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Bhuimbar MV, Jalkute CB, Bhagwat PK, Dandge PB. Purification, characterization and application of collagenolytic protease from Bacillus subtilis strain MPK. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 138:21-28. [PMID: 38637241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
A new extracellular protease from Bacillus subtilis strain MPK with collagenolytic activity was isolated and purified. Fish skin which otherwise would be treated as waste is used as substrate for the production of protease. Using various techniques such as ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography, protease was purified and characterized subsequently. Protease of approximately 61 kDa molecular weight was purified by 135.7-fold with 18.42% enzyme recovery. The protease showed effective properties like pH and temperature stability over a broad range with optimum pH 7.5 and temperature 60 °C. Km and Vmax were found to be 1.92 mg ml-1 and 1.02 × 10-4 mol L-1 min-1, respectively. The protease exhibited stability in various ions, surfactants, inhibitors and organic solvents. Subsequently, the protease was successfully utilized for collagen hydrolysis to generate collagen peptides; thus, the produced protease would be a potential candidate for multifaceted applications in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its significant characteristics and collagenolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Vijay Bhuimbar
- PG Department of Microbiology & Research Center, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Barshi 413411, MS, India
| | - Chidambar Balbhim Jalkute
- PG Department of Microbiology & Research Center, Shri Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Barshi 413411, MS, India
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2
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Yan M, Chen Y, Feng Y, Saeed M, Fang Z, Zhen W, Ni Z, Chen H. Perspective on Agricultural Industrialization: Modification Strategies for Enhancing the Catalytic Capacity of Keratinase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38832583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Keratinases is a special hydrolytic enzyme produced by microorganisms, which has the ability to catalyze the degradation of keratin. Currently, keratinases show great potential for application in many agricultural and industrial fields, such as biofermented feed, leather tanning, hair removal, and fertilizer production. However, these potentials have not yet been fully unleashed on an industrial scale. This paper reviews the sources, properties, and catalytic mechanisms of keratinases. Strategies for the molecular modification of keratinases are summarized and discussed in terms of improving the substrate specificity, thermostability, and pH tolerance of keratinases. The modification strategies are also enriched by the introduction of immobilized enzymes and directed evolution. In addition, the selection of modification strategies when facing specific industrial applications is discussed and prospects are provided. We believe that this review serves as a reference for the future quest to extend the application of keratinases from the laboratory to industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Yan
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Yong Feng
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Wang Zhen
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Zhong Ni
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Huayou Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
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3
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Ramey-Ward AN, Walthall HP, Smith S, Barrows TH. Human keratin matrices promote wound healing by modulating skin cell expression of cytokines and growth factors. Wound Repair Regen 2024; 32:257-267. [PMID: 38111086 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of biomaterials has been developed to assist in wound healing, including acellular animal and human-derived protein matrices. However, millions of patients worldwide still suffer from non-healing chronic wounds, demonstrating a need for further innovation in wound care. To address this need, a novel biomaterial, the human keratin matrix (HKM), was developed, characterised, and tested in vitro and in vivo. HKM was found to be degradation-resistant, and a proteomics analysis showed it to be greater than 99% human keratin proteins. PCR revealed adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) grown in contact with HKM showed increased gene expression of keratinocyte activations markers such as Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). Additionally, a cytokine microarray demonstrated culture on HKM increased the release of cytokines involved in wound inflammatory modulation by both HEKa cells and adult human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa). Finally, in a murine chronic wound model, full-thickness wounds treated weekly with HKM were smaller through the healing process than those treated with human amniotic membrane (AM), bovine dermis (BD), or porcine decellularized small intestinal submucosa (SIS). HKM-treated wounds also closed significantly faster than AM- and SIS-treated wounds. These data suggest that HKM is an effective novel treatment for chronic wounds.
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4
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Jagadeesan Y, Meenakshisundaram S, Pichaimuthu S, Balaiah A. A scientific version of understanding "Why did the chickens cross the road"? - A guided journey through Bacillus spp. towards sustainable agriculture, circular economy and biofortification. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117907. [PMID: 38109965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The world, a famished planet with an overgrowing population, requires enormous food crops. This scenario compelled the farmers to use a high quantity of synthetic fertilizers for high food crop productivity. However, prolonged usage of chemical fertilizers results in severe adverse effects on soil and water quality. On the other hand, the growing population significantly consumes large quantities of poultry meats. Eventually, this produces a mammoth amount of poultry waste, chicken feathers. Owing to the protein value of the chicken feathers, these wastes are converted into protein hydrolysate and further extend their application as biostimulants for sustained agriculture. The protein profile of chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) produced through Bacillus spp. was the maximum compared to physical and chemical protein extraction methods. Several studies proved that the application of CFPH and active Bacillus spp. culture to soil and plants results in enhanced plant growth, phytochemical constituents, crop yield, soil nutrients, fertility, microbiome and resistance against diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Overall, "CFPH - Jack of all trades" and "Bacillus spp. - an active camouflage to the surroundings where they applied showed profound and significant benefits to the plant growth under the most adverse conditions. In addition, Bacillus spp. coheres the biofortification process in plants through the breakdown of metals into metal ions that eventually increase the nutrient value of the food crops. However, detailed information on them is missing. This can be overcome by further real-world studies on rhizoengineering through a multi-omics approach and their interaction with plants. This review has explored the best possible and efficient strategy for managing chicken feather wastes into protein-rich CFPH through Bacillus spp. bioconversion and utilizing the CFPH and Bacillus spp. as biostimulants, biofertilizers, biopesticides and biofortificants. This paper is an excellent report on organic waste management, circular economy and sustainable agriculture research frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeswaran Jagadeesan
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
| | - Shanmugapriya Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
| | - Suthakaran Pichaimuthu
- Genprotic Biopharma Private Limited, SPIC Bioprocess Laboratory, Anna University, Taramani Campus, Taramani, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600113, India.
