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Muangrerk C, Uchuwittayakul A, Srisapoome P. Identification, Expression and Antimicrobial Functional Analysis of Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Response to Streptococcus iniae and Flavobacterium covae in Asian Seabass ( Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:475. [PMID: 38338118 PMCID: PMC10854937 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) was shown to play a key role in inflammatory responses in fish. This study involved the cloning of the gene that encodes IL-8 in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) as well as analyses of its expression and function in this fish. The expression levels of LcIL-8 indicated that it was broadly expressed in most analyzed tissues, with the most predominant expression in the whole blood 6 to 24 h after infection with S. iniae at concentrations of 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/fish (p < 0.05). After fish were immersed in F. covae, the LcIL-8 transcript was upregulated in the gills, liver and intestine, and the highest expression level was observed in the gills. However, LcIL-8 was downregulated in all the tested tissues at 48 and 96 h after infection with the two pathogenic strains, indicating that Lc-IL8 has a short half-life during the early immune responses to pathogens. Moreover, the MIC of the rLcIL-8 protein against S. iniae was 10.42 ± 3.61 µg/mL. Furthermore, functional analyses clearly demonstrated that 10 and 100 µg of the rLcIL-8 protein efficiently enhanced the phagocytic activity of Asian seabass phagocytes in vitro (p < 0.05). Additionally, in vivo injection of S. iniae following the rLcIL-8 protein indicated that 50 and 100 µg of rLc-IL-8 were highly effective in protecting fish from this pathogen (p < 0.001). The obtained results demonstrate that rLcIL-8 possesses a biological function in the defense against bacterial infections in Asian seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanee Muangrerk
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (C.M.); (A.U.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anurak Uchuwittayakul
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (C.M.); (A.U.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (C.M.); (A.U.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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2
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Kumari T, Verma DP, Kuldeep J, Dhanabal VB, Verma NK, Sahai R, Tripathi AK, Saroj J, Ali M, Mitra K, Siddiqi MI, Bhattacharjya S, Ghosh JK. 10-Residue MyD88-Peptide Adopts β-Sheet Structure, Self-Assembles, Binds to Lipopolysaccharides, and Rescues Mice from Endotoxin-Mediated Lung-Infection and Death. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3420-3434. [PMID: 36367958 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) mostly adopt α-helical structures in bacterial membrane mimetic environments. To explore the design of novel β-sheet AMPs, we identified two short cationic amphipathic β-strand segments from the crystal structure of the innate immune protein, MyD88. Interestingly, of these, the 10-residue arginine-valine-rich synthetic MyD88-segment, KRCRRMVVVV (M3), exhibited β-sheet structure when bound to the outer membrane Gram-negative bacterial component, LPS. Isothermal titration calorimetric data showed that M3 bound to LPS with high affinity, and the interaction was hydrophobic in nature. Supporting these observations, computational studies indicated strong interactions of multiple and consecutive valine residues of M3 with the acyl chain of LPS. Moreover, M3 adopted nanosheet and nanofibrillar structure in 25% acetonitrile/water and isopropanol, respectively. M3 showed substantial antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which it appreciably retained in the presence of human serum and physiological salts. M3 was non-hemolytic against human red blood cells and non-cytotoxic to 3T3 cells up to 200 μM and to mice in vivo at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Furthermore, M3 neutralized LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in THP-1 cells and rat bone marrow-derived macrophages. Consequently, M3 attenuated LPS-mediated lung inflammation in mice and rescued them (80% survival at 10 mg/kg dose) against a lethal dose of LPS. The results demonstrate the identification of a 10-mer LPS-interacting, β-sheet peptide from MyD88 with the ability to form nanostructures and in vivo activity against LPS challenge in mice. The identified M3-template provides scope for designing novel bioactive peptides with β-sheet structures and self-assembling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Kumari
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India
| | | | - Jitendra Kuldeep
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India
| | | | - Neeraj Kumar Verma
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rohit Sahai
- Electron Microscopy Unit, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India
| | | | - Jyotshana Saroj
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Mehmood Ali
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jimut Kanti Ghosh
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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3
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Sáenz-Martínez DE, Santana PA, Aróstica M, Forero JC, Guzmán F, Mercado L. Immunodetection of rainbow trout IL-8 cleaved-peptide: Tissue bioavailability and potential antibacterial activity in a bacterial infection context. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104182. [PMID: 34166719 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines such as IL-8 are part of an important group of proinflammatory response molecules, as well as cell recruitment. However, it has been described in both higher vertebrates and fish that IL-8 has an additional functional role by acting as an antimicrobial effector, either directly or by cleavage of a peptide derived from its C-terminal end. Nevertheless, it is still unknown whether this fragment is released in the context of infection by bacterial pathogens and if it could be immunodetected in tissues of infected salmonids. Therefore, the objective of this research was to demonstrate that the C-terminal end of IL-8 from Oncorhynchus mykiss is cleaved, retaining its antibacterial properties, and that is detectable in tissues of infected rainbow trout. SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry demonstrated the cleavage of a fragment of about 2 kDa when the recombinant IL-8 was subjected to acidic conditions. By chemical synthesis, it was possible to synthesize this fragment called omIL-8α80-97 peptide, which has antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at concentrations over 10 μM. Besides, by fluorescence microscopy, it was possible to locate the omIL-8α80-97 peptide both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, as well as inside the monocyte/macrophage-like cell. Finally, by indirect ELISA, Western blot, and mass spectrometry, the presence of the fragment derived from the C-terminal end of IL-8 was detected in the spleen of trout infected with Piscirickettsia salmonis. The results reported in this work present the first evidence about the immunodetection of an antibacterial, and probably cell-penetrating peptide cleaved from the C-terminal end of IL-8 in monocyte/macrophage-like cell and tissue of infected rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Sáenz-Martínez
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Universidad Técnico Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Paula A Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago 8910060, Chile.
| | - Mónica Aróstica
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Universidad Técnico Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Juan C Forero
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile; Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
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Chiou SJ, Ko HJ, Hwang CC, Hong YR. The Double-Edged Sword of Beta2-Microglobulin in Antibacterial Properties and Amyloid Fibril-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126330. [PMID: 34199259 PMCID: PMC8231965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta2-microglobulin (B2M) a key component of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, which aid cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response. However, the majority of studies of B2M have focused only on amyloid fibrils in pathogenesis to the neglect of its role of antimicrobial activity. Indeed, B2M also plays an important role in innate defense and does not only function as an adjuvant for CTL response. A previous study discovered that human aggregated B2M binds the surface protein structure in Streptococci, and a similar study revealed that sB2M-9, derived from native B2M, functions as an antibacterial chemokine that binds Staphylococcus aureus. An investigation of sB2M-9 exhibiting an early lymphocyte recruitment in the human respiratory epithelium with bacterial challenge may uncover previously unrecognized aspects of B2M in the body’s innate defense against Mycobactrium tuberculosis. B2M possesses antimicrobial activity that operates primarily under pH-dependent acidic conditions at which B2M and fragmented B2M may become a nucleus seed that triggers self-aggregation into distinct states, such as oligomers and amyloid fibrils. Modified B2M can act as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against a wide range of microbes. Specifically, these AMPs disrupt microbe membranes, a feature similar to that of amyloid fibril mediated cytotoxicity toward eukaryotes. This study investigated two similar but nonidentical effects of B2M: the physiological role of B2M, in which it potentially acts against microbes in innate defense and the role of B2M in amyloid fibrils, in which it disrupts the membrane of pathological cells. Moreover, we explored the pH-governing antibacterial activity of B2M and acidic pH mediated B2M amyloid fibrils underlying such cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shean-Jaw Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-J.C.); (Y.-R.H.)
| | - Huey-Jiun Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-J.C.); (Y.-R.H.)
