1
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Schlissel G, Meziane M, Narducci D, Hansen AS, Li P. Diffusion barriers imposed by tissue topology shape Hedgehog morphogen gradients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400677121. [PMID: 39190357 PMCID: PMC11388384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400677121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals use a small number of morphogens to pattern tissues, but it is unclear how evolution modulates morphogen signaling range to match tissues of varying sizes. Here, we used single-molecule imaging in reconstituted morphogen gradients and in tissue explants to determine that Hedgehog diffused extracellularly as a monomer, and rapidly transitioned between membrane-confined and -unconfined states. Unexpectedly, the vertebrate-specific protein SCUBE1 expanded Hedgehog gradients by accelerating the transition rates between states without affecting the relative abundance of molecules in each state. This observation could not be explained under existing models of morphogen diffusion. Instead, we developed a topology-limited diffusion model in which cell-cell gaps create diffusion barriers, which morphogens can only overcome by passing through a membrane-unconfined state. Under this model, SCUBE1 promoted Hedgehog secretion and diffusion by allowing it to transiently overcome diffusion barriers. This multiscale understanding of morphogen gradient formation unified prior models and identified knobs that nature can use to tune morphogen gradient sizes across tissues and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Schlissel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Miram Meziane
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Domenic Narducci
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Gene Regulation Observatory, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Anders S Hansen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Gene Regulation Observatory, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Pulin Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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2
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Kong S, Zhu M, Pan D, Lane B, Smith RS, Roeder AHK. Tradeoff between speed and robustness in primordium initiation mediated by auxin-CUC1 interaction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5911. [PMID: 39003301 PMCID: PMC11246466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Robustness is the reproducible development of a phenotype despite stochastic noise. It often involves tradeoffs with other performance metrics, but the mechanisms underlying such tradeoffs were largely unknown. An Arabidopsis flower robustly develops four sepals from four precisely positioned auxin maxima. The development related myb-like 1 (drmy1) mutant generates noise in auxin signaling that disrupts robustness in sepal initiation. Here, we find that increased expression of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1), a boundary specification transcription factor, in drmy1 underlies this loss of robustness. CUC1 surrounds and amplifies stochastic auxin noise in drmy1 to form variably positioned auxin maxima and sepal primordia. Removing CUC1 from drmy1 provides time for noisy auxin signaling to resolve into four precisely positioned auxin maxima, restoring robust sepal initiation. However, removing CUC1 decreases the intensity of auxin maxima and slows down sepal initiation. Thus, CUC1 increases morphogenesis speed but impairs robustness against auxin noise. Further, using a computational model, we find that the observed phenotype can be explained by the effect of CUC1 in repolarizing PIN FORMED1 (PIN1), a polar auxin transporter. Lastly, our model predicts that reducing global growth rate improves developmental robustness, which we validate experimentally. Thus, our study illustrates a tradeoff between speed and robustness during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Kong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David Pan
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brendan Lane
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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3
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Liberali P, Schier AF. The evolution of developmental biology through conceptual and technological revolutions. Cell 2024; 187:3461-3495. [PMID: 38906136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Developmental biology-the study of the processes by which cells, tissues, and organisms develop and change over time-has entered a new golden age. After the molecular genetics revolution in the 80s and 90s and the diversification of the field in the early 21st century, we have entered a phase when powerful technologies provide new approaches and open unexplored avenues. Progress in the field has been accelerated by advances in genomics, imaging, engineering, and computational biology and by emerging model systems ranging from tardigrades to organoids. We summarize how revolutionary technologies have led to remarkable progress in understanding animal development. We describe how classic questions in gene regulation, pattern formation, morphogenesis, organogenesis, and stem cell biology are being revisited. We discuss the connections of development with evolution, self-organization, metabolism, time, and ecology. We speculate how developmental biology might evolve in an era of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and human engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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4
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Onesto MM, Amin ND, Pan C, Chen X, Reis N, Valencia AM, Hudacova Z, McQueen JP, Tessier-Lavigne M, Paşca SP. Midline Assembloids Reveal Regulators of Human Axon Guidance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600229. [PMID: 38979350 PMCID: PMC11230451 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Organizers are specialized cell populations that orchestrate cell patterning and axon guidance in the developing nervous system. Although non-human models have led to fundamental discoveries about the organization of the nervous system midline by the floor plate, an experimental model of human floor plate would enable broader insights into regulation of human neurodevelopment and midline connectivity. Here, we have developed stem cell-derived organoids resembling human floor plate (hFpO) and assembled them with spinal cord organoids (hSpO) to generate midline assembloids (hMA). We demonstrate that hFpO promote Sonic hedgehog-dependent ventral patterning of human spinal progenitors and Netrin-dependent guidance of human commissural axons, paralleling non-human models. To investigate evolutionary-divergent midline regulators, we profiled the hFpO secretome and identified 27 evolutionarily divergent genes between human and mouse. Utilizing the hMA platform, we targeted these candidates in an arrayed CRISPR knockout screen and reveal that GALNT2 , a gene involved in O-linked glycosylation, impairs floor plate-mediated guidance of commissural axons in humans. This novel platform extends prior axon guidance discoveries into human-specific neurobiology with implications for mechanisms of nervous system evolution and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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5
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Lam C. Mathematical and In Silico Analysis of Synthetic Inhibitory Circuits That Program Self-Organizing Multicellular Structures. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1925-1940. [PMID: 38781040 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Bottom-up approaches are becoming increasingly popular for studying multicellular self-organization and development. In contrast to the classic top-down approach, where parts of the organization/developmental process are broken to understand the process, the goal is to build the process to understand it. For example, synthetic circuits have been built to understand how cell-cell communication and differential adhesion can drive multicellular development. The majority of current bottom-up efforts focus on using activatory circuits to engineer and understand development, but efforts with inhibitory circuits have been minimal. Yet, inhibitory circuits are ubiquitous and vital to native developmental processes. Thus, inhibitory circuits are a crucial yet poorly studied facet of bottom-up multicellular development. To demonstrate the potential of inhibitory circuits for building and developing multicellular structures, several synthetic inhibitory circuits that combine engineered cell-cell communication and differential adhesion were designed, and then examined for synthetic development capability using a previously validated in silico framework. These designed inhibitory circuits can build a variety of patterned, self-organized structures and even morphological oscillations. These results support that inhibitory circuits can be powerful tools for building, studying, and understanding developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Lam
- Independent Investigator, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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6
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He L, Sato JE, Sundar P, Azimi T, Beachy PA, Bekale LA, Pepper JP. Localized application of SAG21k-loaded fibrin hydrogels for targeted modulation of the hedgehog pathway in facial nerve injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131747. [PMID: 38670196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Given the broad biological effects of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, there is potential clinical value in local application of Hh pathway modulators to restrict pathway activation of target tissues and avoid systemic pathway activation. One option to limit Hh pathway activation is using fibrin hydrogels to deliver pathway modulators directly to tissues of interest, bypassing systemic distribution of the drug. In this study, we loaded the potent Hh pathway agonist, SAG21k, into fibrin hydrogels. We describe the binding between fibrin and SAG21k and achieve sustained release of the drug in vitro. SAG21k-loaded fibrin hydrogels exhibit strong biological activity in vitro, using a pathway-specific reporter cell line. To test in vivo activity, we used a mouse model of facial nerve injury. Application of fibrin hydrogels is a common adjunct to surgical nerve repair, and the Hh pathway is known to play an important role in facial nerve injury and regeneration. Local application of the Hh pathway agonist SAG21k using a fibrin hydrogel applied to the site of facial nerve injury successfully activates the Hh pathway in treated nerve tissue. Importantly, this method appears to avoid systemic pathway activation when Hh-responsive organs are analyzed for transcriptional pathway activation. This method of local tissue Hh pathway agonist administration allows for effective pathway targeting surgically accessible tissues and may have translational value in situations where supranormal pathway activation is therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili He
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Justine Esther Sato
