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Tolouei S, Burnet JB, Autixier L, Taghipour M, Bonsteel J, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Prévost M, Dorner S. Temporal variability of parasites, bacterial indicators, and wastewater micropollutants in a water resource recovery facility under various weather conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:446-458. [PMID: 30408731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater discharges lead to the deterioration of receiving waters through treated effluents and by-passes, combined and sanitary sewer overflows, and cross-connections to storm sewers. The influence of weather conditions on fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens and wastewater micropollutants on raw and treated sewage concentrations has not been extensively characterized. However, such data are needed to understand the effects of by-pass discharges and incomplete treatment on receiving waters. A water resource recovery facility was monitored for pathogenic parasites (Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts), fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens), and wastewater micropollutants (caffeine, carbamazepine, 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, acesulfame, sucralose, and aspartame) during 6 events under different weather conditions (snowmelt and trace to 32 mm 2-day cumulative precipitation). Greater intra- and inter-event variability was observed for Giardia, E. coli and C. perfringens than for studied WWMPs. Even with the addition of inflow and infiltration, daily variations dominated concentration trends. Thus, afternoon and early evening were identified as critical times with regards to high concentrations and flows for potential by-pass discharges. Peak concentrations of Giardia were observed during the June wet weather event (1010 cysts/L), with the highest flowrates relative to the mean monthly flowrate. Overall, Giardia, E. coli and C. perfringens concentrations were positively correlated with flowrate (R > 0.32, p < 0.05). In raw sewage samples collected under high precipitation conditions, caffeine, carbamazepine and its metabolite 2-OH-carbamazepine were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with Giardia, E. coli, and C. perfringens demonstrating that they are useful markers for untreated sewage discharges. Data from the study are needed for estimating peak concentrations discharged from wastewater sources in relation to precipitation or snowmelt events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tolouei
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Laurène Autixier
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Milad Taghipour
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jane Bonsteel
- Peel Region, 10 Peel Centre Dr, Brampton, L6T 4B9, ON, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Chemistry Department, University of Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Chemistry Department, University of Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Michéle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
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Beurmann S, Ushijima B, Videau P, Svoboda CM, Chatterjee A, Aeby GS, Callahan SM. Dynamics of acute Montipora white syndrome: bacterial communities of healthy and diseased M. capitata colonies during and after a disease outbreak. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:1240-1253. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beurmann
- †Present address: Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- 2Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne‘ohe, HI, USA
- 1Department of Microbiology, Universtiy of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Blake Ushijima
- 3Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Patrick Videau
- 4Dakota State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Madison, SD, USA
| | - Christina M. Svoboda
- 1Department of Microbiology, Universtiy of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- 2Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne‘ohe, HI, USA
| | | | - Greta S. Aeby
- 2Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne‘ohe, HI, USA
| | - Sean M. Callahan
- 1Department of Microbiology, Universtiy of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- 2Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāne‘ohe, HI, USA
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Laitano MV, Díaz-Jaramillo M, Rodriguez YE, Ducós E, Panarello HO, Fernández-Gimenez AV. Linking stable isotopes and biochemical responses in Balanus glandula under sewage influence. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:505-511. [PMID: 29475690 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed the influence of untreated sewage exposure on carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic composition and several biochemical responses in the barnacle Balanus glandula. The main objective was to evaluate whether changes in stable isotopes signature do reflect biochemical sub-lethal effects in a sewage influence gradient. Stable isotopes analysis showed differences in isotope signatures between close sewage influence and distant sites, being δ13C signatures stronger than that of δ15N. Regarding biochemical effects, although organisms close to the effluent would be clearly exposed to contaminants (increased GST activity) the oxidative stress would not be too evident (peroxidases and ACAP not affected). The most affected physiological aspect was the digestive one, reflected in increased alkaline proteases and lipases activities. A clear relation between δ15N and GST activity was found, showing to δ15N as an indicator of potential exposure to chemical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Laitano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología aplicada, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - M Díaz-Jaramillo
- IIMyC, UNMdP, CONICET, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Y E Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología aplicada, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - E Ducós
- INGEIS, Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica, CONICET-UBA, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Pabellón INGEIS - Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H O Panarello
- INGEIS, Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica, CONICET-UBA, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Pabellón INGEIS - Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A V Fernández-Gimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología aplicada, Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Stark JS, Bridgen P, Dunshea G, Galton-Fenzi B, Hunter J, Johnstone G, King C, Leeming R, Palmer A, Smith J, Snape I, Stark S, Riddle M. Dispersal and dilution of wastewater from an ocean outfall at Davis Station, Antarctica, and resulting environmental contamination. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 152:142-157. [PMID: 26966813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic Treaty permits the discharge of wastewater into Antarctic marine waters providing that conditions exist for initial dilution and rapid dispersal. We investigated the dilution and dispersal of macerated wastewater around Australia's Davis Station in East Antarctica and examined sediments for evidence of contaminants. Methods used to examine hydrodynamic conditions included current meters, dye release experiments and measurement of sewage-associated microbial markers and surfactants in the water column. We measured marine sediments for metals, nutrients, PBDEs, hydrocarbons and faecal sterols. We propose that if there is adequate dilution and dispersal there would be no significant difference in contaminant concentrations in sediments around the outfall compared to distant control sites. Currents were strongly correlated with prevailing wind conditions. Modelling indicated that diffusivity of wastewater had the greatest effect on dilution factors and that neither discharge rates nor local currents had as much effect. During summer conditions of open water, wastewater is likely to be constrained in a narrow plume close to the coast. Concentrations of sewage bacteria were high around the outfall and detected up to 1.5 km away, along with dye. There were significant differences in sediment concentrations of metals, PBDEs, hydrocarbons, nutrients and faecal sterols between sites within 2 km of the outfall and control sites. We conclude that dilution and dispersal conditions at the Davis outfall are insufficient to prevent the accumulation of contaminants in local sediments and that microbial hazards posed by wastewater are an environmental risk to local wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Stark
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Theme, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston 7050, TAS, Australia.