| | - Anandaraj Balaiah
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
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5
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Sharma N, Shekhar P, Kumar V, Kaur H, Jayasena V. Microbial pigments: Sources, current status, future challenges in cosmetics and therapeutic applications. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:4-21. [PMID: 37861279 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Color serves as the initial attraction and offers a pleasing aspect. While synthetic colorants have been popular for many years, their adverse environmental and health effects cannot be overlooked. This necessitates the search for natural colorants, especially microbial colorants, which have proven and more effective. Pigment-producing microorganisms offer substantial benefits. Natural colors improve product marketability and bestow additional benefits, including antioxidant, antiaging, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. This review covers the various types of microbial pigments, the methods to enhance their production, and their cosmetic and therapeutic applications. We also address the challenges faced during the commercial production of microbial pigments and propose potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sharma
- Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Rahimnahal S, Meimandipour A, Fayazi J, Asghar Karkhane A, Shamsara M, Beigi Nassiri M, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR, Tarrahimofrad H, Bakherad H, Zamani J, Mohammadi Y. Biochemical and molecular characterization of novel keratinolytic protease from Bacillus licheniformis (KRLr1). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1132760. [PMID: 37234543 PMCID: PMC10206251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1132760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The keratin-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis secretes a keratinase with potential industrial interest. Here, the Keratinase gene was intracellularly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using pET-21b (+) vector. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that KRLr1 is closely related to Bacillus licheniformis keratinase that belongs to the serine peptidase/subtilisin-like S8 family. Recombinant keratinase appeared on the SDS-PAGE gel with a band of about 38 kDa and was confirmed by western blotting. Expressed KRLr1 was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography with a yield of 85.96% and then refolded. It was found that this enzyme has optimum activity at pH 6 and 37°C. PMSF inhibited the KRLr1 activity and Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased the KRLr1 activity. Using keratin 1% as the substrate, the thermodynamic values were determined as Km 14.54 mM, kcat 912.7 × 10-3 (S-1), and kcat/Km 62.77 (M-1 S-1). Feather digestion by recombinant enzyme using HPLC method, showed that the amino acids cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and lysine had the highest amount compared to other amino acids obtained from digestion. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of HADDOCK docking results exhibited that KRLr1 enzyme was able to interact strongly with chicken feather keratine 4 (FK4) compared to chicken feather keratine 12 (FK12). These properties make keratinase KRLr1 a potential candidate for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Rahimnahal
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Meimandipour
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Fayazi
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Karkhane
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadtaghi Beigi Nassiri
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Faculty of Health Science, Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Zamani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Martín-González D, Bordel S, Santos-Beneit F. Characterization of the Keratinolytic Activity of Three Streptomyces Strains and Impact of Their Co-Cultivation on This Activity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1109. [PMID: 37317082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the characterization of three efficient chicken feather-degrading Streptomyces bacteria isolated from honeybee samples and assess the impact of their co-cultivation on this activity and antistaphylococcal activity. Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus AD2 was the strain showing the highest keratinolytic activity (4000 U × mL-1), followed by Streptomyces albidoflavus AN1 and Streptomyces drozdowiczii AD1, which both generated approximately 3000 U × mL-1. Moreover, a consortium constituted of these three strains was able to use chicken feathers as its sole nutrient source and growth in such conditions led to a significant increase in antibiotic production. S. griseoaurantiacus AD2 was the only strain that exhibited weak antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. UPLC analyses revealed that a significant number of peaks detected in the extracts of co-cultures of the three strains were missing in the extracts of individual cultures. In addition, the production of specialized metabolites, such as undecylprodigiosin and manumycin A, was clearly enhanced in co-culture conditions, in agreement with the results of the antimicrobial bioassays against S. aureus. Our results revealed the benefits of co-cultivation of these bacterial species in terms of metabolic wealth and antibiotic production. Our work could thus contribute to the development of novel microbial-based strategies to valorize keratin waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martín-González
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, Medical School, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Martín-González D, Bordel S, Solis S, Gutierrez-Merino J, Santos-Beneit F. Characterization of Bacillus Strains from Natural Honeybee Products with High Keratinolytic Activity and Antimicrobial Potential. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020456. [PMID: 36838421 PMCID: PMC9959047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two efficient feather-degrading bacteria were isolated from honeybee samples and identified as Bacillus sonorensis and Bacillus licheniformis based on 16S rRNA and genome sequencing. The strains were able to grow on chicken feathers as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources and degraded the feathers in a few days. The highest keratinase activity was detected by the B. licheniformis CG1 strain (3800 U × mL-1), followed by B. sonorensis AB7 (1450 U × mL-1). Keratinase from B. licheniformis CG1 was shown to be active across a wide range of pH, potentially making this strain advantageous for further industrial applications. All isolates displayed antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus; however, only B. licheniformis CG1 was able to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis. In silico analysis using BAGEL and antiSMASH identified gene clusters associated with the synthesis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), polyketide synthases (PKSs) and/or ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) in most of the Bacillus isolates. B. licheniformis CG1, the only strain that inhibited the growth of the mycobacterial strain, contained sequences with 100% similarity to lichenysin (also present in the other isolates) and lichenicidin (only present in the CG1 strain). Both compounds have been described to display antimicrobial activity against distinct bacteria. In summary, in this work, we have isolated a strain (B. licheniformis CG1) with promising potential for use in different industrial applications, including animal nutrition, leather processing, detergent formulation and feather degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martín-González
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Bordel
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Selvin Solis
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | - Fernando Santos-Beneit
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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9
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Research progress on the degradation mechanism and modification of keratinase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1003-1017. [PMID: 36633625 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is regarded as the main component of feathers and is difficult to be degraded by conventional proteases, leading to substantial abandonment. Keratinase is the only enzyme with the most formidable potential for degrading feathers. Although there have been in-depth studies in recent years, the large-scale application of keratinase is still associated with many problems. It is relatively challenging to find keratinase not only with high activity but could also meet the industrial application environment, so it is urgent to exploit keratinase with high acid and temperature resistance, strong activity, and low price. Therefore, researchers have been keen to explore the degradation mechanism of keratinases and the modification of existing keratinases for decades. This review critically introduces the basic properties and mechanism of keratinase, and focuses on the current situation of keratinase modification and the direction and strategy of its future application and modification. KEY POINTS: •The research status and mechanism of keratinase were reviewed. •The new direction of keratinase application and modification is discussed. •The existing modification methods and future modification strategies of keratinases are reviewed.
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10
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Pei XD, Li F, Yue SY, Huang XN, Gao TT, Jiao DQ, Wang CH. Production and characterization of novel thermo- and organic solvent-stable keratinase and aminopeptidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4-3 for effective poultry feather degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2480-2493. [PMID: 35930154 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Feather biodegradation is an important premise for efficient resource development and utilization, in which keratinase plays an important role. However, there are few keratinases that combine the high activity, thermal stability, and organic solvent tolerance required for industrialization. This paper reported an efficient feather-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4-3 isolated from slaughterhouses. After 48 h of fermentation by P. aeruginosa 4-3 in a feather medium at 40 °C, pH 8.0, keratinase was efficiently produced (295.28 ± 5.42 U/mL) with complete feather degradation (95.3 ± 1.5%). Moreover, the keratinase from P. aeruginosa 4-3 showed high optimal temperature (55 °C), good thermal stability, wide pH tolerance, and excellent organic solvent resistance. In addition, P. aeruginosa 4-3-derived aminopeptidases also exhibit excellent thermal stability and organic solvent tolerance. Encouragingly, the reaction of crude keratinase and aminopeptidase with feathers for 8 h resulted in a 78% degradation rate of feathers. These properties make P. aeruginosa 4-3 keratinase and aminopeptidase ideal proteases for potential applications in keratin degradation, as well as provide ideas for the synergistic degradation of keratin by multiple enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Pei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yang Yue
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ni Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tian Gao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dao-Quan Jiao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Trevisol TC, Henriques RO, Cesca K, Souza AJA, Furigo A. In Vitro Effect on the Proteolytic Activity of Papain with Proteins of the Skin as Substrate. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:542-554. [PMID: 35892222 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to evaluate the effects of enzyme concentration, pH, temperature, and time course degree of hydrolysis (DH) of papain regarding further development of pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. METHODS The hydrolysis of casein, collagen, keratin, and porcine skin at pH and temperature ranges of the human skin was evaluated. Also, low contact times of enzyme-substrate were studied. The incorporation of 3 mM of cysteine improved the caseinolytic (PU), collagenolytic (CU), and keratinolytic (KU) activities of papain. RESULTS In general, the increase from 0.1 to 1.0 or 2.0 mg mL-1 of papain improved PU, CU, and KU. When 2.0 mg mL-1 of papain was used, the highest DH of casein, collagen, and keratin were obtained at 240 min (14, 35, and 6%, respectively). The decrease in pH and temperature reduced all proteolytic activities, but papain maintained at least 50 and 40% of its activity at 26 °C and pH 4.5, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface of the skin showed that papain application had exfoliating activity. CONCLUSION This pre-formulation study demonstrated that papain concentration, time of application, and pH of the product should be evaluated when developing a product to promote the hydrolysis of the proteins of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Canton Trevisol
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rosana Oliveira Henriques
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Karina Cesca
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Antunes Souza
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Agenor Furigo
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technological Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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12
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Enhanced keratinase production by Bacillus subtilis amr using experimental optimization tools to obtain feather protein lysate for industrial applications. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:90. [PMID: 35330961 PMCID: PMC8917247 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry produces millions of tons of feathers waste that can be transformed into valuable products through bioprocess. The study describes the enhanced keratinase and feather hydrolysate production by Bacillus subtilis AMR. The metabolism of each microorganism is unique, so optimization tools are essential to determine the best fermentation parameters to obtain the best process performance. The evaluation of different propagation media indicated the constitutive production of two keratinases of approximately 80 kDa. The combination of Mn2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ at 0.5 mM improved the keratinolytic activity and feather degradation 1.5-fold, while Cu2+ inhibited the enzymatic activity completely. Replace yeast extract for sucrose increased the feather hydrolysate production three times. The best feather concentration for hydrolysate production was 1.5% with an inoculum of 108 CFU/mL and incubation at 30 °C. None of the inorganic additional nitrogen sources tested increased hydrolysate production, although (NH4)2SO4 and KNO3 improved enzymatic activity. The optimization process improved keratinolytic activity from 205.4 to 418.7 U/mL, the protein concentration reached 10.1 mg/mL from an initial concentration of 3.9 mg/mL, and the feather degradation improved from 70 to 96%. This study characterized keratinase and feather hydrolysate production conditions offering valuable information for exploring and utilizing AMR keratinolytic strain for feather valorization. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03153-y.
