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Castaño D, Wang S, Atencio-Garcia S, Shields EJ, Rico MC, Sharpe H, Bustamante J, Feng A, Le Coz C, Romberg N, Tobias JW, Utz PJ, Henrickson SE, Casanova JL, Bonasio R, Locci M. IL-12 drives the differentiation of human T follicular regulatory cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadf2047. [PMID: 38968337 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells can counteract the B cell helper activity of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and hinder the production of antibodies against self-antigens or allergens. A mechanistic understanding of the cytokines initiating the differentiation of human regulatory T (Treg) cells into Tfr cells is still missing. Herein, we report that low doses of the pro-Tfh cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) drive the induction of a Tfr cell program on activated human Treg cells while also preserving their regulatory function. Mechanistically, we found that IL-12 led to STAT4 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 4) phosphorylation and binding to IL-12-driven follicular signature genes. Patients with inborn errors of immunity in the IL12RB1 gene presented with a strong decrease in circulating Tfr cells and produced higher levels of anti-actin autoantibodies in vivo. Overall, this study unveils IL-12 as an inducer of Tfr cell differentiation in vivo and provides an approach for the in vitro generation of human Tfr-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Castaño
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sidney Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Segovia Atencio-Garcia
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily J Shields
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria C Rico
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hannah Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Allan Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carole Le Coz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Infinity, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Neil Romberg
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Tobias
- Penn Genomics and Sequencing Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E Henrickson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Bonasio
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michela Locci
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhi Y, Zhang P, Luo Y, Sun Y, Li J, Zhang M, Li Y. CXC chemokine receptor type 5 may induce trophoblast dysfunction and participate in the processes of unexplained missed abortion, wherein p-ERK and interleukin-6 may be involved. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31465. [PMID: 38882363 PMCID: PMC11176800 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines regulate the trophoblast dysfunction involved in the occurrence and development of pathological pregnancy, including missed abortions. In particular, CXC chemokine receptor type 5 mediates cell proliferation, migration, and inflammation; nonetheless, its role in missed abortions remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the expression of CXC chemokine receptor type 5 in missed abortions and to investigate the effects of CXC chemokine receptor type 5 on the biological behaviour of trophoblasts, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Our results indicated that CXC chemokine receptor type 5 was upregulated in the villi of women who experienced unexplained missed abortions, as compared with those who had normal pregnancies. CXC chemokine receptor type 5 inhibited the proliferation and migration of human first-trimester trophoblast/simian virus cells but promoted cell apoptosis. With respect to its mechanisms, CXC chemokine receptor type 5 activated the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 signalling pathway and upregulated the secretion of interleukin-6; however, it had no effect on the secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CXC chemokine receptor type 5 induces trophoblast dysfunction and participates in the processes of unexplained missed abortions, wherein p-ERK and interleukin-6 may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhi
- Department of Reproductive and Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
- Second Ward of Gynecology, Dingzhou People's Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Department of Reproductive and Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Reproductive and Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yanmei Sun
- Department of Reproductive and Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Reproductive and Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Reproductive and Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
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3
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Song J, Wang H, Wang ZZ, Guo CL, Xiang WX, Li JX, Wang ZC, Zhong JX, Huang K, Schleimer RP, Yao Y, Liu Z. Aberrant follicular regulatory T cells associate with immunoglobulin hyperproduction in nasal polyps with ectopic lymphoid tissues. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1025-1039. [PMID: 38072196 PMCID: PMC11152195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic lymphoid tissues (eLTs) and associated follicular helper T (TFH) cells contribute to local immunoglobulin hyperproduction in nasal polyps (NPs). Follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells in secondary lymphoid organs counteract TFH cells and suppress immunoglobulin production; however, the presence and function of TFR cells in eLTs in peripheral diseased tissues remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the presence, phenotype, and function of TFR cells in NPs. METHODS The presence, abundance, and phenotype of TFR cells in NPs were examined using single-cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. Sorted polyp and circulating T-cell subsets were cocultured with autologous circulating naïve B cells, and cytokine and immunoglobulin production were measured by ELISA. RESULTS TFR cells were primarily localized within eLTs in NPs. TFR cell frequency and TFR cell/TFH cell ratio were decreased in NPs with eLTs compared with NPs without eLTs and control inferior turbinate tissues. TFR cells displayed an overlapping phenotype with TFH cells and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in NPs. Polyp TFR cells had reduced CTLA-4 expression and decreased capacity to inhibit TFH cell-induced immunoglobulin production compared with their counterpart in blood and tonsils. Blocking CTLA-4 abolished the suppressive effect of TFR cells. Lower vitamin D receptor expression was observed on polyp TFR cells compared with TFR cells in blood and tonsils. Vitamin D treatment upregulated CTLA-4 expression on polyp TFR cells and restored their suppressive function in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Polyp TFR cells in eLTs have decreased CLTA-4 and vitamin D receptor expression and impaired capacity to suppress TFH cell-induced immunoglobulin production, which can be reversed by vitamin D treatment in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe-Zheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui-Lian Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Xian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Xin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Nasal Inflammatory Diseases, Wuhan, China; Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Lee S, Song SG, Kim G, Kim S, Yoo HJ, Koh J, Kim YJ, Tian J, Cho E, Choi YS, Chang S, Shin HM, Jung KC, Kim JH, Kim TM, Jeon YK, Kim HY, Shong M, Kim JH, Chung DH. CRIF1 deficiency induces FOXP3 LOW inflammatory non-suppressive regulatory T cells, thereby promoting antitumor immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9600. [PMID: 38536932 PMCID: PMC10971410 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Recently identified human FOXP3lowCD45RA- inflammatory non-suppressive (INS) cells produce proinflammatory cytokines, exhibit reduced suppressiveness, and promote antitumor immunity unlike conventional regulatory T cells (Tregs). In spite of their implication in tumors, the mechanism for generation of FOXP3lowCD45RA- INS cells in vivo is unclear. We showed that the FOXP3lowCD45RA- cells in human tumors demonstrate attenuated expression of CRIF1, a vital mitochondrial regulator. Mice with CRIF1 deficiency in Tregs bore Foxp3lowINS-Tregs with mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprograming. The enhanced glutaminolysis activated α-ketoglutarate-mTORC1 axis, which promoted proinflammatory cytokine expression by inducing EOMES and SATB1 expression. Moreover, chromatin openness of the regulatory regions of the Ifng and Il4 genes was increased, which facilitated EOMES/SATB1 binding. The increased α-ketoglutarate-derived 2-hydroxyglutarate down-regulated Foxp3 expression by methylating the Foxp3 gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, CRIF1 deficiency-induced Foxp3lowINS-Tregs suppressed tumor growth in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Thus, CRIF1 deficiency-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction results in the induction of Foxp3lowINS-Tregs including FOXP3lowCD45RA- cells that promote antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsin Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Geun Song
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwanghun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Yoo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccine Innovation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jingwen Tian
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eunji Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunghoe Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center (AMC), Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccine Innovation, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Akama-Garren EH, Yin X, Prestwood TR, Ma M, Utz PJ, Carroll MC. T cell help shapes B cell tolerance. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj7029. [PMID: 38363829 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj7029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