| | - Phil Bridgen
- AsureQuality, 1C Quadrant Drive, Waiwhetu, Lower Hutt 50106, New Zealand
| | - Glenn Dunshea
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Theme, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston 7050, TAS, Australia
| | - Ben Galton-Fenzi
- ACE-CRC, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Private Bag 80, Hobart 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - John Hunter
- ACE-CRC, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Private Bag 80, Hobart 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Glenn Johnstone
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Theme, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston 7050, TAS, Australia
| | - Catherine King
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Theme, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston 7050, TAS, Australia
| | - Rhys Leeming
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart 7000, TAS, Australia
| | - Anne Palmer
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Theme, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston 7050, TAS, Australia
| | - James Smith
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Snape
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Theme, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston 7050, TAS, Australia
| | - Scott Stark
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Theme, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston 7050, TAS, Australia
| | - Martin Riddle
- Antarctic Conservation and Management Theme, Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Hwy, Kingston 7050, TAS, Australia
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Chen D, Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Luellen D, Kim S, Geisz HN. Hexabromocyclododecane flame retardant in Antarctica: Research stations as sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:611-618. [PMID: 26312743 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Historical persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are banned from Antarctica under international treaty; but contemporary-use POPs can enter as additives within polymer and textile products. Over their useful lives these products may release additives in-situ. Indeed, we observed 226 and 109 ng/g dry weight (dw) of the total concentrations of α-, β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in indoor dust from McMurdo Station (U.S.) and Scott Station (New Zealand), respectively. Sewage sludge collected from wastewater treatment facilities at these stations exhibited ∑HBCD of 45 and 69 ng/g dw, respectively. Contaminants originally within the bases may exit to the local outdoor environment via wastewaters. Near McMurdo, maximum ∑HBCD levels in surficial marine sediments and aquatic biota (invertebrates and fish) were 2350 ng/g (total organic carbon basis) and 554 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Levels declined with distance from McMurdo. Our results illustrate that Antarctic research stations serve as local HBCD sources to the pristine Antarctic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Robert C Hale
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Mark J La Guardia
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Drew Luellen
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Stacy Kim
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Heidi N Geisz
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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La Sala LF, Redondo LM, Díaz Carrasco JM, Pereyra AM, Farber M, Jost H, Fernández-Miyakawa ME. Carriage of Clostridium perfringens by benthic crabs in a sewage-polluted estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 97:365-372. [PMID: 26130524 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Estuary of Bahía Blanca (EBB), Argentina, is an important wetland under intense sewage pollution. We investigated the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens (CP) in populations of two benthic crabs (Neohelice granulata and Cyrtograpsus angulatus) and in sediment from the EBB. CP was found in 49.1% of the crabs and all of the isolates were identified as type A. The alpha (cpa) and enterotoxin (cpe) encoding genes were identified. Genetic analyses identified 13 novel sequence types, and found no clustering among isolates, suggesting that CP is not part of the crabs' commensal flora. CP carriage was 51 times more likely in crabs from the area nearest sewage outfalls compared with crabs from a reference site. Our in vitro experiments suggest that the carriage of CP in crabs is transient. The use of these benthic crabs as monitoring organisms of sewage pollution in coastal habitats is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano F La Sala
- GEKKO, Grupo de Estudios en Conservación y Manejo, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Leandro M Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Díaz Carrasco
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Pereyra
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Farber
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helen Jost
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mariano E Fernández-Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Dauner ALL, Hernández EA, MacCormack WP, Martins CC. Molecular characterisation of anthropogenic sources of sedimentary organic matter from Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 502:408-16. [PMID: 25268570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although relatively recent, human activities in Antarctica, such as growing tourism, fishery activities, and scientific operations, have affected some areas of this continent. These activities eventually release pollutants, such as petroleum and its derivatives and sewage, into this environment. Located on King George Island (25 de Mayo Island), Potter Cove (62°14'S, 58°39'W) is home to the Argentine Carlini research station. To evaluate the anthropogenic impacts surrounding Potter Cove, sediment samples were collected and analysed for sewage and fuel introduction via the determination of organic markers. The highest concentrations were found in the central portion of the fjords, where fine sediments are deposited and the accumulation of organic molecules is favoured. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were mainly derived from biogenic sources, evidenced by the predominance of odd short-chain n-alkanes. Anthropogenic impacts were evidenced primarily by the presence of PAHs, which were predominantly related to petrogenic sources, such as vessel and boat traffic. Sewage marker concentrations were much lower than those found in other Antarctic regions. These results indicate that oil hydrocarbons and sewage inputs to Potter Cove may be considered low or only slightly influential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia L Dauner
- Centro de Estudos do Mar da Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO) da Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
| | - Edgardo A Hernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Antártico Argentino, Dirección Nacional del Antártico, Balcarce 290, C1064AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter P MacCormack
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Antártico Argentino, Dirección Nacional del Antártico, Balcarce 290, C1064AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar da Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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Emnet P, Gaw S, Northcott G, Storey B, Graham L. Personal care products and steroid hormones in the Antarctic coastal environment associated with two Antarctic research stations, McMurdo Station and Scott Base. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:331-342. [PMID: 25460654 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are a major source of micropollutants to the aquatic environment. Despite intense research on the fate and effects of PPCPs in temperate climates, there is a paucity of data on their presence in polar environments. This study reports the presence of selected PPCPs in sewage effluents from two Antarctic research stations, the adjacent coastal seawater, sea ice, and biota. Sewage effluents contained bisphenol-A, ethinylestradiol, estrone, methyl triclosan, octylphenol, triclosan, and three UV-filters. The maximum sewage effluent concentrations of 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor, benzophenone-1, estrone, ethinylestradiol, and octylphenol exceeded concentrations previously reported. Coastal seawaters contained bisphenol-A, octylphenol, triclosan, three paraben preservatives, and four UV-filters. The sea ice contained a similar range and concentration of PPCPs as the seawater. Benzophenone-3 (preferential accumulation in clams), estradiol, ethinylestradiol, methyl paraben (preferential accumulation in fish, with concentrations correlating negatively with fillet size), octylphenol, and propyl paraben were detected in biota samples. PPCPs were detected in seawater and biota at distances up to 25 km from the research stations WWTP discharges. Sewage effluent discharges and disposal of raw human waste through sea ice cracks have been identified as sources of PPCPs to Antarctic coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, Private Bag 4800, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, Private Bag 4800, New Zealand.
| | - Grant Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Bryan Storey
- Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, Private Bag 4800, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, Private Bag 4800, New Zealand
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Korosi JB, Cheng W, Blais JM. Organic Pollutants in Sediment Core Archives. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9541-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Comprehensive analysis of prokaryotes in environmental water using DNA microarray analysis and whole genome amplification. Pathogens 2013; 2:591-605. [PMID: 25437334 PMCID: PMC4235703 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The microflora in environmental water consists of a high density and diversity of bacterial species that form the foundation of the water ecosystem. Because the majority of these species cannot be cultured in vitro, a different approach is needed to identify prokaryotes in environmental water. A novel DNA microarray was developed as a simplified detection protocol. Multiple DNA probes were designed against each of the 97,927 sequences in the DNA Data Bank of Japan and mounted on a glass chip in duplicate. Evaluation of the microarray was performed using the DNA extracted from one liter of environmental water samples collected from seven sites in Japan. The extracted DNA was uniformly amplified using whole genome amplification (WGA), labeled with Cy3-conjugated 16S rRNA specific primers and hybridized to the microarray. The microarray successfully identified soil bacteria and environment-specific bacteria clusters. The DNA microarray described herein can be a useful tool in evaluating the diversity of prokaryotes and assessing environmental changes such as global warming.
