1
|
Gilliland T, Dunn M, Liu Y, Alcorn MD, Terada Y, Vasilatos S, Lundy J, Li R, Nambulli S, Larson D, Duprex P, Wu H, Luke T, Bausch C, Egland K, Sullivan E, Wang Z, Klimstra WB. Transchromosomic bovine-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal human antibodies protects hACE2 transgenic hamsters against multiple variants. iScience 2023; 26:107764. [PMID: 37736038 PMCID: PMC10509298 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has undergone rapid evolution resulting in the emergence of many variants with mutations in the spike protein, some of which appear to evade antibody neutralization, transmit more efficiently, and/or exhibit altered virulence. This raises significant concerns regarding the efficacy of anti-S monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics which have failed against variant SARS-CoV-2 viruses. To address this concern, SAB-185, a human anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal antibody was generated in the DiversitAb platform. SAB-185 exhibited equivalent, robust in vitro neutralization for Munich, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Δ144-146 variants and, although diminished, retained PRNT50 and PRNT80 neutralization endpoints for Delta and Omicron variants. Human ACE2 transgenic Syrian hamsters, which exhibit lethal SARS-CoV-2 disease, were protected from mortality after challenge with the Munich, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Δ144-146 variants and clinical signs after non-lethal Omicron BA.1 infection. This suggests that SAB-185 may be an effective immunotherapy even in the presence of ongoing viral mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theron Gilliland
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Maria D.H. Alcorn
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yutaka Terada
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shauna Vasilatos
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jeneveve Lundy
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Sham Nambulli
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Deanna Larson
- Department of Animal Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- SAb Biotherapeutics, Inc, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Thomas Luke
- SAb Biotherapeutics, Inc, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | - Kristi Egland
- SAb Biotherapeutics, Inc, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal Dairy, Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - William B. Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jacobson GM, Kraakman K, Wallace O, Pan J, Hennebry A, Smolenski G, Cursons R, Hodgkinson S, Williamson A, Kelton W. Immunogenic fusion proteins induce neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum and milk of sheep. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 38:e00791. [PMID: 36915646 PMCID: PMC9995299 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific polyclonal immunoglobulins derived from the serum, colostrum, or milk of immunized ruminant animals have potential as scalable therapeutics for the control of viral diseases including COVID-19. Here we show that the immunization of sheep with fusions of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) to ovine IgG2a Fc domains promotes significantly higher levels of antigen-specific antibodies compared to native RBD or full-length spike antigens. This antibody population contained elevated levels of neutralizing antibodies that suppressed binding between the RBD and hACE2 receptors in vitro. A second immune-stimulating fusion candidate, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), induced high neutralizing responses in select animals but narrowly missed achieving significance. We further demonstrated that the antibodies induced by these fusion antigens were transferred into colostrum/milk and possessed cross-neutralizing activity against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our findings highlight a new pathway for recombinant antigen design in ruminant animals with applications in immune milk production and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Jacobson
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty Kraakman
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.,Ruakura Technologies Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Olivia Wallace
- Ruakura Technologies Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Jolyn Pan
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Alex Hennebry
- Ruakura Technologies Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Grant Smolenski
- Ruakura Technologies Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Ray Cursons
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Steve Hodgkinson
- Ruakura Technologies Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Adele Williamson
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - William Kelton
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.,Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biryukov SS, Wu H, Dankmeyer JL, Rill NO, Klimko CP, Egland KA, Shoe JL, Hunter M, Fetterer DP, Qiu J, Davies ML, Bausch CL, Sullivan EJ, Luke T, Cote CK. Polyclonal Antibodies Derived from Transchromosomic Bovines Vaccinated with the Recombinant F1-V Vaccine Increase Bacterial Opsonization In Vitro and Protect Mice from Pneumonic Plague. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12020033. [PMID: 37218899 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague is an ancient disease that continues to be of concern to both the public health and biodefense research communities. Pneumonic plague is caused by hematogenous spread of Yersinia pestis bacteria from a ruptured bubo to the lungs or by directly inhaling aerosolized bacteria. The fatality rate associated with pneumonic plague is significant unless effective antibiotic therapy is initiated soon after an early and accurate diagnosis is made. As with all bacterial pathogens, drug resistance is a primary concern when developing strategies to combat these Yersinia pestis infections in the future. While there has been significant progress in vaccine development, no FDA-approved vaccine strategy exists; thus, other medical countermeasures are needed. Antibody treatment has been shown to be effective in animal models of plague. We produced fully human polyclonal antibodies in transchromosomic bovines vaccinated with the recombinant F1-V plague vaccine. The resulting human antibodies opsonized Y. pestis bacteria in the presence of RAW264.7 cells and afforded significant protection to BALB/c mice after exposure to aerosolized Y. pestis. These data demonstrate the utility of this technology to produce large quantities of non-immunogenic anti-plague human antibodies to prevent or possibly treat pneumonic plague in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei S Biryukov
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, 2100 E 54th St. N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nathaniel O Rill
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher P Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kristi A Egland
- SAB Biotherapeutics, 2100 E 54th St. N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David P Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ju Qiu
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael L Davies
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Eddie J Sullivan
- SAB Biotherapeutics, 2100 E 54th St. N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Thomas Luke
- SAB Biotherapeutics, 2100 E 54th St. N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yong CY, Liew WPP, Ong HK, Poh CL. Development of virus-like particles-based vaccines against coronaviruses. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3292. [PMID: 35932092 PMCID: PMC9537895 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are the most impactful coronaviruses in human history, especially the latter, which brings revolutionary changes to human vaccinology. Due to its high infectivity, the virus spreads rapidly throughout the world and was declared a pandemic in March 2020. A vaccine would normally take more than 10 years to be developed. As such, there is no vaccine available for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Currently, 10 vaccines have been approved for emergency use by World Health Organization (WHO) against SARS-CoV-2. Virus-like particle (VLP)s are nanoparticles resembling the native virus but devoid of the viral genome. Due to their self-adjuvanting properties, VLPs have been explored extensively for vaccine development. However, none of the approved vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 was based on VLP and only 4% of the vaccine candidates in clinical trials were based on VLPs. In the current review, we focused on discussing the major advances in the development of VLP-based vaccine candidates against the SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, including those in clinical and pre-clinical studies, to give a comprehensive overview of the VLP-based vaccines against the coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chean Yeah Yong
- China‐ASEAN College of Marine SciencesXiamen University MalaysiaSepangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Winnie Pui Pui Liew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health ScienceUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health ScienceUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life SciencesSunway UniversityBandar SunwaySelangorMalaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saied AA, Nascimento MSL, do Nascimento Rangel AH, Skowron K, Grudlewska‐Buda K, Dhama K, Shah J, Abdeen A, El‐Mayet FS, Ahmed H, Metwally AA. Transchromosomic bovines-derived broadly neutralizing antibodies as potent biotherapeutics to counter important emerging viral pathogens with a special focus on SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, Ebola, Zika, HIV-1, and influenza A virus. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4599-4610. [PMID: 35655326 PMCID: PMC9347534 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically, passive immunotherapy is an approved approach for protecting and treating humans against various diseases when other alternative therapeutic options are unavailable. Human polyclonal antibodies (hpAbs) can be made from convalescent human donor serum, although it is considered limited due to pandemics and the urgent requirement. Additionally, polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) could be generated from animals, but they may cause severe immunoreactivity and, once "humanized," may have lower neutralization efficiency. Transchromosomic bovines (TcBs) have been developed to address these concerns by creating robust neutralizing hpAbs, which are useful in preventing and/or curing human infections in response to hyperimmunization with vaccines holding adjuvants and/or immune stimulators over an extensive period. Unlike other animal-derived pAbs, potent hpAbs could be promptly produced from TcB in large amounts to assist against an outbreak scenario. Some of these highly efficacious TcB-derived antibodies have already neutralized and blocked diseases in clinical studies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has numerous variants classified into variants of concern (VOCs), variants of interest (VOIs), and variants under monitoring. Although these variants possess different mutations, such as N501Y, E484K, K417N, K417T, L452R, T478K, and P681R, SAB-185 has shown broad neutralizing activity against VOCs, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, and VOIs, such as Epsilon, Iota, Kappa, and Lambda variants. This article highlights recent developments in the field of bovine-derived biotherapeutics, which are seen as a practical platform for developing safe and effective antivirals with broad activity, particularly considering emerging viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Zika, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and influenza A virus. Antibodies in the bovine serum or colostrum, which have been proved to be more protective than their human counterparts, are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A. Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA)AswanEgypt
- Ministry of Tourism and AntiquitiesAswanEgypt
| | - Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences CenterFederal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatalRio Grande do NorteBrazil
| | | | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńL. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in BydgoszczBydgoszczPoland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska‐Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in ToruńL. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in BydgoszczBydgoszczPoland
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of PathologyICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI)IzatnagarUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Jaffer Shah
- Medical Research CenterKateb UniversityKabulAfghanistan
- New York State Department of HealthNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBenha UniversityToukhEgypt
| | - Fouad S. El‐Mayet
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBenha UniversityToukhEgypt
| | - Hassan Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
| | - Asmaa A. Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAswan UniversityAswanEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Farhangnia P, Dehrouyeh S, Safdarian AR, Farahani SV, Gorgani M, Rezaei N, Akbarpour M, Delbandi AA. Recent advances in passive immunotherapies for COVID-19: The Evidence-Based approaches and clinical trials. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108786. [PMID: 35483235 PMCID: PMC9021130 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged, causing a global pandemic called COVID-19. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for this emerging disease. Global efforts resulted in developing multiple platforms of COVID-19 vaccines, but their efficacy in humans should be wholly investigated in the long-term clinical and epidemiological follow-ups. Despite the international efforts, COVID-19 vaccination accompanies challenges, including financial and political obstacles, serious adverse effects (AEs), the impossibility of using vaccines in certain groups of people in the community, and viral evasion due to emerging novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 in many countries. For these reasons, passive immunotherapy has been considered a complementary remedy and a promising way to manage COVID-19. These approaches arebased on reduced inflammation due to inhibiting cytokine storm phenomena, immunomodulation,preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), viral neutralization, anddecreased viral load. This article highlights passive immunotherapy and immunomodulation approaches in managing and treating COVID-19 patients and discusses relevant clinical trials (CTs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States
| | - Shiva Dehrouyeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States
| | - Amir Reza Safdarian
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | - Soheila Vasheghani Farahani
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States; Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Gorgani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahzad Akbarpour
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Chicago, United States; Advanced Cellular Therapeutics Facility (ACTF), Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, United States.