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13
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Anbesaw MS. Bioconversion of Keratin Wastes Using Keratinolytic Microorganisms to Generate Value-Added Products. Int J Biomater 2022; 2022:2048031. [PMID: 37251738 PMCID: PMC10212687 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2048031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of keratinous wastes generated from different industries is becoming a major concern across the world. In each year, more than a billion tons of keratin waste is released into the environment. Despite some trials that have been performed and utilize this waste into valuable products, still a huge amount of keratin waste from different sources is a less explored biomaterial for making valuable products. This indicates that the huge amount of keratin waste is neither disposed properly nor converted into usable products rather thrown away to the environment that causes environmental pollution. Due to the introduction of this waste associated with different pathogenic organisms into soil and water bodies, human beings and other small and large animals are affected by different diseases. Therefore, there is a need for modern and ecofriendly approaches to dispose and convert this waste into usable products. Hence, the objective of this review is to give a concise overview regarding the degradation of keratin waste by biological approaches using keratinase producing microorganisms. The review also focuses on the practical use of keratinases and the economical importance of bioconverted products of keratinous wastes for different applications. Various researches have been studied about the source, disposal mechanisms, techniques of hydrolysis, potential use, and physical and chemical properties of keratin wastes. However, there is negligible information with regard to the use of keratin wastes as media supplements for the growth of keratinolytic microorganisms and silver retrieval from photographic and used X-ray films. Hence, this review differs from other similar reviews in the literature in that it discusses these neglected concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Seid Anbesaw
- Wollo University, School of Bio-Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Isolation of Bacillus sp. A5.3 Strain with Keratinolytic Activity. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020244. [PMID: 35205110 PMCID: PMC8869582 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we described keratinolytic properties of a strain of Bacillus (sp. A5.3) isolated from sites of feather waste accumulation. The proteolytic enzymes secreted by Bacillus sp. A5.3 are serine proteases, are alkaline enzymes, have a wide substrate specificity, and have high thermal stability. Bacillus sp. A5.3 effectively hydrolyzes feathers and can be used in feather-processing technologies and as a source of alkaline and thermostable proteases and keratinases. Abstract Environmental safety and economic factors necessitate a search for new ways of processing poultry farm feathers, which are 90% β-keratin and can be used as a cheap source of amino acids and peptones. In this study, feather-decomposing bacteria were isolated from a site of accumulation of rotten feathers and identified as Bacillus. Among them, the Bacillus sp. A5.3 isolate showed the best keratinolytic properties. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that Bacillus sp. A5.3 cells closely adhere to the feather surface while degrading the feather. It was found that Bacillus sp. A5.3 secretes thermostable alkaline proteolytic and keratinolytic enzymes. Zymographic analysis of the enzymatic extract toward bovine serum albumin, casein, gelatin, and β-keratin revealed the presence of proteases and keratinases with molecular weights 20–250 kDa. The proteolytic and keratinolytic enzymes predominantly belong to the serine protease family. Proteome analysis of the secreted proteins by nano-HPLC coupled with Q-TOF mass spectrometry identified 154 proteins, 13 of which are proteases and peptidases. Thus, strain Bacillus sp. A5.3 holds great promise for use in feather-processing technologies and as a source of proteases and keratinases.
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Devi S, Chauhan A, Bishist R, Sankhyan N, Rana K, Sharma N. Production, partial purification and efficacy of keratinase from Bacillus halotolerans L2EN1 isolated from the poultry farm of Himachal Pradesh as a potential laundry additive. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2029851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Devi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Aishwarya Chauhan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Rohit Bishist
- Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Neeraj Sankhyan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Kavita Rana
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, India
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Novel Feather Degrading Keratinases from Bacillus cereus Group: Biochemical, Genetic and Bioinformatics Analysis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010093. [PMID: 35056542 PMCID: PMC8781890 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, five keratinolytic bacteria were isolated from poultry farm waste of Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The highest keratinase activity was obtained at 40–45 °C, pH 8–9, feather concentration 0.5–1%, and using white chicken feather as keratin substrate for 72 h. Enhancement of keratinase activity through physical mutagen UV radiation and/or chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) resulted in five mutants with 1.51–3.73-fold increased activity over the wild type. When compared with the wild type, scanning electron microscopy validated the mutants’ effectiveness in feather degradation. Bacterial isolates are classified as members of the S8 family peptidase Bacillus cereus group based on sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and keratinase genes. Interestingly, keratinase KerS gene shared 95.5–100% identity to keratinase, thermitase alkaline serine protease, and thermophilic serine protease of the B. cereus group. D137N substitution was observed in the keratinase KerS gene of the mutant strain S13 (KerS13uv+ems), and also seven substitution variations in KerS26 and KerS26uv of strain S26 and its mutant S26uv. Functional analysis revealed that the subtilisin-like serine protease domain containing the Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad of KerS gene was not affected by the predicted substitutions. Prediction of physicochemical properties of KerS gene showed instability index between 17.5–19.3 and aliphatic index between 74.7–75.7, which imply keratinase stability and significant thermostability. The docking studies revealed the impact of substitutions on the superimposed structure and an increase in binding of mutant D137N of KerS13uv+ems (affinity: −7.17; S score: −6.54 kcal/mol) and seven mutants of KerS26uv (affinity: −7.43; S score: −7.17 kcal/mol) compared to the wild predicted structure (affinity: −6.57; S score: −6.68 kcal/mol). Together, the keratinolytic activity, similarity to thermostable keratinases, and binding affinity suggest that keratinases KerS13uv+ems and KerS26uv could be used for feather processing in the industry.
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Harnessing the Keratinolytic Activity of Bacillus licheniformis Through Random Mutagenesis Using Ultraviolet and Laser Irradiations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:1546-1565. [PMID: 34806139 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is one of the important proteases, which is widely used for converting keratin of the keratinaceous materials into various value-added products. In this study, a popular keratinase producer, Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1, was exposed to ultraviolet (UV) and He-Ne laser irradiations to develop high keratinase-producing mutants. Laser irradiation showed a higher lethality of cells (94%) than UV treatment (92%), whereas laser treatment required a longer time (75 min) than UV treatment (20 min). A total of 58 mutants were selected from 176 isolates to study protein and keratinase production capability of the mutants. The highest keratin-to-casein (K:C) ratio (1.43) was exhibited by LU11 mutant, which was obtained from the combined laser and UV irradiations. The purified keratinase (65 kDa) of LU11 showed 40% yield 1.7-fold purity, while the respective value for wild enzyme was 29% and 1.3-fold. Both enzymes showed optimal activity at 55 ℃ and pH 8, with a Z value of 15.78 ℃ for LU11 and 19.72 ℃ for wild strain. The Vmax and specific constant (Kcat/Km) of the mutant enzyme were 357.17 U/ml and 33.11 min-1 mM-1, respectively, which were significantly higher than the respective values of wild enzyme (102.04 U/ml and 28.36 min-1 mM-1).
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Exploring the Diversity and Biotechnological Potential of Cultured and Uncultured Coral-Associated Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112235. [PMID: 34835361 PMCID: PMC8622030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral-associated microbes are crucial for the biology of their hosts, contributing to nutrient cycling, adaptation, mitigation of toxic compounds, and biological control of pathogens. Natural products from coral-associated micro-organisms (CAM) may possess unique traits. Despite this, the use of CAM for biotechnological purposes has not yet been adequately explored. Here, we investigated the production of commercially important enzymes by 37 strains of bacteria isolated from the coral species Mussismilia braziliensis, Millepora alcicornis, and Porites astreoides. In-vitro enzymatic assays showed that up to 56% of the isolates produced at least one of the seven enzymes screened (lipase, caseinase, keratinase, cellulase, chitinase, amylase, and gelatinase); one strain, identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produced all these enzymes. Additionally, coral species-specific cultured and uncultured microbial communities were identified. The phylum Firmicutes predominated among the isolates, including the genera Exiguobacterium, Bacillus, and Halomonas, among others. Next-generation sequencing and bacteria culturing produced similar but also complementary data, with certain genera detected only by one or the other method. Our results demonstrate the importance of exploring different coral species as sources of specific micro-organisms of biotechnological and industrial interest, at the same time reinforcing the economic and ecological importance of coral reefs as reservoirs of such diversity.
