way to estimate aerosol pH, with mixed results. However, aerosol pH needs to be incorporated into climate models to accurately determine which chemical reactions are dominant in the atmosphere. Consequently, experimental measurements that probe pH in atmospherically relevant particles are sorely needed to advance our understanding of aerosol acidity.This Account describes recent advances in measurements of aerosol particle acidity, specifically three distinct methods we developed for experimentally determining particle pH. Our acid-conjugate base method uses Raman microspectroscopy to probe an acid (e.g., HSO4-) and its conjugate base (e.g., SO42-) in individual micrometer-sized particles. Our second approach is a field-deployable colorimetric method based on pH indicators (e.g., thymol blue) and cell phone imaging to provide a simple, low-cost approach to ensemble average (or bulk) pH for particles in distinct size ranges down to a few hundred nanometers in diameter. In our third method, we monitor acid-catalyzed polymer degradation of a thin film (∼23 nm) of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) on silicon by individual particles with atomic force microscopy (AFM) after inertially impacting particles of different pH. These measurements are improving our understanding of aerosol pH from a fundamental physical chemistry perspective and have led to initial atmospheric measurements. The impact of aerosol pH on key atmospheric processes, such as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, is discussed. Some unique findings, such as an unexpected size dependence to aerosol pH and kinetic limitations, illustrate that particles are not always in thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding gas. The implications of our limited, but improving, understanding of the fundamental chemical concept of pH in the atmospheric aerosol are critical for connecting chemistry and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Figueiredo A, Strekowski RS, Bosland L, Durand A, Wortham H. Photolytic degradation of molecular iodine adsorbed on model SiO 2 particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137951. [PMID: 32392691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A molecular derivatization method followed by gas chromatographic separation coupled with mass spectrometric detection was used to study photolytic degradation of I2 adsorbed on solid SiO2 particles. This heterogeneous photodegradation of I2 is studied at ambient temperature in synthetic air to better understand I2 atmospheric dispersion and environmental fate. The obtained laboratory results show a considerably enhanced atmospheric lifetime of molecular iodine adsorbed on solid media. The heterogeneous atmospheric residence time (τ) of I2 is calculated to be τ ≈ 187 min, i.e., τ ≈ 3 h. The obtained heterogeneous lifetime of I2 is shown to be considerably longer than its destruction by its principal atmospheric sink, namely, photolysis. The observed enhanced atmospheric lifetime of I2 on heterogeneous media will likely have direct consequences on the atmospheric transport of I2 that influences the toxicity or the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Figueiredo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSN-RES/SAG/LETR, Cadarache, France
| | | | - L Bosland
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, PSN-RES/SAG/LETR, Cadarache, France
| | - A Durand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | - H Wortham
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
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20
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Kirpes RM, Rodriguez B, Kim S, China S, Laskin A, Park K, Jung J, Ault AP, Pratt KA. Emerging investigator series: influence of marine emissions and atmospheric processing on individual particle composition of summertime Arctic aerosol over the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1201-1213. [PMID: 32083622 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00495e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is rapidly transforming due to sea ice loss, increasing shipping activity, and oil and gas development. Associated marine and combustion emissions influence atmospheric aerosol composition, impacting complex aerosol-cloud-climate feedbacks. To improve understanding of the sources and processes determining Arctic aerosol composition, atmospheric particles were collected aboard the Korean icebreaker R/V Araon cruising within the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea during August 2016. Offline analyses of individual particles by microspectroscopic techniques, including scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy with infrared spectroscopy, provided information on particle size, morphology, and chemical composition. The most commonly observed particle types were sea spray aerosol (SSA), comprising ∼60-90%, by number, of supermicron particles, and organic aerosol (OA), comprising ∼50-90%, by number, of submicron particles. Sulfate and nitrate were internally mixed within both SSA and OA particles, consistent with particle multiphase reactions during atmospheric transport. Within the Bering Strait, SSA and OA particles were more aged, with greater number fractions of particles containing sulfate and/or nitrate, compared to particles collected over the Chukchi Sea. This is indicative of greater pollution influence within the Bering Strait from coastal and inland sources, while the Chukchi Sea is primarily influenced by marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Kirpes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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21