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin Q, Lu C, Hong Y, Li R, Chen J, Chen W, Chen J. Animal models for studying coronavirus infections and developing antiviral agents and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105345. [PMID: 35605699 PMCID: PMC9122840 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has become the third deadly coronavirus that infects humans and causes the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 has already caused more than six million deaths worldwide and it is likely the biggest pandemic of this century faced by mankind. Although many studies on SARS-CoV-2 have been conducted, a detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 is still lacking. Animal models are indispensable for studying its pathogenesis and developing vaccines and antivirals. In this review, we analyze animal models of coronavirus infections and explore their applications on antivirals and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yuqi Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mittal D, Ali SA. Use of Nanomaterials for Diagnosis and Treatment: The Advancement of Next-Generation Antiviral Therapy. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:670-697. [PMID: 35696335 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral illness propagation is the leading cause of morbidity and death, causing wreaking havoc on socioeconomic development and health care systems. The rise of infected individuals has outpaced the existing critical care facilities. Early and sophisticated methods are desperately required in this respect to halt the spread of the infection. Therefore, early detection of infectious agents and an early treatment approach may help minimize viral outbreaks. Conventional point-of-care diagnostic techniques such as computed tomography scan, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), X-ray, and immunoassay are still deemed valuable. However, the labor demanding, low sensitivity, and complex infrastructure needed for these methods preclude their use in distant areas. Nanotechnology has emerged as a potentially transformative technology due to its promise as an effective theranostic platform for diagnosing and treating viral infection, circumventing the limits of traditional techniques. Their unique physical and chemical characteristics make nanoparticles (NPs) advantageous for drug delivery platforms due to their size, encapsulation efficiency, improved bioavailability, effectiveness, immunogenicity, and antiviral response. This study discusses the recent research on nanotechnology-based treatments designed to combat new viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Mittal
- Nanosafety Lab, Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Z, Wu H, Egland KA, Gilliland TC, Dunn MD, Luke TC, Sullivan EJ, Klimstra WB, Bausch CL, Whelan SPJ. Human immunoglobulin from transchromosomic bovines hyperimmunized with SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen efficiently neutralizes viral variants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1940652. [PMID: 34228597 PMCID: PMC8290372 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1940652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with amino-acid substitutions and deletions in spike protein (S) can reduce the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and may compromise immunity induced by vaccines. We report a polyclonal, fully human, anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin produced in transchromosomic bovines (Tc-hIgG-SARS-CoV-2) hyperimmunized with two doses of plasmid DNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain S gene, followed by repeated immunization with S protein purified from insect cells. The resulting Tc-hIgG-SARS-CoV-2, termed SAB-185, efficiently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) SARS-CoV-2 chimeras in vitro. Neutralization potency was retained for S variants including S477N, E484K, and N501Y, substitutions present in recent variants of concern. In contrast to the ease of selection of escape variants with mAbs and convalescent human plasma, we were unable to isolate VSV-SARS-CoV-2 mutants resistant to Tc-hIgG-SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. This fully human immunoglobulin that potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection may provide an effective therapeutic to combat COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- , SAB Biotherapeutics Inc, Sioux Fall, SD, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew D. Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tharmalingam T, Han X, Wozniak A, Saward L. Polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin: A proven treatment and prophylaxis platform for passive immunization to address existing and emerging diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1886560. [PMID: 34010089 PMCID: PMC9090292 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1886560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin (HIG) therapy represents a proven strategy by transferring immunoglobulins to patients to confer immediate protection against a range of pathogens including infectious agents and toxins. Distinct from active immunization, the protection is passive and the immunoglobulins will clear from the system; therefore, administration of an effective dose must be maintained for prophylaxis or treatment until a natural adaptive immune response is mounted or the pathogen/agent is cleared. The current review provides an overview of this technology, key considerations to address different pathogens, and suggested improvements. The review will reflect on key learnings from development of HIGs in the response to public health threats due to Zika, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharmala Tharmalingam
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ashley Wozniak
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laura Saward
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saied AA, Metwally AA, Alobo M, Shah J, Sharun K, Dhama K. Bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies as biotherapeutic weapons against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants: A review article. Int J Surg 2022; 98:106233. [PMID: 35065260 PMCID: PMC8768012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected 305 million individuals worldwide and killed about 5.5 million people as of January 10, 2022. SARS-CoV-2 is the third major outbreak caused by a new coronavirus in the previous two decades, following SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Even though vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is considered a critical strategy for preventing virus spread in the population and limiting COVID-19 clinical manifestations, new therapeutic drugs, and management strategies are urgently needed, particularly in light of the growing number of SARS-CoV-2 variants (such as Delta and Omicron variants). However, the use of conventional antibodies has faced many challenges, such as viral escape mutants, increased instability, weak binding, large sizes, the need for large amounts of plasma, and high-cost manufacturing. Furthermore, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants in the human population and recurrent coronavirus spillovers highlight the need for broadly neutralizing antibodies that are not affected by an antigenic drift that could limit future zoonotic infection. Bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies are more potent and protective than conventional human antibodies, thanks to their inbuilt characteristics, and can be produced in large quantities. In addition, it was reported that these biotherapeutics are effective against a broad spectrum of epitopes, reducing the opportunity of viral pathogens to develop mutational escape. In this review, we focus on the potential benefits behind our rationale for using bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies in countering SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants and mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A. Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt,Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt,Corresponding author. Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A. Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt,Corresponding author. Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Moses Alobo
- Grand Challenges Africa, Science for Africa Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jaffer Shah
- Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaplan M, Arslan A, Duman H, Karyelioğlu M, Baydemir B, Günar BB, Alkan M, Bayraktar A, Tosun Hİ, Ertürk M, Eskici G, Duar RM, Henrick BM, Frese SA, Karav S. Production of Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption to Improve Health. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:796824. [PMID: 35046820 PMCID: PMC8762312 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrum contains all essential nutrients for the neonate during the first days of life, with impacts that continue far beyond these first days. Bovine colostrum has been used for human consumption due to the high concentrations of bioactive proteins, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, as well as free and conjugated oligosaccharides. Processes involved in the preparation of bovine colostrum for human consumption play a pivotal role in preserving and maintaining the activity of the bioactive molecules. As bovine colostrum is a multifunctional food that offers a myriad of benefits for human health, assessing the main processes used in preparing it with both advantages and disadvantages is a crucial point to discuss. We discuss major processes effects for colostrum production on the nutritional value, some advanced technologies to preserve processed bovine colostrum and the end-product forms consumed by humans whether as dairy products or dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Melda Karyelioğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Barış Baydemir
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Bilgetekin Burak Günar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Merve Alkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Uluova Dairy, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Bayraktar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Uluova Dairy, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | | | - Günay Eskici
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve Biosystems, Inc., Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Steven A. Frese
