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Jacob SM, Lee S, Kim SH, Sharkey KA, Pfeffer G, Nguyen MD. Brain-body mechanisms contribute to sexual dimorphism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:475-494. [PMID: 38965379 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of human motor neuron disease. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to generalized motor weakness and, ultimately, respiratory paralysis and death within 3-5 years. The disease is shaped by genetics, age, sex and environmental stressors, but no cure or routine biomarkers exist for the disease. Male individuals have a higher propensity to develop ALS, and a different manifestation of the disease phenotype, than female individuals. However, the mechanisms underlying these sex differences remain a mystery. In this Review, we summarize the epidemiology of ALS, examine the sexually dimorphic presentation of the disease and highlight the genetic variants and molecular pathways that might contribute to sex differences in humans and animal models of ALS. We advance the idea that sexual dimorphism in ALS arises from the interactions between the CNS and peripheral organs, involving vascular, metabolic, endocrine, musculoskeletal and immune systems, which are strikingly different between male and female individuals. Finally, we review the response to treatments in ALS and discuss the potential to implement future personalized therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Jacob
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sukyoung Lee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Huang J, Zhou H, Xiao Z, Xu X, Zhou H. The characteristic pattern of functional connectivity density influenced by postmenopausal females in the preclinical stage of dementia. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae299. [PMID: 39051659 PMCID: PMC11270115 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is considered an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease. Previous evidence suggests that postmenopausal females are at heightened risk for developing dementia. However, the potential effects of gender (i.e. postmenopausal female) on functional connectivity density (FCD) in individuals with SCD are not well understood. A total of 56 healthy controls and 57 subjects with SCD were included. The short-range and long-range FCD (srFCD and lrFCD) mapping of each participant was calculated. The interactive effect of gender × diagnosis on the FCD was explored by two-way analysis of variance. The interaction effect of gender × diagnosis on lrFCD was primarily in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG). The older males with SCD exhibited significantly enhanced lrFCD in the right MFG relative to other subgroups. The lrFCD of the right MFG was positively associated with cognitive performance in older females with SCD. Cognition-related functional terms were significantly related to the right MFG. Decreased lrFCD of the right MFG in cognitively normal older women may explain why postmenopausal females have a higher risk for progression to dementia than men. Furthermore, this altered pattern could be applied to identify individuals with a high risk for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zhendong Xiao
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Xiuyun Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
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Ekmekcioglu O, Albert NL, Heinrich K, Tolboom N, Van Weehaeghe D, Traub-Weidinger T, Atay LO, Garibotto V, Morbelli S. Neurological Disorders and Women's Health: Contribution of Molecular Neuroimaging Techniques. Semin Nucl Med 2024; 54:237-246. [PMID: 38365546 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Sex differences in brain physiology and the mechanisms of drug action have been extensively reported. These biological variances, from structure to hormonal and genetic aspects, can profoundly influence healthy functioning and disease mechanisms and might have implications for treatment and drug development. Molecular neuroimaging techniques may help to disclose sex's impact on brain functioning, as well as the neuropathological changes underpinning several diseases. This narrative review summarizes recent lines of evidence based on PET and SPECT imaging, highlighting sex differences in normal conditions and various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgul Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heinrich
- Department of Medicine III, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nelleke Tolboom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tatiana Traub-Weidinger
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Valentina Garibotto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Morbelli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, AOU Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Shirzadi S, Dadgostar M, Einalou Z, Erdoğan SB, Akin A. Sex based differences in functional connectivity during a working memory task: an fNIRS study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1207202. [PMID: 38390414 PMCID: PMC10881810 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1207202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Differences in corticocerebral structure and function between males and females and their effects on behavior and the prevalence of various neuropsychiatric disorders have been considered as a fundamental topic in various fields of neuroscience. Recent studies on working memory (WM) reported the impact of sex on brain connectivity patterns, which reflect the important role of functional connectivity in the sex topic. Working memory, one of the most important cognitive tasks performed by regions of the PFC, can provide evidence regarding the presence of a difference between males and females. The present study aimed to assess sex differences in brain functional connectivity during working memory-related tasks by using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). In this regard, nine males and nine females completed a dual n-back working memory task with two target inputs of color and location stimuli in three difficulty levels (n = 0, 1, 2). Functional connectivity matrices were extracted for each subject for each memory load level. Females made less errors than males while spending more time performing the task for all workload levels except in 0-back related to the color stimulus, where the reaction time of females was shorter than males. The results of functional connectivity reveal the inverse behavior of two hemispheres at different memory workload levels between males and females. In the left hemisphere, males exhibited stronger connectivity compared to the females, while stronger connectivity was observed in the females' right hemisphere. Furthermore, an inverse trend was detected in the channel pairs with significant connectivity in the right hemisphere of males (falling) and females (rising) by enhancing working memory load level. Considering both behavioral and functional results for two sexes demonstrated a better performance in females due to the more effective use of the brain. The results indicate that sex affects functional connectivity between different areas in both hemispheres of the brain during cognitive tasks of varying difficulty levels although the general impression is that spatial capabilities are considered as a performance of the brain's right hemisphere. These results reinforce the presence of a sex effect in the functional imaging studies of hemodynamic function and emphasize the importance of evaluating brain network connectivity for achieving a better scientific understanding of sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Shirzadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Dadgostar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Zahra Einalou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Sinem Burcu Erdoğan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ata Akin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Davidson JM, Rayner SL, Liu S, Cheng F, Di Ieva A, Chung RS, Lee A. Inter-Regional Proteomic Profiling of the Human Brain Using an Optimized Protein Extraction Method from Formalin-Fixed Tissue to Identify Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054283. [PMID: 36901711 PMCID: PMC10001664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics offers vast potential for studying the molecular regulation of the human brain. Formalin fixation is a common method for preserving human tissue; however, it presents challenges for proteomic analysis. In this study, we compared the efficiency of two different protein-extraction buffers on three post-mortem, formalin-fixed human brains. Equal amounts of extracted proteins were subjected to in-gel tryptic digestion and LC-MS/MS. Protein, peptide sequence, and peptide group identifications; protein abundance; and gene ontology pathways were analyzed. Protein extraction was superior using lysis buffer containing tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, and Triton X-100 (TrisHCl, SDS, SDC, Triton X-100), which was then used for inter-regional analysis. Pre-frontal, motor, temporal, and occipital cortex tissues were analyzed by label free quantification (LFQ) proteomics, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and PANTHERdb. Inter-regional analysis revealed differential enrichment of proteins. We found similarly activated cellular signaling pathways in different brain regions, suggesting commonalities in the molecular regulation of neuroanatomically-linked brain functions. Overall, we developed an optimized, robust, and efficient method for protein extraction from formalin-fixed human brain tissue for in-depth LFQ proteomics. We also demonstrate herein that this method is suitable for rapid and routine analysis to uncover molecular signaling pathways in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennilee M. Davidson
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.D.); (A.D.I.)
| | - Stephanie L. Rayner
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sidong Liu
- Centre for Health Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Flora Cheng
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Ieva
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.D.); (A.D.I.)