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Gunsch MJ, Liu J, Moffett CE, Sheesley RJ, Wang N, Zhang Q, Watson TB, Pratt KA. Diesel Soot and Amine-Containing Organic Sulfate Aerosols in an Arctic Oil Field. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:92-101. [PMID: 31840985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid decrease in Arctic sea ice is motivating development and increasing oil and gas extraction activities. However, few observations of these local Arctic emissions exist, limiting the understanding of impacts on atmospheric composition and climate. To address this knowledge gap, the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols was measured within the North Slope of Alaska oil fields during August and September 2016 using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) and a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF-ACSM). Plumes from oil and gas extraction activities were characterized by soot internally mixed with sulfate (matching diesel soot) and organic carbon particles containing aminium sulfate salts. Sea spray aerosol at the coastal site was frequently internally mixed with sulfate and nitrate, from multiphase chemical processing from elevated NOx and SO2 within the oil field. Background (nonplume) air masses were characterized by aged combustion aerosol. No periods of "clean" (nonpolluted) Arctic air were observed. The composition of the nonrefractory aerosol measured with the ACSM was similar during plume and background periods and was consistent with the mass concentrations of nonrefractory particles measured by ATOFMS. Two ultrafine aerosol growth events were observed during oil field background periods and were correlated with fine mode amine-containing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claire E Moffett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Rebecca J Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Ningxin Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Thomas B Watson
- Department of Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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22
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Zhang Q, Xue D, Liu X, Gong X, Gao H. Process analysis of PM 2.5 pollution events in a coastal city of China using CMAQ. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 79:225-238. [PMID: 30784445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
US EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) with Process Analysis tool was used to simulate and quantify the contribution of individual atmospheric processes to PM2.5 concentration in Qingdao during three representative PM2.5 pollution events in the winter of 2015 and 2016. Compared with the observed surface PM2.5 concentrations, CMAQ could reasonably reproduce the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 during these three events. Process analysis results show that primary emissions accounted for 72.7%-93.2% of the accumulation of surface PM2.5 before and after the events. When the events occurred, primary emissions were still the major contributor to the increase of PM2.5 in Qingdao, however the contribution percentage reduced significantly, which only account for 51.4%-71.8%. Net contribution from horizontal and vertical transport to the accumulation of PM2.5 was also positive and its percentage increased when events occurred. Only 1.1%-4.6% of aerosol accumulation was due to PM processes and aqueous chemical processes before and after events. When the events occurred, contribution from PM processes and aqueous chemistry increased to 6.0%-11.8%. Loss of PM2.5 was mainly through horizontal transport, vertical transport and dry deposition, no matter during or outside the events. Wet deposition would become the main removal pathway of PM2.5, when precipitation occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Di Xue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohuan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiang Gong
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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Popovicheva O, Diapouli E, Makshtas A, Shonija N, Manousakas M, Saraga D, Uttal T, Eleftheriadis K. East Siberian Arctic background and black carbon polluted aerosols at HMO Tiksi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:924-938. [PMID: 30577143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of Arctic pollution is hampered by a lack of aerosol studies in Northern Siberia. Black carbon observations were carried out at the Hydrometeorological Observatory Tiksi, a coast of Laptev sea, from September 2014 to September 2016. Aerosol sampling was accompanied by physico-chemical characterization. BC climatology showed a seasonal variation with highest concentrations from January to March (up to 450ng/m3) and lowest ones for June and September (about 20ng/m3). Stagnant weather and stable atmosphere stratification resulted in accumulation of pollution, in dependence on the wind direction and air mass transportation. Carbon fractions, functionalities, ions, and elements are associated to marine, biogenic, and continental sources. In September low OC, aliphatic, carbonyls, amines, and hydroxyls characterize background aerosols. Na+/Cl- ratio much higher than in sea-salt indicates a strong Cl depletion. Increased OC, aromatic, carbonyls, and nitrocompounds as well as waste burning markers K+, Cl-, and PO42- confirm impacts from Tiksi landfill burns. BC pollution episodes are differentiated through increased EBC and sulfates, related to gas flaring, industrial and residential emissions transported from Western Siberia while the increase of carbonyls, hydroxyl, and aromatic indicate emissions sources from Yakutia and Tiksi urban area. Arctic Haze aerosols are characterized by increased concentrations of SO42- in comparison with OC, much higher abundance of oxygenated compounds with respect to alkanes of anthropogenic origin. In summer rich organic chemistry indicates impacts of biogenic, local urban, and shipping sources as well as secondary aerosol formation influenced by emissions from low latitude Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Popovicheva
- Scobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - E Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - A Makshtas
- Arctic Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg 199397, Russia
| | - N Shonija
- Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - D Saraga
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - T Uttal
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece.
