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Shahid S, Mosrati R, Corroler D, Amiel C, Gaillard JL. Bioconversion of glycerol into polyhydroxyalkanoates through an atypical metabolism shift using Priestia megaterium during fermentation processes: A statistical analysis of carbon and nitrogen source concentrations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128116. [PMID: 37979765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are bioplastics which are well known as intracellular energy storage compounds and are produced in a large number of prokaryotic species. These bio-based inclusions are biodegradable, biocompatible and environmental friendly. Industrial production of, short chain and medium chain length PHA, involves the use of microorganisms and their enzymes. Priestia megaterium previously known as Bacillus megaterium is a well-recognized bacterium for producing short chain length PHA. This study focuses to characterize this bacterium for the production of medium chain length PHA, and a novel blend of both types of monomers having enhanced properties and versatile applications. Statistical analyses and simulations were used to demonstrate that cell dry weight can be derived as a function of OD600 and PHA content. Optimization of growth conditions resulted in the maximum PHA production as: 0. 05 g. g-x. H-1, where the rate of PHA production was 0.28 g L-1. H-1 and PHA concentration was 4.94 g. L-1. This study also demonstrated FTIR to be a semi quantitative tool for PHA production. Moreover, conversion of scl-PHA to mcl-PHA with reference to time intermissions using GC-FID are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ridha Mosrati
- Unité de Recherche ABTE, (Alimentation-Bioprocédés-Toxicologie-Environnements), EA 4651, Esplanade de la Paix, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - David Corroler
- Unité de Recherche ABTE, (Alimentation-Bioprocédés-Toxicologie-Environnements), EA 4651, Esplanade de la Paix, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Caroline Amiel
- Unité de Recherche ABTE, (Alimentation-Bioprocédés-Toxicologie-Environnements), EA 4651, Esplanade de la Paix, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gaillard
- Unité de Recherche ABTE, (Alimentation-Bioprocédés-Toxicologie-Environnements), EA 4651, Esplanade de la Paix, Université de Caen Normandie, 14032 Caen Cedex 5, France
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Characterization of P(3HB) from untreated raw palm oil mill effluent using Azotobacter vinelandii ΔAvin_16040 lacking S-layer protein. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:68. [PMID: 36607449 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] from untreated raw palm oil mill effluent (urPOME), the first wastewater discharge from crude palm oil extraction, is discussed. The mutant strain Azotobacter vinelandii ΔAvin_16040, which lacks the S-layer protein but has a better P(3HB) synthesis capability than the wild type strain ATCC 12,837, was chosen for this study. UrPOME substrate, with high biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids, was used without pre-treatment. DSMZ-Azotobacter medium which was devoid of laboratory sugar(s) was used as the basal medium (BaM). Initially, Azotobacter vinelandii ΔAvin_16040 generated 325.5, 1496.3, and 1465.7 mg L-1 of P(3HB) from BaM with 20% urPOME, 2BaM with 20% urPOME and 20 g L-1 sucrose, and 2BaM with 20% urPOME and 2 mL L-1 glycerol, respectively. P(3HB) generation was enhanced by nearly tenfold using statistical optimization, resulting in 13.9 g L-1. Moreover, the optimization reduced the compositions of mineral salts and sugar in the medium by 48 and 97%, respectively. The urPOME-based P(3HB) product developed a yellow coloration most possibly attributed to the aromatic phenolics content in urPOME. Despite the fact that both were synthesised by ΔAvin_16040, thin films of urPOME-based P(3HB) had superior crystallinity and tensile strength than P(3HB) produced only on sucrose. When treated with 10 and 50 kGy of electron beam irradiation, these P(3HB) scissioned to half and one-tenth of their original molecular weights, respectively, and these cleavaged products could serve as useful base units for specific polymer structure construction.
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Urtuvia V, Ponce B, Andler R, Peña C, Diaz-Barrera A. Extended batch cultures for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) production by Azotobacter vinelandii OP growing at different aeration rates. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:304. [PMID: 36276477 PMCID: PMC9525563 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a polymer produced by Azotobacter vinelandii OP. In the bioreactor, PHBV production and its molar composition are affected by aeration rate. PHBV production by A. vinelandii OP was evaluated using extended batch cultures at different aeration rates, which determined different oxygen transfer rates (OTR) in the cultures. Under the conditions evaluated, PHBV with different 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) fractions were obtained. In the cultures with a low OTR (6.7 mmol L-1 h-1, at 0.3 vvm), a PHBV content of 38% w w-1 with 9.1 mol % 3HV was achieved. The maximum PHBV production (72% w w-1) was obtained at a high OTR (18.2 mmol L-1 h-1, at 1.0 vvm), both at 48 h. Thus, PHBV production increased in the bioreactor with an increased aeration rate, but not the 3HV fraction in the polymer chain. An OTR of 24.9 mmol L-1 h-1 (at 2.1 vvm) was the most suitable for improving the PHBV content (61% w w-1) and a high 3HV fraction of 20.8 mol % (at 48 h); and volumetric productivity (0.15 g L-1 h-1). The findings indicate that the extended batch culture at 2.1 vvm is the most adequate mode of cultivation to produce higher biomass and PHBV with a high 3HV fraction. Overall, the results have shown that the PHBV production and 3HV fraction could be affected by the aeration rate and the proposed approach could be applied to implement cultivation strategies to optimize PHBV production for different biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Urtuvia
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147 Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Belén Ponce
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147 Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Andler
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (Cenbio),Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos Peña
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alvaro Diaz-Barrera
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2147 Casilla 4059, Valparaíso, Chile
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Maheshwari N, Thakur IS, Srivastava S. Role of carbon-dioxide sequestering bacteria for clean air environment and prospective production of biomaterials: a sustainable approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38950-38971. [PMID: 35304714 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increase in demand of fossil fuel uses for developmental activity and manufacturing of goods have resulted a huge emission of global warming gases (GWGs) in the atmosphere. Among all GWGs, CO2 is the major contributor that inevitably causes global warming and climate change. Mitigation strategies like biological CO2 capture through sequestration and their storage into biological organic form are used to minimize the concentration of atmospheric CO2 with the goal to control climate change. Since increasing atmospheric CO2 level supports microbial growth and productivity thus microbial-based CO2 sequestration has remarkable advantages as compared to plant-based sequestration. This review focuses on CO2 sequestration mechanism in bacteria through different carbon fixation pathways, involved enzymes, their role in calcite, and other environmentally friendly biomaterials such as biofuel, bioplastic, and biosurfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Maheshwari
- Amity School of Earth and Environmental Science, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- Amity School of Earth and Environmental Science, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shaili Srivastava
- Amity School of Earth and Environmental Science, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
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In Vivo Characterization and Application of the PHA Synthase from Azotobacter vinelandii for the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Containing 4-Hydroxybutyrate. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101576. [PMID: 34069008 PMCID: PMC8156725 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic naturally synthesized by many microorganisms, and the PHA synthase (PhaC) is known to be the key enzyme involved in determining the material properties and monomer composition of the produced PHA. The ability to exploit widely distributed, commonly found soil microorganisms such as Azotobacter vinelandii to synthesize PHA containing the lipase-degradable 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) monomer will allow for convenient production of biocompatible and flexible PHA. Comparisons between the A. vinelandii wild type and mutant strains, with and without a surface layer (S-layer), respectively, in terms of gene or amino acid sequences, synthase activity, granule morphology, and PHA productivity, revealed that the S-layer is the sole factor affecting PHA biosynthesis by A. vinelandii. Based on PHA biosynthesis using different carbon sources, the PhaC of A. vinelandii showed specificity for short-chain-length PHA monomers, making it a member of the Class I PHA synthases. In addition, it was proven that the PhaC of A. vinelandii has the inherent ability to polymerize 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) and the mediated accumulation of PHA with 4HB fractions ranging from 10 mol% to as high as 22 mol%. The synthesis of biocompatible PHA containing tailorable amounts of 4HB with an expanded range of elasticity and lipase-degradability will enable a wider range of applications in the biomedical field.