T cell help is a crucial component of the normal humoral immune response, yet whether it promotes or restrains autoreactive B cell responses remains unclear. Here, we observe that autoreactive germinal centers require T cell help for their formation and persistence. Using retrogenic chimeras transduced with candidate TCRs, we demonstrate that a follicular T cell repertoire restricted to a single autoreactive TCR, but not a foreign antigen-specific TCR, is sufficient to initiate autoreactive germinal centers. Follicular T cell specificity influences the breadth of epitope spreading by regulating wild-type B cell entry into autoreactive germinal centers. These results demonstrate that TCR-dependent T cell help can promote loss of B cell tolerance and that epitope spreading is determined by TCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xihui Yin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Minghe Ma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Trujillo-Ochoa JL, Kazemian M, Afzali B. The role of transcription factors in shaping regulatory T cell identity. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:842-856. [PMID: 37336954 PMCID: PMC10893967 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3-expressing (FOXP3+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) suppress conventional T cells and are essential for immunological tolerance. FOXP3, the master transcription factor of Treg cells, controls the expression of multiples genes to guide Treg cell differentiation and function. However, only a small fraction (<10%) of Treg cell-associated genes are directly bound by FOXP3, and FOXP3 alone is insufficient to fully specify the Treg cell programme, indicating a role for other accessory transcription factors operating upstream, downstream and/or concurrently with FOXP3 to direct Treg cell specification and specialized functions. Indeed, the heterogeneity of Treg cells can be at least partially attributed to differential expression of transcription factors that fine-tune their trafficking, survival and functional properties, some of which are niche-specific. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of accessory transcription factors in controlling Treg cell identity. We specifically focus on members of the basic helix-loop-helix family (AHR), basic leucine zipper family (BACH2, NFIL3 and BATF), CUT homeobox family (SATB1), zinc-finger domain family (BLIMP1, Ikaros and BCL-11B) and interferon regulatory factor family (IRF4), as well as lineage-defining transcription factors (T-bet, GATA3, RORγt and BCL-6). Understanding the imprinting of Treg cell identity and specialized function will be key to unravelling basic mechanisms of autoimmunity and identifying novel targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Trujillo-Ochoa
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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7
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Akiyama M, Alshehri W, Yoshimoto K, Kaneko Y. T follicular helper cells and T peripheral helper cells in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1371-1381. [PMID: 37414520 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological progress has greatly advanced our understanding of human immunology. In particular, the discovery of human T follicular helper (Tfh) and T peripheral helper (Tph) cells has significantly advanced our understanding of human adaptive immune system. Tfh and Tph cells share similar molecular characteristics and both play critical roles in B cell differentiation and maturation. However, they differ in their functional properties, such as chemokine receptor expression and cytokine production. As a result, Tfh cells are mainly involved in B cell differentiation and maturation in germinal centres of secondary lymphoid tissues, while Tph cells are involved in B cell differentiation and tissue damage in peripheral inflammatory lesions. Importantly, the involvement of Tfh and Tph cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases has become clear. In rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, Tph cell infiltration is predominant in peripheral inflammatory lesions, whereas Tfh cell infiltration is predominant in the affected lesions of IgG4-related disease. Therefore, the contribution of Tfh and Tph cells to the development of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases varies depending on each disease. In this review, we provide an overview of human Tfh and Tph cells and summarise the latest findings on these novel T cell subsets in various rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Akiyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Waleed Alshehri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Yuko Kaneko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
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8
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Shen F, Shen Y, Xu Y, Zhao J, Zhao Z, Liu J, Ge Y. Dysregulation of circulating T follicular helper cell subsets and their potential role in the pathogenesis of syphilis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264508. [PMID: 37901207 PMCID: PMC10600468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of the host immune response could be critical in the development of Treponema pallidum (Tp) infection in individuals with latent syphilis. This study aims to investigate the alterations in T follicular helper T (Tfh) cell balance among patients with secondary syphilis and latent syphilis. Methods 30 healthy controls (HCs), 24 secondary syphilis patients and 41 latent syphilis patients were enrolled. The percentages of total Tfh, ICOS+ Tfh, PD-1+ Tfh, resting Tfh, effector Tfh, naïve Tfh, effector memory Tfh, central memory Tfh,Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 cells in the peripheral blood were all determined by flow cytometry. Results The percentage of total Tfh cells was significantly higher in secondary syphilis patients compared to HCs across various subsets, including ICOS+ Tfh, PD-1+ Tfh, resting Tfh, effector Tfh, naïve Tfh, effector memory Tfh, central memory Tfh, Tfh1, Tfh2, and Tfh17 cells. However, only the percentages of ICOS+ Tfh and effector memory Tfh cells showed significant increases in secondary syphilis patients and decreases in latent syphilis patients. Furthermore, the PD-1+ Tfh cells, central memory Tfh cells, and Tfh2 cells showed significant increases in latent syphilis patients, whereas naïve Tfh cells and Tfh1 cells exhibited significant decreases in secondary syphilis patients when compared to the HCs. However, no significant change was found in resting Tfh and effector Tfh in HCs and secondary syphilis patients or latent syphilis patients. Discussion Dysregulated ICOS+ Tfh or effector memory Tfh cells may play an important role in immune evasion in latent syphilis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Shen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhuan Shen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuni Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiwei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinlin Liu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yumei Ge
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Ferreira NS, Lima NF, Sulczewski FB, Soares IS, Ferreira MU, Boscardin SB. Plasmodium vivax infection alters the peripheral immunoregulatory network of CD4 T follicular cells and B cells. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350372. [PMID: 37160134 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory and effector cell responses to Plasmodium vivax, the most common human malaria parasite outside Africa, remain understudied in naturally infected populations. Here, we describe peripheral CD4+ T- and B-cell populations during and shortly after an uncomplicated P. vivax infection in 38 continuously exposed adult Amazonians. Consistent with previous observations, we found an increased frequency in CD4+ CD45RA- CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells that express the inhibitory molecule CTLA-4 during the acute infection, with a sustained expansion of CD21- CD27- atypical memory cells within the CD19+ B-cell compartment. Both Th1- and Th2-type subsets of CXCR5+ ICOShi PD-1+ circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells, which are thought to contribute to antibody production, were induced during P. vivax infection, with a positive correlation between overall cTfh cell frequency and IgG antibody titers to the P. vivax blood-stage antigen MSP119 . We identified significant changes in cell populations that had not been described in human malaria, such as an increased frequency of CTLA-4+ T follicular regulatory cells that antagonize Tfh cells, and a decreased frequency of circulating CD24hi CD27+ B regulatory cells in response to acute infection. In conclusion, we disclose a complex immunoregulatory network that is critical to understand how naturally acquired immunity develops in P. vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália S Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália F Lima
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Sulczewski
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irene S Soares
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silvia B Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Chen Q, Dent AL. Nonbinary Roles for T Follicular Helper Cells and T Follicular Regulatory Cells in the Germinal Center Response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:15-22. [PMID: 37339403 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Development of high-affinity Abs in the germinal center (GC) is dependent on a specialized subset of T cells called "T follicular helper" (TFH) cells that help select Ag-specific B cells. A second T cell subset, T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, can act as repressors of the GC and Ab response but can also provide a helper function for GC B cells in some contexts. Recent studies showed that, apart from their traditional helper role, TFH cells can also act as repressors of the Ab response, particularly for IgE responses. We review how both TFH and TFR cells express helper and repressor factors that coordinately regulate the Ab response and how the line between these two subsets is less clear than initially thought. Thus, TFH and TFR cells are interconnected and have "nonbinary" functions. However, many questions remain about how these critical cells control the Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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11
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Cao Y, Hou Y, Zhao L, Huang Y, Liu G. New insights into follicular regulatory T cells in the intestinal and tumor microenvironments. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37210730 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are a novel and unique subset of effector regulatory T (Treg) cells that are located in germinal centers (GCs). Tfr cells express transcription profiles that are characteristic of both follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and Treg cells and negatively regulate GC reactions, including Tfh cell activation and cytokine production, class switch recombination and B cell activation. Evidence also shows that Tfr cells have specific characteristics in different local immune microenvironments. This review focuses on the regulation of Tfr cell differentiation and function in unique local immune microenvironments, including the intestine and tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Longhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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12
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Blinova VG, Vasilyev VI, Rodionova EB, Zhdanov DD. The Role of Regulatory T Cells in the Onset and Progression of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:1359. [PMID: 37408193 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in maintaining immune balance and regulating the loss of self-tolerance mechanisms in various autoimmune diseases, including primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). With the development of pSS primarily in the exocrine glands, lymphocytic infiltration occurs in the early stages, mainly due to activated CD4+ T cells. Subsequently, in the absence of rational therapy, patients develop ectopic lymphoid structures and lymphomas. While the suppression of autoactivated CD4+ T cells is involved in the pathological process, the main role belongs to Tregs, making them a target for research and possible regenerative therapy. However, the available information about their role in the onset and progression of this disease seems unsystematized and, in certain aspects, controversial. In our review, we aimed to organize the data on the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of pSS, as well as to discuss possible strategies of cell therapy for this disease. This review provides information on the differentiation, activation, and suppressive functions of Tregs and the role of the FoxP3 protein in these processes. It also highlights data on various subpopulations of Tregs in pSS, their proportion in the peripheral blood and minor salivary glands of patients as well as their role in the development of ectopic lymphoid structures. Our data emphasize the need for further research on Tregs and highlight their potential use as a cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara G Blinova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Vasilyev
