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Lortholarie M, Do Nascimento J, Bonnard I, Catteau A, Le Guernic A, Boudaud N, Gantzer C, Guérin S, Geffard A, Palos-Ladeiro M. Assessment of the viral contamination of fecal origin over a wide geographical area using an active approach with Dreissena polymorpha. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122122. [PMID: 39168003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Biomonitoring appears to be a key approach to assess chemical or microbiological contaminations. The freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (D. polymorpha), is a suitable tool already used to monitor chemical and, more recently, microbiological pollution. In the present study, we used this sentinel species to monitor viral contamination of fecal origin over a wide geographical distribution. An active approach was implemented based on caging of calibrated and pathogen-free organisms with the same exposure conditions, allowing spatio-temporal comparisons between different water bodies. In addition, different types of sites were selected to investigate the range of environmental concentrations that D. polymorpha are able to translate. Different viral genome targets were measured: norovirus genogroup I and II (NoV GI and GII) and F-specific RNA bacteriophages belonging to the genogroup -I and -II (FRNAPH-I and -II). Total infectious FRNAPH were also monitored. D. polymorpha was able to translate a wide range of concentrations for all the viral targets studied, meaning that this sentinel species can be used for both low and highly anthropised sites. Moreover, D. polymorpha caging proved effective in achieving gradients of viral contamination of fecal origin pressure and to highlight the contribution of tributaries to the main rivers. D. polymorpha provided spatial and temporal variations of the viral contamination. It allowed to highlight the prevalence of the FRNAPH-I and -II genogroups according to the caging site. FRNAPH-II was found to be dominant in urban areas and FRNAPH-I in rural areas. This strategy uses the caging of the sentinel species D. polymorpha on selected sites with standardised analysis methods has proven to be a promising tool for characterizing viral contamination at both large and very fine scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Lortholarie
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Julie Do Nascimento
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Audrey Catteau
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Antoine Le Guernic
- Université catholique de l'ouest, Biology of Organisms Stress Health Environment (BIOSSE), Angers, France
| | | | - Christophe Gantzer
- LCPME UMR 7564, Université de Lorraine - CNRS, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sabrina Guérin
- Service public de l'assainissement francilien (SIAAP), Direction Innovation, Colombes, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Mélissa Palos-Ladeiro
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et, BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039 51687, Reims, CEDEX, France.
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Do Nascimento J, Palos Ladeiro M, Bonnard I, Gantzer C, Boudaud N, Lopes C, Geffard A. Assessing viral freshwater hazard using a toxicokinetic model and Dreissena polymorpha. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123420. [PMID: 38272165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The detection all pathogenic enteric viruses in water is expensive, time-consuming, and limited by numerous technical difficulties. Consequently, using reliable indicators such as F-specific RNA phages (FRNAPH) can be well adapted to assess the risk of viral contamination of fecal origin in surface waters. However, the variability of results inherent to the water matrix makes it difficult to use them routinely and to interpret viral risk. Spatial and temporal variability of surface waters can lead to underestimate this risk, in particular in the case of low loading. The use of bivalve mollusks as accumulating systems appears as a promising alternative, as recently highlighted with the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha, but its capacity to accumulate and depurate FRNAPH needs to be better understood and described. The purpose of this study is to characterise the kinetics of accumulation and elimination of infectious FRNAPH by D. polymorpha in laboratory conditions, formalised by a toxico-kinetic (TK) mechanistic model. Accumulation and depuration experiments were performed at a laboratory scale to determine the relationship between the concentration of infectious FRNAPH in water and the concentration accumulated by D. polymorpha. The mussels accumulated infectious FRNAPH (3-5.4 × 104 PFU/g) in a fast and concentration-dependent way in only 48 h, as already recently demonstrated. The second exposure demonstrated that the kinetics of infectious FRNAPH depuration by D. polymorpha was independent to the exposure dose, with a T90 (time required to depurate 90 % of the accumulated concentration) of approximately 6 days. These results highlight the capacities of D. polymorpha to detect and reflect the viral pollution in an integrative way and over time, which is not possible with point water sampling. Different TK models were fitted based on the concentrations measured in the digestive tissues (DT) of D. polymorpha. The model has been developed to formalise the kinetics of phage accumulation in mussels tissues through the simultaneous estimation of accumulation and depuration rates. This model showed that accumulation depended on the exposure concentration, while depuration did not. Standardized D. polymorpha could be easily transplanted to the environment to predict viral concentrations using the TK model defined in the present study to predict the level of contamination of bodies of water on the basis of the level of phages accumulated by the organisms. It will be also provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the virus in continental waters at different time and spatial scales, and thereby contribute to the protection of freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Do Nascimento
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Mélissa Palos Ladeiro
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe Gantzer
- LCPME UMR 7564, Université de Lorraine - CNRS, 405 rue de Vandoeuvre, 54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Christelle Lopes
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, 69622, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687, Reims cedex 2, France.