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Praveen Sundar
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Tannaz Azimi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Philip Arden Beachy
- Departments of Urology, and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Laurent Adonis Bekale
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| | - Jon-Paul Pepper
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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7
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Suh K, Thornton R, Farahani PE, Cohen D, Toettcher J. Large-scale control over collective cell migration using light-controlled epidermal growth factor receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.596676. [PMID: 38853934 PMCID: PMC11160748 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.596676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are thought to play key roles in coordinating cell movement at single-cell and tissue scales. The recent development of optogenetic tools for controlling RTKs and their downstream signaling pathways suggested these responses may be amenable to engineering-based control for sculpting tissue shape and function. Here, we report that a light-controlled EGF receptor (OptoEGFR) can be deployed in epithelial cell lines for precise, programmable control of long-range tissue movements. We show that in OptoEGFR-expressing tissues, light can drive millimeter-scale cell rearrangements to densify interior regions or produce rapid outgrowth at tissue edges. Light-controlled tissue movements are driven primarily by PI 3-kinase signaling, rather than diffusible signals, tissue contractility, or ERK kinase signaling as seen in other RTK-driven migration contexts. Our study suggests that synthetic, light-controlled RTKs could serve as a powerful platform for controlling cell positions and densities for diverse applications including wound healing and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Suh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institutes, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| | - Richard Thornton
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institutes, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| | - Payam E Farahani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institutes, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
| | - Jared Toettcher
- Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institutes, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton 08544
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8
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Kong S, Zhu M, Pan D, Lane B, Smith RS, Roeder AHK. Tradeoff Between Speed and Robustness in Primordium Initiation Mediated by Auxin-CUC1 Interaction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.30.569401. [PMID: 38076982 PMCID: PMC10705432 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.30.569401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Robustness is the reproducible development of a phenotype despite stochastic noise. It often involves tradeoffs with other performance metrics, but the mechanisms underlying such tradeoffs were largely unknown. An Arabidopsis flower robustly develops four sepals from four precisely positioned auxin maxima. The development related myb-like 1 (drmy1) mutant generates noise in auxin signaling that disrupts robustness in sepal initiation. Here, we found that increased expression of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1), a boundary specification transcription factor, in drmy1 underlies this loss of robustness. CUC1 surrounds and amplifies stochastic auxin noise in drmy1 to form variably positioned auxin maxima and sepal primordia. Removing CUC1 from drmy1 provides time for noisy auxin signaling to resolve into four precisely positioned auxin maxima, restoring robust sepal initiation. However, removing CUC1 decreases auxin maxima intensity and slows down sepal initiation. Thus, CUC1 increases morphogenesis speed but impairs robustness against auxin noise. Further, using a computational model, we found that the observed phenotype can be explained by the effect of CUC1 in repolarizing PIN FORMED1 (PIN1), a polar auxin transporter. Lastly, our model predicts that reducing global growth rate improves developmental robustness, which we validated experimentally. Thus, our study illustrates a tradeoff between speed and robustness during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Kong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David Pan
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brendan Lane
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S. Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Lead Contact
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9
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Schlissel G, Meziane M, Narducci D, Hansen AS, Li P. Diffusion barriers imposed by tissue topology shape morphogen gradients. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.01.592050. [PMID: 38746265 PMCID: PMC11092646 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.592050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Animals use a small number of morphogens to pattern tissues, but it is unclear how evolution modulates morphogen signaling range to match tissues of varying sizes. Here, we used single molecule imaging in reconstituted morphogen gradients and in tissue explants to determine that Hedgehog diffused extra-cellularly as a monomer, and rapidly transitioned between membrane-confined and -unconfined states. Unexpectedly, the vertebrate-specific protein SCUBE1 expanded Hedgehog gradients by accelerating the transition rates between states without affecting the relative abundance of molecules in each state. This observation could not be explained under existing models of morphogen diffusion. Instead, we developed a topology-limited diffusion model in which cell-cell gaps create diffusion barriers, and morphogens can only overcome the barrier by passing through a membrane-unconfined state. Under this model, SCUBE1 promotes Hedgehog secretion and diffusion by allowing it to transiently overcome diffusion barriers. This multiscale understanding of morphogen gradient formation unified prior models and discovered novel knobs that nature can use to tune morphogen gradient sizes across tissues and organisms.
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10
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Mii Y. Understanding and manipulating extracellular behaviors of Wnt ligands. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024; 60:441-448. [PMID: 38379096 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Wnt, a family of secreted signaling proteins, serves diverse functions in embryogenesis, organogenesis, cancer, and stem cell functions. In the context of development, Wnt has been considered a representative morphogen, forming concentration gradients to give positional information to cells or tissues. However, although gradients are often illustrated in schemata, the reality of concentration gradients, or in other words, actual spatial distribution of Wnt ligands, and their behaviors in the extracellular space still remain poorly known. To understand extracellular behavior of Wnt ligands, quantitative analyses such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) are highly informative because Wnt dispersal involves physical and biochemical processes, such as diffusion and binding to or dissociation from cell surface molecules, including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Here, I briefly discuss representative methods to quantify morphogen dynamics. In addition, I discuss molecular manipulations of morphogens, mainly focusing on use of protein binders, and synthetic biology of morphogens as indicators of current and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and Exploratory Research Center On Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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11
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Company C, Schmitt MJ, Dramaretska Y, Serresi M, Kertalli S, Jiang B, Yin JA, Aguzzi A, Barozzi I, Gargiulo G. Logical design of synthetic cis-regulatory DNA for genetic tracing of cell identities and state changes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:897. [PMID: 38316783 PMCID: PMC10844330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Descriptive data are rapidly expanding in biomedical research. Instead, functional validation methods with sufficient complexity remain underdeveloped. Transcriptional reporters allow experimental characterization and manipulation of developmental and disease cell states, but their design lacks flexibility. Here, we report logical design of synthetic cis-regulatory DNA (LSD), a computational framework leveraging phenotypic biomarkers and trans-regulatory networks as input to design reporters marking the activity of selected cellular states and pathways. LSD uses bulk or single-cell biomarkers and a reference genome or custom cis-regulatory DNA datasets with user-defined boundary regions. By benchmarking validated reporters, we integrate LSD with a computational ranking of phenotypic specificity of putative cis-regulatory DNA. Experimentally, LSD-designed reporters targeting a wide range of cell states are functional without minimal promoters. Applied to broadly expressed genes from human and mouse tissues, LSD generates functional housekeeper-like sLCRs compatible with size constraints of AAV vectors for gene therapy applications. A mesenchymal glioblastoma reporter designed by LSD outperforms previously validated ones and canonical cell surface markers. In genome-scale CRISPRa screens, LSD facilitates the discovery of known and novel bona fide cell-state drivers. Thus, LSD captures core principles of cis-regulation and is broadly applicable to studying complex cell states and mechanisms of transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Company
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Jürgen Schmitt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuliia Dramaretska
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michela Serresi
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Kertalli
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ben Jiang
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiang-An Yin
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Gargiulo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Chew YH, Marucci L. Mechanistic Model-Driven Biodesign in Mammalian Synthetic Biology. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2774:71-84. [PMID: 38441759 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3718-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling plays a vital role in mammalian synthetic biology by providing a framework to design and optimize design circuits and engineered bioprocesses, predict their behavior, and guide experimental design. Here, we review recent models used in the literature, considering mathematical frameworks at the molecular, cellular, and system levels. We report key challenges in the field and discuss opportunities for genome-scale models, machine learning, and cybergenetics to expand the capabilities of model-driven mammalian cell biodesign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hoon Chew