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Bayon-Vicente G, Zarbo S, Deutschbauer A, Wattiez R, Leroy B. Photoheterotrophic Assimilation of Valerate and Associated Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Rhodospirillum rubrum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00901-20. [PMID: 32651203 PMCID: PMC7480388 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00901-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purple nonsulfur bacteria are increasingly recognized for industrial applications in bioplastics, pigment, and biomass production. In order to optimize the yield of future biotechnological processes, the assimilation of different carbon sources by Rhodospirillum rubrum has to be understood. As they are released from several fermentation processes, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) represent a promising carbon source in the development of circular industrial applications. To obtain an exhaustive characterization of the photoheterotrophic metabolism of R. rubrum in the presence of valerate, we combined phenotypic, proteomic, and genomic approaches. We obtained evidence that valerate is cleaved into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and propionyl-CoA and depends on the presence of bicarbonate ions. Genomic and enzyme inhibition data showed that a functional methylmalonyl-CoA pathway is essential. Our proteomic data showed that the photoheterotrophic assimilation of valerate induces an intracellular redox stress which is accompanied by an increased abundance of phasins (the main proteins present in polyhydroxyalkanoate [PHA] granules). Finally, we observed a significant increase in the production of the copolymer P(HB-co-HV), accounting for a very high (>80%) percentage of HV monomer. Moreover, an increase in the PHA content was obtained when bicarbonate ions were progressively added to the medium. The experimental conditions used in this study suggest that the redox imbalance is responsible for PHA production. These findings also reinforce the idea that purple nonsulfur bacteria are suitable for PHA production through a strategy other than the well-known feast-and-famine process.IMPORTANCE The use and the littering of plastics represent major issues that humanity has to face. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are good candidates for the replacement of oil-based plastics, as they exhibit comparable physicochemical properties but are biobased and biodegradable. However, the current industrial production of PHAs is curbed by the production costs, which are mainly linked to the carbon source. Volatile fatty acids issued from the fermentation processes constitute interesting carbon sources, since they are inexpensive and readily available. Among them, valerate is gaining interest regarding the ability of many bacteria to produce a copolymer of PHAs. Here, we describe the photoheterotrophic assimilation of valerate by Rhodospirillum rubrum, a purple nonsulfur bacterium mainly known for its metabolic versatility. Using a knowledge-based optimization process, we present a new strategy for the improvement of PHA production, paving the way for the use of R. rubrum in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bayon-Vicente
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sarah Zarbo
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Adam Deutschbauer
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Leroy
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Velázquez-Sánchez C, Espín G, Peña C, Segura D. The Modification of Regulatory Circuits Involved in the Control of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Metabolism to Improve Their Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:386. [PMID: 32426348 PMCID: PMC7204398 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) are bacterial carbon and energy storage compounds. These polymers are synthesized under conditions of nutritional imbalance, where a nutrient is growth-limiting while there is still enough carbon source in the medium. On the other side, the accumulated polymer is mobilized under conditions of nutrient accessibility or by limitation of the carbon source. Thus, it is well known that the accumulation of PHAs is affected by the availability of nutritional resources and this knowledge has been used to establish culture conditions favoring high productivities. In addition to this effect of the metabolic status on PHAs accumulation, several genetic regulatory networks have been shown to drive PHAs metabolism, so the expression of the PHAs genes is under the influence of global or specific regulators. These regulators are thought to coordinate PHAs synthesis and mobilization with the rest of bacterial physiology. While the metabolic and biochemical knowledge related to the biosynthesis of these polymers has led to the development of processes in bioreactors for high-level production and also to the establishment of strategies for metabolic engineering for the synthesis of modified biopolymers, the use of knowledge related to the regulatory circuits controlling PHAs metabolism for strain improvement is scarce. A better understanding of the genetic control systems involved could serve as the foundation for new strategies for strain modification in order to increase PHAs production or to adjust the chemical structure of these biopolymers. In this review, the regulatory systems involved in the control of PHAs metabolism are examined, with emphasis on those acting at the level of expression of the enzymes involved and their potential modification for strain improvement, both for higher titers, or manipulation of polymer properties. The case of the PHAs producer Azotobacter vinelandii is taken as an example of the complexity and variety of systems controlling the accumulation of these interesting polymers in response to diverse situations, many of which could be engineered to improve PHAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Velázquez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Espín
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Carlos Peña
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Daniel Segura
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by Azotobacter vinelandii with different 3HV fraction in shake flasks and bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1469-1478. [PMID: 32266468 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) by Azotobacter vinelandii was evaluated in shake flasks and bioreactors, utilizing different precursors and oxygen transfer rates (OTRs). In shake flask cultures, the highest PHBV yield from sucrose (0.16 g g-1) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) fraction in the PHA chain (27.4 mol%) were obtained with valerate (1.0 g L-1). In the bioreactor, the cultures were grown under oxygen-limited conditions, and the maximum OTR (OTRmax) was varied by adjusting the agitation rate. In the cultures grown at low OTRmax (4.3 mmol L-1 h-1), the intracellular content of PHBV (73% w w-1) was improved, whereas a maximum 3HV fraction (35 mol %) was obtained when a higher OTRmax (17.2 mmol L-1 h-1, to 600 rpm) was employed. The findings obtained suggest that the PHBV production and the content of 3HV incorporated into the polymer were affected by the OTR. Based on the evidence, it is possible to produce PHBV with a different composition by varying the OTR of the culture; thus, the approach in this study could be used to scale up PHBV production.