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Panhwar S, Keerio HA, Ilhan H, Boyacı IH, Tamer U. Principles, Methods, and Real-Time Applications of Bacteriophage-Based Pathogen Detection. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00926-5. [PMID: 37914863 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens in water, food, and the environment are spreading diseases around the world. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, waterborne pathogens pose the most significant global health risks to living organisms, including humans and animals. Conventional bacterial detection approaches such as colony counting, microscopic analysis, biochemical analysis, and molecular analysis are expensive, time-consuming, less sensitive, and require a pre-enrichment step. However, the bacteriophage-based detection of pathogenic bacteria is a robust approach that utilizes bacteriophages, which are viruses that specifically target and infect bacteria, for rapid and accurate detection of targets. This review shed light on cutting-edge technologies about the novel structure of phages and the immobilization process on the surface of electrodes to detect targeted bacterial cells. Similarly, the purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of bacteriophage-based biosensors utilized for pathogen detection, as well as their trends, outcomes, and problems. This review article summaries current phage-based pathogen detection strategies for the development of low-cost lab-on-chip (LOC) and point-of-care (POC) devices using electrochemical and optical methods such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallahuddin Panhwar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Quetta, 24090, Balochistan, Pakistan.
| | - Hareef Ahmed Keerio
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hasan Ilhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ordu University, Altinordu, 52200, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakkı Boyacı
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Tamer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
- Metu MEMS Center, Ankara, Turkey.
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Do Nascimento J, Bichet M, Challant J, Loutreul J, Petinay S, Perrotte D, Roman V, Cauvin E, Robin M, Ladeiro MP, La Carbona S, Blin JL, Gantzer C, Geffard A, Bertrand I, Boudaud N. Toward better monitoring of human noroviruses and F-specific RNA bacteriophages in aquatic environments using bivalve mollusks and passive samplers: A case study. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120357. [PMID: 37549447 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring pathogenic enteric viruses in continental and marine water bodies is essential to control the viral contamination of human populations. Human Noroviruses (NoV) are the main enteric viruses present in surface waters and foodstuff. In a context of global change, it is currently a challenge to improve the management of viral pollutions in aquatic environments and thereby limit the contamination of vulnerable water bodies or foodstuffs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of specific accumulation systems for improving the detection of NoV in water bodies, compared to direct water analyses. Passive samplers (Zetapor filters) and three species of bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) (Dreissena polymorpha, Mytilus edulis and Crassostreas gigas) were used as accumulation systems to determine their performance in monitoring continental and marine waters for viruses. F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) were also analyzed since they are described as indicators of NoV hazard in many studies. During a one-year study in a specific area frequently affected by fecal pollution, twelve campaigns of exposure of passive samplers and BMS in continental and coastal waters were conducted. Using suitable methods, NoV (genome) and FRNAPH (infectious and genome) were detected in these accumulation systems and in water at the same time points to determine the frequency of detection but also to gain a better understanding of viral pollution in this area. The reliability of FRNAPH as a NoV indicator was also investigated. Our results clearly showed that BMS were significantly better than passive samplers and direct water analyses for monitoring NoV and FRNAPH contamination in water bodies. A dilution of viral pollution between the continental and the coastal area was observed and can be explained by the distance from the source of the pollution. Viral pollution is clearly greater during the winter period, and stakeholders should take this into consideration in their attempts to limit the contamination of food and water. A significant correlation was once again shown between NoV and FRNAPH genomes in BMS, confirming the reliability of FRNAPH as a NoV indicator. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between NoV genomes and infectious FRNAPH, suggesting recent viral pollution since infectious particles had not been inactivated at sufficient levels in the environment. More generally, this study shows the value of using BMS as an active method for improving knowledge on the behavior of viral contamination in water bodies, the ranking of the contamination sources, and the vulnerability of downstream water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Do Nascimento
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, F-51687 Reims, France
| | - Marion Bichet
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000 Saint-Lô, France; LCPME, UMR 7564, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Julie Challant
- LCPME, UMR 7564, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Julie Loutreul
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | | | | | - Véronica Roman
- LCPME, UMR 7564, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Elodie Cauvin
- LABEO Manche, Virology Department, F-50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | - Maëlle Robin
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, F-50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, F-51687 Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Bertrand