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang J, Grubbs G, Lee Y, Wu H, Luke TC, Egland KA, Bausch CL, Sullivan EJ, Khurana S. OUP accepted manuscript. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:655-663. [PMID: 35106573 PMCID: PMC8903330 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive antibody immunotherapeutics directed against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are promising countermeasures for protection and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) can impact the clinical efficacy of immunotherapeutics. A fully human polyclonal antibody immunotherapeutic purified from plasma of transchromosomic (Tc) bovines hyperimmunized with SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 spike (SAB-185) is being assessed for efficacy in a phase 2/3 clinical trial when different circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants predominated. We evaluated antibody binding, avidity maturation, and SARS-CoV-2 VOCs/VOIs virus-neutralizing capacity of convalescent plasma compared with different lots of SAB-185 and individual Tc bovine sera sequentially obtained after each vaccination against Alpha, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, Beta, Kappa, and Delta variants. In contrast to convalescent plasma, sera and SAB-185 derived from hyperimmunized Tc bovines demonstrated higher antibody avidity and more potent cross-neutralizing activity of VOCs/VOIs. Thus, SAB-185 is a potential promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjie Tang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Correspondence: Surender Khurana, PhD, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA ()
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Use of Genome Editing Techniques to Produce Transgenic Farm Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1354:279-297. [PMID: 34807447 PMCID: PMC9810480 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are essential for the treatment and diagnosis of clinical human ailments. The availability and biological activity of recombinant proteins is heavily influenced by production platforms. Conventional production platforms such as yeast, bacteria, and mammalian cells have biological and economical challenges. Transgenic livestock species have been explored as an alternative production platform for recombinant proteins, predominantly through milk secretion; the strategy has been demonstrated to produce large quantities of biologically active proteins. The major limitation of utilizing livestock species as bioreactors has been efforts required to alter the genome of livestock. Advancements in the genome editing field have drastically improved the ability to genetically engineer livestock species. Specifically, genome editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system have lowered efforts required to generate genetically engineered livestock, thus minimizing restrictions on the type of genetic modification in livestock. In this review, we discuss characteristics of transgenic animal bioreactors and how the use of genome editing systems enhances design and availability of the animal models.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The arrival of the most recent coronavirus in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, caught the entire world by surprise, and as a result has caused more anguish due to its rapid spread and serious health consequences for the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, and its ability to generate variants of ever increasing contagiousness. But this was not the first coronavirus to infect humans. This chapter explores the history of this virus family, the emergence of the first serious infection in 2003–04 (SARS-CoV), and the related virus MERS in 2012, and the possible origins of SARS-CoV-2. The lessons of those two outbreaks that never developed into pandemics may not all have been learnt by the world health leaders of today. Nevertheless, the rapidity of vaccine development and the conventional health measure introduced during 2020, not always in good time, has almost certainly led to lower morbidities and mortalities that would otherwise have been the case. This chapter will inevitably be out of date by time this book goes to press. Nevertheless, it is to be hoped that the origin of SARS-CoV-2 will eventually be established, but sadly not without the cooperation of the major countries having the resources to carry out such complex investigations. If such a cooperation did happen, maybe future pandemics of this will be more controllable, and even never progress beyond local outbreaks.
Collapse
|
16
|
Monzani PS, Adona PR, Long SA, Wheeler MB. Cows as Bioreactors for the Production of Nutritionally and Biomedically Significant Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:299-314. [PMID: 34807448 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy and beef cattle make a vital contribution to global nutrition, and since their domestication, they have been continuously exposed to natural and artificial selection to improve production characteristics. The technologies of transgenesis and gene editing used in cattle are responsible for generating news characteristics in bovine breeding, such as alteration of nutritional components of milk and meat enhancing human health benefits, disease resistance decreasing production costs and offering safe products for human food, as well as the recombinant protein production of biomedical significance. Different methodologies have been used to generate transgenic cattle as bioreactors. These methods include the microinjection of vectors in pronuclear, oocyte or zygote, sperm-mediate transgenesis, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Gene editing has been applied to eliminate unwanted genes related to human and animal health, such as allergy, infection, or disease, and to insert transgenes into specific sites in the host genome. Methodologies for the generation of genetically modified cattle are laborious and not very efficient. However, in the last 30 years, transgenic animals were produced using many biotechnological tools. The result of these modifications includes (1) the change of nutritional components, including proteins, amino acids and lipids for human nutrition; (2) the removal allergic proteins milk; (3) the production of cows resistant to disease; or (4) the production of essential proteins used in biomedicine (biomedical proteins) in milk and blood plasma. The genetic modification of cattle is a powerful tool for biotechnology. It allows for the generation of new or modified products and functionality that are not currently available in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Monzani
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade/Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Aquática Continental, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil.
| | - P R Adona
- Saúde e Produção de Ruminantes, Universidade Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, PR, Brasil
| | - S A Long
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M B Wheeler
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gunn BM, Bai S. Building a better antibody through the Fc: advances and challenges in harnessing antibody Fc effector functions for antiviral protection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4328-4344. [PMID: 34613865 PMCID: PMC8827636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1976580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. While neutralization has long been appreciated for its role in antibody-mediated protection, a growing body of work indicates that the antibody Fc domain also significantly contributes to antiviral protection. Recruitment of innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system by antibodies can lead to direct restriction of viral infection as well as promoting long-term antiviral immunity. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics against viruses are increasingly incorporating Fc-enhancing features to take advantage of the Fc domain, uncovering a surprising breadth of mechanisms through which antibodies can control viral infection. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of antibody-mediated innate immune effector functions in protection from viral infection and review the current approaches and challenges to effectively leverage innate immune cells via antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kolahchi Z, Sohrabi H, Ekrami Nasab S, Jelodari Mamaghani H, Keyfari Alamdari M, Rezaei N. Potential therapeutic approach of intravenous immunoglobulin against COVID-19. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2021; 17:105. [PMID: 34627384 PMCID: PMC8501925 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the therapeutic and management options to reduce the burden of the COVID-19 disease are under investigation. IVIG therapy is used as an effective treatment for immunodeficient patients and patients with inflammatory or autoimmune conditions. The therapeutic effect of IVIG in COVID-19 patients has been investigated. But, the results are controversial and some studies reported no benefit of IVIG therapy. More clinical trials on the effect of IVIG therapy in COVID-19 patients should be performed to establish a certain conclusion about IVIG effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kolahchi
- Students' International Committee of Medical Schools (SICoMS), School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanye Sohrabi
- Students' International Committee of Medical Schools (SICoMS), School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ekrami Nasab
- Students' International Committee of Medical Schools (SICoMS), School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesan Jelodari Mamaghani
- Students' International Committee of Medical Schools (SICoMS), School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Keyfari Alamdari
- Students' International Committee of Medical Schools (SICoMS), School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Molina P, Torres Arias M. Herramientas biotecnológicas en el diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento frente a pandemias. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las pandemias son consideradas como un problema emergente de salud pública a nivel mundial, las cuales además de caracterizarse por tasas altas de morbilidad y mortalidad, ocasionan conflictos en los aspectos sociales, económicos y políticos. Las herramientas biotecnológicas, por su parte, han ido evolucionando conforme al avance tecnológico-científico, lo que ha permitido optimizar métodos de diagnóstico con alta sensibilidad y especificidad, además de mejorar el desarrollo de productos biológicos para la prevención y terapia de enfermedades. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar la actualización de las herramientas biotecnológicas en el diagnóstico, tratamiento terapéutico y profiláctico frente a los patógenos causantes de las enfermedades pandémicas a lo largo de la historia, mediante la recopilación de información científica. Con este estudio se logró establecer que las herramientas y productos de origen biotecnológico han constituido un papel fundamental en el control de pandemias a través de la innovación constante que ha permitido alcanzar resultados eficientes tanto en diagnóstico como en el tratamiento.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Molina
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE