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Li Q. Structure, Application, and Biochemistry of Microbial Keratinases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674345. [PMID: 34248885 PMCID: PMC8260994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinases belong to a class of proteases that are able to degrade keratins into amino acids. Microbial keratinases play important roles in turning keratin-containing wastes into value-added products by participating in the degradation of keratin. Keratin is found in human and animal hard tissues, and its complicated structures make it resistant to degradation by common proteases. Although breaking disulfide bonds are involved in keratin degradation, keratinase is responsible for the cleavage of peptides, making it attractive in pharmaceutical and feather industries. Keratinase can serve as an important tool to convert keratin-rich wastes such as feathers from poultry industry into diverse products applicable to many fields. Despite of some progress made in isolating keratinase-producing microorganisms, structural studies of keratinases, and biochemical characterization of these enzymes, effort is still required to expand the biotechnological application of keratinase in diverse fields by identifying more keratinases, understanding the mechanism of action and constructing more active enzymes through molecular biology and protein engineering. Herein, this review covers structures, applications, biochemistry of microbial keratinases, and strategies to improve its efficiency in keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High Value Utilization, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Bio-plastic Films Production from Feather Waste Degradation by Keratinolytic Bacteria Bacillus cereus. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic materials have become a necessity of human life especially in the packaging of food commodities and biomedical procedures. Bioplastic is emerging as an effective alternative to fossil oil-based materials to avoid the environmental hazards of the plastic industry. During this study, chicken feathers were used as a substrate to isolate keratin degrading bacteria. Among 14 identified isolates, Bacillus sp BAM3 was found to be the most promising isolate. Partial 16S rDNA analysis-based molecular characterization revealed it is a strain of Bacillus cereus. Bacillus sp BAM3 can grow and produce keratinase in feathers containing basal medium as the sole carbon and energy source. The maximum keratinase production (730U/ml) was achieved within 24 h under optimum reaction conditions. The optimized reaction pH and temperature were noted as 9.0 and 50 °C for crude keratinase activity, respectively. The chicken feathers were used as a substrate in 2, 5, and 10 wt% glycerol to synthesize keratin-based bioplastic with keratinolytic bacterium Bacillus cereus BAM3. Bioplastic prepared from keratin with 2% of glycerol was found to possess good mechanical properties. Therefore, the results present a novel keratinolytic isolate of Bacillus cereus BAM3, which may have potential biotechnological applications in keratin hydrolysis processes. The development of keratin-based bioplastics possessing superior crystalline morphology requires further investigations to substitute fossil oil-based materials.
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21
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Yahaya RSR, Normi YM, Phang LY, Ahmad SA, Abdullah JO, Sabri S. Molecular strategies to increase keratinase production in heterologous expression systems for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3955-3969. [PMID: 33937928 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is an important enzyme that can degrade recalcitrant keratinous wastes to form beneficial recyclable keratin hydrolysates. Keratinase is not only important as an alternative to reduce environmental pollution caused by chemical treatments of keratinous wastes, but it also has industrial significance. Currently, the bioproduction of keratinase from native keratinolytic host is considered low, and this hampers large-scale usage of the enzyme. Straightforward approaches of cloning and expression of recombinant keratinases from native keratinolytic host are employed to elevate the amount of keratinase produced. However, this is still insufficient to compensate for the lack of its large-scale production to meet the industrial demands. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the various sources of keratinase and the strategies to increase its production in native keratinolytic hosts. Molecular strategies to increase the production of recombinant keratinase such as plasmid selection, promoter engineering, chromosomal integration, signal peptide and propeptide engineering, codon optimization, and glycoengineering were also described. These mentioned strategies have been utilized in heterologous expression hosts, namely, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., and Pichia pastoris, as they are most widely used for the heterologous propagations of keratinases to further intensify the production of recombinant keratinases adapted to better suit the large-scale demand for them. KEY POINTS: • Molecular strategies to enhance keratinase production in heterologous hosts. • Construction of a prominent keratinolytic host from a native strain. • Patent analysis of keratinase production shows rapid high interest in molecular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radin Shafierul Radin Yahaya
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Langeveld JPM, Balkema-Buschmann A, Becher D, Thomzig A, Nonno R, Andréoletti O, Davidse A, Di Bari MA, Pirisinu L, Agrimi U, Groschup MH, Beekes M, Shih J. Stability of BSE infectivity towards heat treatment even after proteolytic removal of prion protein. Vet Res 2021; 52:59. [PMID: 33863379 PMCID: PMC8052740 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unconventional infectious agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are prions. Their infectivity co-appears with PrPSc, aberrant depositions of the host's cellular prion protein (PrPC). Successive heat treatment in the presence of detergent and proteolysis by a keratinase from Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 was shown before to destroy PrPSc from bovine TSE (BSE) and sheep scrapie diseased brain, however data regarding expected reduction of infectivity were still lacking. Therefore, transgenic Tgbov XV mice which are highly BSE susceptible were used to quantify infectivity before and after the bovine brain treatment procedure. Also four immunochemical analyses were applied to compare the levels of PrPSc. After heating at 115 °C with or without subsequent proteolysis, the original BSE infectivity of 106.2-6.4 ID50 g-1 was reduced to a remaining infectivity of 104.6-5.7 ID50 g-1 while strain characteristics were unaltered, even after precipitation with methanol. Surprisingly, PrPSc depletion was 5-800 times higher than the loss of infectivity. Similar treatment was applied on other prion strains, which were CWD1 in bank voles, 263 K scrapie in hamsters and sheep PG127 scrapie in tg338 ovinized mice. In these strains however, infectivity was already destroyed by heat only. These findings show the unusual heat resistance of BSE and support a role for an additional factor in prion formation as suggested elsewhere when producing prions from PrPC. Leftover material in the remaining PrPSc depleted BSE preparation offers a unique substrate for searching additional elements for prion infectivity and improving our concept about the nature of prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P M Langeveld
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8221RA 39, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dieter Becher
- MICROMUN, Institut Für Mikrobiologische Forschung GmbH, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Achim Thomzig
- Prion and Prionoid Research Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- UMR INRAE/ENVT 1225 IHAP, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Aart Davidse
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8221RA 39, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pirisinu
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michael Beekes
- Prion and Prionoid Research Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason Shih
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7608, USA
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Bio-degradation of Feathers Waste by the Staphylococcus epidermidis P3A. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of industrialization is directly proportional to the development of nations. Rising industrializations also increase the pollutions. One of them is poultry industry which discharges a huge amount of keratinous waste. The present study focused on the selection of feather degrading bacteria from Barshi region of Maharashtra. Bacterial strains were grown in whole feather broth medium. Out of 16 proteolytic bacterial isolates, 9 feather degrading isolates were selected from the Parande road side feather waste dumping area. Among these isolates, P3A was selected and classified on the basis of morphological and biochemical analysis. 16S rRNA studies confirmed that the isolated strain was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus epidermidis P3A shows 84% feather degradation and 72 U/ml maximum keratinase activity after 96 hrs. The isolate shows potential use in feather waste disposal methods which are safe and environment friendly.