- Joint and Heart Treatment Center, Nizhnyaya Krasnoselskaya St. 4, 107140 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry D Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Graca L, Jacobsen J, Kumar S. The expanding family of T follicular regulatory cells. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg7526. [PMID: 37027479 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg7526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The coevolution of multiple specialized T follicular regulatory cell subsets has led to fine-tuning of human germinal center responses in providing optimal antibody production and preventing events leading to autoimmunity (see the related Research Article by Le Coz et al.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Lisbon Academic Medical Center, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Johanne Jacobsen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saumya Kumar
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Le Coz C, Oldridge DA, Herati RS, De Luna N, Garifallou J, Cruz Cabrera E, Belman JP, Pueschl D, Silva LV, Knox AVC, Reid W, Yoon S, Zur KB, Handler SD, Hakonarson H, Wherry EJ, Gonzalez M, Romberg N. Human T follicular helper clones seed the germinal center-resident regulatory pool. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade8162. [PMID: 37027481 PMCID: PMC10329285 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade8162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which FOXP3+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells simultaneously steer antibody formation toward microbe or vaccine recognition and away from self-reactivity remain incompletely understood. To explore underappreciated heterogeneity in human Tfr cell development, function, and localization, we used paired TCRVA/TCRVB sequencing to distinguish tonsillar Tfr cells that are clonally related to natural regulatory T cells (nTfr) from those likely induced from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells (iTfr). The proteins iTfr and nTfr cells differentially expressed were used to pinpoint their in situ locations via multiplex microscopy and establish their divergent functional roles. In silico analyses and in vitro tonsil organoid tracking models corroborated the existence of separate Treg-to-nTfr and Tfh-to-iTfr developmental trajectories. Our results identify human iTfr cells as a distinct CD38+, germinal center-resident, Tfh-descended subset that gains suppressive function while retaining the capacity to help B cells, whereas CD38- nTfr cells are elite suppressors primarily localized in follicular mantles. Interventions differentially targeting specific Tfr cell subsets may provide therapeutic opportunities to boost immunity or more precisely treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Le Coz
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ramin S. Herati
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Nina De Luna
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James Garifallou
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emylette Cruz Cabrera
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan P Belman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dana Pueschl
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luisa V. Silva
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ainsley V. C. Knox
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Samuel Yoon
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karen B. Zur
- Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Steven D. Handler
- Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Gonzalez
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Cytokine Storm Treatment & Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Neil Romberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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15
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Kudryavtsev I, Zinchenko Y, Starshinova A, Serebriakova M, Malkova A, Akisheva T, Kudlay D, Glushkova A, Yablonskiy P, Shoenfeld Y. Circulating Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Patients with Sarcoidosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081378. [PMID: 37189479 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, many researchers have supported the autoimmune theory of sarcoidosis. The presence of uncontrolled inflammatory response on local and system levels in patients with sarcoidosis did not define that the immunoregulatory mechanisms could be affected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and the disturbance circulating Treg cell subsets in the peripheral blood in patients with sarcoidosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective comparative study was performed in 2016-2018 (34 patients with sarcoidosis (men (67.6%), women (32.3%)) were examined). Healthy subjects-the control group (n = 40). The diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis was performed according to the standard criteria. We used two ten-color combinations of antibodies for Treg immunophenotyping. The first one contained CD39-FITC, CD127-PE, CCR4-PE/Dazzle™ 594, CD25-PC5.5, CD161-PC7, CD4-APC, CD8-APC-AF700, CD3-APC/Cy7, HLA-DR-PacBlue, and CD45 RA-BV 510™, while the second consisted of CXCR3-Alexa Fluor 488, CD25-РЕ, CXCR5-РЕ/Dazzle™ 594, CCR4-PerСP/Сy5.5, CCR6-РЕ/Cy7, CD4-АPC, CD8 АPC-AF700, CD3-АPC/Cy7, CCR7-BV 421, and CD45 RA-BV 510. The flow cytometry data were analyzed by using Kaluza software v2.3. A statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 7.0 and GraphPad Prism 8 software packages. RESULTS OF THE STUDY Primarily, we found that patients with sarcoidosis had decreased absolute numbers of Treg cells in circulation. We noted that the level of CCR7-expressing Tregs decreased in patients with sarcoidosis vs. the control group (65.55% (60.08; 70.60) vs. 76.93% (69.59; 79.86) with p < 0.001). We noticed that the relative numbers of CD45RA-CCR7+ Tregs decreased in patients with sarcoidosis (27.11% vs. 35.43%, p < 0.001), while the frequency of CD45 RA-CCR7- and CD45RA+ CCR7- Tregs increased compared to the control group (33.3% vs. 22.73% and 0.76% vs. 0.51% with p < 0.001 and p = 0.028, respectively). CXCR3-expressing Treg cell subsets-Th1-like CCR60078CXCR3+ Tregs and Th17.1-like CCR6+ CXCR3+ Tregs-significantly increased in patients with sarcoidosis vs. the control group (14.4% vs. 10.5% with p < 0.01 and 27.9% vs. 22.8% with p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the levels of peripheral blood EM Th17-like Tregs significantly decreased in the sarcoidosis group vs. the control group (36.38% vs. 46.70% with p < 0.001). Finally, we found that CXCR5 expression was increased in CM Tregs cell subsets in patients with sarcoidosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated a decrease in circulating Tregs absolute numbers and several alterations in Treg cell subsets. Moreover, our results highlight the presence of increased levels of CM CXCR5+ follicular Tregs in the periphery that could be linked with the imbalance of follicular Th cell subsets and alterations in B cell, based on the immune response. The balance between the two functionally distinct Treg cell populations-Th1-like and Th17-like Tregs-could be used in sarcoidosis diagnosis and the determination of prognosis and disease outcomes. Furthermore, we want to declare that analysis of Treg numbers of phenotypes could fully characterize their functional activity in peripherally inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kudryavtsev
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Zinchenko
- Phthisiopulmonology Department, St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Serebriakova
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Malkova
- Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Akisheva
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Kudlay
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Immunology, 115552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anzhela Glushkova
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 19201 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Piotr Yablonskiy
- Phthisiopulmonology Department, St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5265601, Israel
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16
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Betzler AC, Ushmorov A, Brunner C. The transcriptional program during germinal center reaction - a close view at GC B cells, Tfh cells and Tfr cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125503. [PMID: 36817488 PMCID: PMC9936310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key process during an adaptive immune response to T cell specific antigens. GCs are specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, in which B cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation and antibody affinity maturation occur. As a result, high affinity antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are generated. An effective GC response needs interaction between multiple cell types. Besides reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells, particularly B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as well as T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a key player during the GC reaction. Whereas Tfh cells provide help to GC B cells in selection processes, Tfr cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs), are able to suppress the GC reaction maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The formation and function of GCs is regulated by a complex network of signals and molecules at multiple levels. In this review, we highlight recent developments in GC biology by focusing on the transcriptional program regulating the GC reaction. This review focuses on the transcriptional co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1, whose important role for GC B, Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation became increasingly clear in recent years. Moreover, we outline how deregulation of the GC transcriptional program can drive lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexey Ushmorov
- Ulm University, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Cornelia Brunner,
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17
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UCAR S. Regulatory immune cells: a review of the novel paradigm of primary Sjogren's syndrome. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.1188641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease that mostly affects women. Patients with pSS experience dry mouth and eyes in addition to signs of systemic disease. pSS was considered a Th1 autoimmune disease for many years. However, in various studies, it has been shown that dysregulation of regulatory cells play critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. This review focuses on studies supporting this view and answers questions about the role of regulatory cells in the pathogenesis of pSS.