| | - Roger S. Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Albert Lee
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Keeratitanont K, Theerakulpisut D, Auvichayapat N, Suphakunpinyo C, Patjanasoontorn N, Tiamkao S, Tepmongkol S, Khiewvan B, Raruenrom Y, Srisuruk P, Paholpak S, Auvichayapat P. Brain laterality evaluated by F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography in autism spectrum disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:901016. [PMID: 36034502 PMCID: PMC9399910 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.901016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and rationale Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that has no curative treatment. Little is known about the brain laterality in patients with ASD. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT) is a neuroimaging technique that is suitable for ASD owing to its ability to detect whole brain functional abnormalities in a short time and is feasible in ASD patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate brain laterality using F-18 FDG PET/CT in patients with high-functioning ASD. Materials and methods This case-control study recruited eight ASD patients who met the DSM-5 criteria, the recorded data of eight controls matched for age, sex, and handedness were also enrolled. The resting state of brain glucose metabolism in the regions of interest (ROIs) was analyzed using the Q.Brain software. Brain glucose metabolism and laterality index in each ROI of ASD patients were compared with those of the controls. The pattern of brain metabolism was analyzed using visual analysis and is reported in the data description. Results The ASD group’s overall brain glucose metabolism was lower than that of the control group in both the left and right hemispheres, with mean differences of 1.54 and 1.21, respectively. We found statistically lower mean glucose metabolism for ASD patients than controls in the left prefrontal lateral (Z = 1.96, p = 0.049). The left laterality index was found in nine ROIs for ASD and 11 ROIs for the control. The left laterality index in the ASD group was significantly lower than that in the control group in the prefrontal lateral (Z = 2.52, p = 0.012), precuneus (Z = 2.10, p = 0.036), and parietal inferior (Z = 1.96, p = 0.049) regions. Conclusion Individuals with ASD have lower brain glucose metabolism than control. In addition, the number of ROIs for left laterality index in the ASD group was lower than control. Left laterality defects may be one of the causes of ASD. This knowledge can be useful in the treatment of ASD by increasing the left-brain metabolism. This trial was registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20210705005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keattichai Keeratitanont
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Daris Theerakulpisut
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Narong Auvichayapat
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chanyut Suphakunpinyo
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Niramol Patjanasoontorn
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Somsak Tiamkao
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Supatporn Tepmongkol
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Chulalongkorn University Biomedical Imaging Group (CUBIG), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Benjapa Khiewvan
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yutapong Raruenrom
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Piyawan Srisuruk
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Education, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Service Institute for Autism, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Suchat Paholpak
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Service Institute for Autism, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paradee Auvichayapat
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Research Group of Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Service Institute for Autism, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Paradee Auvichayapat,
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Reduced white matter microstructural integrity in prediabetes and diabetes: A population-based study. EBioMedicine 2022; 82:104144. [PMID: 35810560 PMCID: PMC9278067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background White matter (WM) microstructural abnormalities have been observed in diabetes. However, evidence of prediabetes is currently lacking. This study aims to investigate the WM integrity in prediabetes and diabetes. We also assess the association of WM abnormalities with glucose metabolism status and continuous glucose measures. Methods The WM integrity was analyzed using cross-sectional baseline data from a population-based PolyvasculaR Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and vaScular Events (PRECISE) study. The cohort, including a total of 2218 cases with the mean age of 61.3 ± 6.6 years and 54.1% female, consisted of 1205 prediabetes which are categorized into two subgroups (a group of 254 prediabetes with combined impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and the other group of 951 prediabetes without combined IFG/IGT), 504 diabetes, and 509 normal control subjects. Alterations of WM integrity were determined by diffusion tensor imaging along with tract-based spatial statistics analysis to compare diffusion metrics on WM skeletons between groups. The mixed-effects multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the association between WM microstructural alterations and glucose status. Findings Microstructural abnormalities distributed in local WM tracts in prediabetes with combined IFG/IGT and spread widely in diabetes. These WM abnormalities are associated with higher glucose measures. Interpretation Our findings suggest that WM microstructural abnormalities are already present at the prediabetes with combined IFG/IGT stage. Preventative strategies should begin early to maintain normal glucose metabolism and avert further destruction of WM integrity. Funding Partially supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC0901002).
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Gao Y, Tang Y, Zhang H, Yang Y, Dong T, Jia Q. Sex Differences of Cerebellum and Cerebrum: Evidence from Graph Convolutional Network. Interdiscip Sci 2022; 14:532-544. [PMID: 35103919 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to exploit a novel graph neural network to predict the sex of the brain topological network, and to find the sex differences in the cerebrum and cerebellum. A two-branch multi-scale graph convolutional network (TMGCN) is designed to analyze the sex differences of the brain. Two complementary templates are used to construct cerebrum and cerebellum networks, respectively, followed by a two-branch sub-network with multi-scale filters and a trainable weighted fusion strategy for the final prediction. Finally, a trainable graph topk-pooling layer is utilized in our model to visualize key brain regions relevant to the prediction. The proposed TMGCN achieves a prediction accuracy of 84.48%. In the cerebellum, the bilateral Crus I-II, lobule VI and VIIb, and the posterior vermis (VI-X) are discriminative for this task. As for the cerebrum, the discriminative brain regions consist of the bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, the bilateral fusiform gyrus, the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the bilateral cingulate gyrus, the bilateral medial ventral occipital cortex, the bilateral lateral occipital cortex, the bilateral amygdala, and the bilateral hippocampus. This study tackles the sex prediction problem from a more comprehensive view, and may provide the resting-state fMRI evidence for further study of sex differences in the cerebellum and cerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yuan Yang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, USA
| | - Tingting Dong
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaolan Jia
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Chen Y, Qiu C, Yu W, Shao X, Zhou M, Wang Y, Shao X. The relationship between brain glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in subjects with normal cognition - a study based on 18F-FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:275-283. [PMID: 34816810 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance can increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Our purpose is to use 18F-FDG PET imaging to explore the effect of insulin resistance on brain glucose metabolism in cognitively normal subjects. METHODS A total of 189 cognitively normal subjects who underwent PET examinations were enrolled. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to evaluate the presence of insulin resistance. Multivariate linear regression and generalized additive models were used to analyze the association between HOMA-IR and glucose metabolism in the whole brain and evaluate the effects of various covariates. The SPM12 software was used to evaluate the regional effect of insulin resistance on brain glucose metabolism. RESULTS After being fully adjusted for confounding factors, HOMA-IR showed an approximately linear negative correlation with brain glucose metabolism (β = -0.219, T = -3.331, P = 0.021). Compared with normal subjects, insulin-resistant subjects had reduced glucose metabolism in bilateral middle temporal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right cuneiform lobe and bilateral cerebellar regions. In cognitively normal subjects, systemic insulin resistance has a significant effect on brain glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS 18F-FDG brain PET imaging could be helpful for the early diagnosis and treatment of changes in brain glucose metabolism caused by insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Chun Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Wenji Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Mingge Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuetao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Changzhou, China
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10
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A ketogenic diet affects brain volume and metabolome in juvenile mice. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118542. [PMID: 34530134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat and low-carbohydrate therapy for medically intractable epilepsy, and its applications in other neurological conditions, including those occurring in children, have been increasingly tested. However, how KD affects childhood neurodevelopment, a highly sensitive and plastic process, is not clear. In this study, we explored structural, metabolic, and functional consequences of a brief treatment of a strict KD (weight ratio of fat to carbohydrate plus protein is approximately 6.3:1) in naive juvenile mice of different inbred strains, using a multidisciplinary approach. Systemic measurements using magnetic resonance imaging revealed that unexpectedly, the volumes of most brain structures in KD-fed mice were about 90% of those in mice of the same strain but fed a standard diet. The reductions in volumes were nonselective, including different regions throughout the brain, the ventricles, and the white matter. The relative volumes of different brain structures were unaltered. Additionally, as KD is a metabolism-based treatment, we performed untargeted metabolomic profiling to explore potential means by which KD affected brain growth and to identify metabolic changes in the brain. We found that brain metabolomic profile was significantly impacted by KD, through both distinct and common pathways in different mouse strains. To explore whether the volumetric and metabolic changes induced by this KD treatment were associated with functional consequences, we recorded spontaneous EEG to measure brain network activity. Results demonstrated limited alterations in EEG patterns in KD-fed animals. In addition, we observed that cortical levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a critical molecule in neurodevelopment, did not change in KD-fed animals. Together, these findings indicate that a strict KD could affect volumetric development and metabolic profile of the brain in inbred juvenile mice, while global network activities and BDNF signaling in the brain were mostly preserved. Whether the volumetric and metabolic changes are related to any core functional consequences during neurodevelopment and whether they are also observed in humans need to be further investigated. In addition, our results indicate that certain outcomes of KD are specific to the individual mouse strains tested, suggesting that the physiological profiles of individuals may need to be examined to maximize the clinical benefit of KD.
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Revealing the Influences of Sex Hormones and Sex Differences in Atrial Fibrillation and Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168776. [PMID: 34445515 PMCID: PMC8396287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of sex differences on the biology of various organ systems and the influences of sex hormones on modulating health and disease have become increasingly relevant in clinical and biomedical research. A growing body of evidence has recently suggested fundamental sex differences in cardiovascular and cognitive function, including anatomy, pathophysiology, incidence and age of disease onset, symptoms affecting disease diagnosis, disease severity, progression, and treatment responses and outcomes. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently recognized as the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia and might contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), including a range of cognitive deficits, from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. In this review, we describe sex-based differences and sex hormone functions in the physiology of the brain and vasculature and the pathophysiology of disorders therein, with special emphasis on AF and VCI. Deciphering how sex hormones and their receptor signaling (estrogen and androgen receptors) potentially impact on sex differences could help to reveal disease links between AF and VCI and identify therapeutic targets that may lead to potentially novel therapeutic interventions early in the disease course of AF and VCI.
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12
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Food anticipatory hormonal responses: A systematic review of animal and human studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:447-464. [PMID: 33812978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Food anticipatory hormonal responses (cephalic responses) are proactive physiological processes, that allow animals to prepare for food ingestion by modulating their hormonal levels in response to food cues. This process is important for digesting food, metabolizing nutrients and maintaining glucose levels within homeostasis. In this systematic review, we summarize the evidence from animal and human research on cephalic responses. Thirty-six animal and fifty-three human studies were included. The majority (88 %) of studies demonstrated that hormonal levels are changed in response to cues previously associated with food intake, such as feeding time, smell, and sight of food. Most evidence comes from studies on insulin, ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, and c-peptide. Moreover, impaired cephalic responses were found in disorders related to metabolism and food intake such as diabetes, pancreatic insufficiency, obesity, and eating disorders, which opens discussions about the etiological mechanisms of these disorders as well as on potential therapeutic opportunities.