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Feroz S, Muhammad N, Ranayake J, Dias G. Keratin - Based materials for biomedical applications. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:496-509. [PMID: 32322760 PMCID: PMC7171262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin constitutes the major component of the feather, hair, hooves, horns, and wool represents a group of biological material having high cysteine content (7-13%) as compared to other structural proteins. Keratin -based biomaterials have been investigated extensively over the past few decades due to their intrinsic biological properties and excellent biocompatibility. Unlike other natural polymers such as starch, collagen, chitosan, the complex three-dimensional structure of keratin requires the use of harsh chemical conditions for their dissolution and extraction. The most commonly used methods for keratin extraction are oxidation, reduction, steam explosion, microbial method, microwave irradiation and use of ionic liquids. Keratin -based materials have been used extensively for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering. This review covers the structure, properties, history of keratin research, methods of extraction and some recent advancements related to the use of keratin derived biomaterials in the form of a 3-D scaffold, films, fibers, and hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandleen Feroz
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago, Otago, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Jithendra Ranayake
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago, Otago, 9016, New Zealand
| | - George Dias
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago, Otago, 9016, New Zealand
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Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Keratinase Production in Culture Medium Containing Feathers by Bacillus sp. UPM-AAG1. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinase is a type of proteolytic enzyme with broad application in industry. The main objective of this work is the optimization of keratinase production from Bacillus sp. strain UPM-AAG1 using Plackett-Burman (PB) and central composite design (CCD) for parameters, such as pH, temperature, feather concentration, and inoculum size. The optimum points for temperature, pH, and inoculum and feather concentrations were 31.66 °C, 6.87, 5.01 (w/v), and 4.53 (w/v), respectively, with an optimum keratinase activity of 60.55 U/mL. The keratinase activity was further numerically optimized for commercial application. The best numerical solution recommended a pH of 5.84, temperature of 25 °C, inoculums’ size of 5.0 (v/v), feather concentration of 4.97 (w/v). Optimization resulted an activity of 56.218 U/mL with the desirability value of 0.968. Amino acid analysis profile revealed the presence of essential and non-essential amino acids. These properties make Bacillus sp. UPM-AAG1 a potential bacterium to be used locally for the production of keratinase from feather waste.
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Irla M, Drejer EB, Brautaset T, Hakvåg S. Establishment of a functional system for recombinant production of secreted proteins at 50 °C in the thermophilic Bacillus methanolicus. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:151. [PMID: 32723337 PMCID: PMC7389648 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suitability of bacteria as microbial cell factories is dependent on several factors such as price of feedstock, product range, production yield and ease of downstream processing. The facultative methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus is gaining interest as a thermophilic cell factory for production of value-added products from methanol. The aim of this study was to expand the capabilities of B. methanolicus as a microbial cell factory by establishing a system for secretion of recombinant proteins. RESULTS Native and heterologous signal peptides were tested for secretion of α-amylases and proteases, and we have established the use of the thermostable superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) as a valuable reporter protein in B. methanolicus. We demonstrated functional production and secretion of recombinant proteases, α-amylases and sfGFP in B. methanolicus MGA3 at 50 °C and showed that the choice of signal peptide for optimal secretion efficiency varies between proteins. In addition, we showed that heterologous production and secretion of α-amylase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus enables B. methanolicus to grow in minimal medium with starch as the sole carbon source. An in silico signal peptide library consisting of 169 predicted peptides from B. methanolicus was generated and will be useful for future studies, but was not experimentally investigated any further here. CONCLUSION A functional system for recombinant production of secreted proteins at 50 °C has been established in the thermophilic B. methanolicus. In addition, an in silico signal peptide library has been generated, that together with the tools and knowledge presented in this work will be useful for further development of B. methanolicus as a host for recombinant protein production and secretion at 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Irla
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind B Drejer
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trygve Brautaset
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid Hakvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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Gonzalo M, Espersen R, Al‐Soud WA, Cristiano Falco F, Hägglund P, Sørensen SJ, Svensson B, Jacquiod S. Azo dying of α-keratin material improves microbial keratinase screening and standardization. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:984-996. [PMID: 32110845 PMCID: PMC7264887 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial conversion through enzymatic reactions has received a lot of attention as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to recover amino acids and short peptides from keratin materials. However, accurate assessment of microbial keratinase activity is not straightforward, and current available methods lack sensitivity and standardization. Here, we suggest an optimized Azokeratin assay, with substrate generated directly from azo-dyed raw keratin material. We introduced supernatant filtration in the protocol for optimal stopping of keratinase reactions instead of the widely used trichloroacetic acid (TCA), as it generated biases and impacted the sensitivity. We furthermore suggest a method for standardization of keratinase activity signals using proteinase K, a well-known keratinase, as a reference enabling reproducibility between studies. Lastly, we evaluated our developed method with several bacterial isolates through benchmarking against a commercial assay (Keratin Azure). Under different setups, the Azokeratin method was more sensitive than commonly used Keratin Azure-based assays (3-fold). We argue that this method could be applied with any type of keratin substrate, enabling more robust and sensitive results which can be used for further comparison with other studies, thus representing an important progress within the field of microbial keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Gonzalo
- Section of MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
- Present address:
Interactions Arbres/Micro‐organismesINRA/Univ. de LorraineChampenouxFrance
| | - Roall Espersen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
| | - Waleed A. Al‐Soud
- Section of MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Francesco Cristiano Falco
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical SciencesPanum Institute 12.6University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section of MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
| | - Samuel Jacquiod
- Section of MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
- Present address:
AgroécologieAgroSup DijonINRAEUniv. BourgogneUniv. Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéF‐21000DijonFrance
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Sustainable production, biochemical and molecular characterization of thermo-and-solvent stable alkaline serine keratinase from novel Bacillus pumilus AR57 for promising poultry solid waste management. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:135-146. [PMID: 32615225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The increasing amount of recalcitrant keratinous wastes generated from the poultry industry poses a serious threat to the environment. Keratinase have gained much attention to convert these wastes into valuable products. Ever since primitive feathers first appeared on dinosaurs, microorganisms have evolved to degrade this most recalcitrant keratin. In this study, we identified a promising keratinolytic bacterial strain for bioconversion of poultry solid wastes. A true keratinolytic bacterium was isolated from the slaughterhouse soil and was identified and designated as Bacillus pumilus AR57 by 16S rRNA sequencing. For enhanced keratinase production and rapid keratin degradation, the media components and substrate concentration were optimized through shake flask culture. White chicken feather (1% w/v) was found to be the good substrate concentration for high keratinase production when supplemented with simple medium ingredients. The biochemical characterization reveals astounding results which makes the B. pumilus AR57 keratinase as a novel and unique protease. Optimum activity of the crude enzyme was exhibited at pH 9 and 45 °C. The crude extracellular keratinase was characterized as thermo-and-solvent (DMSO) stable serine keratinase. Bacillus pumilus AR57 showed complete degradation (100%) of white chicken feather (1% w/v) within 18 h when incubated in modified minimal medium supplemented with DMSO (1% v/v) at 150 rpm at 37 °C. Keratinase from modified minimal medium supplemented with DMSO exhibits a half-life of 4 days. Whereas, keratinase from the modified minimal medium fortified with white chicken feather (1% w/v) was stable for 3 h only. Feather meal produced by B. pumilus AR57 was found to be rich in essential amino acids. Hence, we proposed B. pumilus AR57 as a potential candidate for the future application in eco-friendly bioconversion of poultry waste and the keratinase could play a pivotal role in the detergent industry. While feather meal may serve as an alternative to produce animal feed and biofertilizers.
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Huang Y, Łężyk M, Herbst FA, Busk PK, Lange L. Novel keratinolytic enzymes, discovered from a talented and efficient bacterial keratin degrader. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10033. [PMID: 32572051 PMCID: PMC7308268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66792-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Huge quantities of keratinaceous waste are a substantial and almost totally unexploited protein resource which could be upgraded for use as high value-added products by efficient keratinolytic enzymes. In this study, we found that Bacillus sp. 8A6 can efficiently degrade chicken feather after 24 h growth. According to phylogenetic analysis, the strain (formerly identified as Bacillus pumilus 8A6) belongs to the B. pumilus species clade but it is more closely related to B. safensis. Hotpep predicted 233 putative proteases from Bacillus sp. 8A6 genome. Proteomic analysis of culture broths from Bacillus sp. 8A6 cultured on chicken feathers or on a mixture of bristles and hooves showed high abundance of proteins with functions related to peptidase activity. Five proteases (one from family M12, one from family S01A, two from family S08A and one from family T3) and four oligopeptide and dipeptide binding proteins were highly expressed when Bacillus sp. 8A6 was grown in keratin media compared to LB medium. This study is the first to report that bacterial proteases in families M12, S01A and T3 are involved in keratin degradation together with proteases from family S08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mateusz Łężyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Water Supply and Bioeconomy Division, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Florian-Alexander Herbst
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Peter Kamp Busk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lene Lange
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Bioeconomy, Research & Advisory, Karensgade 5, DK-2500, Valby, Denmark.