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5
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Aldous AM, Joy C, Daniels J, Jais M, Simmens SJ, Magnus M, Roberts A, Connors K, Capozzi B, Mohamed H, Juzumaite M, Devore H, Moriarty T, Hatch Schultz C, Zumer M, Simon G, Ghosh M. Recent sexual violence exposure is associated with immune biomarkers of HIV susceptibility in women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13432. [PMID: 33894020 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM HIV/AIDS and sexual violence act synergistically and compromise women's health. Yet, immuno-biological mechanisms linking sexual violence and increased HIV susceptibility are poorly understood. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study of HIV-uninfected women, comparing 13 women exposed to forced vaginal penetration within the past 12 weeks (Exposed) with 25 Non-Exposed women. ELISA assays were conducted for 49 biomarkers associated with HIV pathogenesis in plasma and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL). Differences between Exposed and Non-Exposed were analyzed by linear and logistic regression, using propensity score weighting to control for age, race, socioeconomic status, menstrual cycle, and contraceptive use. RESULTS In CVL, Exposed women had significantly reduced chemokines MIP-3α (p < .01), MCP-1 (p < .01), and anti-HIV/wound-healing thrombospondin-1 (p = .03). They also had significantly increased inflammatory cytokine IL-1α (p < 0.01) and were more likely to have detectable wound-healing PDGF (p = .02). In plasma, Exposed women had reduced chemokines MIP-3α (p < .01) and IL-8 (p < .01), anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β (p = .02), anti-HIV/antimicrobial HBD-2 (p = .02), and wound-healing MMP-1 (p = 0.02). They also had increased thrombospondin-1 (p < .01) and Cathepsin B (p = .01). After applying the stringent method of false discovery rate adjustment, differences for IL-1α (p = .05) and MCP-1 (p = .03) in CVL and MIP-3α (p = .03) in plasma remained significant. CONCLUSIONS We report systemic and mucosal immune dysregulation in women exposed to sexual violence. As these biomarkers have been associated with HIV pathogenesis, dysregulation may increase HIV susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Aldous
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Joy
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jason Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mariel Jais
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel J Simmens
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Manya Magnus
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Afsoon Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kaleigh Connors
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brendan Capozzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hani Mohamed
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Monika Juzumaite
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Heather Devore
- District of Columbia Forensic Nurse Examiners, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Zumer
- Medical Faculty Associates, Inc., The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gary Simon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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6
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Legrand TPRA, Wynne JW, Weyrich LS, Oxley APA. Investigating Both Mucosal Immunity and Microbiota in Response to Gut Enteritis in Yellowtail Kingfish. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1267. [PMID: 32825417 PMCID: PMC7565911 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish play numerous roles including, but not limited to, protection against pathogens, nutrient digestion and absorption, excretion of nitrogenous wastes and osmotic regulation. During infection or disease, these surfaces act as the first line of defense, where the mucosal immune system interacts closely with the associated microbiota to maintain homeostasis. This study evaluated microbial changes across the gut and skin mucosal surfaces in yellowtail kingfish displaying signs of gut inflammation, as well as explored the host gene expression in these tissues in order to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the emergence of these conditions. For this, we obtained and analyzed 16S rDNA and transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) sequence data from the gut and skin mucosa of fish exhibiting different health states (i.e., healthy fish and fish at the early and late stages of enteritis). Both the gut and skin microbiota were perturbed by the disease. More specifically, the gastrointestinal microbiota of diseased fish was dominated by an uncultured Mycoplasmataceae sp., and fish at the early stage of the disease showed a significant loss of diversity in the skin. Using transcriptomics, we found that only a few genes were significantly differentially expressed in the gut. In contrast, gene expression in the skin differed widely between health states, in particular in the fish at the late stage of the disease. These changes were associated with several metabolic pathways that were differentially expressed and reflected a weakened host. Altogether, this study highlights the sensitivity of the skin mucosal surface in response to gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault P. R. A. Legrand
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia;
- South Australia Research and Development Institute, Aquatic Sciences Centre, West Beach, SA 5024, Australia
| | - James W. Wynne
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia;
| | - Laura S. Weyrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
- Department of Anthropology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Andrew P. A. Oxley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
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Arteta AA, Sánchez-Jiménez M, Dávila DF, Palacios OG, Cardona-Castro N. Biliary Tract Carcinogenesis Model Based on Bile Metaproteomics. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1032. [PMID: 32793466 PMCID: PMC7394022 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze human and bacteria proteomic profiles in bile, exposed to a tumor vs. non-tumor microenvironment, in order to identify differences between these conditions, which may contribute to a better understanding of pancreatic carcinogenesis. Patients and Methods: Using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, human and bacterial proteomic profiles of a total of 20 bile samples (7 from gallstone (GS) patients, and 13 from pancreatic head ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients) that were collected during surgery and taken directly from the gallbladder, were compared. g:Profiler and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Mapper Reconstruct Pathway were used as the main comparative platform focusing on over-represented biological pathways among human proteins and interaction pathways among bacterial proteins. Results: Three bacterial infection pathways were over-represented in the human PDAC group of proteins. IL-8 is the only human protein that coincides in the three pathways and this protein is only present in the PDAC group. Quantitative and qualitative differences in bacterial proteins suggest a dysbiotic microenvironment in the PDAC group, supported by significant participation of antibiotic biosynthesis enzymes. Prokaryotes interaction signaling pathways highlight the presence of zeatin in the GS group and surfactin in the PDAC group, the former in the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, and the latter in both metabolisms of terpenoids, polyketides and quorum sensing. Based on our findings, we propose a bacterial-induced carcinogenesis model for the biliary tract. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge this is the first study with the aim of comparing human and bacterial bile proteins in a tumor vs. non-tumor microenvironment. We proposed a new carcinogenesis model for the biliary tract based on bile metaproteomic findings. Our results suggest that bacteria may be key players in biliary tract carcinogenesis, in a long-lasting dysbiotic and epithelially harmful microenvironment, in which specific bacterial species' biofilm formation is of utmost importance. Our finding should be further explored in future using in vitro and in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Arteta
- School of Graduate Studies, CES University, Medellín, Colombia.,Basic Science Research Group, School of Medicine, CES University, Medellín, Colombia.,Associated Professor Department of Pathology, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Diego F Dávila
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, CES Clinic, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Oscar G Palacios
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, CES Clinic, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nora Cardona-Castro
- School of Graduate Studies, CES University, Medellín, Colombia.,Basic Science Research Group, School of Medicine, CES University, Medellín, Colombia.,Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine (ICMT), Sabaneta, Colombia
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8
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The transcriptome analysis of the whole-body of the gastropod mollusk Limax flavus and screening of putative antimicrobial peptide and protein genes. Genomics 2020; 112:3991-3999. [PMID: 32650091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The gastropod mollusk Limax flavus, one of the most widespread pests in China, is used to treat infectious diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. However, little genomic information is available for this non-model species. In this study, the whole-body transcriptome of L. flavus was sequenced using next generation sequencing technology. A total of 6.81 Gb clean reads were obtained, which were assembled into 150,766 transcripts with 132,206 annotated unigenes. Functionally classification assigned 30,542 unigenes to 56 Gene Ontology terms, 16,745 unigenes were divided into 26 euKaryotic Ortholog Groups of proteins categories, and 13,854 unigenes were assigned to 230 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Furthermore, we identified 17,251 simple sequence repeats and several kinds of antimicrobial peptide and protein (AMPs) genes. The transcriptome data of L. flavus will provide a valuable genomic resource for further studies on this species, and the AMPs identified in L. flavus will support its medical potential.
