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van den Berg DF, Costa AR, Esser JQ, Stanciu I, Geissler JQ, Zoumaro-Djayoon AD, Haas PJ, Brouns SJJ. Bacterial homologs of innate eukaryotic antiviral defenses with anti-phage activity highlight shared evolutionary roots of viral defenses. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:1427-1443.e8. [PMID: 39094584 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Prokaryotes have evolved a multitude of defense systems to protect against phage predation. Some of these resemble eukaryotic genes involved in antiviral responses. Here, we set out to systematically project the current knowledge of eukaryotic-like antiviral defense systems onto prokaryotic genomes, using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model organism. Searching for phage defense systems related to innate antiviral genes from vertebrates and plants, we uncovered over 450 candidates. We validated six of these phage defense systems, including factors preventing viral attachment, R-loop-acting enzymes, the inflammasome, ubiquitin pathway, and pathogen recognition signaling. Collectively, these defense systems support the concept of deep evolutionary links and shared antiviral mechanisms between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan F van den Berg
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita Costa
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jelger Q Esser
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ilinka Stanciu
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Q Geissler
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter-Jan Haas
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan J J Brouns
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands; Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, the Netherlands.
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2
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Parameswaran P, Payne L, Powers J, Rashighi M, Orzalli MH. A viral E3 ubiquitin ligase produced by herpes simplex virus 1 inhibits the NLRP1 inflammasome. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231518. [PMID: 38861480 PMCID: PMC11167375 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Guard proteins initiate defense mechanisms upon sensing pathogen-encoded virulence factors. Successful viral pathogens likely inhibit guard protein activity, but these interactions have been largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that the human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) stimulates and inhibits an antiviral pathway initiated by NLRP1, a guard protein that induces inflammasome formation and pyroptotic cell death when activated. Notably, HSV-1 infection of human keratinocytes promotes posttranslational modifications to NLRP1, consistent with MAPK-dependent NLRP1 activation, but does not result in downstream inflammasome formation. We identify infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) as the critical HSV-1 protein that is necessary and sufficient for inhibition of the NLRP1 pathway. Mechanistically, ICP0's cytoplasmic localization and function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase prevents proteasomal degradation of the auto-inhibitory NT-NLRP1 fragment, thereby preventing inflammasome formation. Further, we demonstrate that inhibiting this inflammasome is important for promoting HSV-1 replication. Thus, we have established a mechanism by which HSV-1 overcomes a guard-mediated antiviral defense strategy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Parameswaran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laurellee Payne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Powers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mehdi Rashighi
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Megan H. Orzalli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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3
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Muela-Zarzuela I, Suarez-Rivero JM, Gallardo-Orihuela A, Wang C, Izawa K, de Gregorio-Procopio M, Couillin I, Ryffel B, Kitaura J, Sanz A, von Zglinicki T, Mbalaviele G, Cordero MD. NLRP1 inflammasome promotes senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:1253-1266. [PMID: 38907167 PMCID: PMC11281979 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senescence is a cellular aging-related process triggered by different stresses and characterized by the secretion of various inflammatory factors referred to as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), some of which are produced by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Here, we present evidence that the NLRP1 inflammasome is a DNA damage sensor and a key mediator of senescence. METHODS Senescence was induced in fibroblasts in vitro and in mice. Cellular senescence was assessed by Western blot analysis of several proteins, including p16, p21, p53, and SASP factors, released in the culture media or serum. Inflammasome components, including NLRP1, NLRP3 and GSDMD were knocked out or silenced using siRNAs. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo results suggest that the NLRP1 inflammasome promotes senescence by regulating the expression of p16, p21, p53, and SASP factors in a Gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the NLRP1 inflammasome is activated in response to genomic damage detected by the cytosolic DNA sensor cGMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). CONCLUSION Our findings show that NLRP1 is a cGAS-dependent DNA damage sensor during senescence and a mediator of SASP release through GSDMD. This study advances the knowledge on the biology of the NLRP1 inflammasome and highlights this pathway as a potential pharmcological target to modulate senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Muela-Zarzuela
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Suarez-Rivero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Andrea Gallardo-Orihuela
- Instituto de Investigación E Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Chun Wang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kumi Izawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta de Gregorio-Procopio
- Instituto de Investigación E Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355, CNRS, University of Orleans, Orléans, France
- IDM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355, CNRS, University of Orleans, Orléans, France
- IDM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alberto Sanz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, UK
| | - Gabriel Mbalaviele
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain.
- Ageing Research Laboratories, Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, UK.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Szymanska I, Bauernfried S, Komar T, Hornung V. Vaccinia virus F1L blocks the ribotoxic stress response to subvert ZAKα-dependent NLRP1 inflammasome activation. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451135. [PMID: 39086059 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are essential for host defense, recognizing foreign or stress signals to trigger immune responses, including maturation of IL-1 family cytokines and pyroptosis. Here, NLRP1 is emerging as an important sensor of viral infection in barrier tissues. NLRP1 is activated by various stimuli, including viral double-stranded (ds) RNA, ribotoxic stress, and inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9). However, certain viruses, most notably the vaccinia virus, have evolved strategies to subvert inflammasome activation or effector functions. Using the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as a model, we investigated how the vaccinia virus inhibits inflammasome activation. We confirmed that the early gene F1L plays a critical role in inhibiting NLRP1 inflammasome activation. Interestingly, it blocks dsRNA and ribotoxic stress-dependent NLRP1 activation without affecting its DPP9-inhibition-mediated activation. Complementation and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated the sufficiency and necessity of F1L in blocking NLRP1 activation. Furthermore, we found that F1L-deficient, but not wild-type MVA, induced ZAKα activation. Indeed, an F1L-deficient virus was found to disrupt protein translation more prominently than an unmodified virus, suggesting that F1L acts in part upstream of ZAKα. These findings underscore the inhibitory role of F1L on NLRP1 inflammasome activation and provide insight into viral evasion of host defenses and the intricate mechanisms of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Szymanska
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauernfried
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Komar
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
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5
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Soni S, Antonescu L, Ro K, Horowitz JC, Mebratu YA, Nho RS. Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and Their Impact on Chronic Lung Diseases and Fibrosis: Exploring Therapeutic Options. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024:S0002-9440(24)00235-9. [PMID: 39032604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections represent a significant global public health concern, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RNA viruses, particularly influenza viruses and coronaviruses, significantly contribute to respiratory illnesses, especially in immunosuppressed and elderly individuals. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to pose global health threats due to their capacity to cause annual epidemics, with profound implications for public health. In addition, the increase in global life expectancy is influencing the dynamics and outcomes of respiratory viral infections. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 contribute to lung disease progression is therefore crucial. The aim of this review was to comprehensively explore the impact of IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 on chronic lung diseases, with a specific focus on pulmonary fibrosis in the elderly. It also outlines potential preventive and therapeutic strategies and suggests directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura Antonescu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kaylin Ro
- Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yohannes A Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Richard S Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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6
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Lenk R, Kleindienst W, Szabó GT, Baiersdörfer M, Boros G, Keller JM, Mahiny AJ, Vlatkovic I. Understanding the impact of in vitro transcription byproducts and contaminants. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1426129. [PMID: 39050733 PMCID: PMC11266732 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1426129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The success of messenger (m)RNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to rapid growth and innovation in the field of mRNA-based therapeutics. However, mRNA production, whether in small amounts for research or large-scale GMP-grade for biopharmaceutics, is still based on the In Vitro Transcription (IVT) reaction developed in the early 1980s. The IVT reaction exploits phage RNA polymerase to catalyze the formation of an engineered mRNA that depends on a linearized DNA template, nucleotide building blocks, as well as pH, temperature, and reaction time. But depending on the IVT conditions and subsequent purification steps, diverse byproducts such as dsRNA, abortive RNAs and RNA:DNA hybrids might form. Unwanted byproducts, if not removed, could be formulated together with the full-length mRNA and cause an immune response in cells by activating host pattern recognition receptors. In this review, we summarize the potential types of IVT byproducts, their known biological activity, and how they can impact the efficacy and safety of mRNA therapeutics. In addition, we briefly overview non-nucleotide-based contaminants such as RNases, endotoxin and metal ions that, when present in the IVT reaction, can also influence the activity of mRNA-based drugs. We further discuss current approaches aimed at adjusting the IVT reaction conditions or improving mRNA purification to achieve optimal performance for medical applications.