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13
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Rebelos E, Bucci M, Karjalainen T, Oikonen V, Bertoldo A, Hannukainen JC, Virtanen KA, Latva-Rasku A, Hirvonen J, Heinonen I, Parkkola R, Laakso M, Ferrannini E, Iozzo P, Nummenmaa L, Nuutila P. Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Enhanced Brain Glucose Uptake During Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemia: A Large-Scale PET Cohort. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:788-794. [PMID: 33446523 PMCID: PMC7896252 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whereas insulin resistance is expressed as reduced glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, the relationship between insulin resistance and brain glucose metabolism remains controversial. Our aim was to examine the association of insulin resistance and brain glucose uptake (BGU) during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in a large sample of study participants across a wide range of age and insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) data from 194 participants scanned under clamp conditions were compiled from a single-center cohort. BGU was quantified by the fractional uptake rate. We examined the association of age, sex, M value from the clamp, steady-state insulin and free fatty acid levels, C-reactive protein levels, HbA1c, and presence of type 2 diabetes with BGU using Bayesian hierarchical modeling. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity, indexed by the M value, was associated negatively with BGU in all brain regions, confirming that in insulin-resistant participants BGU was enhanced during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. In addition, the presence of type 2 diabetes was associated with additional increase in BGU. On the contrary, age was negatively related to BGU. Steady-state insulin levels, C-reactive protein and free fatty acid levels, sex, and HbA1c were not associated with BGU. CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort of participants of either sex across a wide range of age and insulin sensitivity, insulin sensitivity was the best predictor of BGU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Rebelos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marco Bucci
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Vesa Oikonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland .,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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14
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Alisch JSR, Khattar N, Kim RW, Cortina LE, Rejimon AC, Qian W, Ferrucci L, Resnick SM, Spencer RG, Bouhrara M. Sex and age-related differences in cerebral blood flow investigated using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4911-4925. [PMID: 33596183 PMCID: PMC7950235 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adequate cerebral blood flow (CBF) is essential to a healthy central nervous system (CNS). Previous work suggests that CBF differs between men and women, and declines with age and certain pathologies, but a highly controlled systematic study across a wide age range, and incorporating white matter (WM) regions, has not been undertaken. Here, we investigate age- and sex-related differences in CBF in gray matter (GM) and WM regions in a cohort (N = 80) of cognitively unimpaired individuals over a wide age range. In agreement with literature, we find that GM regions exhibited lower CBF with age. In contrast, WM regions exhibited higher CBF with age in various cerebral regions. We attribute this new finding to increased oligodendrocyte metabolism to maintain myelin homeostasis in the setting of increased myelin turnover with age. Further, consistent with prior studies, we found that CBF was higher in women than in men in all brain structures investigated. Our work provides new insights into the effects of age and sex on CBF. In addition, our results provide reference CBF values for the standard ASL protocol recommended by the ISMRM Perfusion Study Group and the European ASL in Dementia consortium. Thus, these results provide a foundation for further investigations of CNS perfusion in a variety of settings, including aging, cerebrovascular diseases, and dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S R Alisch
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nikkita Khattar
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard W Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luis E Cortina
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abinand C Rejimon
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenshu Qian
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Laboratory Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard G Spencer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mustapha Bouhrara
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Coors A, Merten N, Ward DD, Schmid M, Breteler MMB, Ettinger U. Strong age but weak sex effects in eye movement performance in the general adult population: Evidence from the Rhineland Study. Vision Res 2020; 178:124-133. [PMID: 33387946 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Assessing physiological changes that occur with healthy ageing is prerequisite for understanding pathophysiological age-related changes. Eye movements are studied as biomarkers for pathological changes because they are altered in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. However, there is a lack of data from large samples assessing age-related physiological changes and sex differences in oculomotor performance. Thus, we assessed and quantified cross-sectional relations of age and sex with oculomotor performance in the general population. We report results from the first 4,000 participants (aged 30-95 years) of the Rhineland Study, a community-based prospective cohort study in Bonn, Germany. Participants completed fixation, smooth pursuit, prosaccade and antisaccade tasks. We quantified associations of age and sex with oculomotor outcomes using multivariable linear regression models. Performance in 12 out of 18 oculomotor measures declined with increasing age. No differences between age groups were observed in five antisaccade outcomes (amplitude-adjusted and unadjusted peak velocity, amplitude gain, spatial error and percentage of corrected errors) and for blink rate during fixation. Small sex differences occurred in smooth pursuit velocity gain (men have higher gain) and blink rate during fixation (men blink less). We conclude that performance declines with age in two thirds of oculomotor outcomes but that there was no evidence of sex differences in eye movement performance except for two outcomes. Since the percentage of corrected antisaccade errors was not associated with age but is known to be affected by pathological cognitive decline, it represents a promising candidate preclinical biomarker of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabell Coors
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Natascha Merten
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - David D Ward
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany.
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16
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Marková L, Bareš M, Lungu OV, Filip P. Quantitative but Not Qualitative Performance Changes in Predictive Motor Timing as a Result of Overtraining. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:201-207. [PMID: 31898279 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibilities of substantial long-term improvement of predictive timing might be sometimes seen as limited, with scanty information of neural substrates underlying the potential learning process. To address this issue, we have investigated the performance of 21 baseball professionals and 21 matched controls in a predictive motor timing task previously shown to engage the cerebellum. Baseball players, hypothesized as a model of overtraining of the prediction of future state of the surroundings, showed significantly higher quantitative performance than nonathletic controls, with a substantial part of the baseball players reaching levels far beyond the range observed in common population. Furthermore, the qualitative performance profile of baseball players under various conditions as target speed and acceleration modes did not differ from the profile of healthy controls. Our results suggest that regular exigent training has the potential to vastly improve predictive motor timing. Moreover, the quantitative but not qualitative difference in the performance profile allows us to hypothesize that the selective honing of the same cerebellar processes and networks as in non-trained individuals is the substrate for the quantitative performance improvement, without substantial engagement of further neural nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Marková
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bareš
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of St. Anne and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ovidiu V Lungu
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Research Center of the Geriatric Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Pavel Filip
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of St. Anne and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
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17
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Sex differences in health and disease: A review of biological sex differences relevant to cancer with a spotlight on glioma. Cancer Lett 2020; 498:178-187. [PMID: 33130315 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The influence of biological sex differences on human health and disease, while being increasingly recognized, has long been underappreciated and underexplored. While humans of all sexes are more alike than different, there is evidence for sex differences in the most basic aspects of human biology and these differences have consequences for the etiology and pathophysiology of many diseases. In a disease like cancer, these consequences manifest in the sex biases in incidence and outcome of many cancer types. The ability to deliver precise, targeted therapies to complex cancer cases is limited by our current understanding of the underlying sex differences. Gaining a better understanding of the implications and interplay of sex differences in diseases like cancer will thus be informative for clinical practice and biological research. Here we review the evidence for a broad array of biological sex differences in humans and discuss how these differences may relate to observed sex differences in various diseases, including many cancers and specifically glioblastoma. We focus on areas of human biology that play vital roles in healthy and disease states, including metabolism, development, hormones, and the immune system, and emphasize that the intersection of sex differences in these areas should not go overlooked. We further propose that mathematical approaches can be useful for exploring the extent to which sex differences affect disease outcomes and accounting for those in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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18