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucia Marucci
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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13
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Boer LL, Winter E, Gorissen B, Oostra RJ. Phenotypically Discordant Anomalies in Conjoined Twins: Quirks of Nature Governed by Molecular Pathways? Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3427. [PMID: 37998563 PMCID: PMC10669976 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A multitude of additional anomalies can be observed in virtually all types of symmetrical conjoined twins. These concomitant defects can be divided into different dysmorphological patterns. Some of these patterns reveal their etiological origin through their topographical location. The so-called shared anomalies are traceable to embryological adjustments and directly linked to the conjoined-twinning mechanism itself, inherently located within the boundaries of the coalescence area. In contrast, discordant patterns are anomalies present in only one of the twin members, intrinsically distant from the area of union. These dysmorphological entities are much more difficult to place in a developmental perspective, as it is presumed that conjoined twins share identical intra-uterine environments and intra-embryonic molecular and genetic footprints. However, their existence testifies that certain developmental fields and their respective developmental pathways take different routes in members of conjoined twins. This observation remains a poorly understood phenomenon. This article describes 69 cases of external discordant patterns within different types of otherwise symmetrical mono-umbilical conjoined twins and places them in a developmental perspective and a molecular framework. Gaining insights into the phenotypes and underlying (biochemical) mechanisms could potentially pave the way and generate novel etiological visions in the formation of conjoined twins itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L. Boer
- Department of Medical Imaging, Section Anatomy and Museum for Anatomy and Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard Winter
- Pathologisch-Anatomische Sammlung im Narrenturm-NHM, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ben Gorissen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Section Anatomy and Museum for Anatomy and Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof-Jan Oostra
- Department of Medical Biology, Sections Clinical Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Legnini I, Emmenegger L, Zappulo A, Rybak-Wolf A, Wurmus R, Martinez AO, Jara CC, Boltengagen A, Hessler T, Mastrobuoni G, Kempa S, Zinzen R, Woehler A, Rajewsky N. Spatiotemporal, optogenetic control of gene expression in organoids. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1544-1552. [PMID: 37735569 PMCID: PMC10555836 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Organoids derived from stem cells have become an increasingly important tool for studying human development and modeling disease. However, methods are still needed to control and study spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression in organoids. Here we combined optogenetics and gene perturbation technologies to activate or knock-down RNA of target genes in programmable spatiotemporal patterns. To illustrate the usefulness of our approach, we locally activated Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling in an organoid model for human neurodevelopment. Spatial and single-cell transcriptomic analyses showed that this local induction was sufficient to generate stereotypically patterned organoids and revealed new insights into SHH's contribution to gene regulation in neurodevelopment. With this study, we propose optogenetic perturbations in combination with spatial transcriptomics as a powerful technology to reprogram and study cell fates and tissue patterning in organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Legnini
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lisa Emmenegger
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandra Zappulo
- Systems Biology of Neural Tissue Differentiation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Rybak-Wolf
- Organoid Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo Wurmus
- Bioinformatics and Omics Data Science, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Oliveras Martinez
- Systems Biology Imaging Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cledi Cerda Jara
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasiya Boltengagen
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Talé Hessler
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Mastrobuoni
- Proteomic and Metabolomics Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Proteomic and Metabolomics Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Zinzen
- Systems Biology of Neural Tissue Differentiation, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Systems Biology Imaging Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Woehler
- Systems Biology Imaging Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany.
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Yang H, Tel J. Engineering global and local signal generators for probing temporal and spatial cellular signaling dynamics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1239026. [PMID: 37790255 PMCID: PMC10543096 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1239026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells constantly encounter a wide range of environmental signals and rely on their signaling pathways to initiate reliable responses. Understanding the underlying signaling mechanisms and cellular behaviors requires signal generators capable of providing diverse input signals to deliver to cell systems. Current research efforts are primarily focused on exploring cellular responses to global or local signals, which enable us to understand cellular signaling and behavior in distinct dimensions. This review presents recent advancements in global and local signal generators, highlighting their applications in studying temporal and spatial signaling activity. Global signals can be generated using microfluidic or photochemical approaches. Local signal sources can be created using living or artificial cells in combination with different control methods. We also address the strengths and limitations of each signal generator type, discussing challenges and potential extensions for future research. These approaches are expected to continue to facilitate on-going research to discover novel and intriguing cellular signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Yang
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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16
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Zhu R, Santat LA, Markson JS, Nandagopal N, Gregrowicz J, Elowitz MB. Reconstitution of morphogen shuttling circuits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9336. [PMID: 37436981 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing tissues form spatial patterns by establishing concentration gradients of diffusible signaling proteins called morphogens. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) morphogen pathway uses a family of extracellular modulators to reshape signaling gradients by actively "shuttling" ligands to different locations. It has remained unclear what circuits are sufficient to enable shuttling, what other patterns they can generate, and whether shuttling is evolutionarily conserved. Here, using a synthetic, bottom-up approach, we compared the spatiotemporal dynamics of different extracellular circuits. Three proteins-Chordin, Twsg, and the BMP-1 protease-successfully displaced gradients by shuttling ligands away from the site of production. A mathematical model explained the different spatial dynamics of this and other circuits. Last, combining mammalian and Drosophila components in the same system suggests that shuttling is a conserved capability. Together, these results reveal principles through which extracellular circuits control the spatiotemporal dynamics of morphogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Leah A Santat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joseph S Markson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Jan Gregrowicz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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17
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McNamara HM, Ramm B, Toettcher JE. Synthetic developmental biology: New tools to deconstruct and rebuild developmental systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:33-42. [PMID: 35484026 PMCID: PMC10332110 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances have driven many recent advances in developmental biology. Light sheet imaging can reveal single-cell dynamics in living three-dimensional tissues, whereas single-cell genomic methods open the door to a complete catalogue of cell types and gene expression states. An equally powerful but complementary set of approaches are also becoming available to define development processes from the bottom up. These synthetic approaches aim to reconstruct the minimal developmental patterns, signaling processes, and gene networks that produce the basic set of developmental operations: spatial polarization, morphogen interpretation, tissue movement, and cellular memory. In this review we discuss recent approaches at the intersection of synthetic biology and development, including synthetic circuits to deliver and record signaling stimuli and synthetic reconstitution of pattern formation on multicellular scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold M McNamara
- Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Beatrice Ramm
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jared E Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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18
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Mapping and exploring the organoid state space using synthetic biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:23-32. [PMID: 35466054 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functional relevance of an organoid is dependent on the differentiation, morphology, cell arrangement and biophysical properties, which collectively define the state of an organoid. For an organoid culture, an individual organoid or the cells that compose it, these state variables can be characterised, most easily by transcriptomics and by high-content image analysis. Their states can be compared to their in vivo counterparts. Current evidence suggests that organoids explore a wider state space than organs in vivo due to the lack of niche signalling and the variability of boundary conditions in vitro. Using data-driven state inference and in silico modelling, phase diagrams can be constructed to systematically sort organoids along biochemical or biophysical axes. These phase diagrams allow us to identify control strategies to modulate organoid state. To do so, the biochemical and biophysical environment, as well as the cells that seed organoids, can be manipulated.