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7
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Hu M, Deng F, Song X, Zhao H, Yan F. The crosstalk between immune cells and tumor pyroptosis: advancing cancer immunotherapy strategies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:190. [PMID: 38987821 PMCID: PMC11234789 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a cell death process characterized by cell swelling until membrane rupture and release of intracellular contents. As an effective tumor treatment strategy, inducing tumor cell pyroptosis has received widespread attention. In this process, the immune components within the tumor microenvironment play a key regulatory role. By regulating and altering the functions of immune cells such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and neutrophils, tumor cell pyroptosis can be induced. This article provides a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms of cell pyroptosis, the impact of the tumor immune microenvironment on tumor cell pyroptosis, and its mechanisms. It aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the communication between the tumor immune microenvironment and tumor cells, and to provide theoretical support for the development of new tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong District, 1168 Chunrong West Road, Yunhua Street, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Fengying Deng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong District, 1168 Chunrong West Road, Yunhua Street, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinlei Song
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong District, 1168 Chunrong West Road, Yunhua Street, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, 176 Qingnian Road, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China.
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong District, 1168 Chunrong West Road, Yunhua Street, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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8
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Fu J, Schroder K, Wu H. Mechanistic insights from inflammasome structures. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:518-535. [PMID: 38374299 PMCID: PMC11216901 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are supramolecular complexes that form in the cytosol in response to pathogen-associated and damage-associated stimuli, as well as other danger signals that perturb cellular homoeostasis, resulting in host defence responses in the form of cytokine release and programmed cell death (pyroptosis). Inflammasome activity is closely associated with numerous human disorders, including rare genetic syndromes of autoinflammation, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration and cancer. In recent years, a range of inflammasome components and their functions have been discovered, contributing to our knowledge of the overall machinery. Here, we review the latest advances in inflammasome biology from the perspective of structural and mechanistic studies. We focus on the most well-studied components of the canonical inflammasome - NAIP-NLRC4, NLRP3, NLRP1, CARD8 and caspase-1 - as well as caspase-4, caspase-5 and caspase-11 of the noncanonical inflammasome, and the inflammasome effectors GSDMD and NINJ1. These structural studies reveal important insights into how inflammasomes are assembled and regulated, and how they elicit the release of IL-1 family cytokines and induce membrane rupture in pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Sun Y, Li F, Liu Y, Qiao D, Yao X, Liu GS, Li D, Xiao C, Wang T, Chi W. Targeting inflammasomes and pyroptosis in retinal diseases-molecular mechanisms and future perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101263. [PMID: 38657834 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Retinal diseases encompass various conditions associated with sight-threatening immune responses and are leading causes of blindness worldwide. These diseases include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and uveitis. Emerging evidence underscores the vital role of the innate immune response in retinal diseases, beyond the previously emphasized T-cell-driven processes of the adaptive immune system. In particular, pyroptosis, a newly discovered programmed cell death process involving inflammasome formation, has been implicated in the loss of membrane integrity and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Several disease-relevant animal models have provided evidence that the formation of inflammasomes and the induction of pyroptosis in innate immune cells contribute to inflammation in various retinal diseases. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge about the innate immune system and pyroptosis in retinal diseases. We also provide insights into translational targeting approaches, including novel drugs countering pyroptosis, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fan Li
- Eye Center, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, 528403, China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dijie Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xinyu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Dequan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chuanle Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518132, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao You'anMen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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10
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Karakaya T, Slaufova M, Di Filippo M, Hennig P, Kündig T, Beer HD. CARD8: A Novel Inflammasome Sensor with Well-Known Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Activity. Cells 2024; 13:1032. [PMID: 38920661 PMCID: PMC11202080 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes comprise a group of protein complexes with fundamental roles in the induction of inflammation. Upon sensing stress factors, their assembly induces the activation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and -18 and a lytic type of cell death, termed pyroptosis. Recently, CARD8 has joined the group of inflammasome sensors. The carboxy-terminal part of CARD8, consisting of a function-to-find-domain (FIIND) and a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), resembles that of NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1), which is recognized as the main inflammasome sensor in human keratinocytes. The interaction with dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9) represents an activation checkpoint for both sensors. CARD8 and NLRP1 are activated by viral protease activity targeting their amino-terminal region. However, CARD8 also has some unique features compared to the established inflammasome sensors. Activation of CARD8 occurs independently of the inflammasome adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), leading mainly to pyroptosis rather than the activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CARD8 was also shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity. It interacts with, and inhibits, several proteins involved in inflammation and cell death, such as the inflammasome sensor NLRP3, CARD-containing proteins caspase-1 and -9, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CARD8, some of them occurring at high frequencies, are associated with various inflammatory diseases. The molecular mechanisms underlying the different pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of CARD8 are incompletely understood. Alternative splicing leads to the generation of multiple CARD8 protein isoforms. Although the functional properties of these isoforms are poorly characterized, there is evidence that suggests isoform-specific roles. The characterization of the functions of these isoforms, together with their cell- and disease-specific expression, might be the key to a better understanding of CARD8's different roles in inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugay Karakaya
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Marta Slaufova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Fang H, Wu XM, Zheng SY, Chang MX. Tripartite motif 2b ( trim2b) restricts spring viremia of carp virus by degrading viral proteins and negative regulators NLRP12-like receptors. J Virol 2024; 98:e0015824. [PMID: 38695539 PMCID: PMC11237789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00158-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are involved in different cellular functions, including regulating virus infection. In teleosts, two orthologous genes of mammalian TRIM2 are identified. However, the functions and molecular mechanisms of piscine TRIM2 remain unclear. Here, we show that trim2b-knockout zebrafish are more susceptible to spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infection than wild-type zebrafish. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrates that NOD-like receptor (NLR), but not RIG-I-like receptor (RLR), signaling pathway is significantly enriched in the trim2b-knockout zebrafish. In vitro, overexpression of Trim2b fails to degrade RLRs and those key proteins involved in the RLR signaling pathway but does for negative regulators NLRP12-like proteins. Zebrafish Trim2b degrades NLRP12-like proteins through its NHL_TRIM2_like and IG_FLMN domains in a ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. SVCV-N and SVCV-G proteins are also degraded by NHL_TRIM2_like domains, and the degradation pathway is an autophagy lysosomal pathway. Moreover, zebrafish Trim2b can interfere with the binding between NLRP12-like protein and SVCV viral RNA and can completely block the negative regulation of NLRP12-like protein on SVCV infection. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the mechanism of action of zebrafish trim2b against SVCV infection is through targeting the degradation of host-negative regulators NLRP12-like receptors and viral SVCV-N/SVCV-G genes.IMPORTANCESpring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a lethal freshwater pathogen that causes high mortality in cyprinid fish. In the present study, we identified zebrafish trim2b, NLRP12-L1, and NLRP12-L2 as potential pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for sensing and binding viral RNA. Zebrafish trim2b functions as a positive regulator; however, NLRP12-L1 and NLRP12-L2 function as negative regulators during SVCV infection. Furthermore, we find that zebrafish trim2b decreases host lethality in two manners. First, zebrafish Trim2b promotes protein degradations of negative regulators NLRP12-L1 and NLRP12-L2 by enhancing K48-linked ubiquitination and decreasing K63-linked ubiquitination. Second, zebrafish trim2b targets viral RNAs for degradation. Therefore, this study reveals a special antiviral mechanism in lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Yao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Robinson KS, Boucher D. Inflammasomes in epithelial innate immunity: front line warriors. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1335-1353. [PMID: 38485451 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Our epithelium represents a battle ground against a variety of insults including pathogens and danger signals. It encodes multiple sensors that detect and respond to such insults, playing an essential role in maintaining and defending tissue homeostasis. One key set of defense mechanisms is our inflammasomes which drive innate immune responses including, sensing and responding to pathogen attack, through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death. Identification of physiologically relevant triggers for inflammasomes has greatly influenced our ability to decipher the mechanisms behind inflammasome activation. Furthermore, identification of patient mutations within inflammasome components implicates their involvement in a range of epithelial diseases. This review will focus on exploring the roles of inflammasomes in epithelial immunity and cover: the diversity and differential expression of inflammasome sensors amongst our epithelial barriers, their ability to sense local infection and damage and the contribution of the inflammasomes to epithelial homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Samirah Robinson
- The Skin Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Disease Lab, Skin Research Centre, Department of Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK
| | - Dave Boucher
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK
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13
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Martiáñez-Vendrell X, Bloeme-ter Horst J, Hutchinson R, Guy C, Bowie AG, Kikkert M. Human Coronavirus 229E Infection Inactivates Pyroptosis Executioner Gasdermin D but Ultimately Leads to Lytic Cell Death Partly Mediated by Gasdermin E. Viruses 2024; 16:898. [PMID: 38932190 PMCID: PMC11209299 DOI: 10.3390/v16060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is associated with upper respiratory tract infections and generally causes mild respiratory symptoms. HCoV-229E infection can cause cell death, but the molecular pathways that lead to virus-induced cell death as well as the interplay between viral proteins and cellular cell death effectors remain poorly characterized for HCoV-229E. Studying how HCoV-229E and other common cold coronaviruses interact with and affect cell death pathways may help to understand its pathogenesis and compare it to that of highly pathogenic coronaviruses. Here, we report that the main protease (Mpro) of HCoV-229E can cleave gasdermin D (GSDMD) at two different sites (Q29 and Q193) within its active N-terminal domain to generate fragments that are now unable to cause pyroptosis, a form of lytic cell death normally executed by this protein. Despite GSDMD cleavage by HCoV-229E Mpro, we show that HCoV-229E infection still leads to lytic cell death. We demonstrate that during virus infection caspase-3 cleaves and activates gasdermin E (GSDME), another key executioner of pyroptosis. Accordingly, GSDME knockout cells show a significant decrease in lytic cell death upon virus infection. Finally, we show that HCoV-229E infection leads to increased lytic cell death levels in cells expressing a GSDMD mutant uncleavable by Mpro (GSDMD Q29A+Q193A). We conclude that GSDMD is inactivated by Mpro during HCoV-229E infection, preventing GSDMD-mediated cell death, and point to the caspase-3/GSDME axis as an important player in the execution of virus-induced cell death. In the context of similar reported findings for highly pathogenic coronaviruses, our results suggest that these mechanisms do not contribute to differences in pathogenicity among coronaviruses. Nonetheless, understanding the interactions of common cold-associated coronaviruses and their proteins with the programmed cell death machineries may lead to new clues for coronavirus control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Martiáñez-Vendrell
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (X.M.-V.)