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Jiang Q, Xu H, Yan J, Xu Q, Zheng Y, Li C, Zhao L, Gao H, Zheng H. Sex-specific metabolic alterations in the type 1 diabetic brain of mice revealed by an integrated method of metabolomics and mixed-model. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2063-2074. [PMID: 32802278 PMCID: PMC7419581 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) can cause brain region-specific metabolic disorders, but whether gender influences T1D-related brain metabolic changes is rarely reported. Therefore, here we examined metabolic changes in six different brain regions of male and female mice under normal and T1D conditions using an integrated method of NMR-based metabolomics and linear mixed-model, and aimed to explore sex-specific metabolic changes from normal to T1D. The results demonstrate that metabolic differences occurred in all brain regions between two genders, while the hippocampal metabolism is more likely to be affected by T1D. At the 4th week after streptozotocin treatment, brain metabolic disorders mainly occurred in the cortex and hippocampus in female T1D mice, but the striatum and hippocampus in male T1D mice. In addition, anaerobic glycolysis was significantly altered in male mice, mainly in the striatum, midbrain, hypothalamus and hippocampus, but not in female mice. We also found that female mice exhibited a hypometabolism status relative to male mice from normal to T1D. Collectively, this study suggests that T1D affected brain region-specific metabolic alterations in a sex-specific manner, and may provide a metabolic view on diabetic brain diseases between genders.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- Ala, alanine
- Asp, aspartate
- Cho, choline
- Cortex
- Cre/pCre, creatine/phosphocreatine
- Diabetes
- GABA, γ-Aminobutyric acid
- Gender
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamate
- Gly, glycine
- Hippocampus
- IMP, inosine monophosphate
- Ino, inosine
- Lac, lactate
- Metabolomics
- Myo, myo-inositol
- NAA, N-acetylaspartate
- NAD+, nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide
- Neurotransmitter
- Suc, succinate
- Tau, taurine
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Jiang
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hangying Xu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yafei Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liangcai Zhao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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19
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Bordt EA, Ceasrine AM, Bilbo SD. Microglia and sexual differentiation of the developing brain: A focus on ontogeny and intrinsic factors. Glia 2019; 68:1085-1099. [PMID: 31743527 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexual differentiation of the brain during early development likely underlies the strong sex biases prevalent in many neurological conditions. Mounting evidence indicates that microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, are intricately involved in these sex-specific processes of differentiation. In this review, we synthesize literature demonstrating sex differences in microglial number, morphology, transcriptional state, and functionality throughout spatiotemporal development as well as highlight current literature regarding ontogeny of microglia. Along with vanRyzin et al. in this issue, we explore the idea that differences in microglia imparted by chromosomal or ontogeny-related programming can influence microglial-driven sexual differentiation of the brain, as well as the idea that extrinsic differences in the male and female brain microenvironment may in turn impart sex differences in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Bordt
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexis M Ceasrine
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Jamadar SD, Sforazzini F, Raniga P, Ferris NJ, Paton B, Bailey MJ, Brodtmann A, Yates PA, Donnan GA, Ward SA, Woods RL, Storey E, McNeil JJ, Egan GF. Sexual Dimorphism of Resting-State Network Connectivity in Healthy Ageing. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:1121-1131. [PMID: 29471348 PMCID: PMC6748717 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The onset of many illnesses is confounded with age and sex. Increasing age is a risk factor for the development of many illnesses, and sexual dimorphism influences brain anatomy, function, and cognition. Here, we examine frequency-specific connectivity in resting-state networks in a large sample (n = 406) of healthy aged adults. METHOD We quantify frequency-specific connectivity in three resting-state networks known to be implicated in age-related decline: the default mode, dorsal attention, and salience networks, using multiband functional magnetic resonance imaging. Frequency-specific connectivity was quantified in four bands: low (0.015-0.027 Hz), moderately low (0.027-0.073 Hz), moderately high (0.073-0.198 Hz), and high (0.198-0.5 Hz) frequency bands, using mean intensity and spatial extent. Differences in connectivity between the sexes in each of the three networks were examined. RESULTS Each network showed the largest intensity and spatial extent at low frequencies and smallest extent at high frequencies. Males showed greater connectivity than females in the salience network. Females showed greater connectivity than males in the default mode network. DISCUSSION Results in this healthy aged cohort are compatible with those obtained in young samples, suggesting that frequency-specific connectivity, and differences between the sexes, are maintained into older age. Our results indicate that sex should be considered as an influencing factor in studies of resting-state connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharna D Jamadar
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco Sforazzini
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Parnesh Raniga
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO eHealth Research Centre, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Ferris
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryan Paton
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Bailey
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- Behavioural Neuroscience, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Yates
- Department of Aged Care Services, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie A Ward
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Ageing Research Centre (MONARC), The Kingston Centre, Cheltenham, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn L Woods
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience (Medicine), Monash University, Alfred Hospital Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John J McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gary F Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Test-Retest Stability of Cerebral 2-Deoxy-2-[ 18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose ([ 18F]FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Male and Female Rats. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:240-248. [PMID: 29987619 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An important issue in rodent imaging is the question whether a mixed population of male and female animals can be used rather than animals of a single sex. For this reason, the present study examined the test-retest stability of positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) in male rats and female rats at different phases of the estrous cycle. PROCEDURES Long-Evans rats (age 1 year) were divided into three groups: (1) males (n = 6), (2) females in metestrous (low estrogen levels, n = 9), and (3) females in proestrous (high estrogen levels, n = 7). Two standard [18F]FDG scans with rapid arterial blood sampling were made at an interval of 10 days in subjects anesthetized with isoflurane and oxygen. Body temperature, heart rate, and blood oxygenation were continuously monitored. Regional cerebral metabolic rates of glucose were calculated using a Patlak plot with plasma radioactivity as input function. RESULTS Regional metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglucose) in male and female rats, or [18F]FDG uptake in females at proestrous and metestrous, was not significantly different, but females showed significantly higher standardized uptake values (SUVs) and Patlak flux than males, particularly in the initial scan. The relative difference between the scans and the test-retest variability (TRV) were greater in females than in males. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) of rCMRglucose, SUV, normalized SUV, and glucose flux were good to excellent in males but poor to moderate in females. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data for [18F]FDG, the mixing of sexes in imaging studies of the rodent brain will result in an impaired test-retest stability of PET data and a need for larger group sizes to maintain statistical power in group comparisons. The observed differences between males and females do not indicate any specific gender difference in cerebral metabolism but are related to different levels of non-radioactive glucose in blood plasma during isoflurane anesthesia.
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22
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Toro CA, Zhang L, Cao J, Cai D. Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: Understanding the molecular impact. Brain Res 2019; 1719:194-207. [PMID: 31129153 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that presents with cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbance. Approximately 5.5 million people in the United States live with AD, most of whom are over the age of 65 with two-thirds being woman. There have been major advancements over the last decade or so in the understanding of AD neuropathological changes and genetic involvement. However, studies of sex impact in AD have not been adequately integrated into the investigation of disease development and progression. It becomes indispensable to acknowledge in both basic science and clinical research studies the importance of understanding sex-specific differences in AD pathophysiology and pathogenesis, which could guide future effort in the discovery of novel targets for AD. Here, we review the latest and most relevant literature on this topic, highlighting the importance of understanding sex dimorphism from a molecular perspective and its association to clinical trial design and development in AD research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Toro
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Larry Zhang
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Jiqing Cao
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Dongming Cai
- Research and Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Neurology Section, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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Correspondence between cerebral glucose metabolism and BOLD reveals relative power and cost in human brain. Nat Commun 2019; 10:690. [PMID: 30741935 PMCID: PMC6370887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The correspondence between cerebral glucose metabolism (indexing energy utilization) and synchronous fluctuations in blood oxygenation (indexing neuronal activity) is relevant for neuronal specialization and is affected by brain disorders. Here, we define novel measures of relative power (rPWR, extent of concurrent energy utilization and activity) and relative cost (rCST, extent that energy utilization exceeds activity), derived from FDG-PET and fMRI. We show that resting-state networks have distinct energetic signatures and that brain could be classified into major bilateral segments based on rPWR and rCST. While medial-visual and default-mode networks have the highest rPWR, frontoparietal networks have the highest rCST. rPWR and rCST estimates are generalizable to other indexes of energy supply and neuronal activity, and are sensitive to neurocognitive effects of acute and chronic alcohol exposure. rPWR and rCST are informative metrics for characterizing brain pathology and alternative energy use, and may provide new multimodal biomarkers of neuropsychiatric disorders. The brain primarily uses glucose to generate energy, but the relationship of neuronal activity to glucose utilization is not necessarily a simple linear one. Here, the authors introduce relative power (rPWR) and relative cost (rCST) as new metrics to quantify how brain activity relates to glucose consumption.