- LCPME, UMR 7564, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Yasui M, Ikner L, Yonetani T, Liu M, Katayama H. Effects of surface hydrophobicity on the removal of F-specific RNA phages from reclaimed water by coagulation and ceramic membrane microfiltration. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2304-2314. [PMID: 37186632 PMCID: wst_2023_133 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microfiltration (MF) has been widely adopted as an advanced treatment process to reduce suspended solids and turbidity in treated wastewater effluents designated for potable reuse. Although microfilter pores are much larger than viruses, the addition of a coagulant upstream of a microfilter system can achieve stable virus removal. Ceramic membranes have a narrow pore size distribution to achieve the high removal of contaminants. This study aims to evaluate virus log reduction using bench-scale coagulation and ceramic membrane MF. To investigate the effects of differences in net surface hydrophobicity, 18 sewage-derived F-specific RNA phages (FRNAPHs) were used for batch hydrophobicity and coagulation-MF tests. The capability of bench-scale coagulation and ceramic membrane MF under continuous automated long-term operation was tested to remove the lab reference strain MS2 and three selected FRNAPH isolates which varied by surface property. Median virus log reduction values (LRVs) exceeding 6.2 were obtained for all three isolates and MS2. Although coagulation and hydrophobicity were positively correlated, the virus isolate demonstrating the lowest level of hydrophobicity and coagulation (genogroup I) still exhibited a high LRV. Thus, coagulation and ceramic membrane MF systems may serve as viable options for virus removal during water reclamation and advanced treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Yasui
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
| | - Luisa Ikner
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
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Singh S, Pitchers R, Hassard F. Coliphages as viral indicators of sanitary significance for drinking water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941532. [PMID: 35958148 PMCID: PMC9362991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coliphages are virus that infect coliform bacteria and are used in aquatic systems for risk assessment for human enteric viruses. This mini-review appraises the types and sources of coliphage and their fate and behavior in source waters and engineered drinking water treatment systems. Somatic (cell wall infection) and F+ (male specific) coliphages are abundant in drinking water sources and are used as indicators of fecal contamination. Coliphage abundances do not consistently correlate to human enteric virus abundance, but they suitably reflect the risks of exposure to human enteric viruses. Coliphages have highly variable surface characteristics with respect to morphology, size, charge, isoelectric point, and hydrophobicity which together interact to govern partitioning and removal characteristics during water treatment. The groups somatic and F+ coliphages are valuable for investigating the virus elimination during water treatment steps and as indicators for viral water quality assessment. Strain level analyses (e.g., Qβ or GA-like) provide more information about specific sources of viral pollution but are impractical for routine monitoring. Consistent links between rapid online monitoring tools (e.g., turbidity, particle counters, and flow cytometry) and phages in drinking water have yet to be established but are recommended as a future area of research activity. This could enable the real-time monitoring of virus and improve the process understanding during transient operational events. Exciting future prospects for the use of coliphages in aquatic microbiology are also discussed based on current scientific evidence and practical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Singh
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francis Hassard
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gyawali P, Devane M, Scholes P, Hewitt J. Application of crAssphage, F-RNA phage and pepper mild mottle virus as indicators of human faecal and norovirus contamination in shellfish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146848. [PMID: 33865125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish growing waters contaminated with inadequately treated human wastewater is a major source of norovirus in shellfish and poses a significant human health risk to consumers. Microbial source tracking (MST) markers have been widely used to identify the source (s) of faecal contamination in water but data are limited on their use for shellfish safety. This study evaluated the source specificity, sensitivity, occurrence and concentration of three viral MST markers i.e. cross-assembly phage (crAssphage), F-specific RNA bacteriophage genogroup II (F-RNA phage GII) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) using animal faeces (n = 119; 16 animal groups), influent wastewater (n = 12), effluent wastewater (n = 16) and shellfish (n = 33). CrAssphage, F-RNA phage GII and PMMoV had source specific values of 0.97, 0.99 and 0.91, respectively. The sensitivity of MST markers was confirmed by their 100% detection frequency in influent wastewaters. The frequency of detection in effluent wastewater ranged from 81.3% (F-RNA phage GII) to 100% (PMMoV). Concentration of F-RNA phage GII was one log10 (influent wastewater) and 2-3 log10 (effluent wastewater) lower than crAssphage and PMMoV, respectively. Despite lower prevalence of F-RNA phage GII in oysters and mussels compared to crAssphage and PMMoV, concentrations of the three MST markers were similar in mussels. As an indicator of norovirus contamination in shellfish, crAssphage and PMMoV had greater predictive sensitivity (100%; [95% CI; 81.5%-100%)]) and F-RNA phage GII had greater predictive specificity (93.3%; [95% CI; 68.1%-99.8%]). In contrast, crAssphage and F-RNA phage GII have similar accuracy for predicting norovirus in shellfish, however, PMMoV significantly overestimated its presence. Therefore, a combination of crAssphage and F-RNA phage GII analysis of shellfish could provide a robust estimation of the presence of human faecal and norovirus contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Gyawali
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
| | - Megan Devane
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Paula Scholes
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua 5240, New Zealand.