| | - Jonna Bloeme-ter Horst
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (X.M.-V.)
| | - Roy Hutchinson
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (X.M.-V.)
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland (A.G.B.)
| | - Andrew G. Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland (A.G.B.)
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin 2, Ireland (A.G.B.)
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14
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Wei J, Lv L, Wang T, Gu W, Luo Y, Feng H. Recent Progress in Innate Immune Responses to Enterovirus A71 and Viral Evasion Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5688. [PMID: 38891876 PMCID: PMC11172324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children worldwide. It can lead to severe gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and neurological complications. The innate immune system, which rapidly detects pathogens via pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-encoded effectors, serves as the first defensive line against EV-A71 infection. Concurrently, the virus has developed various sophisticated strategies to evade host antiviral responses and establish productive infection. Thus, the virus-host interactions and conflicts, as well as the ability to govern biological events at this first line of defense, contribute significantly to the pathogenesis and outcomes of EV-A71 infection. In this review, we update recent progress on host innate immune responses to EV-A71 infection. In addition, we discuss the underlying strategies employed by EV-A71 to escape host innate immune responses. A better understanding of the interplay between EV-A71 and host innate immunity may unravel potential antiviral targets, as well as strategies that can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Wei
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Linxi Lv
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Wei Gu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Yang Luo
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hui Feng
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
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15
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Jastrab JB, Kagan JC. Strategies of bacterial detection by inflammasomes. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:835-850. [PMID: 38636521 PMCID: PMC11103797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian innate immunity is regulated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and guard proteins, which use distinct strategies to detect infections. PRRs detect bacterial molecules directly, whereas guards detect host cell manipulations by microbial virulence factors. Despite sensing infection through different mechanisms, both classes of innate immune sensors can activate the inflammasome, an immune complex that can mediate cell death and inflammation. Inflammasome-mediated immune responses are crucial for host defense against many bacterial pathogens and prevent invasion by non-pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which inflammasomes are stimulated by PRRs and guards during bacterial infection, and the strategies used by virulent bacteria to evade inflammasome-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Jastrab
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Melepat B, Li T, Vinkler M. Natural selection directing molecular evolution in vertebrate viral sensors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:105147. [PMID: 38325501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogens contribute to molecular adaptations in host immunity. Variety of viral pathogens challenging animal immunity can drive positive selection diversifying receptors recognising the infections. However, whether distinct virus sensing systems differ across animals in their evolutionary modes remains unclear. Our review provides a comparative overview of natural selection shaping molecular evolution in vertebrate viral-binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Despite prevailing negative selection arising from the functional constraints, multiple lines of evidence now suggest diversifying selection in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs). In several cases, location of the positively selected sites in the ligand-binding regions suggests effects on viral detection although experimental support is lacking. Unfortunately, in most other PRR families including the AIM2-like receptor family, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase studies characterising their molecular evolution are rare, preventing comparative insight. We indicate shared characteristics of the viral sensor evolution and highlight priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Melepat
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Tao Li
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic.
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17
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Huang Y, Jiang W, Zhou R. DAMP sensing and sterile inflammation: intracellular, intercellular and inter-organ pathways. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01027-3. [PMID: 38684933 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules that are released from host cells as a result of cell death or damage. The release of DAMPs in tissues is associated with loss of tissue homeostasis. Sensing of DAMPs by innate immune receptors triggers inflammation, which can be beneficial in initiating the processes that restore tissue homeostasis but can also drive inflammatory diseases. In recent years, the sensing of intracellular DAMPs has received extensive attention in the field of sterile inflammation. However, emerging studies have shown that DAMPs that originate from neighbouring cells, and even from distal tissues or organs, also mediate sterile inflammatory responses. This multi-level sensing of DAMPs is crucial for intercellular, trans-tissue and trans-organ communication. Here, we summarize how DAMP-sensing receptors detect DAMPs from intracellular, intercellular or distal tissue and organ sources to mediate sterile inflammation. We also discuss the possibility of targeting DAMPs or their corresponding receptors to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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18
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Xu Z, Kombe Kombe AJ, Deng S, Zhang H, Wu S, Ruan J, Zhou Y, Jin T. NLRP inflammasomes in health and disease. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:14. [PMID: 38644450 PMCID: PMC11033252 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
NLRP inflammasomes are a group of cytosolic multiprotein oligomer pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) produced by infected cells. They regulate innate immunity by triggering a protective inflammatory response. However, despite their protective role, aberrant NLPR inflammasome activation and gain-of-function mutations in NLRP sensor proteins are involved in occurrence and enhancement of non-communicating autoimmune, auto-inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the last few years, significant advances have been achieved in the understanding of the NLRP inflammasome physiological functions and their molecular mechanisms of activation, as well as therapeutics that target NLRP inflammasome activity in inflammatory diseases. Here, we provide the latest research progress on NLRP inflammasomes, including NLRP1, CARD8, NLRP3, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP2, NLRP9, NLRP10, and NLRP12 regarding their structural and assembling features, signaling transduction and molecular activation mechanisms. Importantly, we highlight the mechanisms associated with NLRP inflammasome dysregulation involved in numerous human auto-inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, we summarize the latest discoveries in NLRP biology, their forming inflammasomes, and their role in health and diseases, and provide therapeutic strategies and perspectives for future studies about NLRP inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Xu
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shasha Deng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Songquan Wu
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Jianbin Ruan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06030, USA.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
- Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
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19
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Sundaram B, Tweedell RE, Prasanth Kumar S, Kanneganti TD. The NLR family of innate immune and cell death sensors. Immunity 2024; 57:674-699. [PMID: 38599165 PMCID: PMC11112261 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of pathogenic and sterile triggers. Activation of specific NLRs initiates pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling cascades and the formation of inflammasomes-multi-protein complexes that induce caspase-1 activation to drive inflammatory cytokine maturation and lytic cell death, pyroptosis. Certain NLRs and inflammasomes act as integral components of larger cell death complexes-PANoptosomes-driving another form of lytic cell death, PANoptosis. Here, we review the current understanding of the evolution, structure, and function of NLRs in health and disease. We discuss the concept of NLR networks and their roles in driving cell death and immunity. An improved mechanistic understanding of NLRs may provide therapeutic strategies applicable across infectious and inflammatory diseases and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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20
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Zhu C, Xu S, Jiang R, Yu Y, Bian J, Zou Z. The gasdermin family: emerging therapeutic targets in diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:87. [PMID: 38584157 PMCID: PMC10999458 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The gasdermin (GSDM) family has garnered significant attention for its pivotal role in immunity and disease as a key player in pyroptosis. This recently characterized class of pore-forming effector proteins is pivotal in orchestrating processes such as membrane permeabilization, pyroptosis, and the follow-up inflammatory response, which are crucial self-defense mechanisms against irritants and infections. GSDMs have been implicated in a range of diseases including, but not limited to, sepsis, viral infections, and cancer, either through involvement in pyroptosis or independently of this process. The regulation of GSDM-mediated pyroptosis is gaining recognition as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases. Current strategies for inhibiting GSDMD primarily involve binding to GSDMD, blocking GSDMD cleavage or inhibiting GSDMD-N-terminal (NT) oligomerization, albeit with some off-target effects. In this review, we delve into the cutting-edge understanding of the interplay between GSDMs and pyroptosis, elucidate the activation mechanisms of GSDMs, explore their associations with a range of diseases, and discuss recent advancements and potential strategies for developing GSDMD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yizhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jinjun Bian
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zui Zou
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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21
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Birkemeier M, Swindle A, Bowman J, Lynch VJ. Pervasive loss of regulated necrotic cell death genes in elephants, hyraxes, and sea cows ( Paenungualta). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588129. [PMID: 38617256 PMCID: PMC11014510 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Gene loss can promote phenotypic differences between species, for example, if a gene constrains phenotypic variation in a trait, its loss allows for the evolution of a greater range of variation or even new phenotypes. Here, we explore the contribution of gene loss to the evolution of large bodies and augmented cancer resistance in elephants. We used genomes from 17 Afrotherian and Xenarthran species to identify lost genes, i.e., genes that have pseudogenized or been completely lost, and Dollo parsimony to reconstruct the evolutionary history of gene loss across species. We unexpectedly discovered a burst of gene losses in the Afrotherian stem lineage and found that the loss of genes with functions in regulated necrotic cell death modes was pervasive in elephants, hyraxes, and sea cows (Paenungulata). Among the lost genes are MLKL and RIPK3, which mediate necroptosis, and sensors that activate inflammasomes to induce pyroptosis, including AIM2, MEFV, NLRC4, NLRP1, and NLRP6. These data suggest that the mechanisms that regulate necrosis and pyroptosis are either extremely derived or potentially lost in these lineages, which may contribute to the repeated evolution of large bodies and cancer resistance in Paenungulates as well as susceptibility to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Birkemeier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 551 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Arianna Swindle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 551 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 551 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vincent J. Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 551 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY, USA
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22