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18
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Salvatore B, Resop RS, Gordon BR, Epeldegui M, Martinez-Maza O, Comin-Anduix B, Lam A, Wu TT, Uittenbogaart CH. Characterization of T Follicular Helper Cells and T Follicular Regulatory Cells in HIV-Infected and Sero-Negative Individuals. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020296. [PMID: 36672230 PMCID: PMC9856637 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune response is important in fighting pathogens by the production of specific antibodies by B cells. In germinal centers, T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide important help to B-cell antibody production but also contribute to HIV persistence. T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, which inhibit the function of TFH cells, express similar surface markers. Since FOXP3 is the only marker that distinguishes TFR from TFH cells it is unknown whether the increase in TFH cells observed in HIV infection and HIV persistence may be partly due to an increase in TFR cells. Using multicolor flow cytometry to detect TFH and TFR cells in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected and non-infected participants in the UCLA Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), we identified CD3+CXCR5+CD4+CD8-BCL6+ peripheral blood TFH (pTFH) cells and CD3+CXCR5+CD4+CD8-FOXP3+ peripheral blood TFR (pTFR) cells. Unlike TFR cells in germinal centers, pTFR cells do not express B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a TFH cell master transcriptional regulator. Our major findings are that the frequency of pTFH cells, but not pTFR cells was higher in HIV-infected participants of the MACS and that pTFH cells expressed less CCR5 in HIV-infected MACS participants. Constitutive expression of CCR5 in TFR cells supports their potential to contribute to HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Salvatore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel S. Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brent R. Gordon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Otoniel Martinez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Surgical-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alex Lam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
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19
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Qi J, Liu C, Bai Z, Li X, Yao G. T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178792. [PMID: 37187757 PMCID: PMC10175690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are heterogeneous and mainly characterized by expressing surface markers CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1; cytokine IL-21; and transcription factor Bcl6. They are crucial for B-cell differentiation into long-lived plasma cells and high-affinity antibody production. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were described to express markers of conventional T regulatory (Treg) cells and Tfh cells and were able to suppress Tfh-cell and B-cell responses. Evidence has revealed that the dysregulation of Tfh and Tfr cells is positively associated with the pathogenic processes of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we briefly introduce the phenotype, differentiation, and function of Tfh and Tfr cells, and review their potential roles in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we discuss perspectives to develop novel therapies targeting Tfh/Tfr balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Genhong Yao, ; Jingjing Qi,
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ziran Bai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Genhong Yao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Genhong Yao, ; Jingjing Qi,
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20
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Ferrero PV, Onofrio LI, Acosta CDV, Zacca ER, Ponce NE, Mussano E, Onetti LB, Cadile II, Costantino AB, Werner ML, Mas LA, Alvarellos T, Montes CL, Acosta Rodríguez EV, Gruppi A. Dynamics of circulating follicular helper T cell subsets and follicular regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients according to HLA-DRB1 locus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1000982. [PMID: 36582249 PMCID: PMC9793086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells, follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are part of a circuit that may play a role in the development or progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). With the aim of providing further insight into this topic, here we evaluated the frequency of different subsets of Tfh and Tfr in untreated and long-term treated RA patients from a cohort of Argentina, and their potential association with particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-II variants and disease activity. We observed that the frequency of total Tfh cells as well as of particular Tfh subsets and Tfr cells were increased in seropositive untreated RA patients. Interestingly, when analyzing paired samples, the frequency of Tfh cells was reduced in synovial fluid compared to peripheral blood, while Tfr cells levels were similar in both biological fluids. After treatment, a decrease in the CCR7loPD1hi Tfh subset and an increase in the frequency of Tfr cells was observed in blood. In comparison to healthy donors, seropositive patients with moderate and high disease activity exhibited higher frequency of Tfh cells while seropositive patients with low disease activity presented higher Tfr cell frequency. Finally, we observed that HLA-DRB1*09 presence correlated with higher frequency of Tfh and Tfr cells, while HLA-DRB1*04 was associated with increased Tfr cell frequency. Together, our results increase our knowledge about the dynamics of Tfh and Tfr cell subsets in RA, showing that this is altered after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola V. Ferrero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luisina I. Onofrio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina del Valle Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Estefania R. Zacca
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolas E. Ponce
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Mussano
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura B. Onetti
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ignacio I. Cadile
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia B. Costantino
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marina L. Werner
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luciana A. Mas
- Laboratorio de Histocompatibilidad, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba e Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Teresita Alvarellos
- Laboratorio de Histocompatibilidad, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba e Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina L. Montes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva V. Acosta Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina,*Correspondence: Adriana Gruppi, ; Eva V. Acosta Rodríguez,
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina,*Correspondence: Adriana Gruppi, ; Eva V. Acosta Rodríguez,
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An Q, Zhao J, Zhu X, Yang B, Wu Z, Su Y, Zhang L, Xu K, Ma D. Exploiting the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome for therapeutic treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995895. [PMID: 36389806 PMCID: PMC9650646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögrens syndrome (SS) is caused by autoantibodies that attack proprioceptive salivary and lacrimal gland tissues. Damage to the glands leads to dry mouth and eyes and affects multiple systems and organs. In severe cases, SS is life-threatening because it can lead to interstitial lung disease, renal insufficiency, and lymphoma. Histological examination of the labial minor salivary glands of patients with SS reveals focal lymphocyte aggregation of T and B cells. More studies have been conducted on the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of SS, whereas the role of T cells has only recently attracted the attention of researchers. This review focusses on the role of various populations of T cells in the pathogenesis of SS and the progress made in research to therapeutically targeting T cells for the treatment of patients with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Ma
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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22
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Szabó K, Jámbor I, Pázmándi K, Nagy N, Papp G, Tarr T. Altered Circulating Follicular T Helper Cell Subsets and Follicular T Regulatory Cells Are Indicators of a Derailed B Cell Response in Lupus, Which Could Be Modified by Targeting IL-21R. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012209. [PMID: 36293075 PMCID: PMC9602506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the breakdown of self-tolerance, the production of high-affinity pathogenic autoantibodies and derailed B cell responses, which indicates the importance of central players, such as follicular T helper (TFH) subsets and follicular T regulatory (TFR) cells, in the pathomechanism of the disease. In this study, we aimed to analyze the distribution of the circulating counterparts of these cells and their association with disease characteristics and B cell disproportions in SLE. We found that the increased percentage of activated circulating TFH (cTFH) and cTFR cells was more pronounced in cutaneous lupus; however, among cTFH subsets, the frequency of cTFH17 cells was decreased in patients with lupus nephritis. Furthermore, the decreased proportion of cTFH17 cells was associated with low complement C4 levels and high disease activity scores. We also investigated whether the blocking of the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) with an anti-IL-21R monoclonal antibody inhibits the B cell response, since IL-21 primarily produced by TFH cells potentially promotes humoral immunity. We observed that anti-IL-21R inhibited plasmablast generation and immunoglobulin production. Our study demonstrated that, besides cTFR/cTFH imbalance, cTFH17 cells play a crucial role in SLE pathogenesis, and modulating cTFH-B cell interaction through the IL-21/IL-21R pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy to suppress the pathological B cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabó
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilona Jámbor
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pázmándi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Nagy
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Papp
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Tarr
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Dei Zotti F, Moriconi C, Qiu A, Miller A, Hudson KE. Distinct CD4+ T cell signature in ANA-positive young adult patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972127. [PMCID: PMC9608560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of immune tolerance can lead to autoantibody production resulting in autoimmune diseases, a broad spectrum of organ-specific or systemic disorders. Immune tolerance mechanisms regulate autoreactive T and B cells, yet some lymphocytes escape and promote autoantibody production. CD4+ T cell dysregulation, characterized by decreased or impaired regulatory cells (Tregs) and/or accumulation of memory and effector T cells such as TH17, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Antinuclear antibody (ANAs) testing is used as a first step for the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders, although most ANA-positive individuals do not have nor will develop an autoimmune disease. Studying the differences of T cell compartment among healthy blood donors, ANA-negative patients and ANA-positive patients, in which loss of tolerance have not led to autoimmunity, may improve our understanding on how tolerance mechanisms fail. Herein, we report that ANA-positive patients exhibit a distinct distribution of T cell subsets: significantly reduced frequencies of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) and naïve T cells, and significantly increased frequencies of central memory T cells, TH2 and TH17 cells; modulations within the T cell compartment are most profound within the 18-40 year age range. Moreover, CD4+ T cells in ANA-positive patients are metabolically active, as determined by a significant increase in mTORC1 and mTORC2 signals, compared to ANA-negative patients and healthy blood donors. No significant impairment of Treg numbers or pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed. These results identify a unique T cell signature associated with autoantibody production in the absence of autoimmune disease.