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Abilities of the mCP Agar method and CRENAME alpha toxin-specific real-time PCR assay to detect Clostridium perfringens spores in drinking water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7654-61. [PMID: 24077714 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02791-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We first determined the analytical specificity and ubiquity (i.e., the ability to detect all or most strains) of a Clostridium perfringens-specific real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay based on the cpa gene (cpa rtPCR) by using a bacterial strain panel composed of C. perfringens and non-C. perfringens Clostridium strains. All non-C. perfringens Clostridium strains tested negative, whereas all C. perfringens strains tested positive with the cpa rtPCR, for an analytical specificity and ubiquity of 100%. The cpa rtPCR assay was then used to confirm the identity of 116 putative C. perfringens isolates recovered after filtration of water samples and culture on mCP agar. Colonies presenting discordant results between the phenotype on mCP agar and cpa rtPCR were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA and cpa genes. Four mCP(-)/rtPCR(+) colonies were identified as C. perfringens, whereas 3 mCP(+)/rtPCR(-) colonies were identified as non-C. perfringens. The cpa rtPCR was negative with all 51 non-C. perfringens strains and positive with 64 of 65 C. perfringens strains. Finally, we compared mCP agar and a CRENAME (concentration and recovery of microbial particles, extraction of nucleic acids, and molecular enrichment) procedure plus cpa rtPCR (CRENAME + cpa rtPCR) for their abilities to detect C. perfringens spores in drinking water. CRENAME + cpa rtPCR detected as few as one C. perfringens CFU per 100 ml of drinking water sample in less than 5 h, whereas mCP agar took at least 25 h to deliver results. CRENAME + cpa rtPCR also allows the simultaneous and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli and C. perfringens from the same potable water sample. In itself, it could be used to assess the public health risk posed by drinking water potentially contaminated with pathogens more resistant to disinfection.
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Eichmiller JJ, Hicks RE, Sadowsky MJ. Distribution of genetic markers of fecal pollution on a freshwater sandy shoreline in proximity to wastewater effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3395-402. [PMID: 23473470 PMCID: PMC3629727 DOI: 10.1021/es305116c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Water, sand, and sediment from a Lake Superior harbor site continuously receiving wastewater effluent was sampled monthly for June to October 2010 and from May to September 2011. Understanding the dynamics of genetic markers of fecal bacteria in these matrices is essential to accurately characterizing health risks. Genetic markers for enterococci, total Bacteroides, and human-associated Bacteroides were measured in site-water, sand, and sediment and in final effluent by quantitative PCR. The similarity between the quantity of molecular markers in the water column and effluent indicated that the abundance of genetic markers in the water column was likely controlled by effluent inputs. Effluent turbidity was positively correlated (p ≤ 0.05) with AllBac and HF183 in final effluent and AllBac in the water column. In sand and sediment, Entero1 and AllBac were most abundant in the upper 1-3 cm depths, whereas HF183 was most abundant in the upper 1 cm of sand and at 7 cm in sediment. The AllBac and Entero1 markers were 1- and 2-orders of magnitude more abundant in sand and sediment relative to the water column per unit mass. These results indicate that sand and sediment may act as reservoirs for genetic markers of fecal pollution at some freshwater sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Eichmiller
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 438 BorH, St. Paul, MN 55108
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1035 Kirby Drive, SSB 207, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Randall E. Hicks
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1035 Kirby Drive, SSB 207, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 438 BorH, St. Paul, MN 55108
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota,1479 Gortner Ave., 140 Gortner Labs, St. Paul, MN 55108
- Corresponding author: Michael Sadowsky, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Drive, Saint Paul, MN 55108, Phone: (612) 624-2706, Fax: (612) 625-2208,
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13
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Marine and Freshwater Fecal Indicators and Source Identification. Infect Dis (Lond) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5719-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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14
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Martins CC, Aguiar SN, Bícego MC, Montone RC. Sewage organic markers in surface sediments around the Brazilian Antarctic station: results from the 2009/10 austral summer and historical tendencies. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:2867-2870. [PMID: 22980774 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of sewage into the Antarctic marine environments by scientific stations has resulted in local changes in these pristine sites. To assess the distribution and concentration of sewage indicators from the Brazilian Antarctic station, sediments were sampled during the 2009/10 austral summer at four points (water depth of 20 and 60 m). Concentrations of faecal sterols and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) ranged from <0.01 to 0.17 μg g⁻¹ and <1.0 to 46.5 ng g⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. Maximum concentration of faecal sterols was similar to the value previously calculated as the background level for this area (0.19 μg g⁻¹), and it is lower than the concentration observed in previous studies (1997-2008), whereas the LABs concentrations remained practically constant (35 ng g⁻¹). Despite the low concentrations of sewage markers, the permanent human activities in the region require monitoring programs to determine continuing trends and prevent the increase of anthropogenic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.
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15
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Growth form analysis of epiphytic diatom communities of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-012-1240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Voidarou C, Alexopoulos A, Plessas S, Stavropoulou E, Fotou K, Tzora A, Skoufos I, Bezirtzoglou E. Hygienic quality and antibiotic resistance profile of sliced butchery. Anaerobe 2011; 17:344-50. [PMID: 21722746 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the microbiological quality of different meat products on the Greek market, 200 samples were collected from the following preparations: boiled turkey (n=50), boiled pork ham (n=50), smoked turkey (n=50) and smoked pork ham (n=50). In all cold meat preparations Clostridium perfringens vegetative and spore forms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and other Clostridium sp lec(-), as well as Lactobacillus, Bacillus sp. and Salmonella sp. were recovered. For instance Bacillus cereus was present in 6% of the samples. L. monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were rarely present (1-4%) while Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter lari were absent. Differences in the occurrence of S. aureus, Salmonella sp., E. coli and spore forms of C. perfringens in boiled and smoked samples, reflects either the differences in the processing of the foods or could be associated to the extensive handling by the personnel during the purchasing (storage, slicing, wrapping). Antibiotic resistance on specific antibiotics for each pathogen was also studied. A multiresistance antibiotic profile was effective for most bacterial strains, and pronounced resistance profiles were observed for the commonly used antibiotics as ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin followed by ceftriaxone and gentamycin. Albeit this high observed resistance profile, the tested strains generally conserved their susceptibility to amikacin, aztreonam, chloramphenicol and tylosin conserved an almost absent resistance. Antibiotics commonly used for therapeutic purposes, as well as antibiotics added to feed stuff of animals for increasing animal flesh production should contribute to the extensive spreading of antibiotic resistance in food and the environment. Systematically monitoring of the microbiological quality of cold butchery preparations must be done, in order to preserve food quality, optimizing the processing and elaboration methods of the product and safeguard the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Voidarou
- Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, GR47100, Greece
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17
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Aronson RB, Thatje S, McClintock JB, Hughes KA. Anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Antarctica. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1223:82-107. [PMID: 21449967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antarctica is the most isolated continent on Earth, but it has not escaped the negative impacts of human activity. The unique marine ecosystems of Antarctica and their endemic faunas are affected on local and regional scales by overharvesting, pollution, and the introduction of alien species. Global climate change is also having deleterious impacts: rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification already threaten benthic and pelagic food webs. The Antarctic Treaty System can address local- to regional-scale impacts, but it does not have purview over the global problems that impinge on Antarctica, such as emissions of greenhouse gases. Failure to address human impacts simultaneously at all scales will lead to the degradation of Antarctic marine ecosystems and the homogenization of their composition, structure, and processes with marine ecosystems elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Aronson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, USA.