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30
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Cavello I, Urbieta MS, Cavalitto S, Donati E. Bacillus cytotoxicus Isolated from a Pristine Natural Geothermal Area Reveals High Keratinolytic Activity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E796. [PMID: 32466512 PMCID: PMC7355561 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geothermal areas are the niches of a rich microbial diversity that is not only part of the intangible patrimony of a country but also the source of many microbial species with potential biotechnological applications. Particularly, microbial species in geothermal areas in Argentina have been scarcely explored regarding their possible biotechnological uses. The purpose of this work was to explore the proteolytic and keratinolytic enzymatic potential of microorganisms that inhabit in the Domuyo geothermal area in the Neuquén Province. To this end, we did enrichment cultures from two high-temperature natural samples in mineral media only supplemented with whole chicken feathers. After the isolation and the phylogenetic and morphologic characterization of different colonies, we obtained a collection of Bacillus cytotoxicus isolates, a species with no previous report of keratinolytic activity and only reported in rehydrated meals connected with food poisoning outbreaks. Its natural habitat has been unknown up to now. We characterized the proteolytic and keratinolytic capacities of the B. cytotoxicus isolates in different conditions, which proved to be remarkably high compared with those of other similar species. Thus, our work represents the first report of the isolation as well as the keratinolytic capacity characterization of strains of B. cytotixicus obtained from a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Sofía Urbieta
- CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH) La Plata 1900, Argentina; (I.C.); (S.C.); (E.D.)
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31
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Navone L, Speight R. Enzymatic removal of dags from livestock: an agricultural application of enzyme technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5739-5748. [PMID: 32405756 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effective removal of dags (manure balls) from cattle, sheep and goats is a significant issue for the livestock industry. Dags are hard recalcitrant deposits composed of materials, such as faeces, hair, soil, urine, feed and straw, and attach to the animal through the hair rather than the skin. Dags build up during wet periods, especially on long haired breeds, and can weigh up to 40 kg per animal for cattle. Dag removal prior to slaughter reduces the risk of microbial meat contamination and damage to the hide during leather processing. Existing removal methods include hair trimming or extensive hose washing that can result in stress to the animal and increased costs. An alternative solution is the application of enzyme formulations that target specific components of the dag so they are more easily removed by washing. Enzymes are already used in other cleaning applications and are proven for the breakdown of materials such as lignocellulose, protein or starch that are found in dags. This mini-review discusses the challenges of current dag removal methods and the state of the art and feasibility of applying enzyme formulations for the effective removal of dags. Although enzyme formulations are yet to be tested in large-scale cattle trials and questions remain regarding how they would be cost-effectively applied to live animals, the results at laboratory scale suggest further research is warranted. Overall, enzymes present an environmentally friendly solution to the high costs and animal welfare issues of current dag removal methods through significant reductions in cleaning time and water use. KEY POINTS: • Dag formation on livestock is a major issue for industry and for animal welfare. • Current methods are costly and challenging for operators and the animal. • Enzymes can degrade dag components to aid release with keratinases showing promise. • Dag removal needs to be field tested, and positive business cases must be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navone
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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32
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Hassan MA, Abol-Fotouh D, Omer AM, Tamer TM, Abbas E. Comprehensive insights into microbial keratinases and their implication in various biotechnological and industrial sectors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:567-583. [PMID: 32194110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enormous masses of keratinous wastes are annually accumulated in the environment as byproducts of poultry processing and agricultural wastes. Keratin is a recalcitrant fibrous protein, which represents the major constituent of various keratin-rich wastes, which released into the environment in the form of feathers, hair, wool, bristle, and hooves. Chemical treatment methods of these wastes resulted in developing many hazardous gases and toxins to the public health, in addition to the destruction of several amino acids. Accordingly, microbial keratinases have been drawing much interest as an eco-friendly approach to convert keratinous wastes into valuable products. Numerous keratinolytic microorganisms have been identified, which revealed the competence to hydrolyze keratins into peptides and amino acids. Several types of keratinolytic proteases have been produced that possess diverse biochemical characteristics, conferring them the versatility for implementing in multifarious applications such as detergents, leather and textile industries, animal feeding, and production of bio-fertilizers, in addition to medical and pharmaceutical treatments. This review article emphasizes the significance of keratinases and keratinase based-products via comprehensive insights into the keratin structure, diversity of keratinolytic microorganisms, and mechanisms of keratin hydrolysis. Furthermore, we discuss the biochemical properties of the produced keratinases and their feasible applications in diverse disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hassan
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Deyaa Abol-Fotouh
- Electronic Materials Researches Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Omer
- Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tamer M Tamer
- Polymer Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, P.O. Box: 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman Abbas
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Nasipuri P, Herschend J, Brejnrod AD, Madsen JS, Espersen R, Svensson B, Burmølle M, Jacquiod S, Sørensen SJ. Community-intrinsic properties enhance keratin degradation from bacterial consortia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228108. [PMID: 32004342 PMCID: PMC6994199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although organic matter may accumulate sometimes (e.g. lignocellulose in peat bog), most natural biodegradation processes are completed until full mineralization. Such transformations are often achieved by the concerted action of communities of interacting microbes, involving different species each performing specific tasks. These interactions can give rise to novel "community-intrinsic" properties, through e.g. activation of so-called "silent genetic pathways" or synergistic interplay between microbial activities and functions. Here we studied the microbial community-based degradation of keratin, a recalcitrant biological material, by four soil isolates, which have previously been shown to display synergistic interactions during biofilm formation; Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Xanthomonas retroflexus, Microbacterium oxydans and Paenibacillus amylolyticus. We observed enhanced keratin weight loss in cultures with X. retroflexus, both in dual and four-species co-cultures, as compared to expected keratin degradation by X. retroflexus alone. Additional community intrinsic properties included accelerated keratin degradation rates and increased biofilm formation on keratin particles. Comparison of secretome profiles of X. retroflexus mono-cultures to co-cultures revealed that certain proteases (e.g. serine protease S08) were significantly more abundant in mono-cultures, whereas co-cultures had an increased abundance of proteins related to maintaining the redox environment, e.g. glutathione peroxidase. Hence, one of the mechanisms related to the community intrinsic properties, leading to enhanced degradation from co-cultures, might be related to a switch from sulfitolytic to proteolytic functions between mono- and co-cultures, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Nasipuri
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Herschend
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asker D. Brejnrod
- Novo Nordic Foundation Center For Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas S. Madsen
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roall Espersen
- DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel Jacquiod
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Espersen R, Falco FC, Hägglund P, Gernaey KV, Lantz AE, Svensson B. Two novel S1 peptidases from Amycolatopsis keratinophila subsp. keratinophila D2 T degrading keratinous slaughterhouse by-products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2513-2522. [PMID: 31989222 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two proteases, named C- and T-like proteases, respectively, were purified from the culture supernatant of Amycolatopsis keratinophila subsp. keratinophila D2T grown on a keratinous slaughterhouse by-product of pig bristles and nails as sole nitrogen and carbon source. The two proteases belong to peptidase family S1 as identified by mass spectrometric peptide mapping, have low mutual sequence identity (25.8%) and differ in substrate specificity. T-like protease showed maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 8-9, and C-like protease at 60 °C and pH 8-10. Peptides released from the keratinous by-product were identified by mass spectrometry and indicated P1 specificity for arginine and lysine of T-like and alanine, valine and isoleucine of C-like protease as also supported by the activity of the two proteases towards synthetic peptide and amino acid substrates. The specific activities of the C- and T-like proteases and proteinase K on keratin azure and azokeratin were comparable. However, C- and T-like proteases showed 5-10-fold higher keratin/casein (K/C) activity ratios than that of another S1 and two keratin-degrading S8 peptidases used for comparison. The findings support that the range of peptidase families considered to contain keratinases should be expanded to include S1 peptidases. Furthermore, the results indicated the quite thermostable C-like protease to be a promising candidate for use in industrial degradation of keratinous slaughterhouse by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roall Espersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 224, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5 building 81, 2300, Kbh. S, DK, Denmark
| | - Francesco C Falco
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 227, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 224, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 227, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna E Lantz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 227, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 224, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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35