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Aerobic Conditions and Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species Reduce the Production of Infectious MS2 Phage by Escherichia coli. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071376. [PMID: 34372580 PMCID: PMC8310082 DOI: 10.3390/v13071376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the defective/non-infectious enteric phages and viruses that end up in wastewater originate in human feces. Some of the causes of this high level of inactivity at the host stage are unknown. There is a significant gap between how enteric phages are environmentally transmitted and how we might design molecular tools that would only detect infectious ones. Thus, there is a need to explain the low proportion of infectious viral particles once replicated. By analyzing lysis plaque content, we were able to confirm that, under aerobic conditions, Escherichia coli produce low numbers of infectious MS2 phages (I) than the total number of phages indicated by the genome copies (G) with an I/G ratio of around 2%. Anaerobic conditions of replication and ROS inhibition increase the I/G ratio to 8 and 25%, respectively. These data cannot only be explained by variations in the total numbers of MS2 phages produced or in the metabolism of E. coli. We therefore suggest that oxidative damage impacts the molecular replication and assembly of MS2 phages.
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Characterization of a novel group I F-specific RNA bacteriophage isolated from human stool. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4065-4072. [PMID: 34050782 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNAPH) YM1, affiliating to genogroup I (GI) of Levivirus, is isolated for the first time from human stool samples using double-layer agar plates with the Escherichia coli ATCC700891 as the host. The complete genomic sequence of YM1 is 3551 nt in length, obtained through next-generation sequencing, and contains four genes encoding for maturation protein, coat protein, lysis protein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The genomic sequence of YM1 shares the highest similarity of 95.3% with that of a GI FRNAPH DL16 isolated from surface water of Great Bay. The YM1 possesses a non-enveloped, icosahedral virion of 23 ± 0.45 nm in diameter. One-step growth curve analysis shows that the burst time of YM1 is 30 min post-infection (p.i.) with the average burst size of 264 PFU/cell. The YM1 lyses only E. coli strains tested, revealing high host specificity. This newly discovered phage may serve as a candidate for viral indicator to monitor human enteric virus, especially norovirus, contamination in the environments.