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The Role of T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis: An Update. IMMUNO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease characterized by microvasculopathy, autoantibodies (autoAbs), and fibrosis. The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood. Microvasculopathy and autoAbs appear very early in the disease process. AutoAbs, such as those directed against DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I), are disease specific and associated with disease manifestations, and indicate activation of the adaptive immune system. B cells are involved in fibrosis in SSc. T cells are also involved in disease pathogenesis. T cells show signs of antigen-induced activation; T cells of TH2 type are increased and produce profibrotic cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-31; CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are increased in skin lesions, and cause fibrosis and endothelial cell apoptosis; circulating T follicular helper (TFH) cells are increased in SSc produce IL-21 and promote plasmablast antibody production. On the other hand, regulatory T cells are impaired in SSc. These findings provide strong circumstantial evidence for T cell implication in SSc pathogenesis and encourage new T cell-directed therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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25
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Romão VC, Fonseca JE. Disease mechanisms in preclinical rheumatoid arthritis: A narrative review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:689711. [PMID: 36059838 PMCID: PMC9437632 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.689711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the concept of preclinical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has become established. In fact, the discovery that disease mechanisms start years before the onset of clinical RA has been one of the major recent insights in the understanding of RA pathogenesis. In accordance with the complex nature of the disease, preclinical events extend over several sequential phases. In a genetically predisposed host, environmental factors will further increase susceptibility for incident RA. In the initial steps of preclinical disease, immune disturbance mechanisms take place outside the joint compartment, namely in mucosal surfaces, such as the lung, gums or gut. Herein, the persistent immunologic response to altered antigens will lead to breach of tolerance and trigger autoimmunity. In a second phase, the immune response matures and is amplified at a systemic level, with epitope spreading and widening of the autoantibody repertoire. Finally, the synovial and bone compartment are targeted by specific autoantibodies against modified antigens, initiating a local inflammatory response that will eventually culminate in clinically evident synovitis. In this review, we discuss the elaborate disease mechanisms in place during preclinical RA, providing a broad perspective in the light of current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco C. Romão
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre and European Reference Network on Rare Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases Network (ERN-ReCONNET), Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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26
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Akama-Garren EH, Carroll MC. T Cell Help in the Autoreactive Germinal Center. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13192. [PMID: 35587582 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center serves as a site of B cell selection and affinity maturation, critical processes for productive adaptive immunity. In autoimmune disease tolerance is broken in the germinal center reaction, leading to production of autoreactive B cells that may propagate disease. Follicular T cells are crucial regulators of this process, providing signals necessary for B cell survival in the germinal center. Here we review the emerging roles of follicular T cells in the autoreactive germinal center. Recent advances in immunological techniques have allowed study of the gene expression profiles and repertoire of follicular T cells at unprecedented resolution. These studies provide insight into the potential role follicular T cells play in preventing or facilitating germinal center loss of tolerance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of T cell help in autoreactive germinal centers provides novel therapeutic targets for diseases of germinal center dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells provide help to B cells, supporting the formation of germinal centres that allow affinity maturation of antibody responses. Although usually located in secondary lymphoid organs, T cells bearing features of TFH cells can also be identified in human blood, and their frequency and phenotype are often altered in people with autoimmune diseases. In this Perspective article, I discuss the increase in circulating TFH cells seen in autoimmune settings and explore potential explanations for this phenomenon. I consider the multistep regulation of TFH cell differentiation by the CTLA4 and IL-2 pathways as well as by regulatory T cells and highlight that these same pathways are crucial for regulating autoimmune diseases. The propensity of infection to serve as a cue for TFH cell differentiation and a potential trigger for autoimmune disease development is also discussed. Overall, I postulate that alterations in pathways that regulate autoimmunity are coupled to alterations in TFH cell homeostasis, suggesting that this population may serve as a core sentinel of dysregulated immunity.
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28
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Pan Z, Zhu T, Liu Y, Zhang N. Role of the CXCL13/CXCR5 Axis in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850998. [PMID: 35309354 PMCID: PMC8931035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL13 is a B-cell chemokine produced mainly by mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cells, follicular dendritic cells, and human T follicular helper cells. By binding to its receptor, CXCR5, CXCL13 plays an important role in lymphoid neogenesis, lymphoid organization, and immune responses. Recent studies have found that CXCL13 and its receptor CXCR5 are implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we discuss the biological features of CXCL13 and CXCR5 and the recent findings on the pathogenic roles of the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of CXCL13 as a disease biomarker and therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Pan
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Nannan Zhang,
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29
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Kawano S, Mitoma H, Inokuchi S, Yamauchi Y, Yokoyama K, Nogami J, Semba Y, Ayano M, Kimoto Y, Akahoshi M, Ono N, Arinobu Y, Akashi K, Horiuchi T, Niiro H. TNFR2 Signaling Enhances Suppressive Abilities of Human Circulating T Follicular Regulatory Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1057-1065. [PMID: 35149531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells that express CXCR5 and migrate into germinal centers (GCs). They regulate GC reactions by communicating with T follicular helper (Tfh) and B cells. TNF inhibitors are used in inflammatory diseases; however, the generation of autoantibodies or anti-drug Abs sometimes causes problems. Because TNFR2 signaling is important for suppressive functions of regulatory T cells, we investigated the role of TNFR2 on human Tfr cells. Tfr cells stimulated with MR2-1 (an anti-TNFR2 agonistic Ab) were analyzed for cell proliferation, Foxp3 expression, and surface molecules. Tfh/B cell proliferation, IgM production, and differentiation in cocultures with MR2-1-stimulated Tfr cells were examined. Tfr cells express a high level of TNFR2. MR2-1 stimulation altered the gene expression profile of Tfr cells. Cell proliferation and Foxp3 expression of Tfr cells were enhanced by MR2-1. MR2-1-stimulated Tfr cells expressed ICOS and Programmed cell death protein 1 and significantly suppressed Tfh/B cell proliferation, IgM production, and B cell differentiation. TNFR2-stimulated Tfr cells retained the migration function according to the CXCL13 gradient. In conclusion, we showed that TNFR2-stiumulated Tfr cells can regulate Tfh and B cells. Aberrant antibody production during TNF inhibitor treatment might be, at least in part, associated with TNFR2 signaling inhibition in Tfr cells. In addition, expansion and maturation of Tfr cells via TNFR2 stimulation in vitro may be useful for a cell-based therapy in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases to control GC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Kawano
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology/Infectious Disease, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mitoma
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology/Infectious Disease, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan;
| | | | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kana Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Semba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ayano
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Akahoshi
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan; and
| | - Nobuyuki Ono
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology/Infectious Disease, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yojiro Arinobu
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology/Infectious Disease, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Niiro