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18
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Voidarou C, Bezirtzoglou E, Alexopoulos A, Plessas S, Stefanis C, Papadopoulos I, Vavias S, Stavropoulou E, Fotou K, Tzora A, Skoufos I. Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens from different cultivated soils. Anaerobe 2011; 17:320-4. [PMID: 21621626 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Clostridium perfringens was estimated in 750 samples originated from a variety of soils bearing various bulb crops: Brawnica oderacea (vegetable), Olea europaea, Daucus carota (carote), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Phaseolus vulgaris (green haricot), Beta vulgaris var. rapaceum (beetroot), Cucurbita pepo (squash), Allium cepa (onion), Cucumis sativus (cucumber) and Capsicum annum (pepper). All isolated strains were tested for their antimicrobial activities to amoxicillin, penicillin G, kanamycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and metronidazole. When considering the type of the bulb production, it was observed increased number of C. perfringens spore densities in the most undersurface bulb soils. Moreover, C. perfringens spore are likely to occur in particularly large numbers in soil contaminated by fecal matter. Additionally, there is a close relationship between the spore amount and nature of organic content. Presence of C. perfringens was associated with acidic soil. Most of our strains showed resistance to the studied antibiotics applied usually for human and veterinary care. A systematic monitoring of the cultivated soil ecosystems must include bacteriological parameters together with chemical indices of organic pollution in order to obtain information adequate for assessing their overall quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Voidarou
- Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta GR47100, Greece
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Montone RC, Martins CC, Bícego MC, Taniguchi S, da Silva DAM, Campos LS, Weber RR. Distribution of sewage input in marine sediments around a maritime Antarctic research station indicated by molecular geochemical indicators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4665-4671. [PMID: 20656326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sediments from Admiralty Bay, Antarctica were collected during the austral summers of 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 in order to assess the distribution and concentration of sewage indicators originating from Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Station. Fecal sterols (coprostanol+epicoprostanol) and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) ranged from <0.01 to 0.95 microg g(-1) and <1.0 to 23 ng g(-1) dry weight, respectively. In general, the higher concentrations were found only locally in the vicinity of Ferraz station at Martel Inlet. Baseline values for fecal sterols and coprostanone were calculated as 0.19 and 0.40 microg g(-1), respectively. According to fecal sterols concentrations, sewage contribution to Martel Inlet has increased more than twice since 1997, as result of the increase in the number of researchers at the station especially during the last decade. A low correlation was found between total LABs and fecal steroids, which could be attributed to the contribution of the natural sources of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Montone
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de. Química Orgânica Marinha, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Freshwater suspended sediments and sewage are reservoirs for enterotoxin-positive Clostridium perfringens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:5556-62. [PMID: 20581181 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01702-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of fecal pollution into surface waters may create environmental reservoirs of feces-derived microorganisms, including pathogens. Clostridium perfringens is a commonly used fecal indicator that represents a human pathogen. The pathogenicity of this bacterium is associated with its expression of multiple toxins; however, the prevalence of C. perfringens with various toxin genes in aquatic environments is not well characterized. In this study, C. perfringens spores were used to measure the distribution of fecal pollution associated with suspended sediments in the nearshore waters of Lake Michigan. Particle-associated C. perfringens levels were greatest adjacent to the Milwaukee harbor and diminished in the nearshore waters. Species-specific PCR and toxin gene profiles identified 174 isolates collected from the suspended sediments, surface water, and sewage influent as C. perfringens type A. Regardless of the isolation source, the beta2 and enterotoxin genes were common among isolates. The suspended sediments yielded the highest frequency of cpe-carrying C. perfringens (61%) compared to sewage (38%). Gene arrangement of enterotoxin was investigated using PCR to target known insertion sequences associated with this gene. Amplification products were detected in only 9 of 90 strains, which suggests there is greater variability in cpe gene arrangement than previously described. This work presents evidence that freshwater suspended sediments and sewage influent are reservoirs for potentially pathogenic cpe-carrying C. perfringens spores.
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Conlan KE, Kim SL, Thurber AR, Hendrycks E. Benthic changes at McMurdo Station, Antarctica following local sewage treatment and regional iceberg-mediated productivity decline. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:419-432. [PMID: 19945127 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
McMurdo Station, the largest research station in Antarctica, ceased on-site garbage dumping in 1988 and initiated sewage treatment in 2003. In 2003-2004 its sea-ice regime was altered by the massive B-15A and C-19 iceberg groundings in the Ross Sea, approximately 100km distant. Here we follow macrofaunal response to these changes relative to a baseline sampled since 1988. In the submarine garbage dump, surface contaminants levels have declined but associated macrofaunal recolonization is not yet evident. Although sewage-associated macrofauna were still abundant around the outfall nearly 2yr after initiation of treatment, small changes downcurrent as far as 434m from the outfall suggest some community recovery. Widespread community changes in 2003-2004, not seen in the decade previously, suggests that the benthos collectively responded to major changes in sea-ice regime and phytoplankton production caused by the iceberg groundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Conlan
- Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada.