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19
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Hedgehog is relayed through dynamic heparan sulfate interactions to shape its gradient. Nat Commun 2023; 14:758. [PMID: 36765094 PMCID: PMC9918555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is directly determined by concentration gradients of morphogens. As a central model for gradient formation during development, Hedgehog (Hh) morphogens spread away from their source to direct growth and pattern formation in Drosophila wing and eye discs. What is not known is how extracellular Hh spread is achieved and how it translates into precise gradients. Here we show that two separate binding areas located on opposite sides of the Hh molecule can interact directly and simultaneously with two heparan sulfate (HS) chains to temporarily cross-link the chains. Mutated Hh lacking one fully functional binding site still binds HS but shows reduced HS cross-linking. This, in turn, impairs Hhs ability to switch between both chains in vitro and results in striking Hh gradient hypomorphs in vivo. The speed and propensity of direct Hh switching between HS therefore shapes the Hh gradient, revealing a scalable design principle in morphogen-patterned tissues.
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20
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Douceau S, Deutsch Guerrero T, Ferent J. Establishing Hedgehog Gradients during Neural Development. Cells 2023; 12:225. [PMID: 36672161 PMCID: PMC9856818 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A morphogen is a signaling molecule that induces specific cellular responses depending on its local concentration. The concept of morphogenic gradients has been a central paradigm of developmental biology for decades. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is one of the most important morphogens that displays pleiotropic functions during embryonic development, ranging from neuronal patterning to axon guidance. It is commonly accepted that Shh is distributed in a gradient in several tissues from different origins during development; however, how these gradients are formed and maintained at the cellular and molecular levels is still the center of a great deal of research. In this review, we first explored all of the different sources of Shh during the development of the nervous system. Then, we detailed how these sources can distribute Shh in the surrounding tissues via a variety of mechanisms. Finally, we addressed how disrupting Shh distribution and gradients can induce severe neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers. Although the concept of gradient has been central in the field of neurodevelopment since the fifties, we also describe how contemporary leading-edge techniques, such as organoids, can revisit this classical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Douceau
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tanya Deutsch Guerrero
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Ferent
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
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21
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Alvarez-Rodrigo I, Willnow D, Vincent JP. The logistics of Wnt production and delivery. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:1-60. [PMID: 36967191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Wnts are secreted proteins that control stem cell maintenance, cell fate decisions, and growth during development and adult homeostasis. Wnts carry a post-translational modification not seen in any other secreted protein: during biosynthesis, they are appended with a palmitoleoyl moiety that is required for signaling but also impairs solubility and hence diffusion in the extracellular space. In some contexts, Wnts act only in a juxtacrine manner but there are also instances of long range action. Several proteins and processes ensure that active Wnts reach the appropriate target cells. Some, like Porcupine, Wntless, and Notum are dedicated to Wnt function; we describe their activities in molecular detail. We also outline how the cell infrastructure (secretory, endocytic, and retromer pathways) contribute to the progression of Wnts from production to delivery. We then address how Wnts spread in the extracellular space and form a signaling gradient despite carrying a hydrophobic moiety. We highlight particularly the role of lipid-binding Wnt interactors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Finally, we briefly discuss how evolution might have led to the emergence of this unusual signaling pathway.
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22
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Periodic inhibition of Erk activity drives sequential somite segmentation. Nature 2023; 613:153-159. [PMID: 36517597 PMCID: PMC9846577 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sequential segmentation creates modular body plans of diverse metazoan embryos1-4. Somitogenesis establishes the segmental pattern of the vertebrate body axis. A molecular segmentation clock in the presomitic mesoderm sets the pace of somite formation4. However, how cells are primed to form a segment boundary at a specific location remains unclear. Here we developed precise reporters for the clock and double-phosphorylated Erk (ppErk) gradient in zebrafish. We show that the Her1-Her7 oscillator drives segmental commitment by periodically lowering ppErk, therefore projecting its oscillation onto the ppErk gradient. Pulsatile inhibition of the ppErk gradient can fully substitute for the role of the clock, and kinematic clock waves are dispensable for sequential segmentation. The clock functions upstream of ppErk, which in turn enables neighbouring cells to discretely establish somite boundaries in zebrafish5. Molecularly divergent clocks and morphogen gradients were identified in sequentially segmenting species3,4,6-8. Our findings imply that versatile clocks may establish sequential segmentation in diverse species provided that they inhibit gradients.
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23
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Formosa-Jordan P, Landrein B. Quantifying Gene Expression Domains in Plant Shoot Apical Meristems. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:537-551. [PMID: 37540376 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem is the plant tissue that produces the plant aerial organs such as flowers and leaves. To better understand how the shoot apical meristem develops and adapts to the environment, imaging developing shoot meristems expressing fluorescence reporters through laser confocal microscopy is becoming increasingly important. Yet, there are not many computational pipelines enabling a systematic and high-throughput characterization of the produced microscopy images. This chapter provides a simple method to analyze 3D images obtained through laser scanning microscopy and quantitatively characterize radially or axially symmetric 3D fluorescence domains expressed in a tissue or organ by a reporter. Then, it presents different computational pipelines aiming at performing high-throughput quantitative image analysis of gene expression in plant inflorescence and floral meristems. This methodology has notably enabled the quantitative characterization of how stem cells respond to environmental perturbations in the Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence meristem and will open new avenues in the use of quantitative analysis of gene expression in shoot apical meristems. Overall, the presented methodology provides a simple framework to analyze quantitatively gene expression domains from 3D confocal images at the tissue and organ level, which can be applied to shoot meristems and other organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Formosa-Jordan
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, Lyon, France
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24
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Wang S, Garcia-Ojalvo J, Elowitz MB. Periodic spatial patterning with a single morphogen. Cell Syst 2022; 13:1033-1047.e7. [PMID: 36435178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During multicellular development, periodic spatial patterning systems generate repetitive structures, such as digits, vertebrae, and teeth. Turing patterning provides a foundational paradigm for understanding such systems. The simplest Turing systems are believed to require at least two morphogens to generate periodic patterns. Here, using mathematical modeling, we show that a simpler circuit, including only a single diffusible morphogen, is sufficient to generate long-range, spatially periodic patterns that propagate outward from transient initiating perturbations and remain stable after the perturbation is removed. Furthermore, an additional bistable intracellular feedback or operation on a growing cell lattice can make patterning robust to noise. Together, these results show that a single morphogen can be sufficient for robust spatial pattern formation and should provide a foundation for engineering pattern formation in the emerging field of synthetic developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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25
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Li X, Gordon PJ, Gaynes JA, Fuller AW, Ringuette R, Santiago CP, Wallace V, Blackshaw S, Li P, Levine EM. Lhx2 is a progenitor-intrinsic modulator of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during early retinal neurogenesis. eLife 2022; 11:e78342. [PMID: 36459481 PMCID: PMC9718532 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An important question in organogenesis is how tissue-specific transcription factors interact with signaling pathways. In some cases, transcription factors define the context for how signaling pathways elicit tissue- or cell-specific responses, and in others, they influence signaling through transcriptional regulation of signaling components or accessory factors. We previously showed that during optic vesicle patterning, the Lim-homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway to downstream targets without regulating the pathway itself. Here, we show that during early retinal neurogenesis in mice, Lhx2 is a multilevel regulator of Shh signaling. Specifically, Lhx2 acts cell autonomously to control the expression of pathway genes required for efficient activation and maintenance of signaling in retinal progenitor cells. The Shh co-receptors Cdon and Gas1 are candidate direct targets of Lhx2 that mediate pathway activation, whereas Lhx2 directly or indirectly promotes the expression of other pathway components important for activation and sustained signaling. We also provide genetic evidence suggesting that Lhx2 has a contextual role by linking the Shh pathway to downstream targets. Through these interactions, Lhx2 establishes the competence for Shh signaling in retinal progenitors and the context for the pathway to promote early retinal neurogenesis. The temporally distinct interactions between Lhx2 and the Shh pathway in retinal development illustrate how transcription factors and signaling pathways adapt to meet stage-dependent requirements of tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
| | - Patrick J Gordon
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - John A Gaynes
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Alexandra W Fuller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Randy Ringuette
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Clayton P Santiago
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Valerie Wallace
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health NetworkTorontoCanada
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Pulin Li
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Edward M Levine
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleUnited States
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
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26
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Creating artificial signaling gradients to spatially pattern engineered tissues. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102810. [PMID: 36182872 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Artificially constructing a fully-fledged tissue - comprising multiple cell types whose identities and spatial arrangements reflect those of a native tissue - remains daunting. There has been impressive progress in generating three-dimensional cell cultures (often dubbed 'organoids') from stem cells. However, it is critical to appreciate that not all such three-dimensional cultures will intrinsically self-organize to spontaneously recreate native tissue architecture. Instead, most tissues in vivo are exogenously patterned by extracellular signaling gradients emanating from organizer cells located outside the tissue. Innovations to impose artificial signaling gradients - using microfluidics, optogenetics, or introducing organizer cells - could thus prove decisive to create spatially patterned tissues in vitro. Additionally, unified terminology to describe these tissue-like simulacra as 'aggregates', 'spheroids', or 'organoids' will be critical for the field.