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Godard T, Zühlke D, Richter G, Wall M, Rohde M, Riedel K, Poblete-Castro I, Krull R, Biedendieck R. Metabolic Rearrangements Causing Elevated Proline and Polyhydroxybutyrate Accumulation During the Osmotic Adaptation Response of Bacillus megaterium. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:47. [PMID: 32161752 PMCID: PMC7053513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years now, Bacillus megaterium serves as a microbial workhorse for the high-level production of recombinant proteins in the g/L-scale. However, efficient and stable production processes require the knowledge of the molecular adaptation strategies of the host organism to establish optimal environmental conditions. Here, we interrogated the osmotic stress response of B. megaterium using transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and fluxome analyses. An initial transient adaptation consisted of potassium import and glutamate counterion synthesis. The massive synthesis of the compatible solute proline constituted the second longterm adaptation process. Several stress response enzymes involved in iron scavenging and reactive oxygen species (ROS) fighting proteins showed higher levels under prolonged osmotic stress induced by 1.8 M NaCl. At the same time, the downregulation of the expression of genes of the upper part of glycolysis resulted in the activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), generating an oversupply of NADPH. The increased production of lactate accompanied by the reduction of acetate secretion partially compensate for the unbalanced (NADH/NAD+) ratio. Besides, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) mainly supplies the produced NADH, as indicated by the higher mRNA and protein levels of involved enzymes, and further confirmed by 13C flux analyses. As a consequence of the metabolic flux toward acetyl-CoA and the generation of an excess of NADPH, B. megaterium redirected the produced acetyl-CoA toward the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthetic pathway accumulating around 30% of the cell dry weight (CDW) as PHB. This direct relation between osmotic stress and intracellular PHB content has been evidenced for the first time, thus opening new avenues for synthesizing this valuable biopolymer using varying salt concentrations under non-limiting nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Godard
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Richter
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie Wall
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ignacio Poblete-Castro
- Biosystems Engineering Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Ghaffar SH, Madyan OA, Fan M, Corker J. The Influence of Additives on the Interfacial Bonding Mechanisms Between Natural Fibre and Biopolymer Composites. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sabapathy PC, Devaraj S, Parthiban A, Kathirvel P. Bioprocess optimization of PHB homopolymer and copolymer P3 (HB-co-HV) by Acinetobacter junii BP25 utilizing rice mill effluent as sustainable substrate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:1430-1441. [PMID: 28511586 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1330902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of parboiled rice mill effluent as a cheap substrate for the production of homopolymer and copolymer of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Acinetobacter junii BP 25 was investigated for the first time. Process optimization by one factor at a time led to homopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production of 2.64 ± 0.18 g/l with 94.28% PHB content using a two-stage batch cultivation mode. BP 25 furthermore produced polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (P3 (HB-co-HV)), with the addition of valeric acid as an additive to the substrate, yielding (2.56 ± 0.12 g/l dry biomass, 2.20 ± 0.15 g/l PHA) a copolymer content of 85.93%. Thus, rice mill effluent can be an effective and relatively low-cost alternative for the production of PHA, replacing the pure substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabarinathan Devaraj
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore , India
| | - Anburajan Parthiban
- b Department of Civil Engineering, Sustainable Environmental Process Research Institute , Daegu University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Preethi Kathirvel
- a Department of Microbial Biotechnology , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore , India
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Noar JD, Bruno-Bárcena JM. Azotobacter vinelandii: the source of 100 years of discoveries and many more to come. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018. [PMID: 29533747 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Azotobacter vinelandii has been studied for over 100 years since its discovery as an aerobic nitrogen-fixing organism. This species has proved useful for the study of many different biological systems, including enzyme kinetics and the genetic code. It has been especially useful in working out the structures and mechanisms of different nitrogenase enzymes, how they can function in oxic environments and the interactions of nitrogen fixation with other aspects of metabolism. Interest in studying A. vinelandii has waned in recent decades, but this bacterium still possesses great potential for new discoveries in many fields and commercial applications. The species is of interest for research because of its genetic pliability and natural competence. Its features of particular interest to industry are its ability to produce multiple valuable polymers - bioplastic and alginate in particular; its nitrogen-fixing prowess, which could reduce the need for synthetic fertilizer in agriculture and industrial fermentations, via coculture; its production of potentially useful enzymes and metabolic pathways; and even its biofuel production abilities. This review summarizes the history and potential for future research using this versatile microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Noar
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jose M Bruno-Bárcena
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Pagliano G, Ventorino V, Panico A, Pepe O. Integrated systems for biopolymers and bioenergy production from organic waste and by-products: a review of microbial processes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:113. [PMID: 28469708 PMCID: PMC5414342 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, issues concerning the sustainable and harmless disposal of organic solid waste have generated interest in microbial biotechnologies aimed at converting waste materials into bioenergy and biomaterials, thus contributing to a reduction in economic dependence on fossil fuels. To valorize biomass, waste materials derived from agriculture, food processing factories, and municipal organic waste can be used to produce biopolymers, such as biohydrogen and biogas, through different microbial processes. In fact, different bacterial strains can synthesize biopolymers to convert waste materials into valuable intracellular (e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoates) and extracellular (e.g., exopolysaccharides) bioproducts, which are useful for biochemical production. In particular, large numbers of bacteria, including Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter beijerincki, methylotrophs, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Rhizobium spp., Nocardia spp., and recombinant Escherichia coli, have been successfully used to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates on an industrial scale from different types of organic by-products. Therefore, the development of high-performance microbial strains and the use of by-products and waste as substrates could reasonably make the production costs of biodegradable polymers comparable to those required by petrochemical-derived plastics and promote their use. Many studies have reported use of the same organic substrates as alternative energy sources to produce biogas and biohydrogen through anaerobic digestion as well as dark and photofermentation processes under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, concurrently obtaining bioenergy and biopolymers at a reasonable cost through an integrated system is becoming feasible using by-products and waste as organic carbon sources. An overview of the suitable substrates and microbial strains used in low-cost polyhydroxyalkanoates for biohydrogen and biogas production is given. The possibility of creating a unique integrated system is discussed because it represents a new approach for simultaneously producing energy and biopolymers for the plastic industry using by-products and waste as organic carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pagliano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Ventorino
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Olimpia Pepe
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
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Anjum A, Zuber M, Zia KM, Noreen A, Anjum MN, Tabasum S. Microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and its copolymers: A review of recent advancements. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 89:161-74. [PMID: 27126172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Traditional mineral oil based plastics are important commodity to enhance the comfort and quality of life but the accumulation of these plastics in the environment has become a major universal problem due to their low biodegradation. Solution to the plastic waste management includes incineration, recycling and landfill disposal methods. These processes are very time consuming and expensive. Biopolymers are important alternatives to the petroleum-based plastics due to environment friendly manufacturing processes, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Therefore use of novel biopolymers, such as polylactide, polysaccharides, aliphatic polyesters and polyhydroxyalkanoates is of interest. PHAs are biodegradable polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates (HA) produced from renewable resources by using microorganisms as intracellular carbon and energy storage compounds. Even though PHAs are promising candidate for biodegradable polymers, however, the production cost limit their application on an industrial scale. This article provides an overview of various substrates, microorganisms for the economical production of PHAs and its copolymers. Recent advances in PHAs to reduce the cost and to improve the performance of PHAs have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbreen Anjum
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Zuber
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan.