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9
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Li Z, Yuan Y, Meng M, Hu P, Wang Y. De novo transcriptome of the whole-body of the gastropod mollusk Philomycus bilineatus, a pest with medical potential in China. J Appl Genet 2020; 61:439-449. [PMID: 32557200 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Philomycus bilineatus is a highly common gastropod mollusk pest in China and is also utilized to treat infectious diseases. However, no genomic resources are available for this non-model species. In the present study, the transcriptomic analysis of P. bilineatus was completed. After sequencing using the next generation sequencing technology, 9.11 Gb of clean reads were obtained, which led to the assembly and annotation of 145,523 transcripts and 125,690 unigenes. Unigenes were functionally classified using Gene Ontology (GO), euKaryotic Ortholog Groups of proteins (KOG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). A total of 27,554 unigenes were assigned into 55 GO terms, 13,989 unigenes were differentiated into 26 KOG categories, and 16,368 unigenes were assigned to 229 KEGG pathways. Furthermore, 16,614 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 38 olfactory genes, and 40 antimicrobial peptide/protein genes were identified. The transcriptome profile of P. bilineatus will provide a valuable genomic resource for further study, will promote the development of new pest management strategies through interference of chemosensory communication, and will support potential medicinal uses of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaping Yuan
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Meng
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Hu
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People's Republic of China
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10
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Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Orio L. Microbiota and Alcohol Use Disorder: Are Psychobiotics a Novel Therapeutic Strategy? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2426-2437. [PMID: 31969090 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200122153541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an exciting focus of research attempting to understand neuropsychiatric disorders from a holistic perspective in order to determine the role of gut microbiota in the aetiology and pathogenesis of such disorders. Thus, the possible therapeutic benefits of targeting gut microbiota are being explored for conditions such as stress, depression or schizophrenia. Growing evidence indicates that there is bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the brain that has an effect on normal CNS functioning and behavioural responses. Alcohol abuse damages the gastrointestinal tract, alters gut microbiota and induces neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. The relationship between alcohol abuse and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, inflammation and immune regulation has been well documented. In this review, we explore the connection between microbiota, brain function and behaviour, as well as the mechanisms through which alcohol induces microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Finally, we propose the study of psychobiotics as a novel pharmaceutical strategy to treat alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Brand GD, Ramada MHS, Manickchand JR, Correa R, Ribeiro DJS, Santos MA, Vasconcelos AG, Abrão FY, Prates MV, Murad AM, Cardozo Fh JL, Leite JRSA, Magalhães KG, Oliveira AL, Bloch C. Intragenic antimicrobial peptides (IAPs) from human proteins with potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220656. [PMID: 31386688 PMCID: PMC6684085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the treads of our previous works on the unveiling of bioactive peptides encrypted in plant proteins from diverse species, the present manuscript reports the occurrence of four proof-of-concept intragenic antimicrobial peptides in human proteins, named Hs IAPs. These IAPs were prospected using the software Kamal, synthesized by solid phase chemistry, and had their interactions with model phospholipid vesicles investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism. Their antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi was determined, along with their cytotoxicity towards erythrocytes. Our data demonstrates that Hs IAPs are capable to bind model membranes while attaining α-helical structure, and to inhibit the growth of microorganisms at concentrations as low as 1μM. Hs02, a novel sixteen residue long internal peptide (KWAVRIIRKFIKGFIS-NH2) derived from the unconventional myosin 1h protein, was further investigated in its capacity to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced release of TNF-α in murine macrophages. Hs02 presented potent anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the release of TNF-α in LPS-primed cells at the lowest assayed concentration, 0.1 μM. A three-dimensional solution structure of Hs02 bound to DPC micelles was determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Our work exemplifies how the human genome can be mined for molecules with biotechnological potential in human health and demonstrates that IAPs are actual alternatives to antimicrobial peptides as pharmaceutical agents or in their many other putative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme D. Brand
- Laboratório de Síntese e Análise de Biomoléculas, LSAB, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcelo H. S. Ramada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, LEM, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Júlia R. Manickchand
- Laboratório de Síntese e Análise de Biomoléculas, LSAB, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Rafael Correa
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Inflamação, LIMI, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Dalila J. S. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Inflamação, LIMI, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Michele A. Santos
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, LRMN, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Andreanne G. Vasconcelos
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Maura V. Prates
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, LEM, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - André M. Murad
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, LEM, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - José L. Cardozo Fh
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, LEM, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto Mato-Grossense do Algodão, Primavera do Leste, MT, Brasil
| | - José Roberto S. A. Leite
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Kelly G. Magalhães
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Inflamação, LIMI, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Aline L. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, LRMN, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Carlos Bloch
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, LEM, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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12
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Weiss DI, Ma F, Merleev AA, Maverakis E, Gilliet M, Balin SJ, Bryson BD, Ochoa MT, Pellegrini M, Bloom BR, Modlin RL. IL-1β Induces the Rapid Secretion of the Antimicrobial Protein IL-26 from Th17 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:911-921. [PMID: 31235553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response against extracellular bacteria, and the possible mechanisms by which they can protect against infection are of particular interest. In this study, we describe, to our knowledge, a novel IL-1β dependent pathway for secretion of the antimicrobial peptide IL-26 from human Th17 cells that is independent of and more rapid than classical TCR activation. We find that IL-26 is secreted 3 hours after treating PBMCs with Mycobacterium leprae as compared with 48 hours for IFN-γ and IL-17A. IL-1β was required for microbial ligand induction of IL-26 and was sufficient to stimulate IL-26 release from Th17 cells. Only IL-1RI+ Th17 cells responded to IL-1β, inducing an NF-κB-regulated transcriptome. Finally, supernatants from IL-1β-treated memory T cells killed Escherichia coli in an IL-26-dependent manner. These results identify a mechanism by which human IL-1RI+ "antimicrobial Th17 cells" can be rapidly activated by IL-1β as part of the innate immune response to produce IL-26 to kill extracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Weiss
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alexander A Merleev
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samuel J Balin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Bryan D Bryson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Maria Teresa Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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13
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Li Z, Meng M, Li S, Deng B. The transcriptome analysis of Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis larvae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214001. [PMID: 30897120 PMCID: PMC6428405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the pest Protaetia brevitarsis are used to treat infections in traditional Chinese medicine. However, genomic information about this non-model species is currently lacking. To better understand the fundamental biology of this non-model species, its transcriptome was obtained using next generation sequencing and then analyzed. A total of 7.62 Gb of clean reads were obtained, which were assembled into 169,087 transcripts corresponding to 142,000 annotated unigenes. These unigenes were functionally classified according to Gene Ontology (GO), euKaryotic Ortholog Groups of proteins (KOG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations. A total of 41,921 unigenes were assigned to 56 GO terms, 21,454 unigenes were divided among 26 KOG categories, and 16,368 unigenes were assigned to 32 KEGG pathways. In addition, 19,144 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified. Furthermore, several kinds of natural antimicrobial peptides and proteins, 4 histones with potential antimicrobial activity, and 41 potential antimicrobial peptide sequences were identified. These data are the first reported whole transcriptome sequence of P. brevitarsis larvae, which represents a valuable genomic resource for studying this species, thus promoting the utilization of its medical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Miaomiao Meng
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Shasha Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Bo Deng
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
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14
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Therapeutic strategies to target microbial protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1505-1515. [PMID: 30381333 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are involved in a plethora of human pathologies including infectious diseases. Especially, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), like heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, have been found to be involved in different crucial stages of microbial invasion. Here, we review various therapeutic approaches, which target the interface of host GAGs and microbial proteins and discuss their limitations and challenges for drug development.