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27
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From mesenchymal niches to engineered in vitro model systems: Exploring and exploiting biomechanical regulation of vertebrate hedgehog signalling. Mater Today Bio 2022; 17:100502. [PMID: 36457847 PMCID: PMC9707069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue patterning is the result of complex interactions between transcriptional programs and various mechanical cues that modulate cell behaviour and drive morphogenesis. Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling plays key roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis, and is central to skeletal development and the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The expression of several components of the Hedgehog signalling pathway have been reported to be mechanically regulated in mesodermal tissue patterning and osteogenic differentiation in response to external stimulation. Since a number of bone developmental defects and skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis, are directly linked to aberrant Hedgehog signalling, a better knowledge of the regulation of Hedgehog signalling in the mechanosensitive bone marrow-residing mesenchymal stromal cells will present novel avenues for modelling these diseases and uncover novel opportunities for extracellular matrix-targeted therapies. In this review, we present a brief overview of the key molecular players involved in Hedgehog signalling and the basic concepts of mechanobiology, with a focus on bone development and regeneration. We also highlight the correlation between the activation of the Hedgehog signalling pathway in response to mechanical cues and osteogenesis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, we propose different tissue engineering strategies to apply the expanding knowledge of 3D material-cell interactions in the modulation of Hedgehog signalling in vitro for fundamental and translational research applications.
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28
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Abstract
Metazoan embryos develop from a single cell into three-dimensional structured organisms while groups of genetically identical cells attain specialized identities. Cells of the developing embryo both create and accurately interpret morphogen gradients to determine their positions and make specific decisions in response. Here, we first cover intellectual roots of morphogen and positional information concepts. Focusing on animal embryos, we then provide a review of current understanding on how morphogen gradients are established and how their spans are controlled. Lastly, we cover how gradients evolve in time and space during development, and how they encode information to control patterning. In sum, we provide a list of patterning principles for morphogen gradients and review recent advances in quantitative methodologies elucidating information provided by morphogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fethullah Simsek
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ertuğrul M. Özbudak
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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29
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Lu J, Şimşek E, Silver A, You L. Advances and challenges in programming pattern formation using living cells. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102147. [PMID: 35472832 PMCID: PMC9158282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spatial patterning of cell populations is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature. Patterns occur at various length and time scales and exhibit immense diversity. In addition to offering a deeper understanding of the emergence of patterns in nature, the ability to program synthetic patterns using living cells has the potential for broad applications. To date, however, progress in engineering pattern formation has been hampered by technical challenges. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in programming pattern formation in terms of biological insights, experimental and computational tool development, and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Emrah Şimşek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anita Silver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lingchong You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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30
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Young TL, Whisenhunt KN, LaMartina SM, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Tompson SW. Sonic Hedgehog Intron Variant Associated With an Unusual Pediatric Cortical Cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:25. [PMID: 35749127 PMCID: PMC9234370 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.6.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the genetic basis of an unusual pediatric cortical cataract demonstrating autosomal dominant inheritance in a large European–Australian pedigree. Methods DNA from four affected individuals were exome sequenced utilizing a NimbleGen SeqCap EZ Exome V3 kit and HiSeq 2500. DNA from 12 affected and four unaffected individuals were genotyped using Human OmniExpress-24 BeadChips. Multipoint linkage and haplotyping were performed (Superlink-Online SNP). DNA from one affected individual and his unaffected father were whole-genome sequenced on a HiSeq X Ten system. Rare small insertions/deletions and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were identified in the disease-linked region (Golden Helix SVS). Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) analysis predicted variant deleteriousness. Putative enhancer function and variant effects were determined using the Dual-Glo Luciferase Assay system. Results Linkage mapping identified a 6.23-centimorgan support interval at chromosome 7q36. A co-segregating haplotype refined the critical region to 6.03 Mbp containing 21 protein-coding genes. Whole-genome sequencing uncovered 114 noncoding variants from which CADD predicted one was highly deleterious, a novel substitution within intron-1 of the sonic hedgehog signaling molecule (SHH) gene. ENCODE data suggested this site was a putative enhancer, subsequently confirmed by luciferase reporter assays with variant-associated gene overexpression. Conclusions In a large pedigree, we have identified a SHH intron variant that co-segregates with an unusual pediatric cortical cataract phenotype. SHH is important for lens formation, and mutations in its receptor (PTCH1) cause syndromic cataract. Our data implicate increased function of an enhancer important for SHH expression primarily within developing eye tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kristina N Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sarah M LaMartina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Eye Department, Royal Hobart Hospital, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Eye Department, Royal Hobart Hospital, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stuart W Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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31
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Su CJ, Murugan A, Linton JM, Yeluri A, Bois J, Klumpe H, Langley MA, Antebi YE, Elowitz MB. Ligand-receptor promiscuity enables cellular addressing. Cell Syst 2022; 13:408-425.e12. [PMID: 35421362 PMCID: PMC10897978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, secreted ligands selectively activate, or "address," specific target cell populations to control cell fate decision-making and other processes. Key cell-cell communication pathways use multiple promiscuously interacting ligands and receptors, provoking the question of how addressing specificity can emerge from molecular promiscuity. To investigate this issue, we developed a general mathematical modeling framework based on the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway architecture. We find that promiscuously interacting ligand-receptor systems allow a small number of ligands, acting in combinations, to address a larger number of individual cell types, defined by their receptor expression profiles. Promiscuous systems outperform seemingly more specific one-to-one signaling architectures in addressing capability. Combinatorial addressing extends to groups of cell types, is robust to receptor expression noise, grows more powerful with increases in the number of receptor variants, and is maximized by specific biochemical parameter relationships. Together, these results identify design principles governing cellular addressing by ligand combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Su
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Arvind Murugan
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James M Linton
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Akshay Yeluri
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Justin Bois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Heidi Klumpe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Matthew A Langley
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yaron E Antebi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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32