| | - Marbel Torres Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, CENCINAT, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE] Av. General Rumiñahui S/N y Ambato, PO BOX 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gilliland T, Liu Y, Li R, Dunn M, Cottle E, Terada Y, Ryckman Z, Alcorn M, Vasilatos S, Lundy J, Larson D, Wu H, Luke T, Bausch C, Egland K, Sullivan E, Wang Z, Klimstra WB. Protection of human ACE2 transgenic Syrian hamsters from SARS CoV-2 variants by human polyclonal IgG from hyper-immunized transchromosomic bovines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34341790 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.26.453840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic SARS CoV-2 has been undergoing rapid evolution during spread throughout the world resulting in the emergence of many Spike protein variants, some of which appear to either evade antibody neutralization, transmit more efficiently, or potentially exhibit increased virulence. This raises significant concerns regarding the long-term efficacy of protection elicited after primary infection and/or from vaccines derived from single virus Spike (S) genotypes, as well as the efficacy of anti-S monoclonal antibody based therapeutics. Here, we used fully human polyclonal human IgG (SAB-185), derived from hyperimmunization of transchromosomic bovines with DNA plasmids encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Wa-1 strain S protein or purified ectodomain of S protein, to examine the neutralizing capacity of SAB-185 in vitro and the protective efficacy of passive SAB-185 antibody (Ab) transfer in vivo . The Ab preparation was tested for neutralization against five variant SARS-CoV-2 strains: Munich (Spike D614G), UK (B.1.1.7), Brazil (P.1) and SA (B.1.3.5) variants, and a variant isolated from a chronically infected immunocompromised patient (Spike Δ144-146). For the in vivo studies, we used a new human ACE2 (hACE2) transgenic Syrian hamster model that exhibits lethality after SARS-Cov-2 challenge and the Munich, UK, SA and Δ144-146 variants. SAB-185 neutralized each of the SARS-CoV-2 strains equivalently on Vero E6 cells, however, a control convalescent human serum sample was less effective at neutralizing the SA variant. In the hamster model, prophylactic SAB-185 treatment protected the hamsters from fatal disease and minimized clinical signs of infection. These results suggest that SAB-185 may be an effective treatment for patients infected with SARS CoV-2 variants.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pandey K, Acharya A, Mohan M, Ng CL, Reid SP, Byrareddy SN. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 research: A comprehensive literature review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1868-1885. [PMID: 33128861 PMCID: PMC8085186 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases can create devastating effects on human lives and may also lead to economic crises. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic due to the novel coronavirus (nCoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan, China, has caused a global public health emergency. To date, the molecular mechanism of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, its clinical manifestations and pathogenesis is not completely understood. The global scientific community has intensified its efforts in understanding the biology of SARS-CoV-2 for development of vaccines and therapeutic interventions to prevent the rapid spread of the virus and to control mortality and morbidity associated with COVID-19. To understand the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2, appropriate animal models that mimic the biology of human SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed. In this review, we outline animal models that have been used to study previous human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Importantly, we discuss models that are appropriate for SARS-CoV-2 as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various available methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Caroline L Ng
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - St Patrick Reid
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sajjad H, Majeed M, Imtiaz S, Siddiqah M, Sajjad A, Din M, Ali M. Origin, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Options for SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021; 76:2655-2673. [PMID: 34092799 PMCID: PMC8170627 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging viral infections are among the greatest challenges in the public health sector in the twenty-first century. Among these, most of the viruses jump from other species of animals to humans called zoonotic viruses. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), by crossing species-barrier, has infected the human population for the third time in the current century and has caused the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) . Mutation and adaptation for years have greatly influenced the co-evolution and existence of coronaviruses and their possible hosts including humans. The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in China thrust coronaviruses into the limelight and shocked the world. Presently, no coronavirus vaccines are clinically available to combat the virus's devastating effects. To counter the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is therefore important to understand the complex nature of coronaviruses and their clinical attributes. SARS and MERS outbreaks had ultimately led to socio-economic deprivation in the previous decades. In addressing the recent disastrous situation, the COVID-19 pandemic still needs some lessons from prior experience. In this review, we have highlighted the chronological order of coronavirus strains, their genomic features, the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2, and its disastrous repercussions on the world. We have also suggested some therapeutic options that could be effective against the COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humna Sajjad
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Majeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saiqa Imtiaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mariyam Siddiqah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Anila Sajjad
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Misbahud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Keeler SP, Fox JM. Requirement of Fc-Fc Gamma Receptor Interaction for Antibody-Based Protection against Emerging Virus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061037. [PMID: 34072720 PMCID: PMC8226613 DOI: 10.3390/v13061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of therapeutics against emerging and re-emerging viruses remains a continued priority that is only reinforced by the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Advances in monoclonal antibody (mAb) isolation, characterization, and production make it a viable option for rapid treatment development. While mAbs are traditionally screened and selected based on potency of neutralization in vitro, it is clear that additional factors contribute to the in vivo efficacy of a mAb beyond viral neutralization. These factors include interactions with Fc receptors (FcRs) and complement that can enhance neutralization, clearance of infected cells, opsonization of virions, and modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss recent studies, primarily using mouse models, that identified a role for Fc-FcγR interactions for optimal antibody-based protection against emerging and re-emerging virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P. Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Julie M. Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Immunotherapeutic Efficacy of IgY Antibodies Targeting the Full-Length Spike Protein in an Animal Model of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. PHARMACEUTICALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021. [PMID: 34073502 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060511.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identified in 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe and often fatal acute respiratory illness in humans. No approved prophylactic or therapeutic interventions are currently available. In this study, we developed chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY Abs) specific to the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein and evaluated their neutralizing efficiency against MERS-CoV infection. S-specific IgY Abs were produced by injecting chickens with the purified recombinant S protein of MERS-CoV at a high titer (4.4 mg/mL per egg yolk) at week 7 post immunization. Western blotting and immune-dot blot assays demonstrated specific binding to the MERS-CoV S protein. In vitro neutralization of the generated IgY Abs against MERS-CoV was evaluated and showed a 50% neutralizing concentration of 51.42 μg/mL. In vivo testing using a human-transgenic mouse model showed a reduction of viral antigen positive cells in treated mice, compared to the adjuvant-only controls. Moreover, the lung cells of the treated mice showed significantly reduced inflammation, compared to the controls. Our results show efficient neutralization of MERS-CoV infection both in vitro and in vivo using S-specific IgY Abs. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficiency of the IgY Abs in camels and humans.
Collapse
|
26
|
El-Kafrawy SA, Abbas AT, Sohrab SS, Tabll AA, Hassan AM, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Nagata N, Azhar EI. Immunotherapeutic Efficacy of IgY Antibodies Targeting the Full-Length Spike Protein in an Animal Model of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060511. [PMID: 34073502 PMCID: PMC8229159 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified in 2012, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe and often fatal acute respiratory illness in humans. No approved prophylactic or therapeutic interventions are currently available. In this study, we developed chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY Abs) specific to the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein and evaluated their neutralizing efficiency against MERS-CoV infection. S-specific IgY Abs were produced by injecting chickens with the purified recombinant S protein of MERS-CoV at a high titer (4.4 mg/mL per egg yolk) at week 7 post immunization. Western blotting and immune-dot blot assays demonstrated specific binding to the MERS-CoV S protein. In vitro neutralization of the generated IgY Abs against MERS-CoV was evaluated and showed a 50% neutralizing concentration of 51.42 μg/mL. In vivo testing using a human-transgenic mouse model showed a reduction of viral antigen positive cells in treated mice, compared to the adjuvant-only controls. Moreover, the lung cells of the treated mice showed significantly reduced inflammation, compared to the controls. Our results show efficient neutralization of MERS-CoV infection both in vitro and in vivo using S-specific IgY Abs. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficiency of the IgY Abs in camels and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A. El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (S.S.S.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aymn T. Abbas
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (S.S.S.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Gastroenterology, Surgery Centre, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.T.A.); (E.I.A.); Tel.: +966-546-315-514 (A.T.A.); +966-566-615-222 (E.I.A.)
| | - Sayed S. Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (S.S.S.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A. Tabll
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt;
- Department of Immunology, Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo 11517, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (S.S.S.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (N.I.-Y.); (N.N.)
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (N.I.-Y.); (N.N.)