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Aqdas Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | | | - Shazia Tabasum
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
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Tajima K, Iwamoto K, Satoh Y, Sakai R, Satoh T, Dairi T. Advanced functionalization of polyhydroxyalkanoate via the UV-initiated thiol-ene click reaction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4375-83. [PMID: 26743654 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) incorporating vinyl-bearing 3-hydroxyalkanoates were prepared in 8.5-12.9 g L(-1) yield. The molar ratios (0-16 mol%) of the vinyl-bearing 3-hydroxyalkanoate derivatives were controlled by the continuous feeding of undecylenate at various concentrations. Subsequently, the PHAs were functionalized by UV-initiated thiol-ene click reaction and chemical modification. (1)H NMR spectra suggested that 3-mercaptopropionic acid and 2-aminoethanethiol were successfully introduced into the vinyl-bearing PHA. Subsequently, chemical modification using fluorescein or a fibronectin active fragment (GRGDS) was attempted. The former yielded a PHA derivative capable of emitting fluorescence under UV irradiation, which was useful for determining the miscibility of PHA in a composite film comprising poly-ʟ-lactic acid (PLLA) and PHA. In the latter case, PHA bearing GRGDS peptides exhibited cell adhesiveness, suggesting that its biocompatibility was improved upon peptide introduction. Taken together, the UV-initiated thiol-ene click reaction was demonstrated to be useful in PHA modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Iwamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sakai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.,Department of Materials Chemistry, Asahikawa National College of Technology, Asahikawa, 071-8142, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
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Yoneyama F, Yamamoto M, Hashimoto W, Murata K. Production of polyhydroxybutyrate and alginate from glycerol by Azotobacter vinelandii under nitrogen-free conditions. Bioengineered 2015; 6:209-17. [PMID: 25880041 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2015.1040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol is an interesting feedstock for biomaterials such as biofuels and bioplastics because of its abundance as a by-product during biodiesel production. Here we demonstrate glycerol metabolism in the nitrogen-fixing species Azotobacter vinelandii through metabolomics and nitrogen-free bacterial production of biopolymers, such as poly-d-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and alginate, from glycerol. Glycerol-3-phosphate was accumulated in A. vinelandii cells grown on glycerol to the exponential phase, and its level drastically decreased in the cells grown to the stationary growth phase. A. vinelandii also overexpressed the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene when it was grown on glycerol. These results indicate that glycerol was first converted to glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase. Other molecules with industrial interests, such as lactic acid and amino acids including γ-aminobutyric acid, have also been accumulated in the bacterial cells grown on glycerol. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that glycerol-grown A. vinelandii stored PHB within the cells. The PHB production level reached 33% per dry cell weight in nitrogen-free glycerol medium. When grown on glycerol, alginate-overproducing mutants generated through chemical mutagenesis produced 2-fold the amount of alginate from glycerol than the parental wild-type strain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on bacterial production of biopolymers from glycerol without addition of any nitrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Yoneyama
- a Division of Food Science and Biotechnology ; Graduate School of Agriclture Kyoto University ; Uji , Kyoto , Japan
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Narayanan A, Ramana KV. Polyhydroxybutyrate production in Bacillus mycoides DFC1 using response surface optimization for physico-chemical process parameters. 3 Biotech 2012. [PMCID: PMC3482451 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-012-0054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Bacillus sp. is most often growth associated and is influenced by
various physico-chemical parameters. Imbalanced nutrient conditions were often found
to result in sporulation and low PHB production in Bacillus sp. In the present investigation, Bacillus mycoides DFC1 strain isolated from garden soil was studied
for PHB production in glucose–peptone broth. The effect of glucose/peptone ratio on
biomass yield, PHB production and sporulation was investigated. Central composite
rotatable design was used to study the interactive effects of three variables:
glucose, peptone and pH on cell growth and PHB production. The optimized medium
conditions with the constraint ‘to maximize’ cell growth and PHB content were
glucose 17.34 g/l, peptone 7.03 g/l at pH 7.3. A maximum dry cell weight of 4.35 g/l
and PHB yield of 3.32 g/l amounting to 76.32 % (w/w) of dry cell weight with
negligible sporulation at the end of 72 h resulted in a significant increase
(1.83–3.32 g/l or 1.82-fold) in the production of PHB in comparison to the medium
used in preliminary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Narayanan
- Food Biotechnology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, 570011 Karnataka India
| | - Karna Venkata Ramana
- Food Biotechnology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, 570011 Karnataka India
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Jaremko M, Yu J. The initial metabolic conversion of levulinic acid in Cupriavidus necator. J Biotechnol 2011; 155:293-8. [PMID: 21821073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Levulinic acid or 4-ketovaleric acid is a potential renewable substrate for production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. In this work, the initial reactions of LA metabolism by Cupriavidus necator were examined in vitro. The organic acid was converted by membrane-bound crude enzymes obtained from the cells pre-grown on LA, while no LA activity was detected from cells pre-grown on acetic acid. Acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA were two major intermediates in the initial reactions of LA conversion. A mass balance on propionyl-CoA accounts for 84 mol% of LA added in vitro. It explains an interesting phenomenon that 3-hydroxbutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate are two major monomers of the biopolyester formed from LA, instead of 4-hydroxvalerate that has the similar chemical structure of LA as the precursor. A Monod model was used to describe the kinetics of LA utilization as a sole carbon source or a co-substrate of glucose and fructose. The μ(max) and K(m) of LA alone were 0.26 h⁻¹ and 0.01 g/L, respectively. The content and composition of PHA are also dependent on the culture conditions such as carbon to nitrogen ratio. The in vitro observation is supported by the high utilization rate of LA and the high molar percentage of 3HB and 3HV in the PHA derived from LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Jaremko
- Hawai'i Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1680 East West Road, POST 109, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) incorporating 2-hydroxybutyrate by wild-type class I PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:509-17. [PMID: 21667085 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A previously established improved two-phase reaction system has been applied to analyze the substrate specificities and polymerization activities of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthases. We first analyzed the substrate specificity of propionate coenzyme A (CoA) transferase and found that 2-hydroxybutyrate (2HB) was converted into its CoA derivative. Then, the synthesis of PHA incorporating 2HB was achieved by a wild-type class I PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha. The PHA synthase stereoselectively polymerized (R)-2HB, and the maximal molar ratio of 2HB in the polymer was 9 mol%. The yields and the molecular weights of the products were decreased with the increase of the (R)-2HB concentration in the reaction mixture. The weight-average molecular weight of the polymer incorporating 9 mol% 2HB was 1.00 × 10(5), and a unimodal peak with polydispersity of 3.1 was observed in the GPC chart. Thermal properties of the polymer incorporating 9 mol% 2HB were analyzed by DSC and TG-DTA. T (g), T (m), and T (d) (10%) were observed at -1.1°C, 158.8°C, and 252.7°C, respectively. In general, major components of PHAs are 3-hydroxyalkanoates, and only engineered class II PHA synthases have been reported as enzymes having the ability to polymerize HA with the hydroxyl group at C2 position. Thus, this is the first report to demonstrate that wild-type class I PHA synthase was able to polymerize 2HB.