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Bastin G, Loison P, Vernex-Loset L, Dupire F, Challant J, Majou D, Boudaud N, Krier G, Gantzer C. Structural Organizations of Qβ and MS2 Phages Affect Capsid Protein Modifications by Oxidants Hypochlorous Acid and Peroxynitrite. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1157. [PMID: 32582098 PMCID: PMC7283501 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteriophages such as Qβ and MS2 are transmitted through the fecal-oral route. However, oxidants such as peroxynitrite (ONOOH) and hypochlorous acid (HClO) can prevent new infection by inactivating infectious viruses. Their virucidal effect is well recognized, and yet predicting the effects of oxidants on viruses is currently impossible because the detailed mechanisms of viral inactivation remain unclear. Our data show that ONOOH and HClO cross-linked the capsid proteins and RNA genomes of Qβ and MS2 phages. Consistently, the capsids appeared intact by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) even when 99% of the phages were inactivated by oxidation. Moreover, a precise molecular study of the capsid proteins shows that ONOOH and HClO preferentially targeted capsid protein regions containing the oxidant-sensitive amino acid C, Y, or W. Interestingly, the interaction of these amino acids was a crucial parameter defining whether they would be modified by the addition of O, Cl, or NO2 or whether it induced the loss of the protein region detected by mass spectrometry, together suggesting potential sites for cross-link formation. Together, these data show that HClO and ONOOH consistently target oxidant-sensitive amino acids regardless of the structural organization of Qβ and MS2, even though the phenotypes change as a function of the interaction with adjacent proteins/RNA. These data also indicate a potential novel mechanism of viral inactivation in which cross-linking may impair infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bastin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France.,ACTALIA, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel Krier
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, EA 4632, Metz, France
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11
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Leduc A, Leclerc M, Challant J, Loutreul J, Robin M, Maul A, Majou D, Boudaud N, Gantzer C. F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages Model the Behavior of Human Noroviruses during Purification of Oysters: the Main Mechanism Is Probably Inactivation Rather than Release. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00526-20. [PMID: 32303551 PMCID: PMC7267196 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00526-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are responsible for many shellfish outbreaks. Purification processes may be applied to oysters before marketing to decrease potential fecal pollution. This step is rapidly highly effective in reducing Escherichia coli; nevertheless, the elimination of virus genomes has been described to be much slower. It is therefore important to identify (i) the purification conditions that optimize virus removal and (ii) the mechanism involved. To this end, the effects of oyster stress, nutrients, and the presence of a potential competitor to NoV adhesion during purification were investigated using naturally contaminated oysters. Concentrations of NoV (genomes) and of the viral indicator F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNAPH; genomes and infectious particles) were regularly monitored. No significant differences were observed under the test conditions. The decrease kinetics of both virus genomes were similar, again showing the potential of FRNAPH as an indicator of NoV behavior during purification. The T90 (time to reduce 90% of the initial titer) values were 47.8 days for the genogroup I NoV genome, 26.7 days for the genogroup II NoV genome, and 43.9 days for the FRNAPH-II genome. Conversely, monitoring of the viral genomes could not be used to determine the behavior of infectious viruses because the T90 values were more than two times lower for infectious FRNAPH (20.6 days) compared to their genomes (43.9 days). Finally, this study highlighted that viruses are primarily inactivated in oysters rather than released in the water during purification processes.IMPORTANCE This study provides new data about the behavior of viruses in oysters under purification processes and about their elimination mechanism. First, a high correlation has been observed between F-specific RNA bacteriophages of subgroup II (FRNAPH-II) and norovirus (NoV) in oysters impacted by fecal contamination when both are detected using molecular approaches. Second, when using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and culture to detect FRNAPH-II genomes and infectious FRNAPH in oysters, respectively, it appears that genome detection provides limited information about the presence of infectious particles. The comparison of both genomes and infectious particles highlights that the main mechanism of virus elimination in oysters is inactivation. Finally, this study shows that none of the conditions tested modify virus removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Leduc
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France
- ACTALIA, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | | | | | | | - Maëlle Robin
- ACTALIA, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - Armand Maul
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, Metz, France