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15
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Manavalan B, Shin TH, Kim MO, Lee G. PIP-EL: A New Ensemble Learning Method for Improved Proinflammatory Peptide Predictions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1783. [PMID: 30108593 PMCID: PMC6079197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines have the capacity to increase inflammatory reaction and play a central role in first line of defence against invading pathogens. Proinflammatory inducing peptides (PIPs) have been used as an antineoplastic agent, an antibacterial agent and a vaccine in immunization therapies. Due to the advancement in sequence technologies that resulted an avalanche of protein sequence data. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an automated computational method to enable fast and accurate identification of novel PIPs within the vast number of candidate proteins and peptides. To address this, we proposed a new predictor, PIP-EL, for predicting PIPs using the strategy of ensemble learning (EL). Our benchmarking dataset is imbalanced. Thus, we applied a random under-sampling technique to generate 10 balanced models for each composition. Technically, PIP-EL is the fusion of 50 independent random forest (RF) models, where each of the five different compositions, including amino acid, dipeptide, composition-transition-distribution, physicochemical properties, and amino acid index contains 10 RF models. PIP-EL achieves the Matthews' correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.435 in a 5-fold cross-validation test, which is ~2-5% higher than that of the individual classifiers and hybrid feature-based classifier. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of PIP-EL on the independent dataset, showing that our method outperforms the existing method and two different machine learning methods developed in this study, with an MCC of 0.454. These results indicate that PIP-EL will be a useful tool for predicting PIPs and for researchers working in the field of peptide therapeutics and immunotherapy. The user-friendly web server, PIP-EL, is freely accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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16
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Lee MW, Lee EY, Wong GCL. What Can Pleiotropic Proteins in Innate Immunity Teach Us about Bioconjugation and Molecular Design? Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2127-2139. [PMID: 29771496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A common bioengineering strategy to add function to a given molecule is by conjugation of a new moiety onto that molecule. Adding multiple functions in this way becomes increasingly challenging and leads to composite molecules with larger molecular weights. In this review, we attempt to gain a new perspective by looking at this problem in reverse, by examining nature's strategies of multiplexing different functions into the same pleiotropic molecule using emerging analysis techniques such as machine learning. We concentrate on examples from the innate immune system, which employs a finite repertoire of molecules for a broad range of tasks. An improved understanding of how diverse functions are multiplexed into a single molecule can inspire new approaches for the deterministic design of multifunctional molecules.
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17
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Santana PA, Salinas N, Álvarez CA, Mercado LA, Guzmán F. Alpha-helical domain from IL-8 of salmonids: Mechanism of action and identification of a novel antimicrobial function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Marin M, Holani R, Shah CB, Odeón A, Cobo ER. Cathelicidin modulates synthesis of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) 4 and 9 in colonic epithelium. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:249-258. [PMID: 28988039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin are innate antimicrobial peptides with broad immunomodulatory functions; however, their role in regulating intestinal defenses is not well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the role of cathelicidin modulating expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 4 and 9 in colonic epithelium in response to bacterial patterns. We demonstrated herein that intestinal epithelial cells, when primed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), responded to cathelicidin by increased transcription and protein synthesis of TLR4. This cathelicidin-induced response required the interaction of LPS-TLR4 and activation of MAPK signalling pathways. However, cathelicidin blocked TLR9 responses induced by TLR9 ligand CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) in these colonic epithelial cells. Modulations of TLRs triggered by cathelicidin in intestinal epithelium occurred mainly in the apical compartment of intestinal cells. Activation of TLR4 by ligands in combination with cathelicidin promoted CXCL8 chemokine secretion and epithelial antimicrobial defenses against Escherichia coli. We concluded that cathelicidin selectively modulated synthesis of TLR4 and 9 in intestinal epithelium, but only when cells were exposed to virulence factors, mostly from apical surfaces. Enhanced TLR4 expression promoted by cathelicidin in intestinal epithelium may be crucial for controlling enteric infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Marin
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ravi Holani
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Anselmo Odeón
- Animal Production, Balcarce Experimental Station, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
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19
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Gene expression and in silico analysis of snakehead murrel interleukin 8 and antimicrobial activity of C-terminal derived peptide WS12. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 190:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Saliva-Derived Host Defense Peptides Histatin1 and LL-37 Increase Secretion of Antimicrobial Skin and Oral Mucosa Chemokine CCL20 in an IL-1 α-Independent Manner. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3078194. [PMID: 28815185 PMCID: PMC5549474 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3078194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though skin and oral mucosae are continuously in contact with commensal and opportunistic microorganisms, they generally remain healthy and uninflamed. Host defense peptides (HDPs) make up the body's first line of defense against many invading pathogens and are involved in the orchestration of innate immunity and the inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the effect of two salivary HDPs, LL-37 and Hst1, on the inflammatory and antimicrobial response by skin and oral mucosa (gingiva) keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The potent antimicrobial chemokine CCL20 was investigated and compared with chemokines CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL27 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-6. Keratinocyte-fibroblast cocultures showed a synergistic increase in CCL20 secretion upon Hst1 and LL-37 exposure compared to monocultures. These cocultures also showed increased IL-6, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL2 secretion, which was IL-1α dependent. Secretion of the antimicrobial chemokine CCL20 was clearly IL-1α independent. These results indicate that salivary peptides can stimulate skin as well as gingiva cells to secrete antimicrobial chemokines as part of the hosts' defense to counteract infection.
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21
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Malik E, Dennison SR, Harris F, Phoenix DA. pH Dependent Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins, Their Mechanisms of Action and Potential as Therapeutic Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9040067. [PMID: 27809281 PMCID: PMC5198042 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent antibiotics of the innate immune system that have been extensively investigated as a potential solution to the global problem of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. A group of AMPs that are increasingly being reported are those that utilise pH dependent antimicrobial mechanisms, and here we review research into this area. This review shows that these antimicrobial molecules are produced by a diverse spectrum of creatures, including vertebrates and invertebrates, and are primarily cationic, although a number of anionic examples are known. Some of these molecules exhibit high pH optima for their antimicrobial activity but in most cases, these AMPs show activity against microbes that present low pH optima, which reflects the acidic pH generally found at their sites of action, particularly the skin. The modes of action used by these molecules are based on a number of major structure/function relationships, which include metal ion binding, changes to net charge and conformational plasticity, and primarily involve the protonation of histidine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues at low pH. The pH dependent activity of pore forming antimicrobial proteins involves mechanisms that generally differ fundamentally to those used by pH dependent AMPs, which can be described by the carpet, toroidal pore and barrel-stave pore models of membrane interaction. A number of pH dependent AMPs and antimicrobial proteins have been developed for medical purposes and have successfully completed clinical trials, including kappacins, LL-37, histatins and lactoferrin, along with a number of their derivatives. Major examples of the therapeutic application of these antimicrobial molecules include wound healing as well as the treatment of multiple cancers and infections due to viruses, bacteria and fungi. In general, these applications involve topical administration, such as the use of mouth washes, cream formulations and hydrogel delivery systems. Nonetheless, many pH dependent AMPs and antimicrobial proteins have yet to be fully characterized and these molecules, as a whole, represent an untapped source of novel biologically active agents that could aid fulfillment of the urgent need for alternatives to conventional antibiotics, helping to avert a return to the pre-antibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erum Malik
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Sarah R Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Frederick Harris
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - David A Phoenix
- Office of the Vice Chancellor, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK.