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Ribeiro F, Perucha E, Graca L. T follicular cells: the regulators of germinal centre homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2022; 244:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Elias G, Meysman P, Bartholomeus E, De Neuter N, Keersmaekers N, Suls A, Jansens H, Souquette A, De Reu H, Emonds MP, Smits E, Lion E, Thomas PG, Mortier G, Van Damme P, Beutels P, Laukens K, Van Tendeloo V, Ogunjimi B. Preexisting memory CD4 T cells in naïve individuals confer robust immunity upon hepatitis B vaccination. eLife 2022; 11:68388. [PMID: 35074048 PMCID: PMC8824481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition through the T cell receptor (TCR) αβ heterodimer is one of the primary determinants of the adaptive immune response. Vaccines activate naïve T cells with high specificity to expand and differentiate into memory T cells. However, antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells exist in unexposed antigen-naïve hosts. In this study, we use high-throughput sequencing of memory CD4 TCRβ repertoire and machine learning to show that individuals with preexisting vaccine-reactive memory CD4 T cell clonotypes elicited earlier and higher antibody titers and mounted a more robust CD4 T cell response to hepatitis B vaccine. In addition, integration of TCRβ sequence patterns into a hepatitis B epitope-specific annotation model can predict which individuals will have an early and more vigorous vaccine-elicited immunity. Thus, the presence of preexisting memory T cell clonotypes has a significant impact on immunity and can be used to predict immune responses to vaccination. Immune cells called CD4 T cells help the body build immunity to infections caused by bacteria and viruses, or after vaccination. Receptor proteins on the outside of the cells recognize pathogens, foreign molecules called antigens, or vaccine antigens. Vaccine antigens are usually inactivated bacteria or viruses, or fragments of these pathogens. After recognizing an antigen, CD4 T cells develop into memory CD4 T cells ready to defend against future infections with the pathogen. People who have never been exposed to a pathogen, or have never been vaccinated against it, may nevertheless have preexisting memory cells ready to defend against it. This happens because CD4 T cells can recognize multiple targets, which enables the immune system to be ready to defend against both new and familiar pathogens. Elias, Meysman, Bartholomeus et al. wanted to find out whether having preexisting memory CD4 T cells confers an advantage for vaccine-induced immunity. Thirty-four people who were never exposed to hepatitis B or vaccinated against it participated in the study. These individuals provided blood samples before vaccination, with 2 doses of the hepatitis B vaccine, and at 3 time points afterward. Using next generation immune sequencing and machine learning techniques, Elias et al. analyzed the individuals’ memory CD4 T cells before and after vaccination. The experiments showed that preexisting memory CD4 T cells may determine vaccination outcomes, and people with more preexisting memory cells develop quicker and stronger immunity after vaccination against hepatitis B. This information may help scientists to better understand how people develop immunity to pathogens. It may guide them develop better vaccines or predict who will develop immunity after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Elias
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), University of Antwerp
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp, Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Antwerp
| | | | - Nicolas De Neuter
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp
| | - Nina Keersmaekers
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp
| | - Arvid Suls
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp
| | - Hilde Jansens
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Hans De Reu
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp
| | | | - Evelien Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | - Geert Mortier
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp
| | - Kris Laukens
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp
| | - Viggo Van Tendeloo
- Janssen Research and Development, Immunosciences WWDA, Johnson and Johnson
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp
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Law H, Mach M, Howe A, Obeid S, Milner B, Carey C, Elfis M, Fsadni B, Ognenovska K, Phan TG, Carey D, Xu Y, Venturi V, Zaunders J, Kelleher AD, Munier CML. Early expansion of CD38+ICOS+ GC Tfh in draining lymph nodes during influenza vaccination immune response. iScience 2022; 25:103656. [PMID: 35028536 PMCID: PMC8741621 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide critical help to B cells during the germinal center (GC) reaction to facilitate generation of protective humoral immunity. Accessing the human lymph node (LN) to study the commitment of CD4 T cells to GC Tfh cell differentiation during in vivo vaccine responses is difficult. We used ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy to monitor recall responses in axillary LNs to seasonal influenza vaccination in healthy volunteers. Specific expansion of GC cell subsets occurred exclusively within draining LNs five days postvaccination. Draining LN GC Tfh and precursor-Tfh cells express higher levels of CD38, ICOS, and Ki67, indicating they were significantly more activated, motile, and proliferating, compared to contralateral LN cells. These observations provide insight into the early expansion phase of the human Tfh lineage within LNs during a vaccine induced memory response and highlights early LN immune responses may not be reflected in the periphery. Early response to influenza vaccine is characterized by expansion of GC cell subsets Specific expansion of CD38+ ICOS+ GC Tfh and Pre-Tfh occurs in draining LNs only Activated GC Tfh and Pre-Tfh are also proliferating, expressing high levels of Ki67 Correlation between activated Pre-Tfh and activated c-Tfh suggests a potential origin
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Law
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Mach
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Annett Howe
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Solange Obeid
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Brad Milner
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Cate Carey
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Maxine Elfis
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Bertha Fsadni
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Diane Carey
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Yin Xu
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - John Zaunders
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), Sydney 2010, NSW, Australia
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33
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Ribeiro F, Ávila-Ribeiro P, Fonseca JE, Graca L. Identification of Human Blood and Tissue T Follicular Regulatory (Tfr) Cells by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2380:41-46. [PMID: 34802120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are crucially involved in the regulation of germinal center reactions. Thus, as key players, the assessment of these cell subsets is necessary for a better understanding of the humoral immune response. Flow cytometry (FC) is one of the most used techniques to perform immunophenotypic analysis, allowing the simultaneous study of different proteins by using multicolor fluorescent panels. Here, we describe an approach to identify Tfr cells from human blood and tissues, namely tonsil and lymph node, by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ávila-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte - Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte - Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal.
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34
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Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell technologies have made it possible to gather increased amounts of information about even rare cell subtypes. In particular, mass cytometry is able to assess the expression of 30-50 proteins on millions of cells. Within CD4 T-cells, T-follicular helper cells (Tfh) and their regulatory counterpart, T-follicular regulatory cells (Tfr), localize to the B-cell follicle and have specialized roles in the maintenance and regulation of B-cell antibody production. The frequency of Tfh and Tfr in circulation has also been associated with ongoing antibody responses.In this chapter, we detail methods to analyze the frequency and phenotype of the populations of Tfh and Tfr found in humans by mass cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wing
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single-cell immunology), WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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35
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Louis K, Fadakar P, Macedo C, Yamada M, Lucas M, Gu X, Zeevi A, Randhawa P, Lefaucheur C, Metes D. Concomitant loss of regulatory T and B cells is a distinguishing immune feature of antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2022; 101:1003-1016. [PMID: 35090879 PMCID: PMC9038633 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although considerable advances have been made in understanding the cellular effector mechanisms responsible for donor-specific antibody generation leading to antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR), the identification of cellular regulators of such immune responses is lacking. To clarify this, we used high dimensional flow cytometry to concomitantly profile and track the two major subsets of regulatory lymphocytes in blood: T regulatory (TREG) and transitional B cells in a cohort of 96 kidney transplant recipients. Additionally, we established co-culture assays to address their respective capacity to suppress antibody responses in vitro. TREG and transitional B cells were found to be potent suppressors of T follicular helper-mediated B-cell differentiation into plasmablast and antibody generation. TREG and transitional B cells were both durably expanded in patients who did not develop donor-specific antibody post-transplant. However, patients who manifested donor-specific antibody and progressed to ABMR displayed a marked and persistent numerical reduction in TREG and transitional B cells. Strikingly, specific cell clusters expressing the transcription factor T-bet were selectively depleted in both TREG and transitional B-cell compartments in patients with ABMR. Importantly, the coordinated loss of these T-bet+CXCR5+TREG and T-bet+CD21- transitional B-cell clusters was correlated with increased and inflammatory donor specific antibody responses, more extensive microvascular inflammation and a higher rate of kidney allograft loss. Thus, our study identified coordinated and persistent defects in regulatory T- and B-cell responses in patients undergoing ABMR, which may contribute to their loss of humoral immune regulation, and warrant timely therapeutic interventions to replenish and sustain TREG and transitional B cells in these patients.