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Lowther JA, Cross L, Stapleton T, Gustar NE, Walker DI, Sills M, Treagus S, Pollington V, Lees DN. Use of F-Specific RNA Bacteriophage to Estimate Infectious Norovirus Levels in Oysters. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:247-258. [PMID: 31115869 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of bivalve shellfish, particularly oysters, with norovirus is recognised as a significant food safety risk. Methods for quantification of norovirus in oysters using the quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) are well established, and various studies using RT-qPCR have detected norovirus in a considerable proportion of oyster samples, both in the UK and elsewhere. However, RT-qPCR detects viral genome, and by its nature is unable to discriminate between positive results caused by infectious viruses and those caused by non-infectious remnants including damaged virus particles and naked RNA. As a result, a number of alternative or complementary approaches to RT-qPCR testing have been proposed, including the use of infectious viral indicator organisms, most frequently F-specific RNA bacteriophage (F-RNA phage). In this study, we investigated the relationships between F-RNA phage and norovirus in digestive tissues from two sets of oyster samples, one randomly collected at retail (630 samples), and one linked to suspected norovirus illness outbreaks (nine samples). A positive association and correlation between PCR-detectable levels of genogroup II F-RNA bacteriophage (associated with human faecal contamination) and norovirus was found in both sets of samples, with more samples positive for genogroup II phage, at generally higher levels than norovirus. Levels of both viruses were higher in outbreak-related than retail samples. Infectious F-RNA phage was detected in 47.8% of all retail samples, and for a subset of 224 samples where characterisation of phage was carried out, infectious GII phage was detected in 30.4%. Infectious GII phage was detected in all outbreak-related samples. Determination of infectivity ratios by comparing levels of PCR-detectable (copies/g) and infectious GII phage (pfu/g) revealed that in the majority of cases less than 10% of virus detected by RT-qPCR was infectious. Application of these ratios to estimate infectious norovirus levels indicated that while 77.8% of outbreak-related samples contained > 5 estimated infectious norovirus/g, only 13.7% of retail samples did. Use of a combination of levels of PCR-detectable norovirus and infectious F-RNA phage showed that while only 7.0% of retail samples contained both > 100 copies/g norovirus and > 10 pfu/g F-RNA phage, these combined levels were present in 77.8% of outbreak-related samples, and 75.9% of retail samples with > 5 estimated infectious norovirus/g. We therefore suggest that combining RT-qPCR testing with a test for infectious F-RNA phage has the potential to better estimate health risks, and to better predict the presence of infectious norovirus than RT-qPCR testing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lowther
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - L Cross
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - T Stapleton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - N E Gustar
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - D I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - M Sills
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - S Treagus
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - V Pollington
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - D N Lees
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
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13
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Walker DI, Cross LJ, Stapleton TA, Jenkins CL, Lees DN, Lowther JA. Assessment of the Applicability of Capsid-Integrity Assays for Detecting Infectious Norovirus Inactivated by Heat or UV Irradiation. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:229-237. [PMID: 31165999 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis. In the absence of a practical culture technique for routine analysis of infectious noroviruses, several methods have been developed to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious viruses by removing non-viable viruses prior to analysis by RT-qPCR. In this study, two such methods (RNase and porcine gastric mucin) which were designed to remove viruses with compromised capsids (and therefore assumed to be non-viable), were assessed for their ability to quantify viable F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNAP) and human norovirus following inactivation by UV-C or heat. It was found that while both methods could remove a proportion of non-viable viruses, a large proportion of non-viable virus remained to be detected by RT-qPCR, leading to overestimations of the viable population. A model was then developed to determine the proportion of RT-qPCR detectable RNA from non-viable viruses that must be removed by such methods to reduce overestimation to acceptable levels. In most cases, nearly all non-viable virus must be removed to reduce the log overestimation of viability to within levels that might be considered acceptable (e.g. below 0.5 log10). This model could be applied when developing alternative pre-treatment methods to determine how well they should perform to be comparable to established infectivity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK.
| | - Lisa J Cross
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
| | - Tina A Stapleton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
| | - Connaire L Jenkins
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - David N Lees
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
| | - James A Lowther
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, UK
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14