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Fereidouni M, Younesi H, Daneshi A, Sharifzadeh M. The effect of carbon source supplementation on the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by Cupriavidus necator. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2011; 58:203-11. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Samrot AV, Avinesh RB, Sukeetha SD, Senthilkumar P. Accumulation of Poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates] in Enterobacter cloacae SU-1 During Growth with Two Different Carbon Sources in Batch Culture. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:195-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A tissue-engineered approach towards retinal repair: scaffolds for cell transplantation to the subretinal space. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:763-78. [PMID: 20169358 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several mechanisms of retina degeneration result in the deterioration of the outer retina and can lead to blindness. Currently, with the exception of anti-angiogenic treatments for wet age-related macular degeneration, there are no treatments that can restore lost vision. There is evidence that photoreceptors and embryonic retinal tissue, transplanted to the subretinal space, can form new synapses with surviving host neurons. However, these transplants have yet to result in a clinical treatment for retinal degeneration. METHODS This article reviews the current literature on the transplantation of scaffolds with retinal and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells to the subretinal space. We discuss the types of cells and materials that have been investigated for transplantation to the subretinal space, summarize the current findings, and present opportunities for future research and the next generation of scaffolds for retinal repair. RESULTS Challenges to cell transplantation include limited survival upon implantation and the formation of abnormal cell architectures in vivo. Scaffolds have been shown to enhance cell survival and direct cell differentiation and organization in a number of models of retinal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS The transplantation of cells within a scaffold represents a possible treatment to repair retinal degeneration and restore vision in effected patients. Materials have been developed for the delivery of retinal and RPE cells separately however, the development of a combined tissue-engineered scaffold targeting both cell populations represents a promising direction for retinal repair.
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Abstract
Several recombinant Escherichia coli strains, including XL1-Blue, JM109, HB101, and DH5alpha harboring a stable high-copynumber plasmid pSYL105 containing the Alcaligenes eutrophus polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis genes were constructed. These recombinant strains were examined for their ability to synthesize and accumulate poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] copolymer from glucose and either propionate or valerate. All recombinant E. coli strains could synthesize the P(3HB-co-3HV) copolymer in the medium containing glucose and propionate. However, only the homopolymer poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] was synthesized from glucose and valerate. The PHA concentration and the 3HV fraction could be increased by inducing with acetate and/or oleate. When supplemented with oleate, the 3HV fraction increased by fourfold compared with that obtained without induction. Induction with propionate resulted in lower PHA concentration due to the inhibitory effect, but an 3HV fraction of as high as 33.0% could be obtained. These results suggest that P(3HB-co-3HV) can be efficiently produced from propionate by recombinant E. coli by inducing with acetate, propionate, or oleate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusong-dong, Yusong-gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Castilho LR, Mitchell DA, Freire DMG. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from waste materials and by-products by submerged and solid-state fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:5996-6009. [PMID: 19581084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biodegradable polymers produced by prokaryotic organisms from renewable resources. The production of PHAs by submerged fermentation processes has been intensively studied over the last 30 years. In recent years, alternative strategies have been proposed, such as the use of solid-state fermentation or the production of PHAs in transgenic plants. This paper gives an overview of submerged and solid-state fermentation processes used to produce PHAs from waste materials and by-products. The use of these low-cost raw materials has the potential to reduce PHA production costs, because the raw material costs contribute a significant part of production costs in traditional PHA production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda R Castilho
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Chemical Engineering Program, Caixa Postal 68502, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil.
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Biswas A, Patra A, Paul AK. Production of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoic acids by a moderately halophilic bacterium, Halomonas marina HMA 103 isolated from solar saltern of Orissa, India. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2009; 56:125-43. [PMID: 19621765 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.56.2009.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Halomonas marina HMA 103 (MTCC 8968), the moderately halophilic bacterium isolated and characterized from the solar saltern of Orissa, India, grows optimally at 10% (w/v) NaCl in culture medium and is able to synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] during growth. This study is an attempt to optimize the cultural conditions for efficient production of P(3HB) by H. marina in batch cultivation. Growth of the organism under shake-flask culture using 2% (w/v) glucose resulted in P(3HB) accumulation accounting for more than 59% of cell dry weight after 50 h of incubation. The optimum P(3HB) production was attained with a combined supply of NH4Cl and yeast extract as N-source, 0.01% (w/v) phosphate, 1.5% (w/v) sulphate and 10% (w/v) NaCl. Qualitative and quantitative 1HNMR and FT-IR analysis of cells grown in alkanoic acids (C3-C6) as sole source of carbon and co-substrates revealed synthesis of PHA co-polymers composed of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyvaleric acid [P(3HB-co-3HV)]. In two-step cultivation, accumulation of the co-polymer was significantly improved (80% CDW) in glucose medium supplemented with valerate (0.1%, w/v) as co-substrate and the polymer contained 88.1 and 12.8 mol% 3HB and 3HV monomers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Biswas
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700 019, India
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Genome sequence of Azotobacter vinelandii, an obligate aerobe specialized to support diverse anaerobic metabolic processes. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:4534-45. [PMID: 19429624 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00504-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Azotobacter vinelandii is a soil bacterium related to the Pseudomonas genus that fixes nitrogen under aerobic conditions while simultaneously protecting nitrogenase from oxygen damage. In response to carbon availability, this organism undergoes a simple differentiation process to form cysts that are resistant to drought and other physical and chemical agents. Here we report the complete genome sequence of A. vinelandii DJ, which has a single circular genome of 5,365,318 bp. In order to reconcile an obligate aerobic lifestyle with exquisitely oxygen-sensitive processes, A. vinelandii is specialized in terms of its complement of respiratory proteins. It is able to produce alginate, a polymer that further protects the organism from excess exogenous oxygen, and it has multiple duplications of alginate modification genes, which may alter alginate composition in response to oxygen availability. The genome analysis identified the chromosomal locations of the genes coding for the three known oxygen-sensitive nitrogenases, as well as genes coding for other oxygen-sensitive enzymes, such as carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase. These findings offer new prospects for the wider application of A. vinelandii as a host for the production and characterization of oxygen-sensitive proteins.