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22
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Miller MA, Byrne BA, Jang SS, Dodd EM, Dorfmeier E, Harris MD, Ames J, Paradies D, Worcester K, Jessup DA, Miller WA. Enteric bacterial pathogen detection in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) is associated with coastal urbanization and freshwater runoff. Vet Res 2010; 41:1. [PMID: 19720009 PMCID: PMC2769548 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protected for nearly a century, California's sea otters have been slow to recover, in part due to exposure to fecally-associated protozoal pathogens like Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis neurona. However, potential impacts from exposure to fecal bacteria have not been systematically explored. Using selective media, we examined feces from live and dead sea otters from California for specific enteric bacterial pathogens (Campylobacter, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, C. difficile and Escherichia coli O157:H7), and pathogens endemic to the marine environment (Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and Plesiomonas shigelloides). We evaluated statistical associations between detection of these pathogens in otter feces and demographic or environmental risk factors for otter exposure, and found that dead otters were more likely to test positive for C. perfringens, Campylobacter and V. parahaemolyticus than were live otters. Otters from more urbanized coastlines and areas with high freshwater runoff (near outflows of rivers or streams) were more likely to test positive for one or more of these bacterial pathogens. Other risk factors for bacterial detection in otters included male gender and fecal samples collected during the rainy season when surface runoff is maximal. Similar risk factors were reported in prior studies of pathogen exposure for California otters and their invertebrate prey, suggesting that land-sea transfer and/or facilitation of pathogen survival in degraded coastal marine habitat may be impacting sea otter recovery. Because otters and humans share many of the same foods, our findings may also have implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Miller
- California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 1451 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
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Mueller-Spitz SR, Stewart LB, McLellan SL. Reliability of mCP method for identification of Clostridium perfringens from faecal polluted aquatic environments. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1994-2002. [PMID: 19929952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of the work was to evaluate the mCP method to correctly identify and enumerate Clostridium perfringens that are present in surface waters impacted by a mixture of faecal pollution sources. METHODS Clostridium perfringens were enumerated and isolated from sewage influent, surface water and suspended sediments using the mCP method. Molecular characterization of isolates was performed using species-specific PCR, along with full-length sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for a subset of isolates. RESULTS The environmental isolates were presumptively identified as C. perfringens based on utilization of sucrose, inability to ferment cellobiose and a positive action for acid phosphatase activity. All isolates (n = 126) were classified as C. perfringens based on positive results with species-specific PCR with a subset confirmed as C. perfringens based on the 16S rRNA gene identity. CONCLUSIONS The molecular results indicated all of the presumptive positive isolates were C. perfringens regardless of the source, e.g. sewage influent or environmental water samples. Sequencing revealed that C. perfringens obtained from sewage and the aquatic environment were nearly identical (c. 99.5% similarity). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY From this study we conclude that the mCP method is a robust approach to enumerate and isolate C. perfringens from aquatic environments that receive diverse sources of faecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Mueller-Spitz
- Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
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Abstract
Sewage and its microbiology, treatment and disposal are important to the topic of Antarctic wildlife health because disposal of untreated sewage effluent into the Antarctic marine environment is both allowed and commonplace. Human sewage contains enteric bacteria as normal flora, and has the potential to contain parasites, bacteria and viruses which may prove pathogenic to Antarctic wildlife. Treatment can reduce levels of micro-organisms in sewage effluent, but is not a requirement of the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol). In contrast, the deliberate release of non-native organisms for any other reason is prohibited. Hence, disposal of sewage effluent to the marine environment is the only activity routinely undertaken in Antarctica knowing that it will likely result in the release of large numbers of potentially non-native species. When the Madrid Protocol was negotiated, the decision to allow release of untreated sewage effluent was considered the only pragmatic option, as a prohibition would have been costly, and may not have been achievable by many Antarctic operators. In addition, at that time the potential for transmission of pathogens to wildlife from sewage was not emphasised as a significant potential risk. Since then, the transmission of disease-causing agents between species is more widely recognised and it is now timely to consider the risks of continued discharge of sewage effluent in Antarctica and whether there are practical alternatives.
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Garrido-Pérez MC, Anfuso E, Acevedo A, Perales-Vargas-Machuca JA. Microbial indicators of faecal contamination in waters and sediments of beach bathing zones. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 211:510-7. [PMID: 18248849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the results obtained of the microbial characterization of waters and sediments of 18 coastal bathing zones of the south-western coast of the Iberian Peninsula. To make this characterization, two indicators of faecal contamination have been selected: faecal coliforms (FC) and Clostridium perfringens (CP). The results show that low concentrations of FC and CP in water not necessarily implies that their concentration in sediment and elutriates has to be low as well. The highest concentrations were found in locations close to the mouth of rivers, and in beaches of low energy and hence low water renewal, and high accumulation of fine sediments. The concentrations of FC were lower than those obtained for CP in most of the sampling locations. Although quality standards for bathing waters do not take the parameter CP into account, it has been demonstrated that it should be a good indicator of faecal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Garrido-Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Food Technologies and Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Pol. Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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Barnes DKA, Conlan KE. Disturbance, colonization and development of Antarctic benthic communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007; 362:11-38. [PMID: 17405206 PMCID: PMC3227166 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A decade has yielded much progress in understanding polar disturbance and community recovery-mainly through quantifying ice scour rates, other disturbance levels, larval abundance and diversity, colonization rates and response of benthos to predicted climate change. The continental shelf around Antarctica is clearly subject to massive disturbance, but remarkably across so many scales. In summer, millions of icebergs from sizes smaller than cars to larger than countries ground out and gouge the sea floor and crush the benthic communities there, while the highest wind speeds create the highest waves to pound the coast. In winter, the calm associated with the sea surface freezing creates the clearest marine water in the world. But in winter, an ice foot encases coastal life and anchor ice rips benthos from the sea floor. Over tens and hundreds of thousands of years, glaciations have done the same on continental scales-ice sheets have bulldozed the seabed and the zoobenthos to edge of shelves. We detail and rank modern disturbance levels (from most to least): ice; asteroid impacts; sediment instability; wind/wave action; pollution; UV irradiation; volcanism; trawling; non-indigenous species; freshwater inundation; and temperature stress. Benthic organisms have had to recolonize local scourings and continental shelves repeatedly, yet a decade of studies have demonstrated that they have (compared with lower latitudes) slow tempos of reproduction, colonization and growth. Despite massive disturbance levels and slow recolonization potential, the Antarctic shelf has a much richer fauna than would be expected for its area. Now, West Antarctica is among the fastest warming regions and its organisms face new rapid changes. In the next century, temperature stress and non-indigenous species will drastically rise to become dominant disturbances to the Antarctic life. Here, we describe the potential for benthic organisms to respond to disturbance, focusing particularly on what we know now that we did not a decade ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K A Barnes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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Ah Tow L, Cowan DA. Dissemination and survival of non-indigenous bacterial genomes in pristine Antarctic environments. Extremophiles 2005; 9:385-9. [PMID: 15947864 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-005-0452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Continental Antarctic is perceived as a largely pristine environment, although certain localized regions (e.g., parts of the Ross Dependency Dry Valleys) are relatively heavy impacted by human activities. The procedures imposed on Antarctic field parties for the handling and disposal of both solid and liquid wastes are designed to minimise eutrofication and contamination (particularly by human enteric bacteria). However, little consideration has been given to the significance, if any, of less obvious forms of microbial contamination resulting from periodic human activities in Antarctica. The predominant commensal microorganism on human skin, Staphylococcus epidermidis, could be detected by PCR, in Dry Valley mineral soils collected from heavily impacted areas, but could not be detected in Dry Valley mineral soils collected from low impact and pristine areas. Cell viability of this non-enteric human commensal is rapidly lost in Dry Valley mineral soil. However, S. epidermidis can persist for long periods in Dry Valley mineral soil as non-viable cells and/or naked DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemese Ah Tow
- Advanced Research Centre for Applied Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville,Cape Town, South Africa