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25
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Larin IK, Spasskii AI, Trofimova EM. Resonance Fluorescence Measurement of the Rate Constant of the Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with CF3Br at Temperatures of 273–353 K. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793119020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Lu J, Ma L, Cheng C, Pei C, Chan CK, Bi X, Qin Y, Tan H, Zhou J, Chen M, Li L, Huang B, Li M, Zhou Z. Real time analysis of lead-containing atmospheric particles in Guangzhou during wintertime using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:53-63. [PMID: 30384167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of lead on human health and the environment have long been a focus of research. To explore sources of lead in Guangzhou, China, we investigated atmospheric lead-containing particles (LCPs) during wintertime using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Based on mass spectral features, LCPs were classified into eight major particle types, including Pb-Cl and Pb-Cl-Li (coal combustion and waste incineration), Pb-Cl-EC and Pb-Cl-OC (diesel trucks and coal combustion), Pb-Cl-Fe (iron and steel industry), Pb-Cl-AlSi (dust), Pb-Sec (secondary formation), and Pb-Cl-Zn (industrial process); these sources (in parentheses) were identified by comparing atmospheric LCP mass spectra with authentic Pb emission source mass spectra. Sampling periods with LCP number fractions (NFs) more than three times the average LCP NF (APF = 4.35%) and below the APF were defined as high LCP NF periods (HLFPs: H1, H3, and H5) and low LCP NF APF periods (LLFPs: L2 and L4), respectively. Diurnal patterns and high Pb-Sec content during LLFPs indicate that photochemical activity and heterogeneous reactions may have controlled Pb-Sec particle formation. The inverse Pb-Cl and Pb-Sec particle diurnal trends during LLFPs suggest the replacement of Cl by sulfate and nitrate. On average over the five periods, ~ 76% of the LCPs likely arose from coal combustion and/or waste incineration, which were dominant sources during all five periods, followed by diesel trucks during LLFPs and iron- and steel-related sources during HLFPs; HLFP LCPs arose mainly from primary emissions. These results can be used to more efficiently control Pb emission sources and prevent harm to human and environmental health from Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Lu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haobo Tan
- Guangdong Ecological Meteorology Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingbo Zhou
- Shijiazhuang Environmental Monitoring Station of Hebei Province, Shi Jiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
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27
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Li W, Li H, Li J, Cheng X, Zhang Z, Chai F, Zhang H, Yang T, Duan P, Lu D, Chen Y. TOF-SIMS surface analysis of chemical components of size-fractioned urban aerosols in a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 69:61-76. [PMID: 29941270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Size-fractioned atmospheric aerosol particles were collected during a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing. The organic and inorganic components on the surfaces of the samples were analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The variation characteristics of the surface chemical composition and influencing factors were studied, and the possible sources of these chemical compositions were identified through principal component analysis. The results showed that inorganic components such as crustal elements and sulfate, and organic components such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic groups were present. Some surface components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and fluorides may exert adverse effects on human health. The species and relative percentages of the chemical components varied with particle size, diurnal and pollution progress. During a heavy pollution event, the species and relative percentages of secondary components such as oxygen-containing organic groups and sulfurous compounds increased, indicating that particles aged during this event. The surface chemical composition of the aerosol particles was affected mainly by emissions from coal combustion and motor vehicles. In addition, air pollution, meteorological factors, and air mass transport also exerted a significant effect on the surface chemical composition of aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jinjuan Li
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xueli Cheng
- SAE Technology Development (Dongguan) Co. Ltd., Guangdong 523087, China
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ting Yang
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Pengli Duan
- Institute of Environment Science, Shanxi University, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Defeng Lu
- Core Tech Integrated (Beijing) Pty. Ltd., Beijing 100086, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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28