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36
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Pedroso R, Ribeiro F, Pires AR, Graca L, Fonseca VR. Identification of Human T Follicular Cells in Ectopic Lymphoid Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2380:225-233. [PMID: 34802135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are the two T cell subsets able to interact with B cells driving germinal center (GC) reactions. These T-B interactions are important for protective immune responses within secondary lymphoid tissue. However, the pathological emergence of ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) that characterize several autoimmune diseases also involves Tfh and Tfr cells. ELS, often with ectopic GCs, can be identified through biopsies. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an example of an autoimmune disease where minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsies are often performed for diagnosis and where ELS can be found. Here, we describe a protocol to identify and isolate T follicular cells from MSGs by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pedroso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Pires
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Valter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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37
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Ghosh S, Leavenworth JW. Current Advances in Follicular Regulatory T-Cell Biology. Crit Rev Immunol 2022; 42:35-47. [PMID: 37017287 PMCID: PMC11034780 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2022045746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells are a population of CD4+ T-cells that concomitantly express markers for regulatory T-cells and follicular helper T (TFH) cells, and have been predominantly implicated in the regulation of humoral immunity via their suppressive functions. Rapid and robust progress has been made in the field of TFR cell research since the discovery of this subset over a decade ago. However, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of TFR cells under various physiologic and pathologic settings. In this review article, we aim to highlight the most up-to-date concepts and investigations in both experimental animal models and human studies to provide a perspective on our understanding of TFR biology with particular emphasis on these cells in the context of disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashib Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Jianmei W. Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
- The O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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38
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Vecchione A, Jofra T, Gerosa J, Shankwitz K, Di Fonte R, Galvani G, Ippolito E, Cicalese MP, Schultz AR, Seay HR, Favellato M, Milardi G, Stabilini A, Ragogna F, Grogan P, Bianconi E, Laurenzi A, Caretto A, Nano R, Melzi R, Danzl N, Bosi E, Piemonti L, Aiuti A, Brusko T, Petrovas C, Battaglia M, Fousteri G. Reduced Follicular Regulatory T Cells in Spleen and Pancreatic Lymph Nodes of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2892-2902. [PMID: 34620616 PMCID: PMC8660982 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the attempt to understand the origin of autoantibody (AAb) production in patients with and at risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple studies have analyzed and reported alterations in T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in presymptomatic AAb+ subjects and patients with T1D. Yet, whether the regulatory counterpart of Tfh cells, represented by T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, is similarly altered is still unclear. To address this question, we performed analyses in peripheral blood, spleen, and pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) of organ donor subjects with T1D. Blood analyses were also performed in living AAb- and AAb+ subjects. While negligible differences in the frequency and phenotype of blood Tfr cells were observed among T1D, AAb-, and AAb+ adult subjects, the frequency of Tfr cells was significantly reduced in spleen and PLN of T1D as compared with nondiabetic control subjects. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of Tfr cells delayed disease development in a mouse model of T1D, a finding that could indicate that Tfr cells play an important role in peripheral tolerance and regulation of autoreactive Tfh cells. Together, our findings provide evidence of Tfr cell alterations within disease-relevant tissues in patients with T1D, suggesting a role for Tfr cells in defective humoral tolerance and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vecchione
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Tatiana Jofra
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jolanda Gerosa
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Kimberly Shankwitz
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Roberta Di Fonte
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Galvani
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Ippolito
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cicalese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew R Schultz
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
| | - Howie R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Giulia Milardi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Stabilini
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragogna
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pauline Grogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- TrialNet Clinical Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bianconi
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- TrialNet Clinical Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Laurenzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Amelia Caretto
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Nano
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaela Melzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nichole Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- TrialNet Clinical Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Todd Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- TrialNet Clinical Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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39
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Akama-Garren EH, van den Broek T, Simoni L, Castrillon C, van der Poel CE, Carroll MC. Follicular T cells are clonally and transcriptionally distinct in B cell-driven mouse autoimmune disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6687. [PMID: 34795279 PMCID: PMC8602266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic autoantibodies contribute to tissue damage and clinical decline in autoimmune disease. Follicular T cells are central regulators of germinal centers, although their contribution to autoantibody-mediated disease remains unclear. Here we perform single cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of follicular T cells in a mouse model of autoantibody-mediated disease, allowing for analyses of paired transcriptomes and unbiased TCRαβ repertoires at single cell resolution. A minority of clonotypes are preferentially shared amongst autoimmune follicular T cells and clonotypic expansion is associated with differential gene signatures in autoimmune disease. Antigen prediction using algorithmic and machine learning approaches indicates convergence towards shared specificities between non-autoimmune and autoimmune follicular T cells. However, differential autoimmune transcriptional signatures are preserved even amongst follicular T cells with shared predicted specificities. These results demonstrate that follicular T cells are phenotypically distinct in B cell-driven autoimmune disease, providing potential therapeutic targets to modulate autoantibody development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Confocal
- RNA-Seq/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Theo van den Broek
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lea Simoni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Castrillon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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40
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Tulyeu J, Søndergaard JN, Sakaguchi S, Wing JB. Isolation and Characterization of Both Human and Mouse Tfh/Tfr Cells. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e283. [PMID: 34748274 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 have a critical role for the control of immune homeostasis. The Treg subgroup T follicular regulatory cells (Tfr) have a specialized function to travel to the B cell follicle and control antibody responses. While Tfr may be identified by their protein or gene expression profiles, the use of in vitro functional assays to determine their suppressive capacity is important to further characterize these cells. Here we present methods for the identification and purification of Tfr from both mice and humans followed by co-culture with B cells and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). The suppressive activity of the Tfr is then assessed by the ability to prevent Tfh-dependent B cell class switching and plasma blast formation measured by flow cytometry and immunoglobulin production in culture supernatants measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These assays will also provide in-depth characterization of the functional suppressive capacity of any isolated Tfr or Treg population. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of murine T follicular regulatory cells Basic Protocol 2: Measurement of murine T follicular regulatory cell suppressive function Basic Protocol 3: Isolation of human T follicular regulatory cells Basic Protocol 4: Measurement of human T follicular regulatory cell suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyerkye Tulyeu
- Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CIDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Jonas N Søndergaard
- Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CIDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - James B Wing
- Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CIDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Immunology), WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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41
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Louis K, Macedo C, Metes D. Targeting T Follicular Helper Cells to Control Humoral Allogeneic Immunity. Transplantation 2021; 105:e168-e180. [PMID: 33909968 PMCID: PMC8484368 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Humoral allogeneic immunity driven by anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) significantly impede prolonged survival of organ allografts after transplantation. Although the importance of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in controlling antibody responses has been long established, their role in directing donor-specific antibody generation leading to AMR was only recently appreciated in the clinical setting of organ transplantation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the biology of human TFH cells as well as their circulating counterparts and describe their pivotal role in driving humoral alloimmunity. In addition, we discuss the intrinsic effects of current induction therapies and maintenance immunosuppressive drugs as well as of biotherapies on TFH cells and provide future directions and novel opportunities of biotherapeutic targeting of TFH cells that have the potential of bringing the prophylactic and curative treatments of AMR toward personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Inserm UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Kidney Transplant Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camila Macedo
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana Metes
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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42
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Anang DC, Balzaretti G, van Kampen A, de Vries N, Klarenbeek PL. The Germinal Center Milieu in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Immunological Drummer or Dancer? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10514. [PMID: 34638855 PMCID: PMC8508581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation, affecting approximately 1% of the general population. To alleviate symptoms and ameliorate joint damage, chronic use of immunosuppressives is needed. However, these treatments are only partially effective and may lead to unwanted side effects. Therefore, a more profound understanding of the pathophysiology might lead to more effective therapies, or better still, a cure. The presence of autoantibodies in RA indicates that B cells might have a pivotal role in the disease. This concept is further supported by the fact that a diverse antibody response to various arthritis-related epitopes is associated with arthritis development. In this context, attention has focused in recent years on the role of Germinal Centers (GCs) in RA. Since GCs act as the main anatomic location of somatic hypermutations, and, thus, contributing to the diversity and specificity of (auto) antibodies, it has been speculated that defects in germinal center reactions might be crucial in the initiation and maintenance of auto-immune events. In this paper, we discuss current evidence that various processes within GCs can result in the aberrant production of B cells that possess autoreactive properties and might result in the production of RA related autoantibodies. Secondly, we discuss various (pre-)clinical studies that have targeted various GC processes as novel therapies for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dornatien C. Anang
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (G.B.); (P.L.K.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Balzaretti
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (G.B.); (P.L.K.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine van Kampen
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (G.B.); (P.L.K.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul L. Klarenbeek
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology & Immunology Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.C.A.); (G.B.); (P.L.K.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofdorp, 2000 AK Haarlem, The Netherlands
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43
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Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a systemic autoimmune disease marked by xerostomia (dry mouth), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (eye dryness), and other systematic disorders. Its pathogenesis involves an inflammatory process that is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into exocrine glands and other tissues. Although the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue and overproduction of autoantibodies by hyperactive B cells suggest that they may promote SjS development, treatment directed towards them fails to induce significant laboratory or clinical improvement. T cells are overwhelming infiltrators in most phases of the disease, and the involvement of multiple T cell subsets of suggests the extraordinary complexity of SjS pathogenesis. The factors, including various cellular subtypes and molecules, regulate the activation and suppression of T cells. T cell activation induces inflammatory cell infiltration, B cell activation, tissue damage, and metabolic changes in SjS. Knowledge of the pathways that link these T cell subtypes and regulation of their activities are not completely understood. This review comprehensively summarizes the research progress and our understanding of T cells in SjS, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ TRM cells, and innate T cells, to provide insights into for clinical treatment.
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44
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Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells, Follicular Regulatory CD4 + T Cells, and Inducible Costimulator and Their Roles in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2058964. [PMID: 34552387 PMCID: PMC8452443 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2058964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cells are a specialized subset of effector T cells that play a central role in orchestrating adaptive immunity. TFH cells mainly promote germinal center (GC) formation, provide help to B cells for immunoglobulin affinity maturation and class-switch recombination of B cells, and facilitate production of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. TFH cells express the nuclear transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 (CXCR5), the CD28 family members programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and inducible costimulator (ICOS) and are also responsible for the secretion of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-4. Follicular regulatory CD4+ T (TFR) cells, as a regulatory counterpart of TFH cells, participate in the regulation of GC reactions. TFR cells not only express markers of TFH cells but also express markers of regulatory T (Treg) cells containing FOXP3, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and IL-10, hence owing to the dual characteristic of TFH cells and Treg cells. ICOS, expressed on activated CD4+ effector T cells, participates in T cell activation, differentiation, and effector process. The expression of ICOS is highest on TFH and TFR cells, indicating it as a key regulator of humoral immunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and results in disability, mediated by autoreactive T cells with evolving evidence of a remarkable contribution from humoral responses. This review summarizes recent advances regarding TFH cells, TFR cells, and ICOS, as well as their functional characteristics in relation to MS.