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Razafimahefa RM, Ludwig-Begall LF, Thiry E. Cockles and mussels, alive, alive, oh-The role of bivalve molluscs as transmission vehicles for human norovirus infections. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:9-25. [PMID: 31232515 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are recognized as the leading worldwide cause of sporadic and epidemic viral gastroenteritis, causing morbidity and mortality in impoverished developing countries and engendering enormous economic losses in developed countries. Transmitted faecal-orally, either via person-to-person contact, or by consumption of contaminated foods or water, norovirus outbreaks are often reported in institutional settings or in the context of communal dining. Bivalve molluscs, which accumulate noroviruses via filter feeding and are often eaten raw or insufficiently cooked, are a common food vehicle implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks. The involvement of bivalve molluscs in norovirus outbreaks and epidemiology over the past two decades are reviewed. The authors describe how their physiology of filter feeding can render them concentrated vehicles of norovirus contamination in polluted environments and how high viral loads persist in molluscs even after application of depuration practices and typical food preparation steps. The global prevalence of noroviruses in bivalve molluscs as detected by different monitoring efforts is determined and the various methods currently utilized for norovirus extraction and detection from bivalve matrices described. An overview of gastroenteritis outbreaks affirmatively associated with norovirus-contaminated bivalve molluscs as reported in the past 18 years is also provided. Strategies for risk reduction in shellfish contamination and subsequent human infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravo M Razafimahefa
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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15
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Kingsley DH, Chen H, Annous BA, Meade GK. Evaluation of a Male-Specific DNA Coliphage Persistence Within Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:120-125. [PMID: 30919239 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Male-specific coliphages (MSCs) are currently used to assess the virologic quality of shellfish-growing waters and to assess the impact of sewage release or adverse weather events on bivalve shellfish. Since MSC can have either DNA or RNA genomes, and most research has been performed exclusively on RNA MSCs, persistence of M13, a DNA MSC, was evaluated for its persistence as a function of time and temperature within Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Oysters were individually exposed to seawater containing a total of 1010 to 1012 pfu of M13 for 24 h at 15 °C followed by maintenance in tanks with as many as 21 oysters in continuously UV-sterilized water for up to 6 weeks at either 7, 15, or 22 °C. Two trials for each temperature were performed combining three shucked oysters per time point which were assayed by tenfold serial dilution in triplicate. Initial contamination levels averaged 106.9 and ranged from 106.0 to 107.0 of M13. For oysters held for 3 weeks, log10 reductions were 1.7, 3.8, and 4.2 log10 at 7, 15, and 22 °C, respectively. Oysters held at 7 and 15 °C for 6 weeks showed average reductions of 3.6 and 5.1 log10, respectively, but still retained infectious M13. In total, this work shows that DNA MSC may decline within shellfish in a manner analogous to RNA MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- ARS, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2150, USA
| | - Bassam A Annous
- ARS, ERRC, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Gloria K Meade
- ARS, Food Safety & Intervention Technologies Research Unit, USDA, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
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16
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Fenaux H, Chassaing M, Berger S, Gantzer C, Bertrand I, Schvoerer E. Transmission of hepatitis E virus by water: An issue still pending in industrialized countries. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 151:144-157. [PMID: 30594083 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enteric virus divided into eight genotypes. Genotype 1 (G1) and G2 are specific to humans; G3, G4 and G7 are zoonotic genotypes infecting humans and animals. Transmission to humans through water has been demonstrated for G1 and G2, mainly in developing countries, but is only suspected for the zoonotic genotypes. Thus, the water-related HEV hazard may be due to human and animal faeces. The high HEV genetic variability allows considering the presence in wastewater of not only different genotypes, but also quasispecies adding even greater diversity. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that HEV particles may be either quasi-enveloped or non-enveloped, potentially implying differential viral behaviours in the environment. The presence of HEV has been demonstrated at the different stages of the water cycle all over the world, especially for HEV G3 in Europe and the USA. Concerning HEV survival in water, the virus does not have higher resistance to inactivating factors (heat, UV, chlorine, physical removal), compared to viral indicators (MS2 phage) or other highly resistant enteric viruses (Hepatitis A virus). But the studies did not take into account genetic (genogroups, quasispecies) or structural (quasi- or non-enveloped forms) HEV variability. Viral variability could indeed modify HEV persistence in water by influencing its interaction with the environment, its infectivity and its pathogenicity, and subsequently its transmission by water. The cell culture methods used to study HEV survival still have drawbacks (challenging virus cultivation, time consuming, lack of sensitivity). As explained in the present review, the issue of HEV transmission to humans through water is similar to that of other enteric viruses because of their similar or lower survival. HEV transmission to animals through water and how the virus variability affects its survival and transmission remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fenaux
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54511 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - M Chassaing
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - S Berger
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54511 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - C Gantzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - I Bertrand
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France
| | - E Schvoerer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F-54511 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement, LCPME UMR 7564 CNRS-UL, F-54600 Villers lès Nancy, France.