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The Cloud Nucleating Properties and Mixing State of Marine Aerosols Sampled along the Southern California Coast. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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29
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Ahern AT, Goldberger L, Jahl L, Thornton J, Sullivan RC. Production of N 2O 5 and ClNO 2 through Nocturnal Processing of Biomass-Burning Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:550-559. [PMID: 29191018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a source of both particulate chloride and nitrogen oxides, two important precursors for the formation of nitryl chloride (ClNO2), a source of atmospheric oxidants that is poorly prescribed in atmospheric models. We investigated the ability of biomass burning to produce N2O5(g) and ClNO2(g) through nocturnal chemistry using authentic biomass-burning emissions in a smog chamber. There was a positive relationship between the amount of ClNO2 formed and the total amount of particulate chloride emitted and with the chloride fraction of nonrefractory particle mass. In every fuel tested, dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) formed quickly, following the addition of ozone to the smoke aerosol, and ClNO2(g) production promptly followed. At atmospherically relevant relative humidities, the particulate chloride in the biomass-burning aerosol was rapidly but incompletely displaced, likely by the nitric acid produced largely by the heterogeneous uptake of N2O5(g). Despite this chloride acid displacement, the biomass-burning aerosol still converted on the order of 10% of reacted N2O5(g) into ClNO2(g). These experiments directly confirm that biomass burning is a potentially significant source of atmospheric N2O5 and ClNO2 to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Ahern
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Lexie Goldberger
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lydia Jahl
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Joel Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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30
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Kumbhani S, Longin T, Wingen LM, Kidd C, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Mechanism of Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous Solid Particles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2055-2062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumbhani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - T. Longin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Redlands, Redlands, California 92373, United States
| | - L. M. Wingen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - C. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - V. Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - B. J. Finlayson-Pitts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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31
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Bondy AL, Wang B, Laskin A, Craig RL, Nhliziyo MV, Bertman SB, Pratt KA, Shepson PB, Ault AP. Inland Sea Spray Aerosol Transport and Incomplete Chloride Depletion: Varying Degrees of Reactive Processing Observed during SOAS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9533-9542. [PMID: 28732168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase reactions involving sea spray aerosol (SSA) impact trace gas budgets in coastal regions by acting as a reservoir for oxidized nitrogen and sulfur species, as well as being a source of halogen gases (HCl, ClNO2, etc.). Whereas most studies of multiphase reactions on SSA have focused on marine environments, far less is known about SSA transported inland. Herein, single-particle measurements of SSA are reported at a site >320 km from the Gulf of Mexico, with transport times of 7-68 h. Samples were collected during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in June-July 2013 near Centreville, Alabama. SSA was observed in 93% of 42 time periods analyzed. During two marine air mass periods, SSA represented significant number fractions of particles in the accumulation (0.2-1.0 μm, 11%) and coarse (1.0-10.0 μm, 35%) modes. Chloride content of SSA particles ranged from full to partial depletion, with 24% of SSA particles containing chloride (mole fraction of Cl/Na ≥ 0.1, 90% chloride depletion). Both the frequent observation of SSA at an inland site and the range of chloride depletion observed suggest that SSA may represent an underappreciated inland sink for NOx/SO2 oxidation products and a source of halogen gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Manelisi V Nhliziyo
- Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University , Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, United States
| | - Steven B Bertman
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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32