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Andrew MK, Tierney MC. The puzzle of sex, gender and Alzheimer’s disease: Why are women more often affected than men? WOMENS HEALTH 2018. [PMCID: PMC6311541 DOI: 10.1177/1745506518817995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: There are impressive differences in the incidence, prevalence and experience of women and men with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Notably, two-thirds of those with AD, the most common form of dementia, are women. Our objective was to provide a literature-based framework to understand these sex and gender differences in AD. Methods: We conducted a narrative review to examine sex and gender influences on AD. Results: We present a framework to understanding why these sex and gender differences exist in AD. This includes the influence of longevity (women live longer than men), biological differences (hormonal differences, epigenetics and frailty), differences in cognitive performance (women and men tend to perform differently on some cognitive tests), and gendered social roles and opportunities (educational and occupational opportunities, functional roles post-retirement). Our review clearly indicates the complex interaction of these sex and gender differences and variability within each. Conclusions: Given these important sex and gender differences in AD, we provide recommendations and steps forward describing how both sex and gender should be considered in dementia diagnosis and management and in the design and implementation of dementia research, including studies of caregiving interventions and models of dementia care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Andrew
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mary C Tierney
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hoefel AL, Arbo BD, Vieira-Marques C, Cecconello AL, Cozer AG, Ribeiro MFM, Kucharski LC. Female rats are more susceptible to metabolic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone treatment. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:1069-1075. [PMID: 30011383 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone that presents several effects on metabolism; however, most of the studies have been performed on male animals, while few authors have investigated possible sex differences regarding the metabolic effects of DHEA. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of DHEA on metabolic parameters of male and ovariectomized female Wistar rats. Sex differences were found in the metabolism of distinct substrates and in relation to the effect of DHEA. In respect to the glucose metabolism in the liver, the conversion of glucose to CO2 and the synthesis of lipids from glucose were 53% and 33% higher, respectively, in males. Also, DHEA decreased hepatic lipogenesis only in females. Regarding the hepatic glycogen synthesis pathway, females presented 73% higher synthesis than males, and the effect of DHEA was observed only in females, where it decreased this parameter. In the adipose tissue, glucose uptake was 208% higher in females and DHEA decreased this parameter. In the muscle, glucose uptake was 168% higher in females and no DHEA effect was observed. In summary, males and females present a different metabolic profile, with females being more susceptible to the metabolic effects of DHEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Hoefel
- a Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,b Laboratório de Interação Neuro-humoral, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dutra Arbo
- c Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudia Vieira-Marques
- a Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,b Laboratório de Interação Neuro-humoral, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Cecconello
- b Laboratório de Interação Neuro-humoral, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Gonçalves Cozer
- a Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Flávia Marques Ribeiro
- b Laboratório de Interação Neuro-humoral, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Kucharski
- a Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Cavedo E, Chiesa PA, Houot M, Ferretti MT, Grothe MJ, Teipel SJ, Lista S, Habert M, Potier M, Dubois B, Hampel H. Sex differences in functional and molecular neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal older adults with subjective memory complaints. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:1204-1215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Cavedo
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University ChairParisFrance
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM)AP‐HPPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalBoulevard de l'hôpitalParisFrance
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM)INSERM U 1127CNRS UMR 7225ParisFrance
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A)Department of NeurologyPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalAP‐HPParisFrance
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and EpidemiologyIRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
| | - Patrizia A. Chiesa
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University ChairParisFrance
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM)AP‐HPPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalBoulevard de l'hôpitalParisFrance
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM)INSERM U 1127CNRS UMR 7225ParisFrance
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A)Department of NeurologyPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalAP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Marion Houot
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM)AP‐HPPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalBoulevard de l'hôpitalParisFrance
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A)Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN)ICMCIC NeurosciencesAPHP Department of NeurologyHopital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreUniversity Paris 6ParisFrance
| | - Maria Teresa Ferretti
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine University of ZurichSchlierenSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Women's Brain ProjectSwitzerland
| | - Michel J. Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) – Rostock/GreifswaldRostockGermany
- Department of Psychosomatic MedicineUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Stefan J. Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) – Rostock/GreifswaldRostockGermany
- Department of Psychosomatic MedicineUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University ChairParisFrance
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM)AP‐HPPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalBoulevard de l'hôpitalParisFrance
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM)INSERM U 1127CNRS UMR 7225ParisFrance
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A)Department of NeurologyPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalAP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Marie‐Odile Habert
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 06CNRSINSERMLaboratoire d'Imagerie BiomédicaleParisFrance
- Centre pour l'Acquisition et le Traitement des ImagesParisFrance
- AP‐HPHôpital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreDépartement de Médecine NucléaireParisFrance
| | - Marie‐Claude Potier
- ICM Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreCNRS UMR7225INSERM U1127UPMCHôpital de la Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM)AP‐HPPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalBoulevard de l'hôpitalParisFrance
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM)INSERM U 1127CNRS UMR 7225ParisFrance
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A)Department of NeurologyPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalAP‐HPParisFrance
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne University ChairParisFrance
- Sorbonne University, GRC n° 21Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM)AP‐HPPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalBoulevard de l'hôpitalParisFrance
- Brain & Spine Institute (ICM)INSERM U 1127CNRS UMR 7225ParisFrance
- Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A)Department of NeurologyPitié‐Salpêtrière HospitalAP‐HPParisFrance
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Li C, Yuan H, Shou G, Cha YH, Sunderam S, Besio W, Ding L. Cortical Statistical Correlation Tomography of EEG Resting State Networks. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:365. [PMID: 29899686 PMCID: PMC5988892 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting state networks (RSNs) have been found in human brains during awake resting states. RSNs are composed of spatially distributed regions in which spontaneous activity fluctuations are temporally and dynamically correlated. A new computational framework for reconstructing RSNs with human EEG data has been developed in the present study. The proposed framework utilizes independent component analysis (ICA) on short-time Fourier transformed inverse source maps imaged from EEG data and statistical correlation analysis to generate cortical tomography of electrophysiological RSNs. The proposed framework was evaluated on three sets of resting-state EEG data obtained in the comparison of two conditions: (1) healthy controls with eyes closed and eyes open; (2) healthy controls and individuals with a balance disorder; (3) individuals with a balance disorder before and after receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment. In these analyses, the same group of five RSNs with similar spatial and spectral patterns were successfully reconstructed by the proposed framework from each individual EEG dataset. These EEG RSN tomographic maps showed significant similarity with RSN templates derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Furthermore, significant spatial and spectral differences of RSNs among compared conditions were observed in tomographic maps as well as their spectra, which were consistent with findings reported in the literature. Beyond the success of reconstructing EEG RSNs spatially on the cortical surface as in fMRI studies, this novel approach defines RSNs further with spectra, providing a new dimension in understanding and probing basic neural mechanisms of RSNs. The findings in patients' data further demonstrate its potential in identifying biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Li
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Han Yuan
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Guofa Shou
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Yoon-Hee Cha
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Sridhar Sunderam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Walter Besio
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Lei Ding
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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Gur RC, Gur RE. Complementarity of sex differences in brain and behavior: From laterality to multimodal neuroimaging. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:189-199. [PMID: 27870413 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although, overwhelmingly, behavior is similar in males and females, and, correspondingly, the brains are similar, sex differences permeate both brain and behavioral measures, and these differences have been the focus of increasing scrutiny by neuroscientists. This Review describes milestones from more than 3 decades of research in brain and behavior. This research was necessarily bound by available methodology, and we began with indirect behavioral indicators of brain function such as handedness. We proceeded to the use of neuropsychological batteries and then to structural and functional neuroimaging that provided the foundations of a cognitive neuroscience-based computerized neurocognitive battery. Sex differences were apparent and consistent in neurocognitive measures, with females performing better on memory and social cognition tasks and males on spatial processing and motor speed. Sex differences were also prominent in all major brain parameters, including higher rates of cerebral blood flow, higher percentage of gray matter tissue, and higher interhemispheric connectivity in females, compared with higher percentage of white matter and greater intrahemispheric connectivity as well as higher glucose metabolism in limbic regions in males. Many of these differences are present in childhood, but they become more prominent with adolescence, perhaps linked to puberty. Overall, they indicate complementarity between the sexes that would result in greater adaptive diversity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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29