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Davies JA. Synthetic Morphogenesis: introducing IEEE journal readers to programming living mammalian cells to make structures. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2022; 110:688-707. [PMID: 36590991 PMCID: PMC7614003 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2021.3137077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic morphogenesis is a new engineering discipline, in which cells are genetically engineered to make designed shapes and structures. At least in this early phase of the field, devices tend to make use of natural shape-generating processes that operate in embryonic development, but invoke them artificially at times and in orders of a technologist's choosing. This requires construction of genetic control, sequencing and feedback systems that have close parallels to electronic design, which is one reason the field may be of interest to readers of IEEE journals. The other reason is that synthetic morphogenesis allows the construction of two-way interfaces, especially opto-genetic and opto-electronic, between the living and the electronic, allowing unprecedented information flow and control between the two types of 'machine'. This review introduces synthetic morphogenesis, illustrates what has been achieved, drawing parallels wherever possible between biology and electronics, and looks forward to likely next steps and challenges to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Davies
- Professor of Experimental Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh, UK, and a member of the Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology at that University
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33
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Hayashida K, Aquino RS, Park PW. Coreceptor Functions of Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C896-C912. [PMID: 35319900 PMCID: PMC9109798 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00050.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-ligand interactions play an important role in many biological processes by triggering specific cellular responses. These interactions are frequently regulated by coreceptors that facilitate, alter, or inhibit signaling. Coreceptors work in parallel with other specific and accessory molecules to coordinate receptor-ligand interactions. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) function as unique coreceptors because they can bind to many ligands and receptors through their HS and core protein motifs. Cell surface HSPGs are typically expressed in abundance of the signaling receptors and, thus, are capable of mediating the initial binding of ligands to the cell surface. HSPG coreceptors do not possess kinase domains or intrinsic enzyme activities and, for the most part, binding to cell surface HSPGs does not directly stimulate intracellular signaling. Because of these features, cell surface HSPGs primarily function as coreceptors for many receptor-ligand interactions. Given that cell surface HSPGs are widely conserved, they likely serve fundamental functions to preserve basic physiological processes. Indeed, cell surface HSPGs can support specific cellular interactions with growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and microbial pathogens and their secreted virulence factors. Through these interactions, HSPG coreceptors regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and differentiation, and impact the onset, progression, and outcome of pathophysiological processes, such as development, tissue repair, inflammation, infection, and tumorigenesis. This review seeks to provide an overview of the various mechanisms of how cell surface HSPGs function as coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hayashida
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rafael S Aquino
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pyong Woo Park
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Aydin O, Passaro AP, Raman R, Spellicy SE, Weinberg RP, Kamm RD, Sample M, Truskey GA, Zartman J, Dar RD, Palacios S, Wang J, Tordoff J, Montserrat N, Bashir R, Saif MTA, Weiss R. Principles for the design of multicellular engineered living systems. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:010903. [PMID: 35274072 PMCID: PMC8893975 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress in bioengineering over the past two decades has enabled the formulation of fundamental design principles for a variety of medical and non-medical applications. These advancements have laid the foundation for building multicellular engineered living systems (M-CELS) from biological parts, forming functional modules integrated into living machines. These cognizant design principles for living systems encompass novel genetic circuit manipulation, self-assembly, cell-cell/matrix communication, and artificial tissues/organs enabled through systems biology, bioinformatics, computational biology, genetic engineering, and microfluidics. Here, we introduce design principles and a blueprint for forward production of robust and standardized M-CELS, which may undergo variable reiterations through the classic design-build-test-debug cycle. This Review provides practical and theoretical frameworks to forward-design, control, and optimize novel M-CELS. Potential applications include biopharmaceuticals, bioreactor factories, biofuels, environmental bioremediation, cellular computing, biohybrid digital technology, and experimental investigations into mechanisms of multicellular organisms normally hidden inside the "black box" of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ritu Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Robert P. Weinberg
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | - Matthew Sample
- Center for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - George A. Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jeremiah Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Roy D. Dar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sebastian Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jesse Tordoff
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - M. Taher A. Saif
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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35
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Protease-controlled secretion and display of intercellular signals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:912. [PMID: 35177637 PMCID: PMC8854555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To program intercellular communication for biomedicine, it is crucial to regulate the secretion and surface display of signaling proteins. If such regulations are at the protein level, there are additional advantages, including compact delivery and direct interactions with endogenous signaling pathways. Here we create a modular, generalizable design called Retained Endoplasmic Cleavable Secretion (RELEASE), with engineered proteins retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and displayed/secreted in response to specific proteases. The design allows functional regulation of multiple synthetic and natural proteins by synthetic protease circuits to realize diverse signal processing capabilities, including logic operation and threshold tuning. By linking RELEASE to additional sensing and processing circuits, we can achieve elevated protein secretion in response to "undruggable" oncogene KRAS mutants. RELEASE should enable the local, programmable delivery of intercellular cues for a broad variety of fields such as neurobiology, cancer immunotherapy and cell transplantation.
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36
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Regulation of FGF-2, FGF-18 and Transcription Factor Activity by Perlecan in the Maturational Development of Transitional Rudiment and Growth Plate Cartilages and in the Maintenance of Permanent Cartilage Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041934. [PMID: 35216048 PMCID: PMC8872392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to highlight the roles of perlecan in the regulation of the development of the rudiment developmental cartilages and growth plate cartilages, and also to show how perlecan maintains permanent articular cartilage homeostasis. Cartilage rudiments are transient developmental templates containing chondroprogenitor cells that undergo proliferation, matrix deposition, and hypertrophic differentiation. Growth plate cartilage also undergoes similar changes leading to endochondral bone formation, whereas permanent cartilage is maintained as an articular structure and does not undergo maturational changes. Pericellular and extracellular perlecan-HS chains interact with growth factors, morphogens, structural matrix glycoproteins, proteases, and inhibitors to promote matrix stabilization and cellular proliferation, ECM remodelling, and tissue expansion. Perlecan has mechanotransductive roles in cartilage that modulate chondrocyte responses in weight-bearing environments. Nuclear perlecan may modulate chromatin structure and transcription factor access to DNA and gene regulation. Snail-1, a mesenchymal marker and transcription factor, signals through FGFR-3 to promote chondrogenesis and maintain Acan and type II collagen levels in articular cartilage, but prevents further tissue expansion. Pre-hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes also express high Snail-1 levels, leading to cessation of Acan and CoI2A1 synthesis and appearance of type X collagen. Perlecan differentially regulates FGF-2 and FGF-18 to maintain articular cartilage homeostasis, rudiment and growth plate cartilage growth, and maturational changes including mineralization, contributing to skeletal growth.