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (S.S.S.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.T.A.); (E.I.A.); Tel.: +966-546-315-514 (A.T.A.); +966-566-615-222 (E.I.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Scalable, Micro-Neutralization Assay for Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Clinical Samples. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050893. [PMID: 34065987 PMCID: PMC8151879 DOI: 10.3390/v13050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic expanded, it was clear that effective testing for the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the blood of convalescent patients would be critical for development of plasma-based therapeutic approaches. To address the need for a high-quality neutralization assay against SARS-CoV-2, a previously established fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA) against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was modified and optimized. The SARS-CoV-2 FRNA provides a quantitative assessment of a large number of infected cells through use of a high-content imaging system. Because of this approach, and the fact that it does not involve subjective interpretation, this assay is more efficient and more accurate than other neutralization assays. In addition, the ability to set robust acceptance criteria for individual plates and specific test wells provided further rigor to this assay. Such agile adaptability avails use with multiple virus variants. By February 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 FRNA had been used to screen over 5000 samples, including acute and convalescent plasma or serum samples and therapeutic antibody treatments, for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titers.
Collapse
|
28
|
Leelayuwatanakul N, Kongpolprom N, Sriprasart T, Phoophiboon V, Thanthitaweewat V, Thawanaphong S, Sirichana W, Chirakalwasan N, Kawkitinarong K, Sittipunt C, Putcharoen O, Paitoonpong L, Suwanpimolkul G, Jantarabenjakul W, Srisawat N, Pachinburavan M. Multimodality treatment in immunocompromised patients with severe COVID-19: the role of IL-6 inhibitor, intravenous immunoglobulin, and haemoperfusion. Respirol Case Rep 2021; 9:e0733. [PMID: 33732466 PMCID: PMC7938208 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is known to be associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Multiple anti-inflammatory therapies such as tocilizumab, corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and haemoadsorption or haemoperfusion have been used to combat this life-threatening condition. However, immunocompromised hosts are often omitted from research studies, and knowledge on the clinical efficacy of these therapies in immunocompromised patients is therefore limited. We report two cases of immunocompromised patients with severe COVID-19-related CRS requiring mechanical ventilation who were treated with multimodality treatment consisting of tocilizumab, IVIG, and haemoperfusion. Within 48 h, both patients showed clinical improvement with PaO2:FiO2 ratio and haemodynamic stability. Both survived to discharge. There were no adverse events following these therapies. In conclusion, combined therapeutic modalities, possibly tailored to individual inflammatory profiles, are promising treatment for severe COVID-19 infection in the immunocompromised host. Timely administration of adjunctive therapies that alleviate overwhelming inflammation may provide the best outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nophol Leelayuwatanakul
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Napplika Kongpolprom
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Thitiwat Sriprasart
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Vorakamol Phoophiboon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Vorawut Thanthitaweewat
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Sarita Thawanaphong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Worawan Sirichana
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Naricha Chirakalwasan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kamon Kawkitinarong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Chanchai Sittipunt
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Opass Putcharoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical CenterKing Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalBangkokThailand
| | - Leilani Paitoonpong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical CenterKing Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalBangkokThailand
| | - Gompol Suwanpimolkul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical CenterKing Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalBangkokThailand
| | - Watsamon Jantarabenjakul
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical CenterKing Chulalongkorn Memorial HospitalBangkokThailand
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Monvasi Pachinburavan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bennett RS, Postnikova EN, Liang J, Gross R, Mazur S, Dixit S, Lukin VV, Kocher G, Yu S, Georgia-Clark S, Gerhardt D, Cai Y, Marron L, Holbrook MR. Scalable, Micro-Neutralization Assay for Qualitative Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Clinical Samples. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33688658 PMCID: PMC7941633 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.05.434152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was expanding, it was clear that effective testing for the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the blood of convalescent patients would be critical for development of plasma-based therapeutic approaches. To address the need for a high-quality neutralization assay against SARS-CoV-2, a previously established fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA) against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was modified and optimized. The SARS-CoV-2 FRNA provides a quantitative assessment of a large number of infected cells through use of a high-content imaging system. Because of this approach, and the fact that it does not involve subjective interpretation, this assay is more efficient and more accurate than other neutralization assays. In addition, the ability to set robust acceptance criteria for individual plates and specific test wells provided further rigor to this assay. Such agile adaptability avails use with multiple virus variants. By February 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 FRNA had been used to screen over 5,000 samples, including acute and convalescent plasma or serum samples and therapeutic antibody treatments, for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elena N Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Mazur
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Greg Kocher
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shalamar Georgia-Clark
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dawn Gerhardt
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lindsay Marron
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Urata S, Maruyama J, Kishimoto-Urata M, Sattler RA, Cook R, Lin N, Yamasoba T, Makishima T, Paessler S. Regeneration Profiles of Olfactory Epithelium after SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:589-595. [PMID: 33522795 PMCID: PMC7874468 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is one of the most frequent and specific symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Information on the damage and repair of the neuroepithelium and its impact on olfactory function after COVID-19 is still incomplete. While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the ongoing worldwide outbreak of COVID-19, little is known about the changes triggered by SARS-CoV-2 in the olfactory epithelium (OE) at the cellular level. Here, we report profiles of the OE after SARS-CoV-2 infection in golden Syrian hamsters, which is a reliable animal model of COVID-19. We observed severe damage in the OE as early as 3 days postinoculation and regionally specific damage and regeneration of the OE within the nasal cavity; the nasal septal region demonstrated the fastest recovery compared to other regions in the nasal turbinates. These findings suggest that anosmia related to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be fully reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Urata
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Megumi Kishimoto-Urata
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rachel A. Sattler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca Cook
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nantian Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Makishima
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou P, Li Z, Xie L, An D, Fan Y, Wang X, Li Y, Liu X, Wu J, Li G, Li Q. Research progress and challenges to coronavirus vaccine development. J Med Virol 2021; 93:741-754. [PMID: 32936465 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses highly pathogenic to humans. Some CoVs are known to cause respiratory and intestinal diseases, posing a threat to the global public health. Against this backdrop, it is of critical importance to develop safe and effective vaccines against these CoVs. This review discusses human vaccine candidates in any stage of development and explores the viral characteristics, molecular epidemiology, and immunology associated with CoV vaccine development. At present, there are many obstacles and challenges to vaccine research and development, including the lack of knowledge about virus transmission, pathogenesis, and immune response, absence of the most appropriate animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Zhou
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linqing Xie
- Department of Guangzhou Cyanvaccine Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yaohua Fan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Guangzhou Cyanvaccine Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ali MG, Zhang Z, Gao Q, Pan M, Rowan EG, Zhang J. Recent advances in therapeutic applications of neutralizing antibodies for virus infections: an overview. Immunol Res 2020; 68:325-339. [PMID: 33161557 PMCID: PMC7648849 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are considered as an excellent foundation to neutralize pathogens and as highly specific therapeutic agents. Antibodies are generated in response to a vaccine but little use as immunotherapy to combat virus infections. A new generation of broadly cross-reactive and highly potent antibodies has led to a unique chance for them to be used as a medical intervention. Neutralizing antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies) are desirable for pharmaceutical products because of their ability to target specific epitopes with their variable domains by precise neutralization mechanisms. The isolation of neutralizing antiviral antibodies has been achieved by Phage displayed antibody libraries, transgenic mice, B cell approaches, and hybridoma technology. Antibody engineering technologies have led to efficacy improvements, to further boost antibody in vivo activities. "Although neutralizing antiviral antibodies have some limitations that hinder their full development as therapeutic agents, the potential for prevention and treatment of infections, including a range of viruses (HIV, Ebola, MERS-COV, CHIKV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2), are being actively pursued in human clinical trials."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasik Gumah Ali