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Yu G, Choi YK, Lee S. Inflammasome diversity: exploring novel frontiers in the innate immune response. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:248-258. [PMID: 38519271 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens elicit complex mammalian immune responses by activating multiple sensors within inflammasomes, which recognize diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This simultaneous activation induces the formation of protein complexes referred to as multiple inflammasomes, that orchestrate a spectrum of programmed cell death pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. This concept is crucial for comprehending the complexity of the innate immune system's response to diverse pathogens and its implications for various diseases. Novel contributions here include emphasizing simultaneous sensor activation by pathogens, proposing the existence of multiple inflammasome complexes, and advocating for further exploration of their structural basis. Understanding these mechanisms may offer insights into disease pathogenesis, paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions targeting inflammasome-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongju Yu
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangJoon Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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Hasegawa T, Noguchi S, Nakashima M, Miyai M, Goto M, Matsumoto Y, Torii S, Honda S, Shimizu S. Alternative autophagy dampens UVB-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107173. [PMID: 38499149 PMCID: PMC11002869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sunlight exposure results in an inflammatory reaction of the skin commonly known as sunburn, which increases skin cancer risk. In particular, the ultraviolet B (UVB) component of sunlight induces inflammasome activation in keratinocytes to instigate the cutaneous inflammatory responses. Here, we explore the intracellular machinery that maintains skin homeostasis by suppressing UVB-induced inflammasome activation in human keratinocytes. We found that pharmacological inhibition of autophagy promoted UVB-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Unexpectedly, however, gene silencing of Atg5 or Atg7, which are critical for conventional autophagy, had no effect, whereas gene silencing of Beclin1, which is essential not only for conventional autophagy but also for Atg5/Atg7-independent alternative autophagy, promoted UVB-induced inflammasome activation, indicating an involvement of alternative autophagy. We found that damaged mitochondria were highly accumulated in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes when alternative autophagy was inhibited, and they appear to be recognized by NLRP3. Overall, our findings indicate that alternative autophagy, rather than conventional autophagy, suppresses UVB-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the clearance of damaged mitochondria in human keratinocytes and illustrate a previously unknown involvement of alternative autophagy in inflammation. Alternative autophagy may be a new therapeutic target for sunburn and associated cutaneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saori Noguchi
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Makiko Goto
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Torii
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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de Reuver R, Maelfait J. Novel insights into double-stranded RNA-mediated immunopathology. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:235-249. [PMID: 37752355 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in human and mouse genetics has transformed our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which recognition of self double-stranded RNA (self-dsRNA) causes immunopathology. Novel mouse models recapitulate loss-of-function mutations in the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 that are found in patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) - a monogenic inflammatory disease associated with increased levels of type I interferon. Extensive analyses of the genotype-phenotype relationships in these mice have now firmly established a causal relationship between increased intracellular concentrations of endogenous immunostimulatory dsRNA and type I interferon-driven immunopathology. Activation of the dsRNA-specific immune sensor MDA5 perpetuates the overproduction of type I interferons, and chronic engagement of the interferon-inducible innate immune receptors PKR and ZBP1 by dsRNA drives immunopathology by activating an integrated stress response or by inducing excessive cell death. Biochemical and genetic data support a role for the p150 isoform of ADAR1 in the cytosol in suppressing the spontaneous, pathological response to self-dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard de Reuver
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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25
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Li W, Wang J, Tang C, Lv X, Zhu S. A Prospective Cohort Study of Elevated Serum NLRP1 Levels to Prognosticate Neurological Outcome After Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage at a Single Academic Institution. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:737-753. [PMID: 38566883 PMCID: PMC10986417 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s455049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 1 (NLRP1) participates in neuroinflammation. This study aimed to identify serum NLRP as a potential prognostic biomarker of acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods This prospective cohort study enrolled 145 patients with supratentorial ICH and 51 healthy controls. Serum NLRP1 levels were quantified on admission of all 145 patients, on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 after stroke in 51 of 145 patients and at entry into the study of controls. Poststroke 6-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 3-6 signified a poor prognosis. Results Compared to controls, patients had prominently increased serum NLRP1 levels until day 10 after ICH, with the highest levels at days 1 and 3. Serum NLRP1 levels were independently correlated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, hematoma volume and six-month mRS scores, and independently predicted six-month bad prognosis. A linear relationship was observed between serum NLRP1 levels and the risk of poor prognosis in a restricted cubic spline. Under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, serum NLRP levels efficiently discriminated poor prognosis. Serum NLRP1, NIHSS, and hematoma volume were merged into a prognosis prediction model, which was portrayed using a nomogram. Good performance of the model was verified using calibration curve, decision curve, and ROC curve. Conclusion Serum NLRP1 levels are elevated during the early period following ICH and are independently related to hemorrhagic severity and poor prognosis, suggesting that serum NLRP1 may represent a promising prognostic biomarker of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linping Campus, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linping Campus, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linping Campus, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linping Campus, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suijun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linping Campus, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Chen H, Jian Z, Xu T, Xu L, Deng L, Shao L, Zhang L, He L, Li Y, Zhu L. Advances in the mechanism of inflammasomes activation in herpes virus infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346878. [PMID: 38590522 PMCID: PMC10999540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses, prevalent DNA viruses with a double-stranded structure, establish enduring infections and play a part in various diseases. Despite their deployment of multiple tactics to evade the immune system, both localized and systemic inflammatory responses are triggered by the innate immune system's recognition of them. Recent progress has offered more profound understandings of the mechanisms behind the activation of the innate immune system by herpesviruses, specifically through inflammatory signaling. This process encompasses the initiation of an intracellular nucleoprotein complex, the inflammasome associated with inflammation.Following activation, proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 are released by the inflammasome, concurrently instigating a programmed pathway for cell death. Despite the structural resemblances between herpesviruses, the distinctive methods of inflammatory activation and the ensuing outcomes in diseases linked to the virus exhibit variations.The objective of this review is to emphasize both the similarities and differences in the mechanisms of inflammatory activation among herpesviruses, elucidating their significance in diseases resulting from these viral infections.Additionally, it identifies areas requiring further research to comprehensively grasp the impact of this crucial innate immune signaling pathway on the pathogenesis of these prevalent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourui Chen
- 4+4 Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lina Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youyou Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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27
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He H, Li Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Li Z, Li L, Shi D, Zhang X, Shi H, Xue M, Feng L. NLRP1 restricts porcine deltacoronavirus infection via IL-11 inhibiting the phosphorylation of the ERK signaling pathway. J Virol 2024; 98:e0198223. [PMID: 38411106 PMCID: PMC10949457 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01982-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuously emerging highly pathogenic coronaviruses remain a major threat to human and animal health. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerging enterotropic swine coronavirus that causes large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea disease in piglets. Unlike other porcine coronaviruses, PDCoV has a wide range of species tissue tropism, including primary human cells, which poses a significant risk of cross-species transmission. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 1 (NLRP1) has a key role in linking host innate immunity to microbes and the regulation of inflammatory pathways. We now report a role for NLRP1 in the control of PDCoV infection. Overexpression of NLRP1 remarkably suppressed PDCoV infection, whereas knockout of NLRP1 led to a significant increase in PDCoV replication. A mechanistic study revealed that NLRP1 suppressed PDCoV replication in cells by upregulating IL-11 expression, which in turn inhibited the phosphorylation of the ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, the ERK phosphorylation inhibitor U0126 effectively hindered PDCoV replication in pigs. Together, our results demonstrated that NLRP1 exerted an anti-PDCoV effect by IL-11-mediated inhibition of the phosphorylation of the ERK signaling pathway, providing a novel antiviral signal axis of NLRP1-IL-11-ERK. This study expands our understanding of the regulatory network of NLRP1 in the host defense against virus infection and provides a new insight into the treatment of coronaviruses and the development of corresponding drugs.IMPORTANCECoronavirus, which mainly infects gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelial cells in vivo, poses a huge threat to both humans and animals. Although porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is known to primarily cause fatal diarrhea in piglets, reports detected in plasma samples from Haitian children emphasize the potential risk of animal-to-human spillover. Finding effective therapeutics against coronaviruses is crucial for controlling viral infection. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 1 (NLRP1), a key regulatory factor in the innate immune system, is highly expressed in epithelial cells and associated with the pathogenesis of viruses. We demonstrate here that NLRP1 inhibits the infection of the intestinal coronavirus PDCoV through IL-11-mediated phosphorylation inhibition of the ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, the ERK phosphorylation inhibitor can control the infection of PDCoV in pigs. Our study emphasizes the importance of NLRP1 as an immune regulatory factor and may open up new avenues for the treatment of coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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28