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Ryu HW, Cho KS, Goodrich PR, Park CH. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Azotobacter vinelandii UWD using swine wastewater: Effect of supplementing glucose, yeast extract, and inorganic salts. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pandolfi D, Pons MN, da Motta M. Characterization of PHB storage in activated sludge extended filamentous bacteria by automated colour image analysis. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1263-9. [PMID: 17505782 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The storage of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in extended filamentous bacteria from activated sludge was monitored by Sudan Black staining: PHB granules were blue in the reddish filaments counterstained by safranin. By quantitative image analysis of colour images grabbed on an optical microscope, the distribution of the PHB loading of the extended filaments was estimated by determination of the proportion of blue pixels of their skeleton. The method was applied for different feed compositions to demonstrate its ability to monitor the PHB synthesis and storage capacity of filamentous bacteria in mixed cultures. Fast PHB storage, within a few hours, could be observed with acetate-based feeding solutions but the storage rate decreased with more complex feeds (meat extract based feed, wastewater).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Pandolfi
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, CNRS-ENSIC-INPL, 1, rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001, Nancy cedex, France
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Galindo E, Peña C, Núñez C, Segura D, Espín G. Molecular and bioengineering strategies to improve alginate and polydydroxyalkanoate production by Azotobacter vinelandii. Microb Cell Fact 2007; 6:7. [PMID: 17306024 PMCID: PMC1805506 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Several aspects of alginate and PHB synthesis in Azotobacter vinelandii at a molecular level have been elucidated in articles published during the last ten years. It is now clear that alginate and PHB synthesis are under a very complex genetic control. Genetic modification of A. vinelandii has produced a number of very interesting mutants which have particular traits for alginate production. One of these mutants has been shown to produce the alginate with the highest mean molecular mass so far reported. Recent work has also shed light on the factors determining molecular mass distribution; the most important of these being identified as; dissolved oxygen tension and specific growth rate. The use of specific mutants has been very useful for the correct analysis and interpretation of the factors affecting polymerization. Recent scale-up/down work on alginate production has shown that oxygen limitation is crucial for producing alginate of high molecular mass, a condition which is optimized in shake flasks and which can now be reproduced in stirred fermenters. It is clear that the phenotypes of mutants grown on plates are not necessarily reproducible when the strains are tested in lab or bench scale fermenters. In the case of PHB, A. vinelandii has shown itself able to produce relatively large amounts of this polymer of high molecular weight on cheap substrates, even allowing for simple extraction processes. The development of fermentation strategies has also shown promising results in terms of improving productivity. The understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of PHB synthesis, and of its metabolic relationships, has increased considerably, making way for new potential strategies for the further improvement of PHB production. Overall, the use of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating molecular and bioengineering aspects is a necessity for optimizing alginate and PHB production in A. vinelandii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Galindo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, Apdo. Post. 510-3 Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Carlos Peña
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, Apdo. Post. 510-3 Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Cinthia Núñez
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma, de México, Apdo. Post. 510-3 Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Daniel Segura
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma, de México, Apdo. Post. 510-3 Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Guadalupe Espín
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma, de México, Apdo. Post. 510-3 Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
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Solaiman DKY, Ashby RD, Foglia TA, Marmer WN. Conversion of agricultural feedstock and coproducts into poly(hydroxyalkanoates). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:783-9. [PMID: 16708192 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aside from their importance to the survival and general welfare of mankind, agriculture and its related industries produce large quantities of feedstocks and coproducts that can be used as inexpensive substrates for fermentative processes. Successful adoption of these materials into commercial processes could further the realization of a biorefinery industry based on agriculturally derived feedstocks. One potential concept is the production of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers, a family of microbial biopolyesters with a myriad of possible monomeric compositions and performance properties. The economics for the fermentative production of PHA could benefit from the use of low-cost agricultural feedstocks and coproducts. This mini-review provides a brief survey of research performed in this area, with specific emphasis on studies describing the utilization of intact triacylglycerols (vegetable oils and animal fats), dairy whey, molasses, and meat-and-bone meal as substrates in the microbial synthesis of PHA polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Y Solaiman
- Fats, Oils and Animal Coproducts Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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Shang L, Yim SC, Park HG, Chang HN. Sequential feeding of glucose and valerate in a fed-batch culture of Ralstonia eutropha for production of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) with high 3-hydroxyvalerate fraction. Biotechnol Prog 2004; 20:140-4. [PMID: 14763836 DOI: 10.1021/bp034232o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several important properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acids) (P(3HB-co-3HV) depend mainly on the HV unit fraction of the copolymer. Sequential and simultaneous feeding of glucose and valerate were employed to produce P(3HB-co-3HV) in a fed-batch culture of Ralstonia eutropha, and the effects of feeding models on the cell growth, 3HV unit fraction, and copolymer productivity have been investigated. The sequential feeding of glucose and then valerate resulted in a cell density of 110.2 g/L, 3HV unit fraction of 62.7 mol %, and copolymer productivity of 0.56 g/(L.h), while the latter simultaneous feeding strategy never achieved the 3HV fraction of P(3HB-co-3HV) higher than 50%. A nuclear magnetic resonance study confirmed that the production of random copolymer P(3HB-co-3HV) with high 3HV unit fraction was possible even with sequential feeding of glucose and valerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longan Shang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
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Pettinari JM, Chaneton L, Vazquez G, Steinbüchel A, Méndez BS. Insertion sequence-like elements associated with putative polyhydroxybutyrate regulatory genes in Azotobacter sp. FA8. Plasmid 2003; 50:36-44. [PMID: 12826056 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-619x(03)00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The genes phaR, phaP, and phaF, encoding putative regulatory proteins, were found in the poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) gene cluster of the free nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azotobacter sp. FA8. These genes were flanked by the insertion sequence ISAzsp1, belonging to the IS3 family, and a region highly homologous to insertion sequences of the IS630 family. These are the first site-specific recombination elements to be described in association with genes involved in the metabolism of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). A possible role for ISs in the assembly of pha genes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wing Hong L, Yu J. Environmental factors and kinetics of microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in an aqueous medium. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Du G, Yu J. Metabolic analysis on fatty acid utilization by Pseudomonas oleovorans: mcl-poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) synthesis versus β-oxidation. Process Biochem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pozo C, Martínez-Toledo MV, Rodelas B, González-López J. Effects of culture conditions on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Azotobacter chroococcum H23 in media containing a high concentration of alpechín (wastewater from olive oil mills) as primary carbon source. J Biotechnol 2002; 97:125-31. [PMID: 12067519 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of homopolymers containing beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and copolymers containing beta-hydroxyvalerate (P[HB-co-HV]) are produced by Azotobacter chroococcum strain H23 when growing in culture media amended with alpechín (wastewater from olive oil mills) as the sole carbon source. Copolymer was formed when valerate (pentanoate) was added as a precursor to the alpechín medium, but it was not formed with the addition of propionate as a precursor. A. chroococcum formed homo- and copolymers of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) up to 80% of the cell dry weight, when grown on NH(4)(+)-medium supplemented with 60% (v/v) alpechín, after 48 h of incubation at 100 rev min(-1) and 30 degrees C. Production of PHAs by strain H23 using alpechín looks promising, as the use of a cheap substrate for the production of these materials is essential if bioplastics are to become competitive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pozo