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Edward G Rowan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Juan Zhang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Human Monoclonal Antibody Derived from Transchromosomic Cattle Neutralizes Multiple H1 Clades of Influenza A Virus by Recognizing a Novel Conformational Epitope in the Hemagglutinin Head Domain. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00945-20. [PMID: 32847862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00945-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains a global health risk and challenge. Currently, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are extensively used to treat influenza, but their efficacy is compromised by the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Neutralizing antibodies targeting influenza A virus surface glycoproteins are critical components of influenza therapeutic agents and may provide alternative strategies to the existing countermeasures. However, the major hurdle for the extensive application of antibody therapies lies in the difficulty of generating nonimmunogenic antibodies in large quantities rapidly. Here, we report that one human monoclonal antibody (MAb), 53C10, isolated from transchromosomic (Tc) cattle exhibits potent neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition titers against different clades of H1N1 subtype influenza A viruses. In vitro selection of antibody escape mutants revealed that 53C10 recognizes a novel noncontinuous epitope in the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain involving three amino acid residues, glycine (G), serine (S), and glutamic acid (E) at positions 172, 207, and 212, respectively. The results of our experiments supported a critical role for substitution of arginine at position 207 (S207R) in mediating resistance to 53C10, while substitutions at either G172E or E212A did not alter antibody recognition and neutralization. The E212A mutation may provide structural stability for the epitope, while the substitution G172E probably compensates for loss of fitness introduced by S207R. Our results offer novel insights into the mechanism of action of MAb 53C10 and indicate its potential role in therapeutic treatment of H1 influenza virus infection in humans.IMPORTANCE Respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses still pose a serious concern to global health, and neutralizing antibodies constitute a promising area of antiviral therapeutics. However, the potential application of antibodies is often hampered by the challenge in generating nonimmunogenic antibodies in large scale. In the present study, transchromosomic (Tc) cattle were used for the generation of nonimmunogenic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and characterization of such MAbs revealed one monoclonal antibody, 53C10, exhibiting a potent neutralization activity against H1N1 influenza viruses. Further characterization of the neutralization escape mutant generated using this MAb showed that three amino acid substitutions in the HA head domain contributed to the resistance. These findings emphasize the importance of Tc cattle in the production of nonimmunogenic MAbs and highlight the potential of MAb 53C10 in the therapeutic application against H1 influenza virus infection in humans.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hoque MN, Chaudhury A, Akanda MAM, Hossain MA, Islam MT. Genomic diversity and evolution, diagnosis, prevention, and therapeutics of the pandemic COVID-19 disease. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9689. [PMID: 33005486 PMCID: PMC7510477 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by a novel evolutionarily divergent RNA virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus first emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and subsequently spreaded around the world. Genomic analyses revealed that this zoonotic virus may be evolved naturally but not a purposefully manipulated laboratory construct. However, currently available data are not sufficient to precisely conclude the origin of this fearsome virus. Comprehensive annotations of the whole-genomes revealed hundreds of nucleotides, and amino acids mutations, substitutions and/or deletions at different positions of the ever changing SARS-CoV-2 genome. The spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 possesses a functional polybasic (furin) cleavage site at the S1-S2 boundary through the insertion of 12 nucleotides. It leads to the predicted acquisition of 3-O-linked glycan around the cleavage site. Although real-time RT-PCR methods targeting specific gene(s) have widely been used to diagnose the COVID-19 patients, however, recently developed more convenient, cheap, rapid, and specific diagnostic tools targeting antigens or CRISPR-Cas-mediated method or a newly developed plug and play method should be available for the resource-poor developing countries. A large number of candidate drugs, vaccines and therapies have shown great promise in early trials, however, these candidates of preventive or therapeutic agents have to pass a long path of trials before being released for the practical application against COVID-19. This review updates current knowledge on origin, genomic evolution, development of the diagnostic tools, and the preventive or therapeutic remedies of the COVID-19. We also discussed the future scopes for research, effective management, and surveillance of the newly emerged COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nazmul Hoque
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Abdul Mannan Akanda
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M. Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Alphandéry E. The Potential of Various Nanotechnologies for Coronavirus Diagnosis/Treatment Highlighted through a Literature Analysis. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1873-1882. [PMID: 32639742 PMCID: PMC7359670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the current COVID-19 outbreak, it has become essential to develop efficient methods for the treatment and detection of this virus. Among the new approaches that could be tested, that relying on nanotechnology finds one of its main grounds in the similarity between nanoparticle (NP) and coronavirus (COV) sizes, which promotes NP-COV interactions. Since COVID-19 is very recent, most studies in this field have focused on other types of coronavirus than COVID-19, such as those involved in MERS or SARS diseases. Although their number is limited, they have led to promising results on various COV using a wide range of different types of nanosystems, e.g., nanoparticles, quantum dos, or nanoassemblies of polymers/proteins. Additional efforts deserve to be spent in this field to consolidate these findings. Here, I first summarize the different nanotechnology-based methods used for COV detection, i.e., optical, electrical, or PCR ones, whose sensitivity was improved by the presence of nanoparticles. Furthermore, I present vaccination methods, which comprise nanoparticles used either as adjuvants or as active principles. They often yield a better-controlled immune response, possibly due to an improved antigen presentation/processing than in non-nanoformulated vaccines. Certain antiviral approaches also took advantage of nanoparticle uses, leading to specific mechanisms such as the blocking of virus replication at the cellular level or the reduction of a COV induced apoptotic cellular death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Paris Sorbonne
Université, Muséum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de
Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de
Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France
- Nanobacterie
SARL, 36 Boulevard Flandrin, 75116, Paris,
France
- Institute of Anatomy, UZH
University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190,
CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vaccines based on virus-like nano-particles for use against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus. Vaccine 2020; 38:5742-5746. [PMID: 32684497 PMCID: PMC7837099 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in virus-like nanoparticles against Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can initiate vaccine production faster for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), while ensuring the safety, easy administration, and long-term effects. Patients with this viral pathogen suffer from excess mortality. MERS-CoV can spread through bioaerosol transmission from animal or human sources. The appearance of an outbreak in South Korea sparked off a strong urge to design strategies for developing an effective vaccine since the emergence of MERS-CoV in 2012. Well unfortunately, this is an important fact in virus risk management. The studies showed that virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) could be effective in its goal of stopping the symptoms of MERS-CoV infection. Besides, due to the genetic similarities in the DNA sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 with MERS-CoV and the first identified severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in China since 2002/2003, strategic approaches could be used to manage SARS-CoV 2. Gathering the vital piece of information obtained so far could lead to a breakthrough in the development of an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, which is prioritized and focussed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This review focuses on the virus-like nanoparticle that got successful results in animal models of MERS-CoV.
Collapse
|
37
|
Hussman JP. Cellular and Molecular Pathways of COVID-19 and Potential Points of Therapeutic Intervention. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1169. [PMID: 32848776 PMCID: PMC7406916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the objective of linking early findings relating to the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus with potentially informative findings from prior research literature and to promote investigation toward therapeutic response, a coherent cellular and molecular pathway is proposed for COVID-19. The pathway is consistent with a broad range of observed clinical features and biological markers and captures key mediators of pathophysiology. In this proposed pathway, membrane fusion and cytoplasmic entry of SARS-CoV-2 virus via ACE2 and TMPRSS2-expressing respiratory epithelial cells, including pulmonary type-II pneumocytes, provoke an initial immune response featuring inflammatory cytokine production coupled with a weak interferon response, particularly in IFN-λ-dependent epithelial defense. Differentiation of non-classic pathogenic T-cells and pro-inflammatory intermediate monocytes contributes to a skewed inflammatory profile, mediated by membrane-bound immune receptor subtypes (e.g., FcγRIIA) and downstream signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK), followed by chemotactic infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils into lung tissue. Endothelial barrier degradation and capillary leakage contribute to alveolar cell damage. Inflammatory cytokine release, delayed neutrophil apoptosis, and NETosis contribute to pulmonary thrombosis and cytokine storm. These mechanisms are concordant with observed clinical markers in COVID-19, including high expression of inflammatory cytokines on the TNF-α/IL-6 axis, elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), diffuse alveolar damage via cell apoptosis in respiratory epithelia and vascular endothelia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CRP, high production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), depressed platelet count, and thrombosis. Although certain elements are likely to be revised as new findings emerge, the proposed pathway suggests multiple points of investigation for potential therapeutic interventions. Initial candidate interventions include prophylaxis to augment epithelial defense (e.g., AT1 receptor blockade, type III and type I interferons, melatonin, calcitriol, camostat, and lopinavir) and to reduce viral load (e.g., remdesivir, ivermectin, emetine, Abelson kinase inhibitors, dopamine D2 antagonists, and selective estrogen receptor modulators). Additional interventions focus on tempering inflammatory signaling and injury (e.g., dexamethasone, doxycycline, Ang1-7, estradiol, alpha blockers, and DHA/EPA, pasireotide), as well as inhibitors targeted toward molecular mediators of the maladaptive COVID-19 immune response (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, JAK, and CDK9).