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45
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Eschweiler S, Clarke J, Ramírez-Suástegui C, Panwar B, Madrigal A, Chee SJ, Karydis I, Woo E, Alzetani A, Elsheikh S, Hanley CJ, Thomas GJ, Friedmann PS, Sanchez-Elsner T, Ay F, Ottensmeier CH, Vijayanand P. Intratumoral follicular regulatory T cells curtail anti-PD-1 treatment efficacy. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1052-1063. [PMID: 34168370 PMCID: PMC8434898 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) has shown remarkable clinical success in boosting antitumor immunity. However, the breadth of its cellular targets and specific mode of action remain elusive. We find that tumor-infiltrating follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells are prevalent in tumor tissues of several cancer types. They are primarily located within tertiary lymphoid structures and exhibit superior suppressive capacity and in vivo persistence as compared with regulatory T cells, with which they share a clonal and developmental relationship. In syngeneic tumor models, anti-PD-1 treatment increases the number of tumor-infiltrating TFR cells. Both TFR cell deficiency and the depletion of TFR cells with anti-CTLA-4 before anti-PD-1 treatment improve tumor control in mice. Notably, in a cohort of 271 patients with melanoma, treatment with anti-CTLA-4 followed by anti-PD-1 at progression was associated with better a survival outcome than monotherapy with anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1 followed by anti-CTLA-4 at progression or concomitant combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Clarke
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Bharat Panwar
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Serena J Chee
- NIHR and CRUK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ioannis Karydis
- NIHR and CRUK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Edwin Woo
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Somaia Elsheikh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, England
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
| | - C J Hanley
- NIHR and CRUK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G J Thomas
- NIHR and CRUK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter S Friedmann
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ferhat Ay
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- NIHR and CRUK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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46
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Hewavisenti RV, Ferguson AL, Gasparini G, Ohashi T, Braun A, Watkins TS, Miles JJ, Elliott M, Sierro F, Feng CG, Britton WJ, Gebhardt T, Tangye S, Palendira U. Tissue-resident regulatory T cells accumulate at human barrier lymphoid organs. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:894-906. [PMID: 34080230 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in immune regulation and peripheral tolerance. While different types of Tregs have been identified in both mice and humans, much of our understanding about how these cells maintain immune homeostasis is derived from animal models. In this study, we examined two distinct human lymphoid organs to understand how repeated exposure to infections at the mucosal surface influences the phenotype and tissue localization of Tregs. We show that while Tregs in both tonsils and spleen express a tissue-resident phenotype, they accumulate in greater numbers in tonsils. Tonsillar-resident Tregs exhibit a highly suppressive phenotype with significantly increased expression of CD39, ICOS and CTLA-4 compared with their counterparts in circulation or in the spleen. Functionally, resident Tregs are able effectively to suppress T cell proliferation. We further demonstrate that tonsillar-resident Tregs share key features of T follicular helper cells. Spatial analysis reveals that the vast majority of resident Tregs are localized at the border of the T-zone and B cell follicle, as well as within the lymphocyte pockets enriched with resident memory T cells. Together our findings suggest that resident Tregs are strategically co-localized to maintain immune homeostasis at sites of recurrent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana V Hewavisenti
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela L Ferguson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgia Gasparini
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tomoki Ohashi
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Asolina Braun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas S Watkins
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Elliott
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frederic Sierro
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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47
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Basto AP, Graca L. Regulation of antibody responses against self and foreign antigens by Tfr cells: implications for vaccine development. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab012. [PMID: 36845568 PMCID: PMC9914583 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of antibodies can constitute a powerful protective mechanism against infection, but antibodies can also participate in autoimmunity and allergic responses. Recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of germinal centres (GC), the sites where B cells acquire the ability to produce high-affinity antibodies, offered new prospects for the modulation of antibody production in autoimmunity and vaccination. The process of B cell affinity maturation and isotype switching requires signals from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In addition, Foxp3+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells represent the regulatory counterpart of Tfh in the GC reaction. Tfr cells were identified one decade ago and since then it has become clear their role in controlling the emergence of autoreactive B cell clones following infection and immunization. At the same time, Tfr cells are essential for fine-tuning important features of the humoral response directed to foreign antigens that are critical in vaccination. However, this regulation is complex and several aspects of Tfr cell biology are yet to be disclosed. Here, we review the current knowledge about the regulation of antibody responses against self and foreign antigens by Tfr cells and its implications for the future rational design of safer and more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso P Basto
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Correspondence address. Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Tel: +351 217999411; Fax: +351 217999412: E-mail:
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48
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Kumar S, Fonseca VR, Ribeiro F, Basto AP, Água-Doce A, Monteiro M, Elessa D, Miragaia RJ, Gomes T, Piaggio E, Segura E, Gama-Carvalho M, Teichmann SA, Graca L. Developmental bifurcation of human T follicular regulatory cells. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/59/eabd8411. [PMID: 34049865 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are anatomic structures where B cells undergo affinity maturation, leading to production of high-affinity antibodies. The balance between T follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory (TFR) cells is critical for adequate control of GC responses. The study of human TFH and TFR cell development has been hampered because of the lack of in vitro assays reproducing in vivo biology, along with difficult access to healthy human lymphoid tissues. We used a single-cell transcriptomics approach to study the maturation of TFH and TFR cells isolated from human blood, iliac lymph nodes (LNs), and tonsils. As independent tissues have distinct proportions of follicular T cells in different maturation states, we leveraged the heterogeneity to reconstruct the maturation trajectory for human TFH and TFR cells. We found that the dominant maturation of TFR cells follows a bifurcated trajectory from precursor Treg cells, with one arm of the bifurcation leading to blood TFR cells and the other leading to the most mature GC TFR cells. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive resource for the transcriptomics of different follicular T cell populations and their dynamic relationship across different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Válter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Basto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Água-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Dikélélé Elessa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Miragaia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Tomás Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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49
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The metabolic hormone leptin promotes the function of T FH cells and supports vaccine responses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3073. [PMID: 34031386 PMCID: PMC8144586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells control antibody responses by supporting antibody affinity maturation and memory formation. Inadequate TFH function has been found in individuals with ineffective responses to vaccines, but the mechanism underlying TFH regulation in vaccination is not understood. Here, we report that lower serum levels of the metabolic hormone leptin associate with reduced vaccine responses to influenza or hepatitis B virus vaccines in healthy populations. Leptin promotes mouse and human TFH differentiation and IL-21 production via STAT3 and mTOR pathways. Leptin receptor deficiency impairs TFH generation and antibody responses in immunisation and infection. Similarly, leptin deficiency induced by fasting reduces influenza vaccination-mediated protection for the subsequent infection challenge, which is mostly rescued by leptin replacement. Our results identify leptin as a regulator of TFH cell differentiation and function and indicate low levels of leptin as a risk factor for vaccine failure. T follicular helper (TFH) cell numbers are increased after vaccination and fewer of these cells might result in reduced vaccine responses. Here the authors show in mice and humans that leptin promotes TFH differentiation and that low leptin levels can impair TFH response to vaccines and virus protection in mice.
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50
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Olatunde AC, Hale JS, Lamb TJ. Cytokine-skewed Tfh cells: functional consequences for B cell help. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:536-550. [PMID: 33972167 PMCID: PMC9107098 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal centers (GCs). Increasing evidence suggests that Tfh cells are a heterogeneous population that generates cytokine-skewed immune responses - a reflection of the microenvironment during differentiation. This has important ramifications for Tfh-mediated B cell help. Because Tfh subsets can have opposing effects on GC B cell responses, we discuss current findings regarding the differentiation and functions of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in modulating GC B cell differentiation. Antibodies are important weapons against infectious diseases but can also be pathogenic mediators in some autoimmune conditions. Since cytokine-skewed Tfh cells can influence the magnitude and quality of the humoral response, we address the roles of cytokine-skewed Tfh cells in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesola C Olatunde
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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