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37
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Liu L, Nemashkalo A, Rezende L, Jung JY, Chhabra S, Guerra MC, Heemskerk I, Warmflash A. Nodal is a short-range morphogen with activity that spreads through a relay mechanism in human gastruloids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:497. [PMID: 35079017 PMCID: PMC8789905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogens are signaling molecules that convey positional information and dictate cell fates during development. Although ectopic expression in model organisms suggests that morphogen gradients form through diffusion, little is known about how morphogen gradients are created and interpreted during mammalian embryogenesis due to the combined difficulties of measuring endogenous morphogen levels and observing development in utero. Here we take advantage of a human gastruloid model to visualize endogenous Nodal protein in living cells, during specification of germ layers. We show that Nodal is extremely short range so that Nodal protein is limited to the immediate neighborhood of source cells. Nodal activity spreads through a relay mechanism in which Nodal production induces neighboring cells to transcribe Nodal. We further show that the Nodal inhibitor Lefty, while biochemically capable of long-range diffusion, also acts locally to control the timing of Nodal spread and therefore of mesoderm differentiation during patterning. Our study establishes a paradigm for tissue patterning by an activator-inhibitor pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Luisa Rezende
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ji Yoon Jung
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sapna Chhabra
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Developmental Biology Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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38
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Nakamura K, Tanaka W, Sada K, Kubota R, Aoyama T, Urayama K, Hamachi I. Phototriggered Spatially Controlled Out-of-Equilibrium Patterns of Peptide Nanofibers in a Self-Sorting Double Network Hydrogel. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19532-19541. [PMID: 34767720 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Out-of-equilibrium patterns arising from diffusion processes are ubiquitous in nature, although they have not been fully exploited for the design of artificial materials. Here, we describe the formation of phototriggered out-of-equilibrium patterns using photoresponsive peptide-based nanofibers in a self-sorting double network hydrogel. Light irradiation using a photomask followed by thermal incubation induced the spatially controlled condensation of peptide nanofibers. According to confocal images and spectroscopic analyses, metastable nanofibers photodecomposed in the irradiated areas, where thermodynamically stable nanofibers reconstituted and condensed with a supply of monomers from the nonirradiated areas. These supramolecular events were regulated by light and diffusion to facilitate the creation of unique out-of-equilibrium patterns, including two lines from a one-line photomask and a line pattern of a protein immobilized in the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nakamura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Sada
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Ryou Kubota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,JST-ERATO, Hamachi Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
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Guo Y, Nitzan M, Brenner MP. Programming cell growth into different cluster shapes using diffusible signals. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009576. [PMID: 34748539 PMCID: PMC8601629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in genetic engineering technologies have allowed the construction of artificial genetic circuits, which have been used to generate spatial patterns of differential gene expression. However, the question of how cells can be programmed, and how complex the rules need to be, to achieve a desired tissue morphology has received less attention. Here, we address these questions by developing a mathematical model to study how cells can collectively grow into clusters with different structural morphologies by secreting diffusible signals that can influence cellular growth rates. We formulate how growth regulators can be used to control the formation of cellular protrusions and how the range of achievable structures scales with the number of distinct signals. We show that a single growth inhibitor is insufficient for the formation of multiple protrusions but may be achieved with multiple growth inhibitors, and that other types of signals can regulate the shape of protrusion tips. These examples illustrate how our approach could potentially be used to guide the design of regulatory circuits for achieving a desired target structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipei Guo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mor Nitzan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Brenner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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40
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Dispatching plasma membrane cholesterol and Sonic Hedgehog dispatch: two sides of the same coin? Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2455-2463. [PMID: 34515747 PMCID: PMC8589413 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate and invertebrate Hedgehog (Hh) morphogens signal over short and long distances to direct cell fate decisions during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis after birth. One of the most important questions in Hh biology is how such Hh signaling to distant target cells is achieved, because all Hh proteins are secreted as dually lipidated proteins that firmly tether to the outer plasma membrane leaflet of their producing cells. There, Hhs multimerize into light microscopically visible storage platforms that recruit factors required for their regulated release. One such recruited release factor is the soluble glycoprotein Scube2 (Signal sequence, cubulin domain, epidermal-growth-factor-like protein 2), and maximal Scube2 function requires concomitant activity of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) transporter Dispatched (Disp) at the plasma membrane of Hh-producing cells. Although recently published cryo-electron microscopy-derived structures suggest possible direct modes of Scube2/Disp-regulated Hh release, the mechanism of Disp-mediated Hh deployment is still not fully understood. In this review, we discuss suggested direct modes of Disp-dependent Hh deployment and relate them to the structural similarities between Disp and the related RND transporters Patched (Ptc) and Niemann-Pick type C protein 1. We then discuss open questions and perspectives that derive from these structural similarities, with particular focus on new findings that suggest shared small molecule transporter functions of Disp to deplete the plasma membrane of cholesterol and to modulate Hh release in an indirect manner.
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Loo CKC, Pearen MA, Ramm GA. The Role of Sonic Hedgehog in Human Holoprosencephaly and Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189854. [PMID: 34576017 PMCID: PMC8468456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway is one of the major pathways controlling cell differentiation and proliferation during human development. This pathway is complex, with HH function influenced by inhibitors, promotors, interactions with other signalling pathways, and non-genetic and cellular factors. Many aspects of this pathway are not yet clarified. The main features of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signalling are discussed in relation to its function in human development. The possible role of SHH will be considered using examples of holoprosencephaly and short-rib polydactyly (SRP) syndromes. In these syndromes, there is wide variability in phenotype even with the same genetic mutation, so that other factors must influence the outcome. SHH mutations were the first identified genetic causes of holoprosencephaly, but many other genes and environmental factors can cause malformations in the holoprosencephaly spectrum. Many patients with SRP have genetic defects affecting primary cilia, structures found on most mammalian cells which are thought to be necessary for canonical HH signal transduction. Although SHH signalling is affected in both these genetic conditions, there is little overlap in phenotype. Possible explanations will be canvassed, using data from published human and animal studies. Implications for the understanding of SHH signalling in humans will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K. C. Loo
- South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Department of Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-93829015
| | - Michael A. Pearen
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.A.P.); (G.A.R.)
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (M.A.P.); (G.A.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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Song Y, Hyeon C. Cost-precision trade-off relation determines the optimal morphogen gradient for accurate biological pattern formation. eLife 2021; 10:70034. [PMID: 34402427 PMCID: PMC8457829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial boundaries formed during animal development originate from the pre-patterning of tissues by signaling molecules, called morphogens. The accuracy of boundary location is limited by the fluctuations of morphogen concentration that thresholds the expression level of target gene. Producing more morphogen molecules, which gives rise to smaller relative fluctuations, would better serve to shape more precise target boundaries; however, it incurs more thermodynamic cost. In the classical diffusion-depletion model of morphogen profile formation, the morphogen molecules synthesized from a local source display an exponentially decaying concentration profile with a characteristic length λ. Our theory suggests that in order to attain a precise profile with the minimal cost, λ should be roughly half the distance to the target boundary position from the source. Remarkably, we find that the profiles of morphogens that pattern the Drosophila embryo and wing imaginal disk are formed with nearly optimal λ. Our finding underscores the cost-effectiveness of precise morphogen profile formation in Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Song
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changbong Hyeon
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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43
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Hatori R, Wood BM, Oliveira Barbosa G, Kornberg TB. Regulated delivery controls Drosophila Hedgehog, Wingless, and Decapentaplegic signaling. eLife 2021; 10:71744. [PMID: 34292155 PMCID: PMC8376250 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogen signaling proteins disperse across tissues to activate signal transduction in target cells. We investigated dispersion of Hedgehog (Hh), Wnt homolog Wingless (Wg), and Bone morphogenic protein homolog Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. We discovered that delivery of Hh, Wg, and Dpp to their respective targets is regulated. We found that <5% of Hh and <25% of Wg are taken up by disc cells and activate signaling. The amount of morphogen that is taken up and initiates signaling did not change when the level of morphogen expression was varied between 50 and 200% (Hh) or 50 and 350% (Wg). Similar properties were observed for Dpp. We analyzed an area of 150 μm×150 μm that includes Hh-responding cells of the disc as well as overlying tracheal cells and myoblasts that are also activated by disc-produced Hh. We found that the extent of signaling in the disc was unaffected by the presence or absence of the tracheal and myoblast cells, suggesting that the mechanism that disperses Hh specifies its destinations to particular cells, and that target cells do not take up Hh from a common pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hatori
- Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Brent M Wood
- Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Thomas B Kornberg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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44
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Shakiba N, Jones RD, Weiss R, Del Vecchio D. Context-aware synthetic biology by controller design: Engineering the mammalian cell. Cell Syst 2021; 12:561-592. [PMID: 34139166 PMCID: PMC8261833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rise of systems biology has ushered a new paradigm: the view of the cell as a system that processes environmental inputs to drive phenotypic outputs. Synthetic biology provides a complementary approach, allowing us to program cell behavior through the addition of synthetic genetic devices into the cellular processor. These devices, and the complex genetic circuits they compose, are engineered using a design-prototype-test cycle, allowing for predictable device performance to be achieved in a context-dependent manner. Within mammalian cells, context effects impact device performance at multiple scales, including the genetic, cellular, and extracellular levels. In order for synthetic genetic devices to achieve predictable behaviors, approaches to overcome context dependence are necessary. Here, we describe control systems approaches for achieving context-aware devices that are robust to context effects. We then consider cell fate programing as a case study to explore the potential impact of context-aware devices for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Shakiba
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ross D Jones
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Domitilla Del Vecchio
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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45
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Martyn I, Gartner ZJ. Expanding the boundaries of synthetic development. Dev Biol 2021; 474:62-70. [PMID: 33587913 PMCID: PMC8052276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic tissue boundaries are critical to not only cement newly patterned structures during development, but also to serve as organizing centers for subsequent rounds of morphogenesis. Although this latter role is especially difficult to study in vivo, synthetic embryology offers a new vantage point and fresh opportunities. In this review, we cover recent progress towards understanding and controlling in vitro boundaries and how they impact synthetic model systems. A key point this survey highlights is that the outcome of self-organization is strongly dependent on the boundary imposed, and new insight into the complex functions of embryonic boundaries will be necessary to create better self-organizing tissues for basic science, drug development, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Martyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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46
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Lord ND, Carte AN, Abitua PB, Schier AF. The pattern of nodal morphogen signaling is shaped by co-receptor expression. eLife 2021; 10:e54894. [PMID: 34036935 PMCID: PMC8266389 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryos must communicate instructions to their constituent cells over long distances. These instructions are often encoded in the concentration of signals called morphogens. In the textbook view, morphogen molecules diffuse from a localized source to form a concentration gradient, and target cells adopt fates by measuring the local morphogen concentration. However, natural patterning systems often incorporate numerous co-factors and extensive signaling feedback, suggesting that embryos require additional mechanisms to generate signaling patterns. Here, we examine the mechanisms of signaling pattern formation for the mesendoderm inducer Nodal during zebrafish embryogenesis. We find that Nodal signaling activity spans a normal range in the absence of signaling feedback and relay, suggesting that diffusion is sufficient for Nodal gradient formation. We further show that the range of endogenous Nodal ligands is set by the EGF-CFC co-receptor Oep: in the absence of Oep, Nodal activity spreads to form a nearly uniform distribution throughout the embryo. In turn, increasing Oep levels sensitizes cells to Nodal ligands. We recapitulate these experimental results with a computational model in which Oep regulates the diffusive spread of Nodal ligands by setting the rate of capture by target cells. This model predicts, and we confirm in vivo, the surprising observation that a failure to replenish Oep transforms the Nodal signaling gradient into a travelling wave. These results reveal that patterns of Nodal morphogen signaling are shaped by co-receptor-mediated restriction of ligand spread and sensitization of responding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Lord
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Adam N Carte
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Systems, Synthetic, and Quantitative Biology PhD Program, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Philip B Abitua
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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47
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Ho C, Morsut L. Novel synthetic biology approaches for developmental systems. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1051-1064. [PMID: 33979593 PMCID: PMC8185972 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, developmental systems are investigated with increasing technological power. Still, open questions remain, especially concerning self-organization capacity and its control. Here, we present three areas where synthetic biology tools are used in top-down and bottom-up approaches for studying and constructing developmental systems. First, we discuss how synthetic biology tools can improve stem cell-based organoid models. Second, we discuss recent studies employing user-defined perturbations to study embryonic patterning in model species. Third, we present "toy models" of patterning and morphogenesis using synthetic genetic circuits in non-developmental systems. Finally, we discuss how these tools and approaches can specifically benefit the field of embryo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ho
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonardo Morsut
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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48
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Ho EK, Stearns T. Hedgehog signaling and the primary cilium: implications for spatial and temporal constraints on signaling. Development 2021; 148:dev195552. [PMID: 33914866 PMCID: PMC8126410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling are linked to the biology of the primary cilium, an antenna-like organelle that projects from the surface of most vertebrate cell types. Although the advantages of restricting signal transduction to cilia are often noted, the constraints imposed are less frequently considered, and yet they are central to how Hedgehog signaling operates in developing tissues. In this Review, we synthesize current understanding of Hedgehog signal transduction, ligand secretion and transport, and cilia dynamics to explore the temporal and spatial constraints imposed by the primary cilium on Hedgehog signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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49
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Farhat AM, Weiner AC, Posner C, Kim ZS, Orcutt-Jahns B, Carlson SM, Meyer AS. Modeling cell-specific dynamics and regulation of the common gamma chain cytokines. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109044. [PMID: 33910015 PMCID: PMC8179794 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-chain receptor dimerizes with complexes of the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 and their corresponding "private" receptors. These cytokines have existing uses and future potential as immune therapies because of their ability to regulate the abundance and function of specific immune cell populations. Here, we build a binding reaction model for the ligand-receptor interactions of common γ-chain cytokines, which includes receptor trafficking dynamics, enabling quantitative predictions of cell-type-specific response to natural and engineered cytokines. We then show that tensor factorization is a powerful tool to visualize changes in the input-output behavior of the family across time, cell types, ligands, and concentrations. These results present a more accurate model of ligand response validated across a panel of immune cell types as well as a general approach for generating interpretable guidelines for manipulation of cell-type-specific targeting of engineered ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Farhat
- Department of Bioengineering, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Adam C Weiner
- Department of Bioengineering, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | | | - Zoe S Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Brian Orcutt-Jahns
- Department of Bioengineering, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | | | - Aaron S Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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50
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Johnson BP, Vitek RA, Morgan MM, Fink DM, Beames TG, Geiger PG, Beebe DJ, Lipinski RJ. A Microphysiological Approach to Evaluate Effectors of Intercellular Hedgehog Signaling in Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621442. [PMID: 33634122 PMCID: PMC7900501 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracrine signaling in the tissue microenvironment is a central mediator of morphogenesis, and modeling this dynamic intercellular activity in vitro is critical to understanding normal and abnormal development. For example, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is a conserved mechanism involved in multiple developmental processes and strongly linked to human birth defects including orofacial clefts of the lip and palate. SHH ligand produced, processed, and secreted from the epithelial ectoderm is shuttled through the extracellular matrix where it binds mesenchymal receptors, establishing a gradient of transcriptional response that drives orofacial morphogenesis. In humans, complex interactions of genetic predispositions and environmental insults acting on diverse molecular targets are thought to underlie orofacial cleft etiology. Consequently, there is a need for tractable in vitro approaches that model this complex cellular and environmental interplay and are sensitive to disruption across the multistep signaling cascade. We developed a microplate-based device that supports an epithelium directly overlaid onto an extracellular matrix-embedded mesenchyme, mimicking the basic tissue architecture of developing orofacial tissues. SHH ligand produced from the epithelium generated a gradient of SHH-driven transcription in the adjacent mesenchyme, recapitulating the gradient of pathway activity observed in vivo. Shh pathway activation was antagonized by small molecule inhibitors of epithelial secretory, extracellular matrix transport, and mesenchymal sensing targets, supporting the use of this approach in high-content chemical screening of the complete Shh pathway. Together, these findings demonstrate a novel and practical microphysiological model with broad utility for investigating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and environmental signaling disruptions in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ross A Vitek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Molly M Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dustin M Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler G Beames
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peter G Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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