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Shao S, Sun Z, Chu M, Chen J, Cao T, Swindell WR, Bai Y, Li Q, Ma J, Zhu Z, Schuler A, Helfrich Y, Billi AC, Li Z, Hao J, Xiao C, Dang E, Gudjonsson JE, Wang G. Formylpeptide receptor 1 contributes to epidermal barrier dysfunction-induced skin inflammation through NOD-like receptor C4-dependent keratinocyte activation. Br J Dermatol 2024; 190:536-548. [PMID: 37979162 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin barrier dysfunction may both initiate and aggravate skin inflammation. However, the mechanisms involved in the inflammation process remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine how skin barrier dysfunction enhances skin inflammation and molecular mechanisms. METHODS Skin barrier defect mice were established by tape stripping or topical use of acetone on wildtype mice, or filaggrin deficiency. RNA-Seq was employed to analyse the differentially expressed genes in mice with skin barrier defects. Primary human keratinocytes were transfected with formylpeptide receptor (FPR)1 or protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) small interfering RNA to examine the effects of these gene targets. The expressions of inflammasome NOD-like receptor (NLR)C4, epidermal barrier genes and inflammatory mediators were evaluated. RESULTS Mechanical (tape stripping), chemical (acetone) or genetic (filaggrin deficiency) barrier disruption in mice amplified the expression of proinflammatory genes, with transcriptomic profiling revealing overexpression of formylpeptide receptor (Fpr1) in the epidermis. Treatment with the FPR1 agonist fMLP in keratinocytes upregulated the expression of the NLRC4 inflammasome and increased interleukin-1β secretion through modulation of ER stress via the PERK-eIF2α-C/EBP homologous protein pathway. The activation of the FPR1-NLRC4 axis was also observed in skin specimens from old healthy individuals with skin barrier defect or elderly mice. Conversely, topical administration with a FPR1 antagonist, or Nlrc4 silencing, led to the normalization of barrier dysfunction and alleviation of inflammatory skin responses in vivo. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings show that the FPR1-NLRC4 inflammasome axis is activated upon skin barrier disruption and may explain exaggerated inflammatory responses that are observed in disease states characterized by epidermal dysfunction. Pharmacological inhibition of FPR1 or NLRC4 represents a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Tianyu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710032, China
| | - William R Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yaxing Bai
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital
| | | | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital
| | | | - Andrew Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yolanda Helfrich
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allison C Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital
| | | | | | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital
| | | | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital
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29
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Singh R, Wu Y, Herrero Del Valle A, Leigh KE, Mong S, Cheng MTK, Ferguson BJ, Modis Y. Contrasting functions of ATP hydrolysis by MDA5 and LGP2 in viral RNA sensing. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105711. [PMID: 38309507 PMCID: PMC10909783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic long dsRNA, among the most potent proinflammatory signals, is recognized by melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). MDA5 binds dsRNA cooperatively forming helical filaments. ATP hydrolysis by MDA5 fulfills a proofreading function by promoting dissociation of shorter endogenous dsRNs from MDA5 while allowing longer viral dsRNAs to remain bound leading to activation of interferon-β responses. Here, we show that adjacent MDA5 subunits in MDA5-dsRNA filaments hydrolyze ATP cooperatively, inducing cooperative filament disassembly. Consecutive rounds of ATP hydrolysis amplify the filament footprint, displacing tightly bound proteins from dsRNA. Our electron microscopy and biochemical assays show that LGP2 binds to dsRNA at internal binding sites through noncooperative ATP hydrolysis. Unlike MDA5, LGP2 has low nucleic acid selectivity and can hydrolyze GTP and CTP as well as ATP. Binding of LGP2 to dsRNA promotes nucleation of MDA5 filament assembly resulting in shorter filaments. Molecular modeling identifies an internally bound MDA5-LGP2-RNA complex, with the LGP2 C-terminal tail forming the key contacts with MDA5. These contacts are specifically required for NTP-dependent internal RNA binding. We conclude that NTPase-dependent binding of LGP2 to internal dsRNA sites complements NTPase-independent binding to dsRNA ends, via distinct binding modes, to increase the number and signaling output of MDA5-dsRNA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yuan Wu
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alba Herrero Del Valle
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kendra E Leigh
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sai Mong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark T K Cheng
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian J Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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30
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Que X, Zheng S, Song Q, Pei H, Zhang P. Fantastic voyage: The journey of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Genes Dis 2024; 11:819-829. [PMID: 37692521 PMCID: PMC10491867 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular multiprotein complex, can be activated by a range of pathogenic microbes or endogenous hazardous chemicals. Its activation results in the release of cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, as well as Gasdermin D which eventually causes pyroptosis. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is under strict control and regulation by numerous pathways and mechanisms. Its excessive activation can lead to a persistent inflammatory response, which is linked to the onset and progression of severe illnesses. Recent studies have revealed that the subcellular localization of NLRP3 changes significantly during the activation process. In this review, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, focusing on the subcellular localization of NLRP3 and the associated regulatory mechanisms. We aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic transportation, activation, and degradation processes of NLRP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Que
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Huadong Pei
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Pingfeng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
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31
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Zhang C, Huang W, Niu W, Yang H, Zheng Y, Gao X, Qiu X. Five genes identified as prognostic markers for colorectal cancer through the integration of genome-wide association study and expression quantitative trait loci data. Per Med 2024; 21:103-116. [PMID: 38380524 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2023-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prominent form of cancer globally, ranking second in terms of prevalence and serving as a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, but the underlying biological interpretation remains largely unknown. Methods: We used the summary data-based Mendelian randomization method to integrate CRC genome-wide association studies (ncase = 7062; ncontrol = 195,745) and expression quantitative trait loci summary data in peripheral whole blood (Consortium for Architecture of Gene Expression: n = 2765; Genotype-Tissue Expression [v8]: n = 755) and colon tissue (colon-transverse: n = 406; colon-sigmoid: n = 373) and identified related genes. Results: Genes ABTB1, CYP21A2, NLRP1, PHKG1 and PIP5K1C have emerged as significant prognostic markers for CRC patient survival. Functional analysis revealed their involvement in cancer cell migration and invasion mechanisms, providing valuable insights for the development of future anti-CRC drugs. Conclusion: We successfully identified five CRC risk genes, providing new insights and research directions for the effective mechanisms of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wanjie Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Huiying Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yingyi Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- Outpatient and Emergency Management Office, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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32
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Stergiou IE, Tsironis C, Papadakos SP, Tsitsilonis OE, Dimopoulos MA, Theocharis S. Unraveling the Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Lymphoma: Implications in Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2369. [PMID: 38397043 PMCID: PMC10889189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes, sensors of intracellular danger signals, and crucial components of the innate immune system, with the NLRP3 inflammasome being the best characterized among them. The increasing scientific interest in the mechanisms interconnecting inflammation and tumorigenesis has led to the study of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the setting of various neoplasms. Despite a plethora of data regarding solid tumors, NLRP3 inflammasome's implication in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies only recently gained attention. In this review, we investigate its role in normal lymphopoiesis and lymphomagenesis. Considering that lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of hematologic neoplasms, both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing properties were attributed to the NLRP3 inflammasome, affecting neoplastic cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins were associated with disease characteristics, response to treatment, and prognosis. Few studies assess the efficacy of NLRP3 inflammasome therapeutic targeting with encouraging results, though most are still at the preclinical level. Further understanding of the mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation during lymphoma development and progression can contribute to the investigation of novel treatment approaches to cover unmet needs in lymphoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna E. Stergiou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.E.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Christos Tsironis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.E.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Stavros P. Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ourania E. Tsitsilonis
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
| | - Meletios Athanasios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece;
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Calabrese L, Fiocco Z, Mellett M, Aoki R, Rubegni P, French LE, Satoh TK. Role of the NLRP1 inflammasome in skin cancer and inflammatory skin diseases. Br J Dermatol 2024; 190:305-315. [PMID: 37889986 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic protein complexes that play a crucial role in protecting the host against pathogenic and sterile stressors by initiating inflammation. Upon activation, these complexes directly regulate the proteolytic processing and activation of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 to induce a potent inflammatory response, and induce a programmed form of cell death called pyroptosis to expose intracellular pathogens to the surveillance of the immune system, thus perpetuating inflammation. There are various types of inflammasome complexes, with the NLRP1 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-1) inflammasome being the first one identified and currently recognized as the predominant inflammasome sensor protein in human keratinocytes. Human NLRP1 exhibits a unique domain structure, containing both an N-terminal pyrin (PYD) domain and an effector C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). It can be activated by diverse stimuli, such as viruses, ultraviolet B radiation and ribotoxic stress responses. Specific mutations in NLRP1 or related genes have been associated with rare monogenic skin disorders, such as multiple self-healing palmoplantar carcinoma; familial keratosis lichenoides chronica; autoinflammation with arthritis and dyskeratosis; and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 deficiency. Recent research breakthroughs have also highlighted the involvement of dysfunctions in the NLRP1 pathway in a handful of seemingly unrelated dermatological conditions. These range from monogenic autoinflammatory diseases to polygenic autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and Kaposi sarcoma. Additionally, emerging evidence implicates NLRP1 in systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, Addison disease, Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome and leprosy. The aim of this review is to shed light on the implications of pathological dysregulation of the NLRP1 inflammasome in skin diseases and investigate the potential rationale for targeting this pathway as a future therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calabrese
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeno Fiocco
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Mellett
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rui Aoki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Takashi K Satoh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
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Liu S, He M, Jiang J, Duan X, Chai B, Zhang J, Tao Q, Chen H. Triggers for the onset and recurrence of psoriasis: a review and update. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:108. [PMID: 38347543 PMCID: PMC10860266 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, involving a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies have demonstrated that genetic factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, non-genetic factors are also necessary to trigger the onset and recurrence of psoriasis in genetically predisposed individuals, which include infections, microbiota dysbiosis of the skin and gut, dysregulated lipid metabolism, dysregulated sex hormones, and mental illness. Psoriasis can also be induced by other environmental triggers, such as skin trauma, unhealthy lifestyles, and medications. Understanding how these triggers play a role in the onset and recurrence of psoriasis provides insights into psoriasis pathogenesis, as well as better clinical administration. In this review, we summarize the triggers for the onset and recurrence of psoriasis and update the current evidence on the underlying mechanism of how these factors elicit the disease. Video Abstract.