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Li Q. Progress in Microbial Degradation of Feather Waste. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2717. [PMID: 31866957 PMCID: PMC6906142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers are a major by-product of the poultry industry. They are mainly composed of keratins which have wide applications in different fields. Due to the increasing production of feathers from poultry industries, the untreated feathers could become pollutants because of their resistance to protease degradation. Feathers are rich in amino acids, which makes them a valuable source for fertilizer and animal feeds. Numerous bacteria and fungi exhibited capabilities to degrade chicken feathers by secreting enzymes such as keratinases, and accumulated evidence shows that feather-containing wastes can be converted into value-added products. This review summarizes recent progress in microbial degradation of feathers, structures of keratinases, feather application, and microorganisms that are able to secrete keratinase. In addition, the enzymes critical for keratin degradation and their mechanism of action are discussed. We also proposed the strategy that can be utilized for feather degradation. Based on the accumulated studies, microbial degradation of feathers has great potential to convert them into various products such as biofertilizer and animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Kang E, Jin HS, La JW, Sung JY, Park SY, Kim WC, Lee DW. Identification of keratinases from Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1 using dynamic gene expression profiling. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 13:442-457. [PMID: 31613061 PMCID: PMC7017815 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin degradation is of great interest for converting agro‐industrial waste into bioactive peptides and is directly relevant for understanding the pathogenesis of superficial infections caused by dermatophytes. However, the mechanism of this process remains unclear. Here, we obtained the complete genome sequence of a feather‐degrading, extremely thermophilic bacterium, Fervidobacterium islandicum AW‐1 and performed bioinformatics‐based functional annotation. Reverse transcription PCR revealed that 57 putative protease‐encoding genes were differentially expressed in substrate‐dependent manners. Consequently, 16 candidate genes were highly expressed under starvation conditions, when keratin degradation begun. Subsequently, the dynamic expression profiles of these 16 selected genes in response to feathers, as determined via quantitative real‐time PCR, suggested that they included four metalloproteases and two peptidases including an ATP‐dependent serine protease, all of which might act as key players in feather decomposition. Furthermore, in vitro keratinolytic assays supported the notion that recombinant enzymes enhanced the decomposition of feathers in the presence of cell extracts. Therefore, our genome‐based systematic and dynamic expression profiling demonstrated that these identified metalloproteases together with two additional peptidases might be primarily associated with the decomposition of native feathers, suggesting that keratin degradation can be achieved via non‐canonical catalysis of several membrane‐associated metalloproteases in cooperation with cytosolic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kang
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jae Won La
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yoon Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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Gupta PL, Rajput M, Oza T, Trivedi U, Sanghvi G. Eminence of Microbial Products in Cosmetic Industry. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:267-278. [PMID: 31214881 PMCID: PMC6646485 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetology is the developing branch of science, having direct impact on the society. The cosmetic sector is interested in finding novel biological alternatives which can enhance the product attributes as well as it can substitute chemical compounds. Many of the compounds are having biological origin and are acquire from bacteria, fungi, and algae. A range of biological compounds, like bio-surfactant, vitamins, antioxidants, pigments, enzymes, peptides have promising features and beneficial properties. Moreover, these products can be produced commercially with ease. The review will encompass the importance and use of microbial compounds for new cosmetic formulations as well as products associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tejas Oza
- Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360001, India
| | | | - Gaurav Sanghvi
- Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360001, India.
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38
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Ningthoujam DS, Mukherjee S, Devi LJ, Singh ES, Tamreihao K, Khunjamayum R, Banerjee S, Mukhopadhyay D. In vitro degradation of β-amyloid fibrils by microbial keratinase. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2019; 5:154-163. [PMID: 31193333 PMCID: PMC6527806 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyloid fibrils are misfolded, protease-resistant forms of normal proteins. They are infectious such as prions or noninfectious such as β-amyloid (Aβ) fibrils causing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prions and amyloids are structurally similar, possessing cross β-pleated sheet-like structures. As microbial keratinase could degrade prions, we tested keratinase activity on Aβ fibrils. METHODS Lysozyme treated with urea generates Aβ fibrils demonstrated by immunoblotting with anti-Aβ antibody, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Congo red absorption spectroscopy. Two keratinases, Ker1 and Ker2, were purified from an actinomycete Amycolatopsis sp. MBRL 40 and incubated with Aβ fibrils. RESULTS Soluble Ker1 and Ker1 reconstituted on neutral/cationic liposomes degraded Aβ fibrils efficiently. Ker 2 was less potent. DISCUSSION Drugs that target AD inhibit acetylcholinesterase or formation of Aβ fibrils and downstream effects. These drugs have side effects and do not benefit globally in cognition. Keratinases are novel molecules for drug development against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debananda S. Ningthoujam
- Department of Biochemistry, Advanced Level State Biotech Hub, Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Saikat Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Advanced Level State Biotech Hub, Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Laishram Jaya Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Advanced Level State Biotech Hub, Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Elangbam Shanta Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Advanced Level State Biotech Hub, Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Keishing Tamreihao
- Department of Biochemistry, Advanced Level State Biotech Hub, Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Rakhi Khunjamayum
- Department of Biochemistry, Advanced Level State Biotech Hub, Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Sumita Banerjee
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Debashis Mukhopadhyay
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Falco FC, Espersen R, Svensson B, Gernaey KV, Eliasson Lantz A. An integrated strategy for the effective production of bristle protein hydrolysate by the keratinolytic filamentous bacterium Amycolatopsis keratiniphila D2. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 89:94-102. [PMID: 31079763 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In a conventional microorganism-mediated biological process for degradation of keratinous waste material the production of keratin-specific proteases (i.e., keratinases) and the hydrolysis of keratin-rich residual biomass both take place during the same stage of the bioprocess and, as a consequence, occur simultaneously under suboptimal conditions. In the present study the keratinolytic actinomycete Amycolatopsis keratiniphila D2 was successfully employed to biodegrade thermally pretreated porcine bristles at high solids loading (16% w/v) via a novel cultivation methodology. Indeed, the two-stage submerged fermentation process developed in this work enabled to efficiently recover, in a single unit operation, about 73% of the protein material contained in the keratinous biowaste structure, resulting in an overall accumulation of 89.3 g·L-1 protein-rich hydrolysate and a productivity of 427 mg crude soluble proteins per litre per hour. The obtained protein hydrolysate powder displayed a 2.2-fold increase in its in vitro pepsin digestibility (95%) with respect to the non-hydrolysed pretreated substrate (43%). In addition, the chromatogram obtained by size-exclusion chromatography analysis of the final product indicated that, among the identified fractions, those consisting of small peptides and free amino acids were the most abundantly present inside the analysed sample. Given these facts it is possible to conclude that the soluble proteins, peptides and free amino acids recovered through the newly designed two-stage bioextraction process could represent a viable alternative source of protein in animal feed formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cristino Falco
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roall Espersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Eliasson Lantz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Hamiche S, Mechri S, Khelouia L, Annane R, El Hattab M, Badis A, Jaouadi B. Purification and biochemical characterization of two keratinases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S13 isolated from marine brown alga Zonaria tournefortii with potential keratin-biodegradation and hide-unhairing activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:758-769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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McLellan J, Thornhill SG, Shelton S, Kumar M. Keratin-Based Biofilms, Hydrogels, and Biofibers. KERATIN AS A PROTEIN BIOPOLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02901-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tamreihao K, Mukherjee S, Khunjamayum R, Devi LJ, Asem RS, Ningthoujam DS. Feather degradation by keratinolytic bacteria and biofertilizing potential for sustainable agricultural production. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 59:4-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Tamreihao
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Saikat Mukherjee
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Rakhi Khunjamayum
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Laishram Jaya Devi
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Roshan Singh Asem
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
| | - Debananda S. Ningthoujam
- Advanced Level State Biotech Hub; Microbial Biotechnology Research Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry; Manipur University; Canchipur India
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Navone L, Speight R. Understanding the dynamics of keratin weakening and hydrolysis by proteases. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202608. [PMID: 30114294 PMCID: PMC6095591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin is the structural protein in hair, nails, feathers and horns. Keratin is recalcitrant, highly disulfide bonded and is generally inaccessible to common proteases. Only certain types of proteases, called keratinases, are able to cleave the peptide bonds within the keratin structure. Due to this outstanding activity, keratinases have potential application in industries such as livestock, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Yet, the process of enzymatic keratin degradation is poorly understood, affecting the development of industrial enzyme formulations that may require full or only partial modification or weakening. Here we investigate the dynamics of keratin weakening and hydrolysis, showing that the decrease in hair mechanical strength is associated with cuticle removal and damage to the cortex and complete breakdown is dependent on reducing agents. Proteases with keratinolytic activity were selected and applied to hair with degradation examined by mechanical, biochemical and microscopic techniques. The extent of keratin degradation was highly enhanced by the presence of reducing agents, principally sodium thioglycolate, exceeding 90% degradation within 16 h of enzymatic treatment. Application was extended to feathers showing that the findings are relevant to improving the use of keratinases in a variety of industries. Overall, the outcomes provide valuable insights into the keratin degradation process by enzymes for the optimization of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products and for livestock waste recycling among other important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navone
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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One-Step Ultrafiltration Process for Separation and Purification of a Keratinolytic Protease Produced with Feather Meal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6729490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A purification technique to obtain keratinolytic proteases produced byBacillussp. P45 in a medium containing chicken feather meal as substrate is presented. The experiments were carried out in a dead-end ultrafiltration unit, and the influence of the membrane cutoff, pH of enzymatic extract, and operating pressure on the purification of keratinase were studied. The one-step ultrafiltration process with the membrane molecular mass cutoff of 10 kDa at pH 8.0 and operating pressure of 0.147 MPa showed an enzyme recovery of 87.8% and a 4.1-fold purification factor. It is showed that ultrafiltration could be potentially used in the purification of keratinases.