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22
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Chemokine-Derived Peptides: Novel Antimicrobial and Antineoplasic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12958-85. [PMID: 26062132 PMCID: PMC4490481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a burgeoning family of chemotactic cytokines displaying a broad array of functions such as regulation of homeostatic leukocyte traffic and development, as well as activating the innate immune system. Their role in controlling early and late inflammatory stages is now well recognized. An improper balance either in chemokine synthesis or chemokine receptor expression contributes to various pathological disorders making chemokines and their receptors a useful therapeutic target. Research in this area is progressing rapidly, and development of novel agents based on chemokine/chemokine receptors antagonist functions are emerging as attractive alternative drugs. Some of these novel agents include generation of chemokine-derived peptides (CDP) with potential agonist and antagonist effects on inflammation, cancer and against bacterial infections. CDP have been generated mainly from N- and C-terminus chemokine sequences with subsequent modifications such as truncations or elongations. In this review, we present a glimpse of the different pharmacological actions reported for CDP and our current understanding regarding the potential use of CDP alone or as part of the novel therapies proposed in the treatment of microbial infections and cancer.
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23
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Dai C, Basilico P, Cremona TP, Collins P, Moser B, Benarafa C, Wolf M. CXCL14 displays antimicrobial activity against respiratory tract bacteria and contributes to clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae pulmonary infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5980-9. [PMID: 25964486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL14 is a chemokine with an atypical, yet highly conserved, primary structure characterized by a short N terminus and high sequence identity between human and mouse. Although it induces chemotaxis of monocytic cells at high concentrations, its physiological role in leukocyte trafficking remains elusive. In contrast, several studies have demonstrated that CXCL14 is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide that is expressed abundantly and constitutively in epithelial tissues. In this study, we further explored the antimicrobial properties of CXCL14 against respiratory pathogens in vitro and in vivo. We found that CXCL14 potently killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in a dose-dependent manner in part through membrane depolarization and rupture. By performing structure-activity studies, we found that the activity against Gram-negative bacteria was largely associated with the N-terminal peptide CXCL141-13. Interestingly, the central part of the molecule representing the β-sheet also maintained ∼62% killing activity and was sufficient to induce chemotaxis of THP-1 cells. The C-terminal α-helix of CXCL14 had neither antimicrobial nor chemotactic effect. To investigate a physiological function for CXCL14 in innate immunity in vivo, we infected CXCL14-deficient mice with lung pathogens and we found that CXCL14 contributed to enhanced clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our comprehensive studies reflect the complex bactericidal mechanisms of CXCL14, and we propose that different structural features are relevant for the killing of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Taken together, our studies show that evolutionary-conserved features of CXCL14 are important for constitutive antimicrobial defenses against pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dai
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Paola Basilico
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Paul Collins
- Department of Medical, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Department of Medical, Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Marlene Wolf
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; and
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24
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Nguyen LT, Vogel HJ. Structural perspectives on antimicrobial chemokines. Front Immunol 2012; 3:384. [PMID: 23293636 PMCID: PMC3531597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are best known as signaling proteins in the immune system. Recently however, a large number of human chemokines have been shown to exert direct antimicrobial activity. This moonlighting activity appears to be related to the net high positive charge of these immune signaling proteins. Chemokines can be divided into distinct structural elements and some of these have been studied as isolated peptide fragments that can have their own antimicrobial activity. Such peptides often encompass the α-helical region found at the C-terminal end of the parent chemokines, which, similar to other antimicrobial peptides, adopt a well-defined membrane-bound amphipathic structure. Because of their relatively small size, intact chemokines can be studied effectively by NMR spectroscopy to examine their structures in solution. In addition, NMR relaxation experiments of intact chemokines can provide detailed information about the intrinsic dynamic behavior; such analyses have helped for example to understand the activity of TC-1, an antimicrobial variant of CXCL7/NAP-2. With chemokine dimerization and oligomerization influencing their functional properties, the use of NMR diffusion experiments can provide information about monomer-dimer equilibria in solution. Furthermore, NMR chemical shift perturbation experiments can be used to map out the interface between self-associating subunits. Moreover, the unusual case of XCL1/lymphotactin presents a chemokine that can interconvert between two distinct folds in solution, both of which have been elucidated. Finally, recent advances have allowed for the determination of the structures of chemokines in complex with glycosaminoglycans, a process that could interfere with their antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these studies highlight several different structural facets that contribute to the way in which chemokines exert their direct microbicidal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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Wolf M, Moser B. Antimicrobial activities of chemokines: not just a side-effect? Front Immunol 2012; 3:213. [PMID: 22837760 PMCID: PMC3401835 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The large family of chemoattractant cytokines (chemokines) embraces multiple, in part unrelated functions that go well beyond chemotaxis. Undoubtedly, the control of immune cell migration (chemotaxis) is the single, unifying response mediated by all chemokines, which involves the sequential engagement of chemokine receptors on migrating target cells. However, numerous additional cellular responses are mediated by some (but not all) chemokines, including angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, T-cell co-stimulation, and control of HIV-1 infection. The recently described antimicrobial activity of several chemokines is of particular interest because antimicrobial peptides are thought to provide an essential first-line defense against invading microbes at the extremely large body surfaces of the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal-urinary tract. Here we summarize the current knowledge about chemokines with antimicrobial activity and discuss their potential contribution to the control of bacterial infections that may take place at the earliest stage of antimicrobial immunity. In the case of homeostatic chemokines with antimicrobial function, such as CXCL14, we propose an immune surveillance function in healthy epithelial tissues characterized by low-level exposure to environmental microbes. Inflammatory chemokines, i.e., chemokines that are produced in tissue cells in response to microbial antigens (such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns) may be more important in orchestrating the cellular arm in antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Wolf
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
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26
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Burkhardt AM, Tai KP, Flores-Guiterrez JP, Vilches-Cisneros N, Kamdar K, Barbosa-Quintana O, Valle-Rios R, Hevezi PA, Zuñiga J, Selman M, Ouellette AJ, Zlotnik A. CXCL17 is a mucosal chemokine elevated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that exhibits broad antimicrobial activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:6399-406. [PMID: 22611239 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune network is a crucial barrier preventing pathogens from entering the body. The network of immune cells that mediates the defensive mechanisms in the mucosa is likely shaped by chemokines, which attract a wide range of immune cells to specific sites of the body. Chemokines have been divided into homeostatic or inflammatory depending upon their expression patterns. Additionally, several chemokines mediate direct killing of invading pathogens, as exemplified by CCL28, a mucosa-associated chemokine that exhibits antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogens. CXCL17 was the last chemokine ligand to be described and is the 17th member of the CXC chemokine family. Its expression pattern in 105 human tissues and cells indicates that CXCL17 is a homeostatic, mucosa-associated chemokine. Its strategic expression in mucosal tissues suggests that it is involved in innate immunity and/or sterility of the mucosa. To test the latter hypothesis, we tested CXCL17 for possible antibacterial activity against a panel of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. Our results indicate that CXCL17 has potent antimicrobial activities and that its mechanism of antimicrobial action involves peptide-mediated bacterial membrane disruption. Because CXCL17 is strongly expressed in bronchi, we measured it in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and observed that it is strongly upregulated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We conclude that CXCL17 is an antimicrobial mucosal chemokine that may play a role in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Burkhardt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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27