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Grants
- No.82173423, No.81974475, No.82103731 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- No.82173423, No.81974475, No.82103731 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- No.82173423, No.81974475, No.82103731 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Basic Research Project, No. JCYJ20190809103805589 Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation
- Basic Research Project, No. JCYJ20190809103805589 Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation
- Basic Research Project, No. JCYJ20190809103805589 Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation
- Key Project, No.2019003 Shenzhen Nanshan District Science and Technology Project
- Key Project, No.2019003 Shenzhen Nanshan District Science and Technology Project
- Key Project, No.2019003 Shenzhen Nanshan District Science and Technology Project
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mengwen He
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoru Duan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bao Chai
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Qingxiao Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518052, China.
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Sievers BL, Cheng MTK, Csiba K, Meng B, Gupta RK. SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity: the good, the bad, and the "goldilocks". Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:171-183. [PMID: 37985854 PMCID: PMC10805730 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An ancient conflict between hosts and pathogens has driven the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Knowledge about this interplay can not only help us identify biological mechanisms but also reveal pathogen vulnerabilities that can be leveraged therapeutically. The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of intense research, and the role of the innate immune system has received significantly less attention. Here, we review current knowledge of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the various means SARS-CoV-2 employs to evade innate defense systems. We also consider the role of innate immunity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and in the phenomenon of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark T K Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kata Csiba
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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36
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Sharma P, Hoorn D, Aitha A, Breier D, Peer D. The immunostimulatory nature of mRNA lipid nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 205:115175. [PMID: 38218350 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
mRNA-Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are at the forefront of global medical research. With the development of mRNA-LNP vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the clinical potential of this platform was unleashed. Upon administering 16 billion doses that protected billions of people, it became clear that a fraction of them witnessed mild and in some cases even severe adverse effects. Therefore, it is paramount to define the safety along with the therapeutic efficacy of the mRNA-LNP platform for the successful translation of new genetic medicines based on this technology. While mRNA was the effector molecule of this platform, the ionizable lipid component of the LNPs played an indispensable role in its success. However, both of these components possess the ability to induce undesired immunostimulation, which is an area that needs to be addressed systematically. The immune cell agitation caused by this platform is a two-edged sword as it may prove beneficial for vaccination but detrimental to other applications. Therefore, a key challenge in advancing the mRNA-LNP drug delivery platform from bench to bedside is understanding the immunostimulatory behavior of these components. Herein, we provide a detailed overview of the structural modifications and immunogenicity of synthetic mRNA. We discuss the effect of ionizable lipid structure on LNP functionality and offer a mechanistic overview of the ability of LNPs to elicit an immune response. Finally, we shed some light on the current status of this technology in clinical trials and discuss a few challenges to be addressed to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Laboratory of Precision Nanomedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniek Hoorn
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anjaiah Aitha
- Laboratory of Precision Nanomedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dor Breier
- Laboratory of Precision Nanomedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision Nanomedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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37
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Luan X, Wang L, Song G, Zhou W. Innate immune responses to RNA: sensing and signaling. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1287940. [PMID: 38343534 PMCID: PMC10854198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1287940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids are among the most essential PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). Animals have evolved numerous sensors to recognize nucleic acids and trigger immune signaling against pathogen replication, cellular stress and cancer. Many sensor proteins (e.g., cGAS, AIM2, and TLR9) recognize the molecular signature of infection or stress and are responsible for the innate immune response to DNA. Remarkably, recent evidence demonstrates that cGAS-like receptors acquire the ability to sense RNA in some forms of life. Compared with the nucleic-acid sensing by cGAS, innate immune responses to RNA are based on various RNA sensors, including RIG-I, MDA5, ADAR1, TLR3/7/8, OAS1, PKR, NLRP1/6, and ZBP1, via a broad-spectrum signaling axis. Importantly, new advances have brought to light the potential clinical application of targeting these signaling pathways. Here, we highlight the latest discoveries in the field. We also summarize the activation and regulatory mechanisms of RNA-sensing signaling. In addition, we discuss how RNA sensing is tightly controlled in cells and why the disruption of immune homeostasis is linked to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Luan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Assembling and Regulation, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangji Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Assembling and Regulation, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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38
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Zaidi AK, Singh RB, A A Rizvi S, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Palladino N. COVID-19 pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 202:67-112. [PMID: 38237991 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves a complex interplay between host factors and the SARS-CoV-2 virus, leading to a multitude of clinical manifestations beyond the respiratory system. This chapter provides an overview of the risk factors, genetic predisposition, and multisystem manifestations of COVID-19, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that contribute to extrapulmonary manifestations. The chapter discusses the direct invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into various organs as well as the indirect mechanisms such as dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), immune response dysfunctions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, endothelial damage, and immunothrombosis. Furthermore, the multisystem manifestations of COVID-19 across different organ systems, including the cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, nervous, endocrine and metabolic, ophthalmic, ear-nose-throat, reproductive, hematopoietic, and immune systems are discussed in detail. Each system exhibits unique manifestations that contribute to the complexity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Population, Policy and Practice, Greater Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Syed A A Rizvi
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, Florida, United States.
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Founder and President, Associazione Naso Sano, Ringgold Institution ID 567754, San Mariano, Italy.