Collapse
|
38
|
Jawhara S. Can Drinking Microfiltered Raw Immune Milk From Cows Immunized Against SARS-CoV-2 Provide Short-Term Protection Against COVID-19? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1888. [PMID: 32849647 PMCID: PMC7399080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes severe respiratory tract infections in humans (COVID-19), has become a global health concern. Currently, several vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are in clinical trials but approval of these vaccines is likely to take a long time before they are available for public use. In a previous report, the importance of passive immunity and how immunoglobulin (Ig)G collected from recovered coronavirus patients could help in the protection against COVID-19 and boost the immune system of new patients was reported. Passive immunity by immunoglobulin transfer is a concept employed by most mammals and bovine IgG has a role to play in human therapy. IgG is one of the major components of the immunological activity found in cow's milk and colostrum. Heterologous transfer of passive immunity associated with the consumption of bovine immune milk by humans has been investigated for decades for its immunological activity against infections. This short review focuses on passive immunity and how microfiltered raw immune milk or colostrum collected from cows vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 could provide short-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and could be used as an option until a vaccine becomes commercially available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Jawhara
- CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang J, Xie B, Hashimoto K. Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:59-73. [PMID: 32334062 PMCID: PMC7175848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As of April 15, 2020, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) pandemic has swept through 213 countries and infected more than 1,870,000 individuals, posing an unprecedented threat to international health and the economy. There is currently no specific treatment available for patients with COVID-19 infection. The lessons learned from past management of respiratory viral infections have provided insights into treating COVID-19. Numerous potential therapies, including supportive intervention, immunomodulatory agents, antiviral therapy, and convalescent plasma transfusion, have been tentatively applied in clinical settings. A number of these therapies have provided substantially curative benefits in treating patients with COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, intensive research and clinical trials are underway to assess the efficacy of existing drugs and identify potential therapeutic targets to develop new drugs for treating COVID-19. Herein, we summarize the current potential therapeutic approaches for diseases related to COVID-19 infection and introduce their mechanisms of action, safety, and effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
BalcioĞlu BK, Denİzcİ ÖncÜ M, ÖztÜrk HÜ, YÜcel F, Kaya F, Serhatli M, ÜlbeĞİ Polat H, Tekİn Ş, Özdemİr Bahadir A. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody development strategies. Turk J Biol 2020; 44:203-214. [PMID: 32595357 PMCID: PMC7314503 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019 a novel coronavirus was detected in Wuhan City of Hubei Province-China. Owing to a high rate of transmission from human to human, the new virus called SARS-CoV-2 differed from others by its unexpectedly rapid spread. The World Health Organization (WHO) described the most recent coronavirus epidemic as a global pandemic in March 2020. The virus spread triggered a health crisis (the COVID-19 disease) within three months, with socioeconomic implications. No approved targeted-therapies are available for COVID-19, yet. However, it is foreseen that antibody-based treatments may provide an immediate cure for patients. Current neutralizing antibody development studies primarily target the S protein among the structural elements of SARS-CoV-2, which mediates the cell entry of the virus through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of host cells. This review aims to provide some of the neutralizing antibody development strategies for SARS-CoV-2 and in vitro and in vivo neutralization assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertan Koray BalcioĞlu
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Melis Denİzcİ ÖncÜ
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Hasan Ümit ÖztÜrk
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Fatıma YÜcel
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Filiz Kaya
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Müge Serhatli
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Hivda ÜlbeĞİ Polat
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Şaban Tekİn
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Aylin Özdemİr Bahadir
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hossein-Khannazer N, Shokoohian B, Shpichka A, Aghdaei HA, Timashev P, Vosough M. Novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of COVID-19. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:789-803. [PMID: 32494931 PMCID: PMC7268974 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no licensed treatment or approved vaccine to combat the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the number of new cases and mortality multiplies every day. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective treatment strategy to control the virus spread and prevent the disease. Here, we summarized the therapeutic approaches that are used to treat this infection. Although it seems that antiviral drugs are effective in improving clinical manifestation, there is no definite treatment protocol. Lymphocytopenia, excessive inflammation, and cytokine storm followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome are still unsolved issues causing the severity of this disease. Therefore, immune response modulation and inflammation management can be considered as an essential step. There is no doubt that more studies are required to clarify immunopathogenesis and immune response; however, new therapeutic approaches including mesenchymal stromal cell and immune cell therapy showed inspiring results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Shokoohian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Polymers and Composites, NN Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia. .,Institute of Photon Technologies, Federal Research Center Crystallography and Photonics RAS, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Smith TRF, Patel A, Ramos S, Elwood D, Zhu X, Yan J, Gary EN, Walker SN, Schultheis K, Purwar M, Xu Z, Walters J, Bhojnagarwala P, Yang M, Chokkalingam N, Pezzoli P, Parzych E, Reuschel EL, Doan A, Tursi N, Vasquez M, Choi J, Tello-Ruiz E, Maricic I, Bah MA, Wu Y, Amante D, Park DH, Dia Y, Ali AR, Zaidi FI, Generotti A, Kim KY, Herring TA, Reeder S, Andrade VM, Buttigieg K, Zhao G, Wu JM, Li D, Bao L, Liu J, Deng W, Qin C, Brown AS, Khoshnejad M, Wang N, Chu J, Wrapp D, McLellan JS, Muthumani K, Wang B, Carroll MW, Kim JJ, Boyer J, Kulp DW, Humeau LMPF, Weiner DB, Broderick KE. Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2601. [PMID: 32433465 PMCID: PMC7239918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus family member, SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the causal agent for the pandemic viral pneumonia disease, COVID-19. At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease. We have previously engineered a synthetic DNA vaccine targeting the MERS coronavirus Spike (S) protein, the major surface antigen of coronaviruses, which is currently in clinical study. Here we build on this prior experience to generate a synthetic DNA-based vaccine candidate targeting SARS-CoV-2 S protein. The engineered construct, INO-4800, results in robust expression of the S protein in vitro. Following immunization of mice and guinea pigs with INO-4800 we measure antigen-specific T cell responses, functional antibodies which neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 infection and block Spike protein binding to the ACE2 receptor, and biodistribution of SARS-CoV-2 targeting antibodies to the lungs. This preliminary dataset identifies INO-4800 as a potential COVID-19 vaccine candidate, supporting further translational study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R. F. Smith
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Ami Patel
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Stephanie Ramos
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Dustin Elwood
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Xizhou Zhu
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jian Yan
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Ebony N. Gary
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Susanne N. Walker
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Katherine Schultheis
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Mansi Purwar
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ziyang Xu
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jewell Walters
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Pratik Bhojnagarwala
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Maria Yang
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Neethu Chokkalingam
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Patrick Pezzoli
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Elizabeth Parzych
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Emma L. Reuschel
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Arthur Doan
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Nicholas Tursi
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Miguel Vasquez
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Jihae Choi
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Edgar Tello-Ruiz
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Igor Maricic
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Mamadou A. Bah
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Yuanhan Wu
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Dinah Amante
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Daniel H. Park
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Yaya Dia
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Ali Raza Ali
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Faraz I. Zaidi
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Alison Generotti
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Kevin Y. Kim
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Timothy A. Herring
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Sophia Reeder
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Viviane M. Andrade
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Karen Buttigieg
- 0000 0004 5909 016Xgrid.271308.fNational Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Gan Zhao
- Advaccine (Suzhou) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiun-Ming Wu
- Advaccine (Suzhou) Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Bao
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Deng
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ami Shah Brown
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Makan Khoshnejad
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- 0000 0004 1936 9924grid.89336.37Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jacqueline Chu
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- 0000 0004 1936 9924grid.89336.37Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- 0000 0004 1936 9924grid.89336.37Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Kar Muthumani
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Bin Wang
- 0000 0001 0125 2443grid.8547.eKey Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- 0000 0004 5909 016Xgrid.271308.fNational Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - J. Joseph Kim
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Jean Boyer
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - Daniel W. Kulp
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Laurent M. P. F. Humeau
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- 0000 0001 1956 6678grid.251075.4Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Kate E. Broderick