- Group of Environmental Microbiology, Instituto del Agua, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Pettinari MJ, Vázquez GJ, Silberschmidt D, Rehm B, Steinbüchel A, Méndez BS. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis genes in Azotobacter sp. strain FA8. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5331-4. [PMID: 11679365 PMCID: PMC93310 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.11.5331-5334.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes responsible for the synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in Azotobacter sp. FA8 were cloned and analyzed. A PHB polymerase gene (phbC) was found downstream from genes coding for beta-ketothiolase (phbA) and acetoacetyl-coenzyme A reductase (phbB). A PHB synthase mutant was obtained by gene inactivation and used for genetic studies. The phbC gene from this strain was introduced into Ralstonia eutropha PHB-4 (phbC-negative mutant), and the recombinant accumulated PHB when either glucose or octanoate was used as a source of carbon, indicating that this PHB synthase cannot incorporate medium-chain-length hydroxyalkanoates into PHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kessler B, Weusthuis R, Witholt B, Eggink G. Production of microbial polyesters: fermentation and downstream processes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2001; 71:159-82. [PMID: 11217411 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-40021-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) constitute a large and versatile family of polyesters produced by various bacteria. PHAs are receiving considerable attention because of their potential as renewable and biodegradable plastics, and as a source of chiral synthons since the monomers are chiral. Industrial PHA production processes have been developed for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (poly(3HB)) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-valerate) (poly(3HB-co-3HV). More than 100 other poly(3HAMCL)s, characterized by monomers of medium chain length, have been identified in the past two decades. These monomers typically contain 6-14 carbon atoms, are usually linked via-3-hydroxy ester linkages, but can occasionally also exhibit 2-, 4-, 5-, or 6-hydroxy ester linkages. Such polyesters are collectively referred to as medium chain length PHAs poly(3HAMCL)s. The vast majority of these interesting biopolyesters have been studied and produced only on the laboratory scale. However, there have been several attempts to develop pilot scale processes, and these provide some insight into the production economics of poly(3HAMCL)s other than poly(3HB) and poly(3HB-co-3HV). These processes utilize diverse fermentation strategies to control the monomer composition of the polymer, enabling the tailoring of polymer material properties to some extent. The best studied of these is poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) (poly(3HO)), which contains about 90% 3-hydroxyoctanoate. This biopolyester has been produced on the pilot scale and is now being used in several experimental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kessler
- Institute of Biotechnology, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg HPT, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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40
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Page WJ, Tindale A, Chandra M, Kwon E. Alginate formation in Azotobacter vinelandii UWD during stationary phase and the turnover of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:483-490. [PMID: 11158365 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-2-483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Azotobacter vinelandii UWD is a mutant of strain UW that is defective in the respiratory oxidation of NADH. This mutation causes an overproduction of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), as polyester synthesis is used as an alternative electron sink. Since PHAs have potential for use as natural, biodegradable plastics, studies of physiology related to their production are of interest. Alginate production by this strain is limited to < 11 microg (mg cell protein)(-1), which permits high efficiency conversion of carbon source into PHA. However, < or = 400 microg (mg cell protein)(-1) was formed when UWD cells were oxygen-limited and in the stationary phase of growth. Alginate formation was fuelled by PHA turnover, which was coincident with the synthesis of alkyl resorcinols, under conditions of exogenous glucose limitation. However, alginate production was a phenotypic and reversible change. Alginate production was stopped by interruption of algD with Tn5lacZ. LacZ activity in UWD was shown to increase in stationary phase, while LacZ activity in a similarly constructed mutant of strain UW did not. Transcription of algD in strain UWD started from a previously identified RpoD promoter and not from the AlgU (RpoE) promoter. This is because strain UWD has a natural insertion element in algU. Differences between strain UW and UWD may reside in the defective respiratory oxidation of NADH, where the NADH surplus in strain UWD may act as a signal of stationary phase. Indeed, a backcross of UW DNA into UWD generated NADH-oxidase-proficient cells that failed to form alginate in stationary phase. Evidence is also presented to show that the RpoD promoter may be recognized by the stationary phase sigma factor (RpoS), which may mediate alginate production in strain UWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Page
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E91
| | - Anne Tindale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E91
| | - Mark Chandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E91
| | - Elena Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E91
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41
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Cho KS, Wook Ryu H, Park CH, Goodrich PR. Utilization of swine wastewater as a feedstock for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Azotobacter vinelandii UWD. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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42
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Savenkova L, Gercberga Z, Bibers I, Kalnin M. Effect of 3-hydroxy valerate content on some physical and mechanical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates produced by Azotobacter chroococcum. Process Biochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(00)00235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Choi JI, Lee SY. High-level production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by fed-batch culture of recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:4363-8. [PMID: 10508061 PMCID: PMC91579 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.10.4363-4368.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation strategies for production of high concentrations of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] with different 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) fractions by recombinant Escherichia coli harboring the Alcaligenes latus polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis genes were developed. Fed-batch cultures of recombinant E. coli with the pH-stat feeding strategy facilitated production of high concentrations and high contents of P(3HB-co-3HV) in a chemically defined medium. When a feeding solution was added in order to increase the glucose and propionic acid concentrations to 20 g/liter and 20 mM, respectively, after each feeding, a cell dry weight of 120.3 g/liter and a relatively low P(3HB-co-3HV) content, 42.5 wt%, were obtained. Accumulation of a high residual concentration of propionic acid in the medium was the reason for the low P(3HB-co-3HV) content. An acetic acid induction strategy was used to stimulate the uptake and utilization of propionic acid. When a fed-batch culture and this strategy were used, we obtained a cell concentration, a P(3HB-co-3HV) concentration, a P(3HB-co-3HV) content, and a 3HV fraction of 141.9 g/liter, 88.1 g/liter, 62.1 wt%, and 15.3 mol%, respectively. When an improved nutrient feeding strategy, acetic acid induction, and oleic acid supplementation were used, we obtained a cell concentration, a P(3HB-co-3HV) concentration, a P(3HB-co-3HV) content, and a 3HV fraction of 203.1 g/liter, 158.8 g/liter, 78.2 wt%, and 10.6 mol%, respectively; this resulted in a high level of productivity, 2.88 g of P(3HB-co-3HV)/liter-h.