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Leong YJ, Sanchez NP, Wallace HW, Karakurt Cevik B, Hernandez CS, Han Y, Flynn JH, Massoli P, Floerchinger C, Fortner EC, Herndon S, Bean JK, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Jeon W, Choi Y, Lefer B, Griffin RJ. Overview of surface measurements and spatial characterization of submicrometer particulate matter during the DISCOVER-AQ 2013 campaign in Houston, TX. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:854-872. [PMID: 28278029 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1296502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sources of submicrometer particulate matter (PM1) remain poorly characterized in the industrialized city of Houston, TX. A mobile sampling approach was used to characterize PM1 composition and concentration across Houston based on high-time-resolution measurements of nonrefractory PM1 and trace gases during the DISCOVER-AQ Texas 2013 campaign. Two pollution zones with marked differences in PM1 levels, character, and dynamics were established based on cluster analysis of organic aerosol mass loadings sampled at 16 sites. The highest PM1 mass concentrations (average 11.6 ± 5.7 µg/m3) were observed to the northwest of Houston (zone 1), dominated by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass likely driven by nighttime biogenic organonitrate formation. Zone 2, an industrial/urban area south/east of Houston, exhibited lower concentrations of PM1 (average 4.4 ± 3.3 µg/m3), significant organic aerosol (OA) aging, and evidence of primary sulfate emissions. Diurnal patterns and backward-trajectory analyses enable the classification of airmass clusters characterized by distinct PM sources: biogenic SOA, photochemical aged SOA, and primary sulfate emissions from the Houston Ship Channel. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that secondary biogenic organonitrates primarily related with monoterpenes are predominant in zone 1 (accounting for 34% of the variability in the data set). The relevance of photochemical processes and industrial and traffic emission sources in zone 2 also is highlighted by PCA, which identifies three factors related with these processes/sources (~50% of the aerosol/trace gas concentration variability). PCA reveals a relatively minor contribution of isoprene to SOA formation in zone 1 and the absence of isoprene-derived aerosol in zone 2. The relevance of industrial amine emissions and the likely contribution of chloride-displaced sea salt aerosol to the observed variability in pollution levels in zone 2 also are captured by PCA. IMPLICATIONS This article describes an urban-scale mobile study to characterize spatial variations in submicrometer particulate matter (PM1) in greater Houston. The data set indicates substantial spatial variations in PM1 sources/chemistry and elucidates the importance of photochemistry and nighttime oxidant chemistry in producing secondary PM1. These results emphasize the potential benefits of effective control strategies throughout the region, not only to reduce primary emissions of PM1 from automobiles and industry but also to reduce the emissions of important secondary PM1 precursors, including sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. Such efforts also could aid in efforts to reduce mixing ratios of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Leong
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - N P Sanchez
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - H W Wallace
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - B Karakurt Cevik
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - C S Hernandez
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Y Han
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
| | - J H Flynn
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - P Massoli
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | | | - E C Fortner
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | - S Herndon
- c Aerodyne Research, Inc ., Billerica , MA , USA
| | - J K Bean
- d McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - L Hildebrandt Ruiz
- d McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - W Jeon
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Y Choi
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - B Lefer
- b Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - R J Griffin
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Rice University , Houston , TX , USA
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33
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Wei N, Hu C, Zhou S, Ma Q, Mikuška P, Večeřa Z, Gai Y, Lin X, Gu X, Zhao W, Fang B, Zhang W, Chen J, Liu F, Shan X, Sheng L. VUV photoionization aerosol mass spectrometric study on the iodine oxide particles formed from O 3-initiated photooxidation of diiodomethane (CH 2I 2). RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IOPs formed from O3-initiated photooxidation of CH2I2 were investigated based on the combination of a thermal desorption/tunable vacuum ultraviolet time-of-flight photoionization aerosol mass spectrometer with a flow reactor for the first time.