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17
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Lee S, Suwa M, Shigemura H. Occurrence and reduction of F-specific RNA bacteriophage genotypes as indicators of human norovirus at a wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:50-62. [PMID: 30758303 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs) have been suggested as good indicators of the presence of human enteric viruses in water treatment facilities. The occurrence and reduction of norovirus (NoV) and FRNAPH genotypes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been well studied; however, the relationship between these genotypes in WWTPs has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the occurrence and reduction of FRNAPH genotypes in an attempt to identify NoV indicators in a WWTP via a 1-year survey. All FRNAPH and NoV genotypes were detected in WWTP influents at high rates (71-100%), including the infectious FRNAPH genotype IV (GIV), which has been rarely detected in previous studies. The reductions of FRNAPH GII and NoV GII during wastewater treatment indicated a relationship between the two (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), and the mean values were not significantly different. These results suggested that FRNAPH GII could be used as an appropriate indicator of NoV GII during wastewater treatment. FRNAPH GI was also found to be an appropriate indicator of viral reduction because of its high resistance to wastewater treatment compared with the other FRNAPH and NoV genotypes; therefore, it can be considered as a worst-case scenario organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan E-mail:
| | - Mamoru Suwa
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan E-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Shigemura
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8516, Japan E-mail:
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18
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Hartard C, Leclerc M, Rivet R, Maul A, Loutreul J, Banas S, Boudaud N, Gantzer C. F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages, Especially Members of Subgroup II, Should Be Reconsidered as Good Indicators of Viral Pollution of Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01866-17. [PMID: 29079627 PMCID: PMC5734038 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01866-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks linked to oyster consumption. In this study, we investigated the potential of F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) as indicators of viral contamination in oysters by focusing especially on FRNAPH subgroup II (FRNAPH-II). These viral indicators have been neglected because their behavior is sometimes different from that of NoV in shellfish, especially during the depuration processes usually performed before marketing. However, a significant bias needs to be taken into account. This bias is that, in the absence of routine culture methods, NoV is targeted by genome detection, while the presence of FRNAPH is usually investigated by isolation of infectious particles. In this study, by targeting both viruses using genome detection, a significant correlation between the presence of FRNAPH-II and that of NoV in shellfish collected from various European harvesting areas impacted by fecal pollution was observed. Moreover, during their depuration, while the long period of persistence of NoV was confirmed, a similar or even longer period of persistence of the FRNAPH-II genome, which was over 30 days, was observed. Such a striking genome persistence calls into question the relevance of molecular methods for assessing viral hazards. Targeting the same virus (i.e., FRNAPH-II) by culture and genome detection in specimens from harvesting areas as well as during depuration, we concluded that the presence of genomes in shellfish does not provide any information on the presence of the corresponding infectious particles. In view of these results, infectious FRNAPH detection should be reconsidered as a valuable indicator in oysters, and its potential for use in assessing viral hazard needs to be investigated.IMPORTANCE This work brings new data about the behavior of viruses in shellfish, as well as about the relevance of molecular methods for their detection and evaluation of the viral hazard. First, a strong correlation between the presence of F-specific RNA bacteriophages of subgroup II (FRNAPH-II) and that of norovirus (NoV) in shellfish impacted by fecal contamination has been observed when both viruses are detected using molecular approaches. Second, when reverse transcription-PCR and culture are used to detect FRNAPH-II in shellfish, it appears that the genomes of the viruses present a longer period of persistence than infectious virus, and thus, virus genome detection fails to give information about the concomitant presence of infectious viruses. Finally, this study shows that FRNAPH persist at least as long as NoV does. These data are major arguments to reconsider the potential of FRNAPH as indicators of shellfish viral quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hartard
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Leclerc
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - R Rivet
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - A Maul
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360, Metz, France
| | - J Loutreul
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - S Banas
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - N Boudaud
- Actalia, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
| | - C Gantzer
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564, Nancy, France
- Institut Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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19
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Hodgson KR, Torok VA, Turnbull AR. Bacteriophages as enteric viral indicators in bivalve mollusc management. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:284-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Rapid and sensitive method to assess human viral pollution in shellfish using infectious F-specific RNA bacteriophages: Application to marketed products. Food Microbiol 2016; 63:248-254. [PMID: 28040176 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) have been used as indicators of environmental fecal pollution for many years. While FRNAPH subgroup I (FRNAPH-I) are not host specific, some FRNAPH-II and -III strains appear specific to human pollution. Because a close relationship has been observed between FRNAPH-II genome and human norovirus (NoV) in shellfish, and because FRNAPH infectivity can easily be investigated unlike that of NoV, the detection of human infectious FRNAPH could therefore provide a valuable tool for assessing viral risk. In this study, an integrated cell culture real-time RT-PCR method has been developed to investigate infectious FRNAPH subgroup prevalence in oysters. This rapid screening method appears more sensitive than E. coli or NoV genome detection, and allows an FRNAPH subgroup present in low concentrations (0.05 PFU/g of oyster) to be detected in the presence of another 1000 times more concentrated, without any dissection step. Its application to marketed oysters (n = 135) over a 1-year period has allowed to identify the winter peak classically described for NoV or FRNAPH accumulation. Infectious FRNAPH were detected in 34% of batches, and 7% were suspected of having a human origin. This approach may be helpful to evaluate oyster's depuration processes, based on an infectious viral parameter.
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