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Hughes KA. Effect of Antarctic solar radiation on sewage bacteria viability. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:2237-44. [PMID: 15927228 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The majority of coastal Antarctic research stations discard untreated sewage waste into the near-shore marine environment. However, Antarctic solar conditions are unique, with ozone depletion increasing the proportion of potentially damaging ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the marine environment. This study assessed the influence of Antarctic solar radiation on the viability of Escherichia coli and sewage microorganisms at Rothera Research Station, Adelaide Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Cell viability decreased with increased exposure time and with exposure to shorter wavelengths of solar radiation. Cell survival also declined with decreasing cloud cover, solar zenith angle and ozone column depth. However, particulates in sewage increased the persistence of viable bacteria. Ultraviolet radiation doses over Rothera Point were highest during the austral summer. During this time, solar radiation may act to partially reduce the number of viable sewage-derived microorganisms in the surface seawater around Antarctic outfalls. Nevertheless, this effect is not reliable and every effort should be made to fully treat sewage before release into the Antarctic marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Hughes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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Lisle JT, Smith JJ, Edwards DD, McFeters GA. Occurrence of microbial indicators and Clostridium perfringens in wastewater, water column samples, sediments, drinking water, and Weddell seal feces collected at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 70:7269-76. [PMID: 15574926 PMCID: PMC535152 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.12.7269-7276.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
McMurdo Station, Antarctica, has discharged untreated sewage into McMurdo Sound for decades. Previous studies delineated the impacted area, which included the drinking water intake, by using total coliform and Clostridium perfringens concentrations. The estimation of risk to humans in contact with the impacted and potable waters may be greater than presumed, as these microbial indicators may not be the most appropriate for this environment. To address these concerns, concentrations of these and additional indicators (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, coliphage, and enteroviruses) in the untreated wastewater, water column, and sediments of the impacted area and drinking water treatment facility and distribution system at McMurdo Station were determined. Fecal samples from Weddell seals in this area were also collected and analyzed for indicators. All drinking water samples were negative for indicators except for a single total coliform-positive sample. Total coliforms were present in water column samples at higher concentrations than other indicators. Fecal coliform and enterococcus concentrations were similar to each other and greater than those of other indicators in sediment samples closer to the discharge site. C. perfringens concentrations were higher in sediments at greater distances from the discharge site. Seal fecal samples contained concentrations of fecal coliforms, E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens similar to those found in untreated sewage. All samples were negative for enteroviruses. A wastewater treatment facility at McMurdo Station has started operation, and these data provide a baseline data set for monitoring the recovery of the impacted area. The contribution of seal feces to indicator concentrations in this area should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Lisle
- U.S. Geological Survey Center for Coastal and Watershed Research, 600 Fourth St.-South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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Frenot Y, Chown SL, Whinam J, Selkirk PM, Convey P, Skotnicki M, Bergstrom DM. Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2005; 80:45-72. [PMID: 15727038 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793104006542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alien microbes, fungi, plants and animals occur on most of the sub-Antarctic islands and some parts of the Antarctic continent. These have arrived over approximately the last two centuries, coincident with human activity in the region. Introduction routes have varied, but are largely associated with movement of people and cargo in connection with industrial, national scientific program and tourist operations. The large majority of aliens are European in origin. They have both direct and indirect impacts on the functioning of species-poor Antarctic ecosystems, in particular including substantial loss of local biodiversity and changes to ecosystem processes. With rapid climate change occurring in some parts of Antarctica, elevated numbers of introductions and enhanced success of colonization by aliens are likely, with consequent increases in impacts on ecosystems. Mitigation measures that will substantially reduce the risk of introductions to Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic must focus on reducing propagule loads on humans, and their food, cargo, and transport vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Frenot
- UMR 6553 CNRS-Université de Rennes and French Polar Institute (IPEV), Station Biologique, F-35380 Paimpont, France.
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Rappert S, Müller R. Odor compounds in waste gas emissions from agricultural operations and food industries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2005; 25:887-907. [PMID: 16129591 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, large-scale agricultural operations and food industries have increased. These operations generate numerous types of odors. The reduction of land areas available for isolation of agricultural and food processing industrial operations from the public area and the increase in sensitivity and demand of the general public for a clean and pleasant environment have forced all of these industries to control odor emissions and toxic air pollutants. To develop environmentally sound, sustainable agricultural and food industrial operations, it is necessary to integrate research that focuses on modern analytical techniques and latest sensory technology of measurement and evaluation of odor and pollution, together with a fundamental knowledge of factors that are the basic units contributing to the production of odor and pollutants. Without a clear understanding of what odor is, how to measure it, and where it originates, it will be difficult to control the odor. The present paper reviews the available information regarding odor emissions from agricultural operations and food industries by giving an overview about odor problems, odor detection and quantification, and identifying the sources and the mechanisms that contribute to the odor emissions. Finally, ways of reducing or controlling the odor problem are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rappert
- Biotechnology II, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Denickestrasse 15, 21071 Hamburg, Germany
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Hughes KA. Reducing sewage pollution in the Antarctic marine environment using a sewage treatment plant. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2004; 49:850-853. [PMID: 15530529 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite Antarctica being the largest pristine wilderness on Earth, many coastal Antarctic research stations release untreated sewage waste into the marine environment, which may have negative effects on local wildlife. In February 2003 a sewage treatment plant was installed at Rothera Research Station (Adelaide Island, Antarctic Peninsula). After one year of operation the sewage treatment plant had dramatically reduced the microbiological pollution in the near-shore marine environment around the outfall and seawater quality conformed to European Union Bathing Water Standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Hughes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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Abstract
The Antarctic continent harbors a range of specialized and sometimes highly localized microbial biotopes. These include biotopes associated with desiccated mineral soils, rich ornithogenic soils, glacial and sea ice, ice-covered lakes, translucent rocks, and geothermally heated soils. All are characterized by the imposition of one or more environmental extremes (including low temperature, wide temperature fluctuations, desiccation, hypersalinity, high periodic radiation fluxes, and low nutrient status). As our understanding of the true microbial diversity in these biotopes expands from the application of molecular phylogenetic methods, we come closer to the point where we can make an accurate assessment of the impacts of environmental change, human intervention, and other natural and unnatural impositions. At present, it is possible to make reasonable predictions about the physical effects of local climate change, but only general predictions on possible changes in microbial community structure. The consequences of some direct human impacts, such as physical disruption of microbial soil communities, are obvious if not yet quantitated. Others, such as the dissemination of nonindigenous microorganisms into indigenous microbial communities, are not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don A Cowan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Yakimov MM, Gentile G, Bruni V, Cappello S, D'Auria G, Golyshin PN, Giuliano L. Crude oil-induced structural shift of coastal bacterial communities of rod bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica) and characterization of cultured cold-adapted hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2004; 49:419-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Conlan KE, Kim SL, Lenihan HS, Oliver JS. Benthic changes during 10 years of organic enrichment by McMurdo Station, Antarctica. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2004; 49:43-60. [PMID: 15234873 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A benthic habitat along the coast of McMurdo Station in the Ross Sea, Antarctica is enriched by sewage from the station and altered by hydrocarbons and heavy metals in an adjacent historic dumpsite. We report on 10 years of change in the benthic communities from 1988 to 1998 and compare enrichment effects at Australia's Casey Station, East Antarctica. Despite being 14 km apart, reference communities upcurrent and downcurrent of McMurdo Station remained closely similar over time, dominated in all years by a tube building polychaete, Spiophanes tcherniae. The community bordering McMurdo Station was generally a third as abundant as communities at the reference sites over the decade of sampling, although diversity was as high or higher, except in the most contaminated areas. In 1992, organic enrichment of the outfall community intensified and within the year, the opportunistic polychaetes Aphelochaeta sp., Ophryotrocha notialis, Capitella perarmata, and Leitoscoloplos kerguelensis became dominant. Since 1996, two of the three enriched communities have increased in resemblance to the reference communities. Given the observed responsiveness of the benthos to the outfall so far, further changes are anticipated within the year following implementation of sewage treatment in 2003. Organic enrichment by McMurdo Station has had a greater impact on benthic community structure than at Australia's Casey Station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Conlan
- Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ont. K1P 6P4, Canada.