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Kwakman PHS, Krijgsveld J, de Boer L, Nguyen LT, Boszhard L, Vreede J, Dekker HL, Speijer D, Drijfhout JW, te Velde AA, Crielaard W, Vogel HJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Zaat SAJ. Native thrombocidin-1 and unfolded thrombocidin-1 exert antimicrobial activity via distinct structural elements. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43506-14. [PMID: 22025617 PMCID: PMC3234844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.248641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) can have direct antimicrobial activity, which is apparently related to the presence of a distinct positively charged patch on the surface. However, chemokines can retain antimicrobial activity upon linearization despite the loss of their positive patch, thus questioning the importance of this patch for activity. Thrombocidin-1 (TC-1) is a microbicidal protein isolated from human blood platelets. TC-1 only differs from the chemokine NAP-2/CXCL7 by a two-amino acid C-terminal deletion, but this truncation is crucial for antimicrobial activity. We assessed the structure-activity relationship for antimicrobial activity of TC-1. Reduction of the charge of the TC-1-positive patch by replacing lysine 17 with alanine reduced the activity against bacteria and almost abolished activity against the yeast Candida albicans. Conversely, augmentation of the positive patch by increasing charge density or size resulted in a 2-3-fold increased activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis but did not substantially affect activity against C. albicans. Reduction of TC-1 resulted in loss of the folded conformation, but this disruption of the positive patch did not affect antimicrobial activity. Using overlapping 15-mer synthetic peptides, we demonstrate peptides corresponding to the N-terminal part of TC-1 to have similar antimicrobial activity as intact TC-1. Although we demonstrate that the positive patch is essential for activity of folded TC-1, unfolded TC-1 retained antimicrobial activity despite the absence of a positive patch. This activity is probably exerted by a linear peptide stretch in the N-terminal part of the molecule. We conclude that intact TC-1 and unfolded TC-1 exert antimicrobial activity via distinct structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus H. S. Kwakman
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | | | - Leonie de Boer
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | - Leonard T. Nguyen
- the Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Boszhard
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
| | | | - Henk L. Dekker
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, and
| | | | - Jan W. Drijfhout
- the Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 2A Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A. te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology, and Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. Vogel
- the Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
- the Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, VU Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam
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28
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Structure-function studies of chemokine-derived carboxy-terminal antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1798:1062-72. [PMID: 20004172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports which show that several chemokines can act as direct microbicidal agents have drawn renewed attention to these chemotactic signalling proteins. Here we present a structure-function analysis of peptides derived from the human chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha (MIP-3alpha/CCL20), interleukin-8 (IL-8), neutrophil activating protein-2 (NAP-2) and thrombocidin-1 (TC-1). These peptides encompass the C-terminal alpha-helices of these chemokines, which have been suggested to be important for the direct antimicrobial activities. Far-UV CD spectroscopy showed that the peptides are unstructured in aqueous solution and that a membrane mimetic solvent is required to induce a helical secondary structure. A co-solvent mixture was used to determine solution structures of the peptides by two-dimensional (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. The highly cationic peptide, MIP-3alpha(51-70), had the most pronounced antimicrobial activity and displayed an amphipathic structure. A shorter version of this peptide, MIP-3alpha(59-70), remained antimicrobial but its structure and mechanism of action were unlike that of the former peptide. The NAP-2 and TC-1 proteins differ in their sequences only by the deletion of two C-terminal residues in TC-1, but intact TC-1 is a very potent antimicrobial while NAP-2 is inactive. The corresponding C-terminal peptides, NAP-2(50-70) and TC-1(50-68), had very limited and no bactericidal activity, respectively. This suggests that other regions of TC-1 contribute to its bactericidal activity. Altogether, this work provides a rational structural basis for the biological activities of these peptides and proteins and highlights the importance of experimental characterization of peptide fragments as distinct entities because their activities and structural properties may differ substantially from their parent proteins.
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29
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Bourbigot S, Fardy L, Waring AJ, Yeaman MR, Booth V. Structure of chemokine-derived antimicrobial Peptide interleukin-8alpha and interaction with detergent micelles and oriented lipid bilayers. Biochemistry 2009; 48:10509-21. [PMID: 19813761 DOI: 10.1021/bi901311p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8alpha (IL-8alpha) is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the chemokine IL-8. Solution NMR was used to determine the atomic-resolution structure of IL-8alpha in SDS micelles. Solid-state NMR and tryptophan fluorescence were used to probe the interaction of IL-8alpha with model membranes. The peptide interacted differently with anionic versus purely zwitterionic micelles or bilayers. Tryptophan fluorescence demonstrated a deeper position of Trp4 in SDS micelles and POPC/POPG bilayers compared to pure POPC bilayers, consistent with (2)H order parameters, which also indicated a deeper position of the peptide in POPC/POPG bilayers compared to POPC bilayers. Paramagnetic probe data showed that IL-8alpha was situated roughly parallel to the SDS micelle surface, with a slight tilt that positioned the N-terminus more deeply in the micelle compared to the C-terminus. (15)N solid-state NMR spectra indicated a similar, nearly parallel position for the peptide in POPC/POPG bilayers. (31)P and (2)H solid-state NMR demonstrated that the peptide did not induce the formation of any nonlamellar phases and did not significantly disrupt bilayer orientation in aligned model membranes composed of POPC or POPC and POPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bourbigot
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
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30
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Linge HM, Collin M, Giwercman A, Malm J, Bjartell A, Egesten A. The antibacterial chemokine MIG/CXCL9 is constitutively expressed in epithelial cells of the male urogenital tract and is present in seminal plasma. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:191-6. [PMID: 18338951 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2007.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the urogenital tract against potentially invasive pathogens is important for the health of the individual, fertilization, and continuance of species. Antibiotic peptides with broad antimicrobial activity, among them chemokines, are part of the innate immune system. We investigated the presence of the antibacterial interferon (IFN)-dependent CXC chemokines, MIG/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10, and I-TAC/CXCL11, in the human male reproductive system. MIG/CXCL9 was detected at 25.0 nM (range 8.1-40.6 nM; n = 14), whereas IP-10/CXCL10 and I-TAC/CXCL11 were detected at lower levels (mean 1.8 nM, range 0.3-5.8 nM and mean 0.6, 0.2-1.6 nM, respectively) in seminal plasma of fertile donors. The levels of MIG/CXCL9 are more than 300-fold higher than those previously reported in blood plasma. In vasectomized donors, significantly lower levels of MIG/CXCL9 (mean 14.7 nM, range 6.6-21.8) were found, suggesting that the testis and epididymis, in addition to the prostate, significantly contribute to the MIG/CXCL9 content of seminal plasma. Strong expression of MIG/CXCL9 was found in the epithelium of testis, epididymis, and prostate, as detected by immunohistochemistry. MIG/CXCL9 at concentrations in the order of those found in seminal plasma possessed antibacterial activity against the urogenital pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The relatively high levels of MIG/CXCL9 in seminal plasma point to roles for this chemokine in both host defense of the male urogenital tract and during fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Linge
- Section for Infection, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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31