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34
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Yan J, Chen L, Lin Q, Zhao S, Zhang M. Effect of typhoon on atmospheric aerosol particle pollutants accumulation over Xiamen, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:244-255. [PMID: 27295441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Great influence of typhoon on air quality has been confirmed, however, rare data especially high time resolved aerosol particle data could be used to establish the behavior of typhoon on air pollution. A single particle aerosol spectrometer (SPAMS) was employed to characterize the particles with particle number count in high time resolution for two typhoons of Soulik (2013) and Soudelor (2015) with similar tracks. Three periods with five events were classified during the whole observation time, including pre - typhoon (event 1 and event 2), typhoon (event 3 and event 4) and post - typhoon (event 5) based on the meteorological parameters and particle pollutant properties. First pollutant group appeared during pre-typhoon (event 2) with high relative contributions of V - Ni rich particles. Pollution from the ship emissions and accumulated by local processes with stagnant meteorological atmosphere dominated the formation of the pollutant group before typhoon. The second pollutant group was present during typhoon (event 3), while typhoon began to change the local wind direction and increase wind speed. Particle number count reached up to the maximum value. High relative contributions of V - Ni rich and dust particles with low value of NO3(-)/SO4(2-) was observed during this period, indicating that the pollutant group was governed by the combined effect of local pollutant emissions and long-term transports. The analysis of this study sheds a deep insight into understand the relationship between the air pollution and typhoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Liqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Shuhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Miming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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35
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Lee C, Sultana CM, Collins DB, Santander MV, Axson JL, Malfatti F, Cornwell GC, Grandquist JR, Deane GB, Stokes MD, Azam F, Grassian VH, Prather KA. Advancing Model Systems for Fundamental Laboratory Studies of Sea Spray Aerosol Using the Microbial Loop. J Phys Chem A 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Camille M. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Douglas B. Collins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Mitchell V. Santander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jessica L. Axson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gavin C. Cornwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Joshua R. Grandquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Grant B. Deane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M. Dale Stokes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Farooq Azam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and ∥Department of
Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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36
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Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S, Zamora ML, Ying Q, Lin Y, Wang W, Hu M, Wang Y. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3803-55. [PMID: 25942499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Song Guo
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- #Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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37
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CAI J, ZHENG M, YAN CQ, FU HY, ZHANG YJ, LI M, ZHOU Z, ZHANG YH. Application and Progress of Single Particle Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Fine Particulate Matter Research. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Farmer DK, Cappa CD, Kreidenweis SM. Atmospheric Processes and Their Controlling Influence on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4199-217. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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39
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Fu H, Zheng M, Yan C, Li X, Gao H, Yao X, Guo Z, Zhang Y. Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 29:62-70. [PMID: 25766014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm were measured on board by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The average hourly particle number (PN) was around 4560±3240 in the South Yellow Sea (SYS), 2900±3970 in the North Yellow Sea (NYS), and 1700±2220 in the Bohai Sea (BS). PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied slightly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were classified using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt, and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN, respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflow on marine environment. Variation of source types depended mainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433,; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Caiqing Yan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433,.
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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40
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Feng G, Hou GL, Xu HG, Zeng Z, Zheng WJ. On the dissolution of lithium sulfate in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:5624-31. [PMID: 25623553 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05698a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial dissolution steps of lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) in water were investigated by performing anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations on the Li2SO4(H2O)n(-) (n = 0-5) clusters. The plausible structures of these clusters and the corresponding neutral clusters were obtained using LC-ωPBE/6-311++G(d,p) calculations by comparing the experimental and theoretical vertical electron detachment energies. Two types of structures for bare Li2SO4(-/0) were found: a turtle-shaped structure and a propeller-shaped structure. For Li2SO4(H2O)n(-) cluster anions with n = 1-3, two kinds of isomers derived from the turtle-shaped and propeller-shaped structures of bare Li2SO4(-) were identified. For n = 4-5, these two kinds of isomers present similar structural and energetic features and thus are not distinguishable. For the anionic clusters the water molecules prefer to firstly interact with one Li atom until fully coordinating it. While for the neutral clusters, the water molecules interact with the two Li atoms alternately, therefore, showing a pairwise solvation behavior. The Li-S distance increases smoothly upon addition of water molecules one by one. Addition of five water molecules to Li2SO4 cannot induce the dissociation of one Li(+) ion because the water molecules are shared by two Li(+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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41