- 0000 0004 0417 098Xgrid.421774.3Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 19462 USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Perley CC, Brocato RL, Wu H, Bausch C, Karmali PP, Vega JB, Cohen MV, Somerville B, Kwilas SA, Principe LM, Shamblin J, Chivukula P, Sullivan E, Hooper JW. Anti-HFRS Human IgG Produced in Transchromosomic Bovines Has Potent Hantavirus Neutralizing Activity and Is Protective in Animal Models. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:832. [PMID: 32508764 PMCID: PMC7252588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored an emerging technology to produce anti-Hantaan virus (HTNV) and anti-Puumala virus (PUUV) neutralizing antibodies for use as pre- or post-exposure prophylactics. The technology involves hyperimmunization of transchomosomic bovines (TcB) engineered to express human polyclonal IgG antibodies with HTNV and PUUV DNA vaccines encoding GnGc glycoproteins. For the anti-HTNV product, TcB was hyperimmunized with HTNV DNA plus adjuvant or HTNV DNA formulated using lipid nanoparticles (LNP). The LNP-formulated vaccine yielded fivefold higher neutralizing antibody titers using 10-fold less DNA. Human IgG purified from the LNP-formulated animal (SAB-159), had anti-HTNV neutralizing antibody titers >100,000. SAB-159 was capable of neutralizing pseudovirions with monoclonal antibody escape mutations in Gn and Gc demonstrating neutralization escape resistance. SAB-159 protected hamsters from HTNV infection when administered pre- or post-exposure, and limited HTNV infection in a marmoset model. An LNP-formulated PUUV DNA vaccine generated purified anti-PUUV IgG, SAB-159P, with a neutralizing antibody titer >600,000. As little as 0.33 mg/kg of SAB-159P protected hamsters against PUUV infection for pre-exposure and 10 mg/kg SAB-159P protected PUUV-infected hamsters post-exposure. These data demonstrate that DNA vaccines combined with the TcB-based manufacturing platform can be used to rapidly produce potent, human, polyclonal, escape-resistant anti-HTNV, and anti-PUUV neutralizing antibodies that are protective in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Perley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Brocato
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | | | | | - Jerel B Vega
- Arcturus Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Melanie V Cohen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brandon Somerville
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Steven A Kwilas
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lucia M Principe
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Joshua Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Eddie Sullivan
- SAB Biotherapeutics Inc., Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Jay W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang N, Li C, Hu Y, Li K, Liang J, Wang L, Du L, Jiang S. Current development of COVID-19 diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:231-235. [PMID: 32387332 PMCID: PMC7200352 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, designated as SARS-CoV-2, first emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in late December 2019. The rapidly increasing number of cases has caused worldwide panic. In this review, we describe some currently applied diagnostic approaches, as well as therapeutics and vaccines, to prevent, treat and control further outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangchen Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jintian Liang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, USA.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, Egi M, Lim CM, Divatia JV, Shrestha BR, Arabi YM, Ng J, Gomersall CD, Nishimura M, Koh Y, Du B. Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2020; 8:506-517. [PMID: 32272080 PMCID: PMC7198848 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 948] [Impact Index Per Article: 237.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads across the world, the intensive care unit (ICU) community must prepare for the challenges associated with this pandemic. Streamlining of workflows for rapid diagnosis and isolation, clinical management, and infection prevention will matter not only to patients with COVID-19, but also to health-care workers and other patients who are at risk from nosocomial transmission. Management of acute respiratory failure and haemodynamics is key. ICU practitioners, hospital administrators, governments, and policy makers must prepare for a substantial increase in critical care bed capacity, with a focus not just on infrastructure and supplies, but also on staff management. Critical care triage to allow the rationing of scarce ICU resources might be needed. Researchers must address unanswered questions, including the role of repurposed and experimental therapies. Collaboration at the local, regional, national, and international level offers the best chance of survival for the critically ill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Phua
- Fast and Chronic Programmes, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore; Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Li Weng
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lowell Ling
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Moritoki Egi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chae-Man Lim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jigeeshu Vasishtha Divatia
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Babu Raja Shrestha
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jensen Ng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Charles D Gomersall
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Younsuck Koh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bin Du
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, first emerged in late 2019 in China. It has since infected more than 870,000 individuals and caused more than 43,000 deaths globally. Here, we discuss therapeutic and prophylactic interventions for SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on vaccine development and its challenges. Vaccines are being rapidly developed but will likely come too late to affect the first wave of a potential pandemic. Nevertheless, critical lessons can be learned for the development of vaccines against rapidly emerging viruses. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be essential to reducing morbidity and mortality if the virus establishes itself in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amanat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: An Emerging Virus of Global Threat. EMERGING AND REEMERGING VIRAL PATHOGENS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7148737 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819400-3.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus (CoV), first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then, almost 2000 cases have been reported from 27 countries, with Saudi Arabia being the epicenter. This newly emerging virus is highly pathogenic and has a case mortality rate of 35%. It is similar to the CoV causing severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) in that both belong to the genus beta CoVs that are of zoonotic origin and cause lower respiratory infection. The natural reservoir for MERS-CoV remains unknown. Serological studies indicate that most dromedary camels in the Middle East have been infected with this virus, and they maybe the potential intermediate host. However, the mode of transmission from camels to humans is poorly understood. The majority of confirmed human cases have resulted from human-to-human transmission, most probably via respiratory route. Patients most at risk of developing severe MERS-CoV infection appear to be those with underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiac diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer. Unlike SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV is considered an ongoing public health problem, particularly for the Middle East region. In this chapter, we outline the prevailing information regarding the emergence and epidemiology of this virus, its mode of transmission and pathogenicity, its clinical features, and the potential strategies for prevention.
Collapse
|
48
|
Reese H, Bordelon T, Shanahan C, Crapanzano M, Sly J, Menegatti S. Novel peptoid-based adsorbents for purifying IgM and IgG from polyclonal and recombinant sources. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1137:121909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
49
|
Generation of a Nebulizable CDR-Modified MERS-CoV Neutralizing Human Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205073. [PMID: 31614869 PMCID: PMC6829326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) induces severe aggravating respiratory failure in infected patients, frequently resulting in mechanical ventilation. As limited therapeutic antibody is accumulated in lung tissue following systemic administration, inhalation is newly recognized as an alternative, possibly better, route of therapeutic antibody for pulmonary diseases. The nebulization process, however, generates diverse physiological stresses, and thus, the therapeutic antibody must be resistant to these stresses, remain stable, and form minimal aggregates. We first isolated a MERS-CoV neutralizing antibody that is reactive to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike (S) glycoprotein. To increase stability, we introduced mutations into the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the antibody. In the HCDRs (excluding HCDR3) in this clone, two hydrophobic residues were replaced with Glu, two residues were replaced with Asp, and four residues were replaced with positively charged amino acids. In LCDRs, only two Leu residues were replaced with Val. These modifications successfully generated a clone with significantly greater stability and equivalent reactivity and neutralizing activity following nebulization compared to the original clone. In summary, we generated a MERS-CoV neutralizing human antibody that is reactive to recombinant MERS-CoV S RBD protein for delivery via a pulmonary route by introducing stabilizing mutations into five CDRs.
Collapse
|
50
|
Niu P, Zhang S, Zhou P, Huang B, Deng Y, Qin K, Wang P, Wang W, Wang X, Zhou J, Zhang L, Tan W. Ultrapotent Human Neutralizing Antibody Repertoires Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus From a Recovered Patient. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1249-1260. [PMID: 29846635 PMCID: PMC7107445 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory infection with a high (~35%) mortality rate. Neutralizing antibodies targeting the spike of MERS-CoV have been shown to be a therapeutic option for treatment of lethal disease. Methods We describe the germline diversity and neutralizing activity of 13 potent human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein. Biological functions were assessed by live MERS-CoV, pseudotype particle and its variants, and structural basis was also determined by crystallographic analysis. Results Of the 13 mAbs displaying strong neutralizing activity against MERS-CoV, two with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region (IGHV)1-69-derived heavy chain (named MERS-GD27 and MERS-GD33) showed the most potent neutralizing activity against pseudotyped and live MERS-CoV in vitro. Mutagenesis analysis suggested that MERS-GD27 and MERS-GD33 recognized distinct regions in S glycoproteins, and the combination of 2 mAbs demonstrated a synergistic effect in neutralization against pseudotyped MERS-CoV. The structural basis of MERS-GD27 neutralization and recognition revealed that its epitope almost completely overlapped with the receptor-binding site. Conclusions Our data provide new insights into the specific antibody repertoires and the molecular determinants of neutralization during natural MERS-CoV infection in humans. This finding supports additional efforts to design and develop novel therapies to combat MERS-CoV infections in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peihua Niu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Senyan Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Panpan Zhou
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Deng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Qin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|