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Sensory overload and imbalance: Resting-state vestibular connectivity in PTSD and its dissociative subtype. Neuropsychologia 2017; 106:169-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Outline effects of functional neuroimaging on neuropsychology over the past 25 years. METHOD Functional neuroimaging methods and studies will be described that provide a historical context, offer examples of the utility of neuroimaging in specific domains, and discuss the limitations and future directions of neuroimaging in neuropsychology. RESULTS Tracking the history of publications on functional neuroimaging related to neuropsychology indicates early involvement of neuropsychologists in the development of these methodologies. Initial progress in neuropsychological application of functional neuroimaging has been hampered by costs and the exposure to ionizing radiation. With rapid evolution of functional methods-in particular functional MRI (fMRI)-neuroimaging has profoundly transformed our knowledge of the brain. Its current applications span the spectrum of normative development to clinical applications. The field is moving toward applying sophisticated statistical approaches that will help elucidate distinct neural activation networks associated with specific behavioral domains. The impact of functional neuroimaging on clinical neuropsychology is more circumscribed, but the prospects remain enticing. CONCLUSIONS The theoretical insights and empirical findings of functional neuroimaging have been led by many neuropsychologists and have transformed the field of behavioral neuroscience. Thus far they have had limited effects on the clinical practices of neuropsychologists. Perhaps it is time to add training in functional neuroimaging to the clinical neuropsychologist's toolkit and from there to the clinic or bedside. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) at the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Tschernegg M, Neuper C, Schmidt R, Wood G, Kronbichler M, Fazekas F, Enzinger C, Koini M. FMRI to probe sex-related differences in brain function with multitasking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181554. [PMID: 28759619 PMCID: PMC5536366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although established as a general notion in society, there is no solid scientific foundation for the existence of sex-differences in multitasking. Reaction time and accuracy in dual task conditions have an inverse relationship relative to single task, independently from sex. While a more disseminated network, parallel to decreasing accuracy and reaction time has been demonstrated in dual task fMRI studies, little is known so far whether there exist respective sex-related differences in activation. Methods We subjected 20 women (mean age = 25.45; SD = 5.23) and 20 men (mean age = 27.55; SD = 4.00) to a combined verbal and spatial fMRI paradigm at 3.0T to assess sex-related skills, based on the assumption that generally women better perform in verbal tasks while men do better in spatial tasks. We also obtained behavioral tests for verbal and spatial intelligence, attention, executive functions, and working memory. Results No differences between women and men were observed in behavioral measures of dual-tasking or cognitive performance. Generally, brain activation increased with higher task load, mainly in the bilateral inferior and prefrontal gyri, the anterior cingulum, thalamus, putamen and occipital areas. Comparing sexes, women showed increased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus in the verbal dual-task while men demonstrated increased activation in the precuneus and adjacent visual areas in the spatial task. Conclusion Against the background of equal cognitive and behavioral dual-task performance in both sexes, we provide first evidence for sex-related activation differences in functional networks for verbal and spatial dual-tasking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tschernegg
- Institute of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christa Neuper
- Institute of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Guilherme Wood
- Institute of Psychology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Neuroscience Institute and Centre for Neurocognitive Research, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Divisions of Neuroradiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marisa Koini
- Department of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Harricharan S, Rabellino D, Frewen PA, Densmore M, Théberge J, McKinnon MC, Schore AN, Lanius RA. fMRI functional connectivity of the periaqueductal gray in PTSD and its dissociative subtype. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00579. [PMID: 28032002 PMCID: PMC5167004 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with hyperarousal and active fight or flight defensive responses. By contrast, the dissociative subtype of PTSD, characterized by depersonalization and derealization symptoms, is frequently accompanied by additional passive or submissive defensive responses associated with autonomic blunting. Here, the periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays a central role in defensive responses, where the dorsolateral (DL-PAG) and ventrolateral PAG (VL-PAG) are thought to mediate active and passive defensive responses, respectively. METHODS We examined PAG subregion (dorsolateral and ventrolateral) resting-state functional connectivity in three groups: PTSD patients without the dissociative subtype (n = 60); PTSD patients with the dissociative subtype (n = 37); and healthy controls (n = 40) using a seed-based approach via PickAtlas and SPM12. RESULTS All PTSD patients showed extensive DL- and VL-PAG functional connectivity at rest with areas associated with emotional reactivity and defensive action as compared to controls (n = 40). Although all PTSD patients demonstrated DL-PAG functional connectivity with areas associated with initiation of active coping strategies and hyperarousal (e.g., dorsal anterior cingulate; anterior insula), only dissociative PTSD patients exhibited greater VL-PAG functional connectivity with brain regions linked to passive coping strategies and increased levels of depersonalization (e.g., temporoparietal junction; rolandic operculum). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest greater defensive posturing in PTSD patients even at rest and demonstrate that those with the dissociative subtype show unique patterns of PAG functional connectivity when compared to those without the subtype. Taken together, these findings represent an important first step toward identifying neural and behavioral targets for therapeutic interventions that address defensive strategies in trauma-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Rabellino
- Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Paul A Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada; Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Imaging Division Lawson Health Research Institute London ON Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Imaging Division Lawson Health Research Institute London ON Canada; Departments of Medical Imaging and Medical Biophysics Western University London ON Canada
| | - Margaret C McKinnon
- Mood Disorders Program St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton ON Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada; Homewood Research Institute Guelph ON Canada
| | - Allan N Schore
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Neuroscience University of Western Ontario London ON Canada; Department of Psychiatry University of Western Ontario London ON Canada; Imaging Division Lawson Health Research Institute London ON Canada
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Gur RE, Gur RC. Sex differences in brain and behavior in adolescence: Findings from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:159-170. [PMID: 27498084 PMCID: PMC5098398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in brain and behavior were investigated across the lifespan. Parameters include neurobehavioral measures linkable to neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic indicators of brain structure and function. Sexual differentiation of behavior has been related to organizational factors during sensitive periods of development, with adolescence and puberty gaining increased attention. Adolescence is a critical developmental period where transition to adulthood is impacted by multiple factors that can enhance vulnerability to brain dysfunction. Here we highlight sex differences in neurobehavioral measures in adolescence that are linked to brain function. We summarize neuroimaging studies examining brain structure, connectivity and perfusion, underscoring the relationship to sex differences in behavioral measures and commenting on hormonal findings. We focus on relevant data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC), a community-based sample of nearly 10,000 clinically and neurocognitively phenotyped youths age 8-21 of whom 1600 have received multimodal neuroimaging. These data indicate early and pervasive sexual differentiation in neurocognitive measures that is linkable to brain parameters. We conclude by describing possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Favreau OE. Sex and Gender Comparisons: Does Null Hypothesis Testing Create a False Dichotomy? FEMINISM & PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0959353597071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In an ongoing debate about the value of doing tests for sex differences, those in favour claim that if sex differences exist, it is important to know about them. However, the null hypothesis (NH) tests that are used for inferring group differences can detect only mean differences and provide no information about how the differences are distributed across groups. Theoretical and empirical examples show how NH rejection can occur when only a small proportion of individuals differ from all others, demonstrating that these tests are incapable of supporting inferences to general group differences. This forces a reevaluation of sex difference research which has been interpreted as distinguishing males from females in general, particularly where inferences have been to general biological factors. However, even knowing the limitations of these tests may not lead to more judicious interpretations in the context of an androcentric culture which dichotomizes the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Eizner Favreau
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale A, Montréal, Québec, CANADA H3C 3J7
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Ebner NC, Chen H, Porges E, Lin T, Fischer H, Feifel D, Cohen RA. Oxytocin's effect on resting-state functional connectivity varies by age and sex. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 69:50-9. [PMID: 27032063 PMCID: PMC4942126 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin plays a role in social cognition and affective processing. The neural processes underlying these effects are not well understood. Modulation of connectivity strength between subcortical and cortical regions has been suggested as one possible mechanism. The current study investigated effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on resting-state functional connectivity between amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as two regions involved in social-cognitive and affective processing. Going beyond previous work that largely examined young male participants, our study comprised young and older men and women to identify age and sex variations in oxytocin's central processes. This approach was based on known hormonal differences among these groups and emerging evidence of sex differences in oxytocin's effects on amygdala reactivity and age-by-sex-modulated effects of oxytocin in affective processing. In a double-blind design, 79 participants were randomly assigned to self-administer either intranasal oxytocin or placebo before undergoing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using a targeted region-to-region approach, resting-state functional connectivity strength between bilateral amygdala and mPFC was examined. Participants in the oxytocin compared to the placebo group and men compared to women had overall greater amygdala-mPFC connectivity strength at rest. These main effects were qualified by a significant three-way interaction: while oxytocin compared to placebo administration increased resting-state amygdala-mPFC connectivity for young women, oxytocin did not significantly influence connectivity in the other age-by-sex subgroups. This study provides novel evidence of age-by-sex differences in how oxytocin modulates resting-state brain connectivity, furthering our understanding of how oxytocin affects brain networks at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Ebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112250 Gainesville, FL 32611-2250, USA,Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Cognitive Aging and Memory Program, Clinical Translational Research Program (CAM-CTRP), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Huaihou Chen
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Cognitive Aging and Memory Program, Clinical Translational Research Program (CAM-CTRP), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Eric Porges
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Cognitive Aging and Memory Program, Clinical Translational Research Program (CAM-CTRP), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Tian Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250, USA.
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Frescati Hagväg 14, Room 320, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - David Feifel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8218, USA.
| | - Ronald A. Cohen
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Cognitive Aging and Memory Program, Clinical Translational Research Program (CAM-CTRP), Institute on Aging, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Sexual dimorphisms in swimming behavior, cerebral metabolic activity and adrenoceptors in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:385-93. [PMID: 27363927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic behaviors and brain sex differences, not only restricted to reproduction, are considered to be evolutionary preserved. Specifically, anxiety related behavioral repertoire is suggested to exhibit sex-specific characteristics in rodents and primates. The present study investigated whether behavioral responses to novelty, have sex-specific characteristics in the neurogenetic model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio), lacking chromosomal sex determination. For this, aspects of anxiety-like behavior (including reduced exploration, increased freezing behavior and erratic movement) of male and female adult zebrafish were tested in a novel tank paradigm and after habituation. Male and female zebrafish showed significant differences in their swimming activity in response to novelty, with females showing less anxiety spending more time in the upper tank level. When fish have habituated, regional cerebral glucose uptake, an index of neuronal activity, and brain adrenoceptors' (ARs) expression (α2-ARs and β-ARs) were determined using in vivo 2-[(14)C]-deoxyglucose methodology and in vitro neurotransmitter receptors quantitative autoradiography, respectively. Intriguingly, females exhibited higher glucose utilization than males in hypothalamic brain areas. Adrenoceptor's expression pattern was dimorphic in zebrafish telencephalic, preoptic, hypothalamic nuclei, central gray, and cerebellum, similarly to birds and mammals. Specifically, the lateral zone of dorsal telencephalon (Dl), an area related to spatial cognition, homologous to the mammalian hippocampus, showed higher α2-AR densities in females. In contrast, male cerebellum included higher densities of β-ARs in comparison to female. Taken together, our data demonstrate a well-defined sex discriminant cerebral metabolic activity and ARs' pattern in zebrafish, possibly contributing to male-female differences in the swimming behavior.