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Howard I, Espigares E, Lardelli P, Martín JL, Espigares M. Evaluation of microbiological and physicochemical indicators for wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2004; 19:241-249. [PMID: 15101039 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The quality control of wastewater treatments was monitored using selected novel and classical physicochemical and microbiological indicators, and the associations of the treatments with the effluents was analyzed. The microbiological indicators monitored were heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS), sulfite-reducing clostridia (SRC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp. The stages of wastewater treatment also were evaluated through determination of ammonia; biological oxygen demand (BOD(5)); chemical oxygen demand (COD); chloride; conductivity; suspended dissolved and total solids; fats; nitrate, nitrite, and total nitrogen; pH; phosphate and total phosphorus. Additional indicators included the Escherichia coli growth inhibition (IGEC) bioassay for assessing whole effluent toxicity, spectral determinations between wavelengths (lambda) 190-650 nm, and total (TP) and soluble (SP) protein contents. Of the more common physicochemical parameters, only BOD(5), COD, suspended and total solids, and fats showed a statistically significant reduction between raw water and effluent; for the microbiological indicators, significant reduction was seen only for HPC, FC, and Ps. aeruginosa. We suggest that determinations of Ps. aeruginosa be commonly used as an indicator of wastewater quality. Spectral analysis--most notably the values of absorbance at 225, 255, and 295 nm-revealed a statistically significant correlation with several physicochemical parameters. Statistical analysis of SP and TP values showed them to be good indicators of contamination. The quantitative study of Salmonella spp. and the results of the IGEC bioassay show the need for close control of infectious and toxic risks in wastewater and effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Howard
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Hughes KA, Thompson A. Distribution of sewage pollution around a maritime Antarctic research station indicated by faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and faecal sterol markers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2004; 127:315-321. [PMID: 14638291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the distribution of sewage pollution markers (faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens and faecal sterols) in seawater and marine sediments around Rothera Research Station, Antarctic Peninsula. Untreated sewage waste has been released from this site since 1975, creating the potential for long-term contamination of the benthic environment. Faecal coliform concentrations in seawater reached background levels within 300 m of the outfall. In sediment cores, both C. perfringens and faecal coliform concentrations declined with distance from the outfall, though C. perfringens persisted at greater depths in the sediment. High concentrations of 5beta(H)-cholestan-3beta-ol (coprostanol) relative to the corresponding 5alpha-epimer (cholestanol), indicative of sewage pollution, were only found in sediments within 200 m of the sewage outfall. This study has shown that sewage contamination is limited to the immediate vicinity of the sewage outfall. Nevertheless, a sewage treatment plant was installed in February 2003 to reduce this contamination further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Hughes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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Delille D, Gleizon F. Distribution of enteric bacteria in Antarctic seawater surrounding the Port-aux-Français permanent station (Kerguelen Island). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2003; 46:1179-1183. [PMID: 12932500 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Untreated sewage has been released from Port-aux Français station, Kerguelen Island, into the Southern Ocean for more than 50 years. We investigated the spatial distribution of faecal bacteria indicators during a one-year survey conducted in seawater off Morbihan Bay near the French permanent station of the Kerguelen Island (49 degrees 21(')S, 70 degrees 30(')E). Seawater samples were taken bimonthly from nine stations evenly distributed around the sewage outfalls of the station. Escherichia coli and enterococci were estimated using specific microplates (Miniaturized method for the enumeration of E. coli or enterococci in surface and waste waters, "MU/EC or MU/SF methods", BIO-RAD( Copyright)). In order to evaluate the role of seasonal changes of environmental parameters on the survival of enteric bacteria, total and saprophytic bacterial abundances were also estimated in all seawater samples. High densities of faecal bacteria (maximum 10(4) cells 100 ml(-1)) were found in seawater surrounding the sewage outfall. However, enteric bacterial counts decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the outfall. In all samples collected further than 2 km from the outfall, the bacterial indicators were absent or present in small numbers (<10 cells 100 ml(-1)). Faecal coliforms were not detected in samples collected at pristine sites located 10 km from Port-aux-Français. Despite these low contamination levels, faecal bacteria were always detected in the vicinity of the sewage outfall during the seasonal survey. The concentration of faecal bacteria may be related to the number of people inhabiting the station.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Delille
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Université P et M Curie, UMR-CNRS 7621, Laboratoire Arago, 66650 Banyuls sur mer, France.