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Richards-Henderson NK, Anderson C, Anastasio C, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. The effect of cations on NO2 production from the photolysis of aqueous thin water films of nitrate salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:32211-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05325k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cations are shown to enhance nitrate photochemistry by changing the concentrations of nitrate ions in the interface region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land
- Air and Water Resources
- University of California – Davis
- Davis
- USA
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42
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Lesko DMB, Coddens EM, Swomley HD, Welch RM, Borgatta J, Navea JG. Photochemistry of nitrate chemisorbed on various metal oxide surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are known to provide an important surface for gas–solid interfaces that can lead to heterogeneous reactions impacting tropospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jaya Borgatta
- Chemistry Department
- Skidmore College
- Saratoga Springs
- USA
| | - Juan G. Navea
- Chemistry Department
- Skidmore College
- Saratoga Springs
- USA
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43
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Ault AP, Guasco TL, Baltrusaitis J, Ryder OS, Trueblood JV, Collins DB, Ruppel MJ, Cuadra-Rodriguez LA, Prather KA, Grassian VH. Heterogeneous Reactivity of Nitric Acid with Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol: Large Differences Observed between and within Individual Particles. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2493-2500. [PMID: 26277935 DOI: 10.1021/jz5008802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current climate and atmospheric chemistry models assume that all sea spray particles react as if they are pure NaCl. However, recent studies of sea spray aerosol particles have shown that distinct particle types exist (including sea salt, organic carbon, and biological particles) as well as mixtures of these and, within each particle type, there is a range of single-particle chemical compositions. Because of these differences, individual particles should display a range of reactivities with trace atmospheric gases. Herein, to address this, we study the composition of individual sea spray aerosol particles after heterogeneous reaction with nitric acid. As expected, a replacement reaction of chloride with nitrate is observed; however, there is a large range of reactivities spanning from no reaction to complete reaction between and within individual sea spray aerosol particles. These data clearly support the need for laboratory studies of individual, environmentally relevant particles to improve our fundamental understanding as to the properties that determine reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Ault
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Timothy L Guasco
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Olivia S Ryder
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jonathan V Trueblood
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Douglas B Collins
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew J Ruppel
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Luis A Cuadra-Rodriguez
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- §Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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44
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Jin T, Zhang B, Song J, Jiang L, Qiu Y, Zhuang W. Infrared Signature of the Early Stage Microsolvation in the NaSO4–(H2O)1–5 Clusters: A Simulation Study. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:9157-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5028299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Jin
- College of Photonic
and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - BingBing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Song
- Department
of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yishen Qiu
- College of Photonic
and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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45
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Richards-Henderson NK, Callahan KM, Nissenson P, Nishino N, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Production of gas phase NO2 and halogens from the photolysis of thin water films containing nitrate, chloride and bromide ions at room temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:17636-46. [PMID: 24042539 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52956h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate and halide ions coexist in particles generated in marine regions, around alkaline dry lakes, and in the Arctic snowpack. Although the photochemistry of nitrate ions in bulk aqueous solution is well known, there is recent evidence that it may be more efficient at liquid-gas interfaces, and that the presence of other ions in solution may enhance interfacial reactivity. This study examines the 311 nm photolysis of thin aqueous films of ternary halide-nitrate salt mixtures (NaCl-NaBr-NaNO3) deposited on the walls of a Teflon chamber at 298 K. The films were generated by nebulizing aqueous 0.25 M NaNO3 solutions which had NaCl and NaBr added to vary the mole fraction of halide ions. Molar ratios of chloride to bromide ions were chosen to be 0.25, 1.0, or 4.0. The subsequent generation of gas phase NO2 and reactive halogen gases (Br2, BrCl and Cl2) were monitored with time. The rate of gas phase NO2 formation was shown to be enhanced by the addition of the halide ions to thin films containing only aqueous NaNO3. At [Cl(-)]/[Br(-)] ≤ 1.0, the NO2 enhancement was similar to that observed for binary NaBr-NaNO3 mixtures, while with excess chloride NO2 enhancement was similar to that observed for binary NaCl-NaNO3 mixtures. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that the halide ions draw nitrate ions closer to the interface where a less complete solvent shell allows more efficient escape of NO2 to the gas phase, and that bromide ions are more effective in bringing nitrate ions closer to the surface. The combination of theory and experiments suggests that under atmospheric conditions where nitrate ion photochemistry plays a role, the impact of other species such as halide ions should be taken into account in predicting the impacts of nitrate ion photochemistry.