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Chan DI, Hunter HN, Tack BF, Vogel HJ. Human macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha: protein and peptide nuclear magnetic resonance solution structures, dimerization, dynamics, and anti-infective properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:883-94. [PMID: 18086840 PMCID: PMC2258517 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00805-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (MIP-3alpha), also known as CCL20, is a 70-amino-acid chemokine which exclusively binds to chemokine receptor 6. In addition, the protein also has direct antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. The solution structure of MIP-3alpha was solved by the use of two-dimensional homonuclear proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The structure reveals the characteristic chemokine fold, with three antiparallel beta strands followed by a C-terminal alpha helix. In contrast to the crystal structures of MIP-3alpha, the solution structure was found to be monomeric. Another difference between the NMR and crystal structures lies in the angle of the alpha helix with respect to the beta strands, which measure 69 and approximately 56.5 degrees in the two structures, respectively. NMR diffusion and pH titration studies revealed a distinct tendency for MIP-3alpha to form dimers at neutral pH and monomers at lower pH, dependent on the protonation state of His40. Molecular dynamics simulations of both the monomeric and the dimeric forms of MIP-3alpha supported the notion that the chemokine undergoes a change in helix angle upon dimerization and also highlighted the important hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding contacts made by His40 in the dimer interface. Moreover, a constrained N terminus and a smaller binding groove were observed in dimeric MIP-3alpha simulations, which could explain why monomeric MIP-3alpha may be more adept at receptor binding and activation. The solution structure of a synthetic peptide consisting of the last 20 residues of MIP-3alpha displayed a highly amphipathic alpha helix, reminiscent of various antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial assays with this peptide revealed strong and moderate bactericidal activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. This confirms that the C-terminal alpha-helical region of MIP-3alpha plays a significant part in its broad anti-infective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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32
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Abstract
It is said that nature is the greatest innovator, yet molecular conservation can be equally powerful. One key requirement for the survival of any host is its ability to defend against infection, predation and competition. Recent discoveries, including the presence of a multidimensional structural signature, have revealed a previously unforeseen structural and functional congruence among host defence effector molecules spanning all kingdoms of life. Antimicrobial peptides, kinocidins, polypeptide venoms and other molecules that were once thought to be distinct in form and function now appear to be members of an ancient family of host defence effectors. These molecules probably descended from archetype predecessors that emerged during the beginning of life on earth. Understanding how nature has sustained these host defence molecules with a potent efficacy in the face of dynamic microbial evolution should provide new opportunities to prevent or treat life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Yeaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, LAC-Harbour UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509, USA.
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33
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Aebischer T, Walduck A, Schroeder J, Wehrens A, Chijioke O, Schreiber S, Meyer TF. A vaccine against Helicobacter pylori: towards understanding the mechanism of protection. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 298:161-8. [PMID: 17702653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection remains a significant global public health problem. Vaccine development against this infection appears to be feasible but has not yet delivered its promise in clinical trials. Efforts to improve current vaccination strategies would greatly benefit from a better molecular understanding of the mechanism of protection. Here, we review recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Aebischer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charité Platz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Martínez-Becerra F, Silva DA, Domínguez-Ramírez L, Mendoza-Hernández G, López-Vidal Y, Soldevila G, García-Zepeda EA. Analysis of the antimicrobial activities of a chemokine-derived peptide (CDAP-4) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:352-8. [PMID: 17307153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key molecules involved in the control of leukocyte trafficking. Recently, a novel function as antimicrobial proteins has been described. CCL13 is the only member of the MCP chemokine subfamily displaying antimicrobial activity. To determine the key residues involved in its antimicrobial activity, CCL13 derived peptides were synthesized and tested against several bacterial strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One of these peptides, corresponding to the C-terminal region of CCL13 (CDAP-4) displayed good antimicrobial activity. Electron microscopy studies revealed remarkable morphological changes after CDAP-4 treatment. By computer modeling, CDAP-4 in alpha helical configuration generated a positive electrostatic potential that extended beyond the surface of the molecule. This feature is similar to other antimicrobial peptides. Altogether, these findings indicate that the antimicrobial activity was displayed by CCL13 resides to some extent at the C-terminal region. Furthermore, CDAP-4 could be considered a good antimicrobial candidate with a potential use against pathogens including P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martínez-Becerra
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n, México, DF, CP 04510, Mexico
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35
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Abstract
Beyond an eminent role in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are characterized by expert functions in assisting and modulating inflammatory reactions and immune responses. This is achieved by the regulated expression of adhesive and immune receptors on the platelet surface and by the release of a multitude of secretory products including inflammatory mediators and cytokines, which can mediate the interaction with leukocytes and enhance their recruitment. In addition, platelets are characterized by an enormous surface area and open canalicular system, which in concert with specialized recognition receptors may contribute to the engulfment of serum components, antigens, and pathogens. Platelet-dependent increases in leukocyte adhesion may not only account for an exacerbation of atherosclerosis, for arterial repair processes, but also for lymphocyte trafficking during adaptive immunity and host defense. This review compiles a selection of platelet-derived tools for bridging inflammation and vascular disease and highlights the molecular key components governing platelet-mediated mechanisms operative in immune surveillance, vascular remodeling, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp von Hundelshausen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Molecular Research, University Hospital of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are ancient components of the innate immune system and have been isolated from organisms spanning the phylogenetic spectrum. Over an evolutionary time span, these peptides have retained potency, in the face of highly mutable target microorganisms. This fact suggests important coevolutionary influences in the host-pathogen relationship. Despite their diverse origins, the majority of antimicrobial peptides have common biophysical parameters that are likely essential for activity, including small size, cationicity, and amphipathicity. Although more than 900 different antimicrobial peptides have been characterized, most can be grouped as belonging to one of three structural classes: (1) linear, often of alpha-helical propensity; (2) cysteine stabilized, most commonly conforming to beta-sheet structure; and (3) those with one or more predominant amino acid residues, but variable in structure. Interestingly, these biophysical and structural features are retained in ribosomally as well as nonribosomally synthesized peptides. Therefore, it appears that a relatively limited set of physicochemical features is required for antimicrobial peptide efficacy against a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens. During the past several years, a number of themes have emerged within the field of antimicrobial peptide immunobiology. One developing area expands upon known microbicidal mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides to include targets beyond the plasma membrane. Examples include antimicrobial peptide activity involving structures such as extracellular polysaccharide and cell wall components, as well as the identification of an increasing number of intracellular targets. Additional areas of interest include an expanding recognition of antimicrobial peptide multifunctionality, and the identification of large antimicrobial proteins, and antimicrobial peptide or protein fragments derived thereof. The following discussion highlights such recent developments in antimicrobial peptide immunobiology, with an emphasis on the biophysical aspects of host-defense polypeptide action and mechanisms of microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannette Y Yount
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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37