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1, Kusong-dong, Yusong-gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from Methylobacterium organophilum by potassium-limited fed-batch culture. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(98)00160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Madison LL, Huisman GW. Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): from DNA to plastic. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1999; 63:21-53. [PMID: 10066830 PMCID: PMC98956 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.63.1.21-53.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 884] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) are a class of microbially produced polyesters that have potential applications as conventional plastics, specifically thermoplastic elastomers. A wealth of biological diversity in PHA formation exists, with at least 100 different PHA constituents and at least five different dedicated PHA biosynthetic pathways. This diversity, in combination with classical microbial physiology and modern molecular biology, has now opened up this area for genetic and metabolic engineering to develop optimal PHA-producing organisms. Commercial processes for PHA production were initially developed by W. R. Grace in the 1960s and later developed by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., in the United Kingdom in the 1970s and 1980s. Since the early 1990s, Metabolix Inc. and Monsanto have been the driving forces behind the commercial exploitation of PHA polymers in the United States. The gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia eutropha, formerly known as Alcaligenes eutrophus, has generally been used as the production organism of choice, and intracellular accumulation of PHA of over 90% of the cell dry weight have been reported. The advent of molecular biological techniques and a developing environmental awareness initiated a renewed scientific interest in PHAs, and the biosynthetic machinery for PHA metabolism has been studied in great detail over the last two decades. Because the structure and monomeric composition of PHAs determine the applications for each type of polymer, a variety of polymers have been synthesized by cofeeding of various substrates or by metabolic engineering of the production organism. Classical microbiology and modern molecular bacterial physiology have been brought together to decipher the intricacies of PHA metabolism both for production purposes and for the unraveling of the natural role of PHAs. This review provides an overview of the different PHA biosynthetic systems and their genetic background, followed by a detailed summation of how this natural diversity is being used to develop commercially attractive, recombinant processes for the large-scale production of PHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Madison
- Metabolix, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Braunegg G, Lefebvre G, Genser KF. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable resources: physiological and engineering aspects. J Biotechnol 1998; 65:127-61. [PMID: 9828458 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyhdroxyalkanoates (PHAs), stored as bacterial reserve materials for carbon and energy, are biodegradable substitutes to fossil fuel plastics that can be produced from renewable raw materials. PHAs can be produced under controlled conditions by biotechnological processes. By varying the producing strains, substrates and cosubstrates, a number of polyesters can be synthesized which differ in monomer composition. By this means, PHAs with tailored interesting physical features can be produced. All of them are completely degradable to carbon dioxide and water through natural microbiological mineralization. Consequently, neither their production nor their use or degradation have a negative ecological impact. After a historical review, possibilities for the synthesis of novel PHAs applying different micro-organisms are discussed, and pathways of PHA synthesis and degradation are shown in detail for important PHA producers. This is followed by a discussion of the physiological role of the accumulation product in different micro-organisms. Detection, analysis, and extraction methods of PHAs from microbial biomass are shown, in addition to methods for polyester characterization. Strategies for PHA production under discontinuous and continuous regimes are discussed in detail in addition to the use of different cheap carbon sources from the point of view of different PHA producing strains. An outlook on PHA production by transgenic plants closes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Braunegg
- Institut für Biotechnologie, TU Graz, Austria
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48
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Nutritional and cultural conditions for production of poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid byAzotobacter chroococcum. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1998; 43:177-81. [PMID: 18470491 DOI: 10.1007/bf02816506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1997] [Revised: 12/01/1997] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria have been identified as a potential source of poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB). Systematic study of this ability of N(2)-fixing organisms has lead to the isolation of an efficient strain, identified asAzotobacter chroococcum. Nutritional requirements and cultural conditions for optimal production of PHB by this strain under laboratory conditions were determined. In N-free liquid medium containing 2% glucose, the strain accumulated PHB up to 68% of its cell dry mass. Glucose and mannitol were found to be the best carbon sources, while organic nitrogen compounds were preferred as nitrogen source. Maximum yield (3.3 g/L) was obtained with 0.2% bactopeptone supplementation. Inorganic phosphate at a concentration suboptimal for growth had some growth-promoting effect. Under oxygen limiting conditions, biomass production was enhanced but a different response was obtained for PHB production.
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49
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Finkelstein RA, Boesman-Finkelstein M, Sengupta DK, Page WJ, Stanley CM, Phillips TE. Colonial opacity variations among the choleragenic vibrios. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 1):23-34. [PMID: 9025275 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-1-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultures of Vibrio cholerae 01, biotype El Tor, from the current epidemic of cholera in the Western Hemisphere, and of the new V. cholerae serogroup O139, from the current outbreak in India and Bangladesh, revealed marked colonial heterogeneity when received by the authors. By comparison with reference colony types, using a stereoscope and transmitted oblique illumination, colonies of approximately 10 different degrees of opacity could be distinguished. In contrast, strains freshly isolated from patients and rapidly and carefully preserved were more homogeneous although still differentiable by this technique. These (and older) observations prompted the questions: (1) why is a V. cholerae colony opaque or translucent? and (2) what benefit is it to the vibrios to vary their colonial appearance? The observed changes in colonial opacity, which are reversible, are sometimes (rarely) accompanied by changes in virulence for infant rabbits and, more frequently, by other phenotypic variations including the ability to produce poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate inclusion bodies on glycerol-containing medium, the degree of encapsulation in 0139, changes in outer-membrane proteins, alteration in lipopolysaccharide structure, changes in expression of glycolytic pathways, and differences in ability to survive under adverse conditions. Colonial variations in choleragenic vibrios are phenotypically multifactorial. The genetic mechanisms(s) underlying the observed phenotypic changes remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Mary Boesman-Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Dilip K Sengupta
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - William J Page
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - C Michael Stanley
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Thomas E Phillips
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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50
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Anaerobic microbial degradation of poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates) with various terminal electron acceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02074870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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