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46
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Shi Y, Chen J, Hu D, Wang L, Yang X, Wang X. Airborne submicron particulate (PM1) pollution in Shanghai, China: chemical variability, formation/dissociation of associated semi-volatile components and the impacts on visibility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:199-206. [PMID: 24370694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hourly mass concentrations of water-soluble ions in PM1 and gasses (NH3, HNO3, HCl) were on-line measured with a Monitor for AeRosols and Gases Analyzer (MARGA) in Shanghai from Oct. 1 to Nov. 16, 2012. During the field campaign, 7 haze episodes (total 157 h) were identified. 845 h were identified as non-haze periods, excluding fog events and wet precipitation. The average mass concentration of PM1 and total water-soluble ions (TWSI) in PM1 in haze episodes were 78.9 ± 29.9 μg/m(3) and 47.2 ± 17.2 μg/m(3), 3.11 times (from 1.49 to 4.06 times) and 3.28 times (1.96 to 4.34 times) as those in non-haze periods, respectively. TWSI accounted for 60.4 ± 18.8% of PM1 mass loading in the whole campaign. With the ascending PM1 mass concentration from 2.5 to 125.0 μg/m(3) from non-haze periods to haze episodes, average contribution of TWSI to PM1 mass loading decreased from 86.1% to 54.2%, while different species altered. Contribution of NO3(-) increased from 14.0% to 26.8%, while SO4(2-) decreased from 39.5% to 15.0% and NH4(+) remained around 13.7%. Relationship of visibility with PM1 and TWSI was addressed in specific RH ranges. It was found that hourly TWSI mass concentration showed better correlation with visibility. Formation/dissociation of semi-volatiles (NH4NO3 and NH4Cl) was also investigated and demonstrated. NH4NO3 and NH4Cl tended to partition into gas phase in non-haze periods. Particularly, strong dissociation from 11:00 LT to 17:00 LT was observed. In haze episodes, HNO3 and HCl tended to react with NH3 to form particulate matters. Interestingly, we found that formation/dissociation of NH4NO3 and NH4Cl exerted great impacts on visibility. Excluding the strong dissociation hours (11:00 LT to 17:00 LT) in correlation analysis of PM1 and visibility, correlation coefficients (R(2)) increased from 0.5762 to 0.7738 at RH<50%. No significant difference was observed in other RH ranges. In addition, Strong NH3 and HNO3 reaction resulted in the enhancement of NH4NO3 mass fraction, therefore increased associated water content in PM1 under high RH condition and contributed to visibility degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Dawei Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Organ Geochem, Guangzhou Inst Geochem, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Vargas Jentzsch P, Kampe B, Ciobotă V, Rösch P, Popp J. Inorganic salts in atmospheric particulate matter: Raman spectroscopy as an analytical tool. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:697-708. [PMID: 23880412 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter is composed of inorganic and organic components of natural and anthropogenic origin. Wind-transport is probably the most important process responsible for the emission of solid particulate matter into the troposphere, but there are also important contributions from chemical reactions due to the interaction of different atmospheric components in presence of water and solar radiation. Sulfate, nitrate and carbonate salts can be both reactants and products in this complex dynamic system, and there is no doubt about their important impact on the climate. Both simple and mixed salts can be produced in atmosphere by dissolution-crystallization processes. The Raman spectra of 45 representative salts of the atmospheric environment were recorded and the bands assigned. The chemometric analysis of the spectroscopic data of these 45 salts demonstrates the suitability of Raman spectroscopy to classify and identify sulfate, nitrate and carbonate salts of atmospheric importance. Salts were classified into three groups: "sulfates", "nitrates or carbonates" and "sulfate-nitrates or sulfate-carbonate". This kind of information is relevant in atmospheric studies because specific characteristics of the salts can provide valuable information about the origin of the salts, the atmospheric chemistry and climate forcing, thus contributing to the evaluation of environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Vargas Jentzsch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Ault AP, Guasco TL, Ryder OS, Baltrusaitis J, Cuadra-Rodriguez LA, Collins DB, Ruppel MJ, Bertram TH, Prather KA, Grassian VH. Inside versus Outside: Ion Redistribution in Nitric Acid Reacted Sea Spray Aerosol Particles as Determined by Single Particle Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14528-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Timothy L. Guasco
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Olivia S. Ryder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Luis A. Cuadra-Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas B. Collins
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew J. Ruppel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Ault AP, Zhao D, Ebben CJ, Tauber MJ, Geiger FM, Prather KA, Grassian VH. Raman microspectroscopy and vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy as probes of the bulk and surface compositions of size-resolved sea spray aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:6206-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp43899f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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