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39
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Matico RE, Yu X, Miller R, Somani S, Ricketts MD, Kumar N, Steele RA, Medley Q, Berger S, Faustin B, Sharma S. Structural basis of the human NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome assembly and pathogen sensing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:82-91. [PMID: 38177670 PMCID: PMC10803261 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The NLR family caspase activation and recruitment domain-containing 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome is a critical cytosolic innate immune machine formed upon the direct sensing of bacterial infection and in response to cell stress during sterile chronic inflammation. Despite its major role in instigating the subsequent host immune response, a more complete understanding of the molecular events in the formation of the NLRC4 inflammasome in humans is lacking. Here we identify Bacillus thailandensis type III secretion system needle protein (Needle) as a potent trigger of the human NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP)/NLRC4 inflammasome complex formation and determine its structural features by cryogenic electron microscopy. We also provide a detailed understanding of how type III secretion system pathogen components are sensed by human NAIP to form a cascade of NLRC4 protomer through a critical lasso-like motif, a 'lock-key' activation model and large structural rearrangement, ultimately forming the full human NLRC4 inflammasome. These results shed light on key regulatory mechanisms specific to the NLRC4 inflammasome assembly, and the innate immune modalities of pathogen sensing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie E Matico
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Xiaodi Yu
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Robyn Miller
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sandeep Somani
- In Silico Discovery Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - M Daniel Ricketts
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Nikit Kumar
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Ruth A Steele
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Quintus Medley
- Discovery Immunology, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott Berger
- Discovery Immunology, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Faustin
- Discovery Immunology, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Structural and Protein Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Spring House, PA, USA
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40
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Guo Z, Su Z, Wei Y, Zhang X, Hong X. Pyroptosis in glioma: Current management and future application. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:152-168. [PMID: 38063042 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Glioma, the predominant form of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies, presents a significant challenge due to its high prevalence and low 5-year survival rate. The efficacy of current treatment methods is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and other factors. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach, as it can overcome the blood-brain barrier. A tumor's immune privilege, which is induced by an immunosuppressive environment, constricts immunotherapy's clinical impact in glioma. Pyroptosis, a programmed cell death mechanism facilitated by gasdermins, plays a significant role in the management of glioma. Its ability to initiate and regulate tumor occurrence, progression, and metastasis is well-established. However, it is crucial to note that uncontrolled or excessive cell death can result in tissue damage, acute inflammation, and cytokine release syndrome, thereby potentially promoting tumor advancement or recurrence. This paper aims to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in pyroptosis and subsequently discuss its induction in cancer therapy. In addition, the current treatment methods of glioma and the use of pyroptosis in these treatments are introduced. It is hoped to provide more ideas for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenjin Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Radiology, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingmei Zhang
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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41
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Barry K, Murphy C, Mansell A. NLRP1- A CINDERELLA STORY: a perspective of recent advances in NLRP1 and the questions they raise. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1274. [PMID: 38104185 PMCID: PMC10725483 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP1, while the first inflammasome described, has only recently begun to gain significant attention in disease pathology, inflammation research, and potentially, as a therapeutic target. Recently identified human variants provide key insights into NLRP1 biology while its unique expression in barrier cells such as keratinocytes and airway epithelial cells has aligned with new, human specific agonists. This differentiates NLRP1 from other inflammasomes such as NLRP3 and identifies it as a key therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Indeed, recent discoveries highlight that NLRP1 may be the predominant inflammasome in human barrier cells, its primary role akin to NLRP3, to respond to cellular stress. This review focuses on recent studies identifying new human-specific NLRP1 mechanisms of activation of, gain-of-function human variants and disease, its role in responding to cellular stress, and discuss potential advances and the therapeutic potential for NLRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Barry
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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42
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Rusetskaya NY, Loginova NY, Pokrovskaya EP, Chesovskikh YS, Titova LE. Redox regulation of the NLRP3-mediated inflammation and pyroptosis. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:333-352. [PMID: 38153050 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236906333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The review considers modern data on the mechanisms of activation and redox regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and gasdermins, as well as the role of selenium in these processes. Activation of the inflammasome and pyroptosis represent an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of the defense against pathogens, described for various types of cells and tissues (macrophages and monocytes, microglial cells and astrocytes, podocytes and parenchymal cells of the kidneys, periodontal tissues, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, as well as cells of the digestive and urogenital systems, etc.). Depending on the characteristics of redox regulation, the participants of NLRP3 inflammation and pyroptosis can be subdivided into 2 groups. Members of the first group block the mitochondrial electron transport chain, promote the formation of reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress. This group includes granzymes, the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MAVS, and others. The second group includes thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), erythroid-derived nuclear factor-2 (NRF2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), ninjurin (Ninj1), scramblase (TMEM16), inflammasome regulatory protein kinase NLRP3 (NEK7), caspase-1, gasdermins GSDM B, D and others. They have redox-sensitive domains and/or cysteine residues subjected to redox regulation, glutathionylation/deglutathionylation or other types of regulation. Suppression of oxidative stress and redox regulation of participants in NLRP3 inflammation and pyroptosis depends on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and thioredoxin reductase (TRXR), containing a selenocysteine residue Sec in the active site. The expression of GPX and TRXR is regulated by NRF2 and depends on the concentration of selenium in the blood. Selenium deficiency causes ineffective translation of the Sec UGA codon, translation termination, and, consequently, synthesis of inactive selenoproteins, which can cause various types of programmed cell death: apoptosis of nerve cells and sperm, necroptosis of erythrocyte precursors, pyroptosis of infected myeloid cells, ferroptosis of T- and B-lymphocytes, kidney and pancreatic cells. In addition, suboptimal selenium concentrations in the blood (0.86 μM or 68 μg/l or less) have a significant impact on expression of more than two hundred and fifty genes as compared to the optimal selenium concentration (1.43 μM or 113 μg/l). Based on the above, we propose to consider blood selenium concentrations as an important parameter of redox homeostasis in the cell. Suboptimal blood selenium concentrations (or selenium deficiency states) should be used for assessment of the risk of developing inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yu Rusetskaya
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - N Yu Loginova
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - E P Pokrovskaya
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Yu S Chesovskikh
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - L E Titova
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
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43
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Oh S, Lee J, Oh J, Yu G, Ryu H, Kim D, Lee S. Integrated NLRP3, AIM2, NLRC4, Pyrin inflammasome activation and assembly drive PANoptosis. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1513-1526. [PMID: 38008850 PMCID: PMC10687226 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are important sentinels of innate immune defense; they sense pathogens and induce the cell death of infected cells, playing key roles in inflammation, development, and cancer. Several inflammasome sensors detect and respond to specific pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively) by forming a multiprotein complex with the adapters ASC and caspase-1. During disease, cells are exposed to several PAMPs and DAMPs, leading to the concerted activation of multiple inflammasomes. However, the molecular mechanisms that integrate multiple inflammasome sensors to facilitate optimal host defense remain unknown. Here, we discovered that simultaneous inflammasome activation by multiple ligands triggered multiple types of programmed inflammatory cell death, and these effects could not be mimicked by treatment with a pure ligand of any single inflammasome. Furthermore, NLRP3, AIM2, NLRC4, and Pyrin were determined to be members of a large multiprotein complex, along with ASC, caspase-1, caspase-8, and RIPK3, and this complex drove PANoptosis. Furthermore, this multiprotein complex was released into the extracellular space and retained as multiple inflammasomes. Multiple extracellular inflammasome particles could induce inflammation after their engulfment by neighboring macrophages. Collectively, our findings define a previously unknown regulatory connection and molecular interaction between inflammasome sensors, which drives the assembly of a multiprotein complex that includes multiple inflammasome sensors and cell death regulators. The discovery of critical interactions among NLRP3, AIM2, NLRC4, and Pyrin represents a new paradigm in understanding the functions of these molecules in innate immunity and inflammasome biology as well as identifying new therapeutic targets for NLRP3-, AIM2-, NLRC4- and Pyrin-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuHyeon Oh
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueun Oh
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoengju Yu
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesun Ryu
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - SangJoon Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Tsukidate T, Hespen CW, Hang HC. Small molecule modulators of immune pattern recognition receptors. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:1014-1036. [PMID: 38033733 PMCID: PMC10685800 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) represent a re-emerging class of therapeutic targets for vaccine adjuvants, inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this review article, we summarize exciting developments in discovery and characterization of small molecule PRR modulators, focusing on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and the cGAS-STING pathway. We also highlight PRRs that are currently lacking small molecule modulators and opportunities for chemical biology and therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsukidate
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Charles W Hespen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York New York 10065 USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology and Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla California 92037 USA
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45
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Rodriguez SMY, Petrilli V. [The NLRP1 inflammasome is a cytosolic sensor of virus]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:893-895. [PMID: 38018936 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginie Petrilli
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, centre Léon Bérard, université de Lyon, université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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46