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Turel O, Bechara A. A Triadic Reflective-Impulsive-Interoceptive Awareness Model of General and Impulsive Information System Use: Behavioral Tests of Neuro-Cognitive Theory. Front Psychol 2016; 7:601. [PMID: 27199834 PMCID: PMC4845517 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines a behavioral tripartite model developed in the field of addiction, and applies it here to understanding general and impulsive information technology use. It suggests that technology use is driven by two information-processing brain systems: reflective and impulsive, and that their effects on use are modulated by interoceptive awareness processes. The resultant reflective-impulsive-interoceptive awareness model is tested in two behavioral studies. Both studies employ SEM techniques to time-lagged self-report data from n 1 = 300 and n 2 = 369 social networking site users. Study 1 demonstrated that temptations augment the effect of habit on technology use, and reduce the effect of satisfaction on use. Study 2 showed that temptations strengthen the effect of habit on impulsive technology use, and weaken the effect of behavioral expectations on impulsive technology use. Hence, the results consistently support the notion that information technology users' behaviors are influenced by reflective and impulsive information processing systems; and that the equilibrium of these systems is determined, at least in part, by one's temptations. These results can serve as a basis for understanding the etiology of modern day addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Turel
- Department of Information Systems and Decision Sciences, California State UniversityFullerton, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Bleton H, Perera S, Sejdić E. Cognitive tasks and cerebral blood flow through anterior cerebral arteries: a study via functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound recordings. BMC Med Imaging 2016; 16:22. [PMID: 26969112 PMCID: PMC4788871 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-016-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Functional transcanial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) is a convenient approach to examine cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in major cerebral arteries. Methods In this study, the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was insonated on both sides, that is, right ACA (R-ACA) and left ACA (L-ACA). The envelope signals (the maximum velocity) and the raw signals were analyzed during cognitive processes, i.e. word-generation tasks, geometric tasks and resting state periods separating each task. Data which were collected from 20 healthy participants were used to investigate the changes and the hemispheric functioning while performing cognitive tasks. Signal characteristics were analyzed in time domain, frequency domain and time-frequency domain. Results Significant results have been obtained through the use of both classic/modern methods (i.e. envelope/raw, time and frequency/information-theoretic and time-frequency domains). The frequency features extracted from the raw signals highlighted sex effects on cerebral blood flow which revealed distinct brain response during each process and during resting periods. In the time-frequency analysis, the distribution of wavelet energies on the envelope signals moved around the low frequencies during mental processes and did not experience any lateralization during cognitive tasks. Conclusions Even if no lateralization effects were noticed during resting-state, verbal and geometric tasks, understanding CBFV in ACA during cognitive tasks could complement information extracted from cerebral blood flow in middle cerebral arteries during similar cognitive tasks (i.e. sex effects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Bleton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Subashan Perera
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ervin Sejdić
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Konova AB, Moeller SJ, Parvaz MA, Froböse MI, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ. Converging effects of cocaine addiction and sex on neural responses to monetary rewards. Psychiatry Res 2016; 248:110-118. [PMID: 26809268 PMCID: PMC4752897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is some evidence that cocaine addiction manifests as more severe in women than men. Here, we examined whether these sex-specific differences in the clinical setting parallel differential neurobehavioral sensitivity to rewards in the laboratory setting. Twenty-eight (14 females/14 males) cocaine-dependent and 25 (11 females/14 males) healthy individuals completed a monetary reward task during fMRI. Results showed that the effects of cocaine dependence and sex overlapped in regions traditionally considered part of the mesocorticolimbic brain circuits including the hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), as well as those outside of this circuit (e.g., the middle temporal gyrus). The nature of this 'overlap' was such that both illness and female sex were associated with lower activations in these regions in response to money. Diagnosis-by-sex interactions instead emerged in the frontal cortex, such that cocaine-dependent females exhibited lower precentral gyrus and greater inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activations relative to cocaine-dependent males and healthy females. Within these regions modulated both by diagnosis and sex, lower activation in the hippocampus and PCC, and higher IFG activations, correlated with increased subjective craving during the task. Results suggest sex-specific differences in addiction extend to monetary rewards and may contribute to core symptoms linked to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Konova
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Scott J Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Muhammad A Parvaz
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Monja I Froböse
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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Neural Network of Predictive Motor Timing in the Context of Gender Differences. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2073454. [PMID: 27019753 PMCID: PMC4785273 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2073454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Time perception is an essential part of our everyday lives, in both the prospective and the retrospective domains. However, our knowledge of temporal processing is mainly limited to the networks responsible for comparing or maintaining specific intervals or frequencies. In the presented fMRI study, we sought to characterize the neural nodes engaged specifically in predictive temporal analysis, the estimation of the future position of an object with varying movement parameters, and the contingent neuroanatomical signature of differences in behavioral performance between genders. The established dominant cerebellar engagement offers novel evidence in favor of a pivotal role of this structure in predictive short-term timing, overshadowing the basal ganglia reported together with the frontal cortex as dominant in retrospective temporal processing in the subsecond spectrum. Furthermore, we discovered lower performance in this task and massively increased cerebellar activity in women compared to men, indicative of strategy differences between the genders. This promotes the view that predictive temporal computing utilizes comparable structures in the retrospective timing processes, but with a definite dominance of the cerebellum.
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Weafer J, Dzemidzic M, Eiler W, Oberlin BG, Wang Y, Kareken DA. Associations between regional brain physiology and trait impulsivity, motor inhibition, and impaired control over drinking. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:81-7. [PMID: 26065376 PMCID: PMC4536192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trait impulsivity and poor inhibitory control are well-established risk factors for alcohol misuse, yet little is known about the associated neurobiological endophenotypes. Here we examined correlations among brain physiology and self-reported trait impulsive behavior, impaired control over drinking, and a behavioral measure of response inhibition. A sample of healthy drinkers (n = 117) completed a pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) scan to quantify resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), as well as measures of self-reported impulsivity (Eysenck I7 Impulsivity scale) and impaired control over drinking. A subset of subjects (n = 40) performed a stop signal task during blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess brain regions involved in response inhibition. Eysenck I7 scores were inversely related to blood flow in the right precentral gyrus. Significant BOLD activation during response inhibition occurred in an overlapping right frontal motor/premotor region. Moreover, impaired control over drinking was associated with reduced BOLD response in the same region. These findings suggest that impulsive personality and impaired control over drinking are associated with brain physiology in areas implicated in response inhibition. This is consistent with the idea that difficulty controlling behavior is due in part to impairment in motor restraint systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William Eiler
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brandon G. Oberlin
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David A. Kareken
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Corresponding author: Neuropsychology Section (GH4700), Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 West 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Tel.: +1 317-963-7212; Fax: +1 317-963-7211,
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Douet V, Chang L, Cloak C, Ernst T. Genetic influences on brain developmental trajectories on neuroimaging studies: from infancy to young adulthood. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 8:234-50. [PMID: 24077983 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human brain development has been studied intensively with neuroimaging. However, little is known about how genes influence developmental brain trajectories, even though a significant number of genes (about 10,000, or approximately one-third) in the human genome are expressed primarily in the brain and during brain development. Interestingly, in addition to showing differential expression among tissues, many genes are differentially expressed across the ages (e.g., antagonistic pleiotropy). Age-specific gene expression plays an important role in several critical events in brain development, including neuronal cell migration, synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter receptor specificity, as well as in aging and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). In addition, the majority of psychiatric and mental disorders are polygenic, and many have onsets during childhood and adolescence. In this review, we summarize the major findings from neuroimaging studies that link genetics with brain development, from infancy to young adulthood. Specifically, we focus on the heritability of brain structures across the ages, age-related genetic influences on brain development and sex-specific developmental trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Douet
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA,
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Moncayo VM, Aarsvold JN, Alazraki NP. Nuclear medicine imaging and therapy: gender biases in disease. Semin Nucl Med 2015; 44:413-22. [PMID: 25362232 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based medicine is medical research and care conducted with conscious consideration of the sex and gender differences of subjects and patients. This issue of Seminars is focused on diseases for which nuclear medicine is part of routine management and for which the diseases have sex- or gender-based differences that affect incidence or pathophysiology and that thus have differences that can potentially affect the results of the relevant nuclear medicine studies. In this first article, we discuss neurologic diseases, certain gastrointestinal conditions, and thyroid conditions. The discussion is in the context of those sex- or gender-based aspects of these diseases that should be considered in the performance, interpretation, and reporting of the relevant nuclear medicine studies. Cardiovascular diseases, gynecologic diseases, bone conditions such as osteoporosis, pediatric occurrences of some diseases, human immunodeficiency virus-related conditions, and the radiation dose considerations of nuclear medicine studies are discussed in the other articles in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria M Moncayo
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
| | - John N Aarsvold
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nuclear Medicine Service, Decatur, GA
| | - Naomi P Alazraki
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nuclear Medicine Service, Decatur, GA
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The Meditative Mind: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of MRI Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:419808. [PMID: 26146618 PMCID: PMC4471247 DOI: 10.1155/2015/419808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade mind and body practices, such as yoga and meditation, have raised interest in different scientific fields; in particular, the physiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects observed in meditators have been investigated. Neuroimaging studies have studied the effects of meditation on brain structure and function and findings have helped clarify the biological underpinnings of the positive effects of meditation practice and the possible integration of this technique in standard therapy. The large amount of data collected thus far allows drawing some conclusions about the neural effects of meditation practice. In the present study we used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis to make a coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging data on the effects of meditation on brain structure and function. Results indicate that meditation leads to activation in brain areas involved in processing self-relevant information, self-regulation, focused problem-solving, adaptive behavior, and interoception. Results also show that meditation practice induces functional and structural brain modifications in expert meditators, especially in areas involved in self-referential processes such as self-awareness and self-regulation. These results demonstrate that a biological substrate underlies the positive pervasive effect of meditation practice and suggest that meditation techniques could be adopted in clinical populations and to prevent disease.