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Huang C, Ma D, Zang J, Zhang B, Sun B, Liu L, Zhang S. Effect of keratinase on ileal amino acid digestibility in five feedstuffs fed to growing pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:1946-1955. [PMID: 29879834 PMCID: PMC6212742 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of keratinase (KE) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in rice bran, cottonseed meal (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM), corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and peanut meal (PNM). Methods Twelve crossbred barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire, 50.5±1.4 kg body weight [BW]) fitted with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum were allotted to a 12×6 Youden Square design with 12 diets and 6 periods. The treatment diets included rice bran, CSM, RSM, corn DDGS, PNM, or corn-soybean meal (cSBM) supplemented with 0.05% KE or not. Diets were given to pigs at a level of 3% BW in two equal meals. The endogenous AA losses were the mean results of three previously experiments determined by a same nitrogen-free diet fed to pigs. Pigs had free access to water during the experiment. Results The KE supplementation improved (p<0.05) the AID and SID of Met, Thr, Val, Asp, Cys, and Tyr in rice bran. Inclusion of KE increased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of Met and Val in CSM. The KE supplementation decreased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of His in RSM and all measured AA except for Arg, Met, Trp, Val, Gly, and Pro in corn DDGS. There was an increase (p<0.05) in AID and SID of Leu, Ile, Met, Ala, Cys, Ser, and Tyr in PNM supplemented with KE compared with that without KE. Inclusion of KE increased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of crude protein, Leu, Ile, Phe, Thr, Asp, and Ser in cSBM. Conclusion This study indicated that KE had different effects on ileal AA digestibility of feedstuffs for growing pigs, which can give some usage directions of KE in swine feed containing those detected feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianjun Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Novus International, Inc, Shang Hai 200131, China
| | - Brian Sun
- Novus International, Inc, Shang Hai 200131, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Shavandi A, Silva TH, Bekhit AA, Bekhit AEDA. Keratin: dissolution, extraction and biomedical application. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:1699-1735. [PMID: 28686242 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratinous materials such as wool, feathers and hooves are tough unique biological co-products that usually have high sulfur and protein contents. A high cystine content (7-13%) differentiates keratins from other structural proteins, such as collagen and elastin. Dissolution and extraction of keratin is a difficult process compared to other natural polymers, such as chitosan, starch, collagen, and a large-scale use of keratin depends on employing a relatively fast, cost-effective and time efficient extraction method. Keratin has some inherent ability to facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and regeneration of the tissue, therefore keratin biomaterials can provide a biocompatible matrix for regrowth and regeneration of the defective tissue. Additionally, due to its amino acid constituents, keratin can be tailored and finely tuned to meet the exact requirement of degradation, drug release or incorporation of different hydrophobic or hydrophilic tails. This review discusses the various methods available for the dissolution and extraction of keratin with emphasis on their advantages and limitations. The impacts of various methods and chemicals used on the structure and the properties of keratin are discussed with the aim of highlighting options available toward commercial keratin production. This review also reports the properties of various keratin-based biomaterials and critically examines how these materials are influenced by the keratin extraction procedure, discussing the features that make them effective as biomedical applications, as well as some of the mechanisms of action and physiological roles of keratin. Particular attention is given to the practical application of keratin biomaterials, namely addressing the advantages and limitations on the use of keratin films, 3D composite scaffolds and keratin hydrogels for tissue engineering, wound healing, hemostatic and controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shavandi
- Center for Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Pawar VA, Prajapati AS, Akhani RC, Patel DH, Subramanian RB. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a thermostable keratinase from Bacillus altitudinis RBDV1. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:107. [PMID: 29430368 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermostable keratinase designated as KBALT was purified from Bacillus altitudinis RBDV1 from a poultry farm in Gujarat, India. The molecular weight of the native KBALT (nKBALT) purified using ammonium sulfate and ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography with a 40% yield and 80-fold purification was estimated to be ~ 43 kDa. The gene for KBALT was successfully cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant KBALT (rKBALT) when purified using a single step Ni-NTA His affinity chromatography achieved a yield of 38.20% and a 76.4-fold purification. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of rKBALT with known proteases of Bacillus species and inhibitory effect of PMSF suggest that rKBALT was a subtilisin-like serine protease. Both native and rKBALT exhibited higher activity at 85 °C and pH 8.0 in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+ and Fe3+ metal ions. Interestingly, 70% of their activity was retained at temperatures ranging from 35 to > 95 °C. The keratinolytic activity of both nKBALT and rKBALT was enhanced in the presence of reducing agents. They exhibited broad substrate specificity towards various protein substrates. KBALT was determined for its kinetic properties by calculating its Km (0.61 mg/ml) and Vmax (1673 U/mg/min) values. These results suggest KBALT as a robust and promising contender for enzymatic processing of keratinous wastes in waste processing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha A Pawar
- 1P. G. Department Of Biosciences, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel Maidaan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, P.O. Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Anil S Prajapati
- 1P. G. Department Of Biosciences, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel Maidaan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, P.O. Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Rekha C Akhani
- 2Department of Biochemistry, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - Darshan H Patel
- 2Department of Biochemistry, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - R B Subramanian
- 1P. G. Department Of Biosciences, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel Maidaan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Sardar Patel University, P.O. Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
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Sinkiewicz I, Staroszczyk H, Śliwińska A. Solubilization of keratins and functional properties of their isolates and hydrolysates. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sinkiewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology; Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12; 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Hanna Staroszczyk
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology; Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12; 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Agata Śliwińska
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology; Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12; 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
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Krause ET, Bischof HJ, Engel K, Golüke S, Maraci Ö, Mayer U, Sauer J, Caspers BA. Olfaction in the Zebra Finch ( Taeniopygia guttata ): What Is Known and Further Perspectives. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Production of feather protein hydrolyzed by B. subtilis AMR and its application in a blend with cornmeal by extrusion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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