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Yount NY, Waring AJ, Gank KD, Welch WH, Kupferwasser D, Yeaman MR. Structural correlates of antimicrobial efficacy in IL-8 and related human kinocidins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1768:598-608. [PMID: 17208195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small (8-12 kDa) effector proteins that potentiate leukocyte chemonavigation. Beyond this role, certain chemokines have direct antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic organisms; such molecules are termed kinocidins. The current investigation was designed to explore the structure-activity basis for direct microbicidal activity of kinocidins. Amino acid sequence and 3-dimensional analyses demonstrated these molecules to contain iterations of the conserved gamma-core motif found in broad classes of classical antimicrobial peptides. Representative CXC, CC and C cysteine-motif-group kinocidins were tested for antimicrobial activity versus human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Results demonstrate that these molecules exert direct antimicrobial activity in vitro, including antibacterial activity of native IL-8 and MCP-1, and microbicidal activity of native IL-8. To define molecular determinants governing its antimicrobial activities, the IL-8 gamma-core (IL-8gamma) and alpha-helical (IL-8alpha) motifs were compared to native IL-8 for antimicrobial efficacy in vitro. Microbicidal activity recapitulating that of native IL-8 localized to the autonomous IL-8alpha motif in vitro, and demonstrated durable microbicidal activity in human blood and blood matrices ex vivo. These results offer new insights into the modular architecture, context-related deployment and function, and evolution of host defense molecules containing gamma-core motifs and microbicidal helices associated with antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannette Y Yount
- Division of Infectious Diseases, LAC-Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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38
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Yeaman MR, Yount NY, Waring AJ, Gank KD, Kupferwasser D, Wiese R, Bayer AS, Welch WH. Modular determinants of antimicrobial activity in platelet factor-4 family kinocidins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1768:609-19. [PMID: 17217910 PMCID: PMC2827485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian platelets contain an array of antimicrobial peptides, termed platelet microbicidal proteins (PMPs). Human and rabbit PMPs include known chemokines, such as platelet factor-4 (hPF-4); PMP-1 is the rabbit orthologue of hPF-4. Chemokines that also exert direct antimicrobial activity have been termed kinocidins. A consensus peptide domain library representing mammalian PF-4 family members was analyzed to define structural domains contributing to antimicrobial activity against a panel of human pathogens. Secondary conformations were assessed by circular dichroism spectrometry, and molecular modeling was employed to investigate structural correlates of antimicrobial efficacy. Antimicrobial activity against isogenic peptide-susceptible or -resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Candida albicans strain pairs mapped to the C-terminal hemimer (38-74) and modular domains thereof (49-63 and 60-74). Increasing electrostatic charge and steric bulk were general correlates of efficacy. Structural data corroborated spatial distribution of charge, steric bulk and putative secondary structure with organism-specific efficacy. Microbicidal efficacies of the cPMP antimicrobial hemimer and C-terminal peptide (60-74) were retained in a complex human-blood biomatrix assay. Collectively, these results suggest that modular determinants arising from structural components acting independently and cooperatively govern the antimicrobial functions of PF-4 family kinocidins against specific target pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Yeaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, LAC-Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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39
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Yount NY, Yeaman MR. Structural congruence among membrane-active host defense polypeptides of diverse phylogeny. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1373-86. [PMID: 16725105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A requisite for efficacious host defense against pathogens and predators has prioritized evolution of effector molecules thereof. A recent multidimensional analysis of physicochemical properties revealed a novel, unifying structural signature among virtually all classes of cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides. This motif, termed the gamma-core, is seen in host defense peptides from organisms spanning more than 2.6 billion years of evolution. Interestingly, many toxins possess the gamma-core signature, consistent with discoveries of their direct antimicrobial activity. Many microbicidal chemokines (kinocidins) likewise contain iterations of the gamma-core motif, reconciling their antimicrobial efficacy. Importantly, these polypeptide classes have evolved to target and modulate biomembranes in protecting respective hosts against unfavorable interactions with potential pathogens or predators. Extending on this concept, the current report addresses the hypothesis that antimicrobial peptides, kinocidins, and polypeptide toxins are structurally congruent and share a remarkably close phylogenetic relationship, paralleling their roles in host-pathogen relationships. Analyses of their mature amino acid sequences demonstrated that cysteine-stabilized antimicrobial peptides, kinocidins, and toxins share ancient evolutionary relatedness stemming from early precursors of the gamma-core signature. Moreover, comparative 3-D structure analysis revealed recurring iterations of antimicrobial peptide gamma-core motifs within kinocidins and toxins. However, despite such congruence in gamma-core motifs, the kinocidins diverged in overall homology from microbicidal peptides or toxins. These findings are consistent with observations that chemokines are not toxic to mammalian cells, in contrast to many antimicrobial peptides and toxins. Thus, specific functions of these molecular effectors may be governed by specific configurations of structural modules associated with a common gamma-core motif. These concepts are consistent with the hypothesis that the gamma-core is an archetype determinant in polypeptides that target or regulate with biological membranes, with specific iterations optimized to unique or cognate host defense contexts. Quantitative and qualitative data suggest these protein families emerged through both parallel and divergent processes of modular evolution. Taken together, the current and prior findings imply that the gamma-core motif contributes to conserved structures and functions of host defense polypeptides. The presence of this unifying molecular signature in otherwise diverse categories of membrane-active host defense peptides implies an ancient and essential role for such a motif in effector molecules governing host-pathogen relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannette Y Yount
- Division of Infectious Diseases, LAC-Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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Dhople V, Krukemeyer A, Ramamoorthy A. The human beta-defensin-3, an antibacterial peptide with multiple biological functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1499-512. [PMID: 16978580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A group of interesting molecules called defensins exhibit multiple functions but have been primarily recognized to possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Studies have reported two different types of defensins (alpha and beta) from human and animals, a cyclic theta defensin from rhesus, and several defensin-like peptides from plants. There is no amino acid sequence homology between these peptides, but they all contain three Cys-Cys disulfide linkages while the connectivities are different. Human beta-defensin-3 (HbetaD-3) is the most recently discovered member of the host-defense peptide family that has attracted much attention. This molecule is expressed either constitutively or induced upon a challenge, and a growing evidence indicates the involvement of such molecules in adaptive immunity as well. It has been shown to exhibit antibacterial activities towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as an ability to act as a chemo-attractant. Analysis of NMR structural data suggested a symmetrical dimeric form of this peptide in solution, which consists of three beta strands and a short helix in the N-terminal region. While the disulfide linkages are known to provide the structural stability and stability against proteases, the biological relevance of this dimeric form was contradicted by another biological study. Since there is considerable current interest in developing HbetaD-3 for possible pharmaceutical applications, studies to further our understanding on the determinants of antibacterial activities and immunomodulatory function of HbetaD-3 are considered to be highly significant. The knowledge of its biosynthetic regulation will also help in understanding the role of HbetaD-3 in immunity. This article presents an overview of the expression and regulation of HbetaD-3 in humans, and the structure-function correlations among HbetaD-3 and its modified peptides are discussed emphasizing the functional importance. The future scope for studies on HbetaD-3 and design of short potent antimicrobial peptides, based on the native HbetaD-3 molecule, that do not interfere in the immunomodulatory function is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Dhople
- Biophysics Research Division and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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