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Functional organization of human subgenual cortical areas: Relationship between architectonical segregation and connectional heterogeneity. Neuroimage 2015; 115:177-90. [PMID: 25937490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) is involved in affective experiences and fear processing. Functional neuroimaging studies view it as a homogeneous cortical entity. However, sACC comprises several distinct cyto- and receptorarchitectonical areas: 25, s24, s32, and the ventral portion of area 33. Thus, we hypothesized that the areas may also be connectionally and functionally distinct. We performed structural post mortem and functional in vivo analyses. We computed probabilistic maps of each area based on cytoarchitectonical analysis of ten post mortem brains. Maps, publicly available via the JuBrain atlas and the Anatomy Toolbox, were used to define seed regions of task-dependent functional connectivity profiles and quantitative functional decoding. sACC areas presented distinct co-activation patterns within widespread networks encompassing cortical and subcortical regions. They shared common functional domains related to emotion, perception and cognition. A more specific analysis of these domains revealed an association of s24 with sadness, and of s32 with fear processing. Both areas were activated during taste evaluation, and co-activated with the amygdala, a key node of the affective network. s32 co-activated with areas of the executive control network, and was associated with tasks probing cognition in which stimuli did not have an emotional component. Area 33 was activated by painful stimuli, and co-activated with areas of the sensorimotor network. These results support the concept of a connectional and functional specificity of the cyto- and receptorarchitectonically defined areas within the sACC, which can no longer be seen as a structurally and functionally homogeneous brain region.
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46
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Brain: normal variations and benign findings in fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/computed tomography imaging. PET Clin 2015; 9:129-40. [PMID: 24772054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET allows the in vivo study of cerebral glucose metabolism, reflecting neuronal and synaptic activity. 18F-FDG-PET has been extensively used to detect metabolic alterations in several neurologic diseases compared with normal aging. However, healthy subjects have variants of 18F-FDG distribution, especially as associated with aging. This article focuses on 18F-FDG-PET findings in so-called normal brain aging, and in particular on metabolic differences occurring with aging and as a function of people’s gender. The effect of different substances, medications, and therapy procedures are discussed, as well as common artifacts.
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Hill AC, Laird AR, Robinson JL. Gender differences in working memory networks: a BrainMap meta-analysis. Biol Psychol 2014; 102:18-29. [PMID: 25042764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in psychological processes have been of great interest in a variety of fields. While the majority of research in this area has focused on specific differences in relation to test performance, this study sought to determine the underlying neurofunctional differences observed during working memory, a pivotal cognitive process shown to be predictive of academic achievement and intelligence. Using the BrainMap database, we performed a meta-analysis and applied activation likelihood estimation to our search set. Our results demonstrate consistent working memory networks across genders, but also provide evidence for gender-specific networks whereby females consistently activate more limbic (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus) and prefrontal structures (e.g., right inferior frontal gyrus), and males activate a distributed network inclusive of more parietal regions. These data provide a framework for future investigations using functional or effective connectivity methods to elucidate the underpinnings of gender differences in neural network recruitment during working memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Hill
- Auburn University, Department of Psychology, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Angela R Laird
- Florida International University, Department of Physics, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, 11200 SW 8th Street, CP 295, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Jennifer L Robinson
- Auburn University, Department of Psychology, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Auburn University, Auburn University Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 560 Devall Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Auburn University, Department of Kinesiology, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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48
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Abstract
Over the past 35 years or so, PET brain imaging has allowed powerful and unique insights into brain function under normal conditions and in disease states. Initially, as PET instrumentation continued to develop, studies were focused on brain perfusion and glucose metabolism. This permitted refinement of brain imaging for important, non-oncologic clinical indications. The ability of PET to not only provide spatial localization of metabolic changes but also to accurately and consistently quantify their distribution proved valuable for applications in the clinical setting. Specifically, glucose metabolism brain imaging using (F-18) fluorodeoxyglucose continues to be invaluable for evaluating patients with intractable seizures for identifying seizure foci and operative planning. Cerebral glucose metabolism also contributes to diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia. Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and the several variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration have differing typical patterns of hypometabolism. In Alzheimer disease, hypometabolism has furthermore been associated with poorer cognitive performance and ensuing cognitive and functional decline. As the field of radiochemistry evolved, novel radioligands including radiolabeled flumazenil, dopamine transporter ligands, nicotine receptor ligands, and others have allowed for further understanding of molecular changes in the brain associated with various diseases. Recently, PET brain imaging reached another milestone with the approval of (F-18) florbetapir imaging by the United States Federal Drug Administration for detection of amyloid plaque accumulation in brain, the major histopathologic hallmark of Alzheimer disease, and efforts have been made to define the clinical role of this imaging agent in the setting of the currently limited treatment options. Hopefully, this represents the first of many new radiopharmaceuticals that would allow improved diagnostic and prognostic information in these and other clinical applications, including Parkinson disease and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Nasrallah
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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49
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Roalf DR, Gur RE, Ruparel K, Calkins ME, Satterthwaite TD, Bilker WB, Hakonarson H, Harris LJ, Gur RC. Within-individual variability in neurocognitive performance: age- and sex-related differences in children and youths from ages 8 to 21. Neuropsychology 2014; 28:506-18. [PMID: 24773417 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transition from childhood to adulthood is characterized by improved motor and cognitive performance in many domains. Developmental studies focus on average performance in single domains but ignore consistency of performance across domains. Within-individual variability (WIV) provides an index of that evenness and is a potential marker of development. METHOD We gave a computerized battery of 14 neurocognitive tests to 9138 youths ages 8-21 from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. RESULTS As expected, performance improved with age, with both accuracy and speed peaking in adulthood. WIV, however, showed a U-shaped course: highest in childhood, declining yearly into mid-adolescence, and increasing again into adulthood. Young females outperformed and were less variable than males, but by early adulthood male performance matched that of females despite being more variable. CONCLUSION We conclude that WIV declines from childhood to adolescence as developmental lags are overcome, and then increases into adulthood reflecting the emergence of cognitive specializations related to skill-honing and brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Warren B Bilker
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | | | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
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Harrell CS, Burgado J, Kelly SD, Neigh GN. Ovarian steroids influence cerebral glucose transporter expression in a region- and isoform-specific pattern. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:217-25. [PMID: 24612045 PMCID: PMC5688845 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral glucose uptake is mediated by several members of the family of facilitated glucose transporters (protein nomenclature GLUT; gene nomenclature solute carrier family 2 Slc2a). Glucose uptake differs between the sexes and also varies with menstrual status in women and across the rodent oestrous cycle. The present study demonstrates the extent to which hormonal variation across the four stages of the rat oestrous cycle affects the mRNA abundance of four members of the GLUT family, including the most well characterised cerebral transporters Slc2a1 and Slc2a3, as well as the insulin-sensitive transporters Slc2a4 and Slc2a8 in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Slc2a1 varied significantly across the cycle in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and Slc2a3 and Slc2a4 also showed significant fluctuation in the hippocampus. Transporter expression significantly increased during pro-oestrus in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, ovarian hormones are critical for normal expression of GLUT mRNA, as demonstrated by reduced expression of Slc2a1, Slc2a3 and Sl2a8 in the hippocampus after ovariectomy. Collectively, the data reported in the present study demonstrate that glucose transporters are highly sensitive to hormonal variation and that this sensitivity is regionally distinct; thereby fluctuations likely have specific phenotypic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Harrell
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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