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Peng T, Zhang C, Chen WJ, Zhao XF, Wu WB, Yang WJ, Liang RJ. Pyroptosis: the dawn of a new era in endometrial cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1277639. [PMID: 37965452 PMCID: PMC10642841 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1277639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is a malignancy of the inner epithelial lining of the uterus. While early-stage EC is often curable through surgery, the management of advanced, recurrent and metastatic EC poses significant challenges and is associated with a poor prognosis. Pyroptosis, an emerging form of programmed cell death, is characterized by the cleavage of gasdermin proteins, inducing the formation of extensive gasdermin pores in the cell membrane and the leakage of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), consequently causing cell swelling, lysis and death. It has been found to be implicated in the occurrence and progression of almost all tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated that regulating tumor cells pyroptosis can exploit synergies function with traditional tumor treatments. This paper provides an overview of the research progress made in molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis. It then discusses the role of pyroptosis and its components in initiation and progression of endometrial cancer, emphasizing recent insights into the underlying mechanisms and highlighting unresolved questions. Furthermore, it explores the potential value of pyroptosis in the treatment of endometrial cancer, considering its current application in tumor radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jun Chen
- School of Nursing, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue-Fei Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Bo Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ji Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Jia Liang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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47
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Kroken AR, Klein KA, Mitchell PS, Nieto V, Jedel EJ, Evans DJ, Fleiszig SMJ. Intracellular replication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in epithelial cells requires suppression of the caspase-4 inflammasome. mSphere 2023; 8:e0035123. [PMID: 37589460 PMCID: PMC10597407 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00351-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections can include bacterial survival inside epithelial cells. Previously, we showed that this involves multiple roles played by the type three secretion system (T3SS), and specifically the effector ExoS. This includes ExoS-dependent inhibition of a lytic host cell response that subsequently enables intracellular replication. Here, we studied the underlying cell death response to intracellular P. aeruginosa, comparing wild-type to T3SS mutants varying in capacity to induce cell death and that localize to different intracellular compartments. Results showed that corneal epithelial cell death induced by intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking the T3SS, which remains in vacuoles, correlated with the activation of nuclear factor-κB as measured by p65 relocalization and tumor necrosis factor alpha transcription and secretion. Deletion of caspase-4 through CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis delayed cell death caused by these intracellular T3SS mutants. Caspase-4 deletion also countered more rapid cell death caused by T3SS effector-null mutants still expressing the T3SS apparatus that traffic to the host cell cytoplasm, and in doing so rescued intracellular replication normally dependent on ExoS. While HeLa cells lacked a lytic death response to T3SS mutants, it was found to be enabled by interferon gamma treatment. Together, these results show that epithelial cells can activate the noncanonical inflammasome pathway to limit proliferation of intracellular P. aeruginosa, not fully dependent on bacterially driven vacuole escape. Since ExoS inhibits the lytic response, the data implicate targeting of caspase-4, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, as another contributor to the role of ExoS in the intracellular lifestyle of P. aeruginosa. IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa can exhibit an intracellular lifestyle within epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. The type three secretion system (T3SS) effector ExoS contributes via multiple mechanisms, including extending the life of invaded host cells. Here, we aimed to understand the underlying cell death inhibited by ExoS when P. aeruginosa is intracellular. Results showed that intracellular P. aeruginosa lacking T3SS effectors could elicit rapid cell lysis via the noncanonical inflammasome pathway. Caspase-4 contributed to cell lysis even when the intracellular bacteria lacked the entire T33S and were consequently unable to escape vacuoles, representing a naturally occurring subpopulation during wild-type infection. Together, the data show the caspase-4 inflammasome as an epithelial cell defense against intracellular P. aeruginosa, and implicate its targeting as another mechanism by which ExoS preserves the host cell replicative niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby R. Kroken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Keith A. Klein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick S. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vincent Nieto
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Eric J. Jedel
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David J. Evans
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | - Suzanne M. J. Fleiszig
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Graduate Groups in Vision Sciences, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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48
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Rodríguez‐Ruiz L, Lozano‐Gil JM, Naranjo‐Sánchez E, Martínez‐Balsalobre E, Martínez‐López A, Lachaud C, Blanquer M, Phung TK, García‐Moreno D, Cayuela ML, Tyrkalska SD, Pérez‐Oliva AB, Mulero V. ZAKα/P38 kinase signaling pathway regulates hematopoiesis by activating the NLRP1 inflammasome. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e18142. [PMID: 37675820 PMCID: PMC10565642 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202318142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with hematopoietic lineage bias, including neutrophilia and anemia. We have recently identified that the canonical inflammasome mediates the cleavage of the master erythroid transcription factor GATA1 in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We report here that genetic inhibition of Nlrp1 resulted in reduced number of neutrophils and increased erythrocyte counts in zebrafish larvae. We also found that the NLRP1 inflammasome in human cells was inhibited by LRRFIP1 and FLII, independently of DPP9, and both inhibitors regulated hematopoiesis. Mechanistically, erythroid differentiation resulted in ribosomal stress-induced activation of the ZAKα/P38 kinase axis which, in turn, phosphorylated and promoted the assembly of NLRP1 in both zebrafish and human. Finally, inhibition of Zaka with the FDA/EMA-approved drug Nilotinib alleviated neutrophilia in a zebrafish model of neutrophilic inflammation and promoted erythroid differentiation and GATA1 accumulation in K562 cells. In conclusion, our results reveal that the NLRP1 inflammasome regulates hematopoiesis and pave the way to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of hematopoietic alterations associated with chronic inflammatory and rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Rodríguez‐Ruiz
- Departmento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Juan M Lozano‐Gil
- Departmento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Elena Naranjo‐Sánchez
- Departmento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la ArrixacaMurciaSpain
| | - Elena Martínez‐Balsalobre
- Departmento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la ArrixacaMurciaSpain
| | - Alicia Martínez‐López
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Christophe Lachaud
- Aix‐Marseille University, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli‐Calmettes, CRCMMarseilleFrance
| | - Miguel Blanquer
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la ArrixacaMurciaSpain
- Departamento de Medicina y Unidad de Terapia Celular y Trasplante Hematopoyético, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Toan K Phung
- MRC PPU, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Diana García‐Moreno
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - María L Cayuela
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la ArrixacaMurciaSpain
| | - Sylwia D Tyrkalska
- Departmento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Ana B Pérez‐Oliva
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departmento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad de MurciaMurciaSpain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)‐Pascual ParrillaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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49
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Pinilla M, Mazars R, Vergé R, Gorse L, Paradis M, Suire B, Santoni K, Robinson KS, Toh GA, Prouvensier L, Leon-Icaza SA, Hessel A, Péricat D, Murris M, Guet-Revillet H, Henras A, Buyck J, Ravet E, Zhong FL, Cougoule C, Planès R, Meunier E. EEF2-inactivating toxins engage the NLRP1 inflammasome and promote epithelial barrier disruption. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230104. [PMID: 37642996 PMCID: PMC10465324 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human airway and corneal epithelial cells, which are critically altered during chronic infections mediated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, specifically express the inflammasome sensor NLRP1. Here, together with a companion study, we report that the NLRP1 inflammasome detects exotoxin A (EXOA), a ribotoxin released by P. aeruginosa type 2 secretion system (T2SS), during chronic infection. Mechanistically, EXOA-driven eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EEF2) ribosylation and covalent inactivation promote ribotoxic stress and subsequent NLRP1 inflammasome activation, a process shared with other EEF2-inactivating toxins, diphtheria toxin and cholix toxin. Biochemically, irreversible EEF2 inactivation triggers ribosome stress-associated kinases ZAKα- and P38-dependent NLRP1 phosphorylation and subsequent proteasome-driven functional degradation. Finally, cystic fibrosis cells from patients exhibit exacerbated P38 activity and hypersensitivity to EXOA-induced ribotoxic stress-dependent NLRP1 inflammasome activation, a process inhibited by the use of ZAKα inhibitors. Altogether, our results show the importance of P. aeruginosa virulence factor EXOA at promoting NLRP1-dependent epithelial damage and identify ZAKα as a critical sensor of virulence-inactivated EEF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pinilla
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Raoul Mazars
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Vergé
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Leana Gorse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Margaux Paradis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bastien Suire
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Karin Santoni
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Kim Samirah Robinson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gee Ann Toh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laure Prouvensier
- UFR Medicine and Pharmacy, INSERM U1070, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Audrey Hessel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - David Péricat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Murris
- Department of Pneumology, Hospital Larrey, Toulouse, France
- University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Anthony Henras
- Center of Integrative Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Buyck
- UFR Medicine and Pharmacy, INSERM U1070, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Franklin L. Zhong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Planès
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Invivogen, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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50
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Zhang Z, Shibata T, Fujimura A, Kitaura J, Miyake K, Ohto U, Shimizu T. Structural basis for thioredoxin-mediated suppression of NLRP1 inflammasome. Nature 2023; 622:188-194. [PMID: 37704723 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome sensors detect pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns and promote inflammation and pyroptosis1. NLRP1 was the first inflammasome sensor to be described, and its hyperactivation is linked to autoinflammatory disease and cancer2-6. However, the mechanism underlying the activation and regulation of NLRP1 has not been clearly elucidated4,7,8. Here we identify ubiquitously expressed endogenous thioredoxin (TRX) as a binder of NLRP1 and a suppressor of the NLRP1 inflammasome. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of human NLRP1 shows NLRP1 bound to Spodoptera frugiperda TRX. Mutagenesis studies of NLRP1 and human TRX show that TRX in the oxidized form binds to the nucleotide-binding domain subdomain of NLRP1. This observation highlights the crucial role of redox-active cysteines of TRX in NLRP1 binding. Cellular assays reveal that TRX suppresses NLRP1 inflammasome activation and thus negatively regulates NLRP1. Our data identify the TRX system as an intrinsic checkpoint for innate immunity and provide opportunities for future therapeutic intervention in NLRP1 inflammasome activation targeting this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Shibata
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Science of Allergy and Inflammation, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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