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Hughes KA. Influence of seasonal environmental variables on the distribution of presumptive fecal Coliforms around an Antarctic research station. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:4884-91. [PMID: 12902283 PMCID: PMC169114 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.8.4884-4891.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2002] [Accepted: 05/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors affecting fecal microorganism survival and distribution in the Antarctic marine environment include solar radiation, water salinity, temperature, sea ice conditions, and fecal input by humans and local wildlife populations. This study assessed the influence of these factors on the distribution of presumptive fecal coliforms around Rothera Point, Adelaide Island, Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer and winter of February 1999 to September 1999. Each factor had a different degree of influence depending on the time of year. In summer (February), although the station population was high, presumptive fecal coliform concentrations were low, probably due to the biologically damaging effects of solar radiation. However, summer algal blooms reduced penetration of solar radiation into the water column. By early winter (April), fecal coliform concentrations were high, due to increased fecal input by migrant wildlife, while solar radiation doses were low. By late winter (September), fecal coliform concentrations were high near the station sewage outfall, as sea ice formation limited solar radiation penetration into the sea and prevented wind-driven water circulation near the outfall. During this study, environmental factors masked the effect of station population numbers on sewage plume size. If sewage production increases throughout the Antarctic, environmental factors may become less significant and effective sewage waste management will become increasingly important. These findings highlight the need for year-round monitoring of fecal coliform distribution in Antarctic waters near research stations to produce realistic evaluations of sewage pollution persistence and dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Hughes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom.
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40
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Hughes KA, Blenkharn N. A simple method to reduce discharge of sewage microorganisms from an Antarctic research station. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2003; 46:353-357. [PMID: 12604070 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of coastal Antarctic stations release untreated sewage into the near-shore marine environment. This study examined bacterial reproduction within the temporary sewage-holding tanks of Rothera Research Station (Adelaide Island, Antarctic Peninsula) and monitored sewage pollution in the local marine environment. By continuously flushing the sewage-holding tanks with cold seawater we inhibited microbial reproduction and decreased the numbers of bacteria subsequently released into the sea by >90%. The widespread use of this simple method could significantly reduce the numbers of faecal coliform and other non-native microorganisms introduced into the Antarctic marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Hughes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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Scott TM, Rose JB, Jenkins TM, Farrah SR, Lukasik J. Microbial source tracking: current methodology and future directions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:5796-803. [PMID: 12450798 PMCID: PMC134426 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.12.5796-5803.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Scott
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg 33701, USA
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42
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Menzel LP, Lee IH, Sjostrand B, Lehrer RI. Immunolocalization of clavanins in Styela clava hemocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 26:505-515. [PMID: 12031411 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in innate host defenses against infection. Clavanins are histidine-rich, amidated, 23-residue alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides that were isolated from a mixed population of Styela clava hemocytes. To learn which types of hemocytes contained clavanins, we raised a polyclonal antibody that recognized five different clavanins, and used it to localize these peptides by light and electron microscopy. Clavanins were present in the cytoplasmic granules and/or cytoplasm of five different types of granulocytes and they also occurred throughout the cytoplasm of macrophages. The orange G component of Mallory's trichrome stain had a high affinity for clavanins, and for the cytoplasmic granules of S. clava's hemocytes. Semiquantitative analysis of acid urea-PAGE gels suggested that clavanins and styelins comprised between 10 and 20% of the total cellular protein of eosinophilic granulocytes. Orange G and the century-old trichrome stain may provide simple screening tools for identifying cells that contain large amounts of antimicrobial peptides in mixed hemocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo P Menzel
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, CHS 37-062, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690,USA
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43
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Aschfalk A, Müller W. Clostridium perfringens toxin types from wild-caught Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), determined by PCR and ELISA. Can J Microbiol 2002; 48:365-8. [PMID: 12030710 DOI: 10.1139/w02-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-five fecal samples from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), caught along the northern Norwegian coast, were examined bacteriologically for occurrence of C. perfringens. Isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genes encoding the four lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota) for classification into toxin types and for genes encoding enterotoxin and the novel beta2 toxin for further subclassification. In addition, a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for detection of C. perfringens alpha, beta, and epsilon toxin was used. Clostridium perfringens could be isolated in 37 fecal samples (38.9%) from cod. All isolates were C. perfringens toxin type A (alpha toxin positive) as determined by PCR and also ELISA. In addition, in isolates from two cod (2.1%) the gene encoding for beta2 toxin was found (A, beta2) by PCR. Genes encoding for beta, epsilon, and iota toxins and enterotoxin were not found. This is the first detection of C. perfringens alpha and beta2 toxin in cod and of beta2 toxin in fish in general. The origin of this bacterium in cod is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aschfalk
- The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Tromsø.
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Gagné F, Blaise C, Aoyama I, Luo R, Gagnon C, Couillard Y, Campbell P, Salazar M. Biomarker study of a municipal effluent dispersion plume in two species of freshwater mussels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2002; 17:149-159. [PMID: 12112623 DOI: 10.1002/tox.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological effects of a primary-treated municipal effluent plume were investigated in two species of freshwater mussels, Elliptio complanata and Dreissena polymorpha, exposed for 62 days at sites upstream and downstream of an effluent outfall in the St. Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada). Levels of metallothioneins (MT), cytochrome P4501A1 activity, DNA damage, total lipids, relative levels of vitellins, and phagocytic activity (in E. complanata hemocytes) were determined after the exposure period. A parallel analysis measured heavy metals and coprostanol in mussel tissues. The results show that significant levels of coprostanol and some metals (specifically, Cu, Hg, Sb, Se, and Zn) had accumulated in mussels caged 5 km downstream of the effluent plume. Mixed-function oxidase activity, MT in gills, total lipids, DNA damage (in D. polymorpha only), and total hemolymph bacteria (in E. complanata only) had increased in these mussels, while levels of total cadmium (Cd), MT in digestive glands or whole soft tissues, phagocytic activity, and DNA damage in the digestive gland (in E. complanata only) were diminished. The exposure of mussels to surface waters contaminated by a municipal effluent led to many stress responses, depending on both the tissues and the species being examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gagné
- St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 McGill Street, 7th floor, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 2E7.
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Dawit M, Williams ID, Fitzsimons MF. Determination of 1-aminopropan-2-one, a dissolved sewage component, in water samples. WATER RESEARCH 2001; 35:1135-1140. [PMID: 11268833 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of 1-aminopropan-2-one (APR) in water samples was developed. APR was synthesised as its hydrochloride and derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) for determination by high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UV-HPLC). APR was determined in water samples at pH 12 using a gas-stripping chamber, connected to a cartridge containing DNPH. Acidified water samples were injected into the gas-stripping chamber and a solution of NaOH added to bring the solution to pH 12. APR was volatilised and stripped from solution and passed onto the cartridge under a constant stream of nitrogen gas. Gas flow rates were carefully controlled to allow maximum contact of APR with DNPH on the cartridge. When the reaction time had elapsed, the cartridge was disconnected and the derivative eluted with a fixed volume of acetonitrile and injected onto the HPLC, where the APR hydrazone was resolved isocratically with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (60:40). The HPLC was calibrated using standard solutions of the APR hydrazone. Recoveries of APR from standard samples were 90-100% at the 10 microM level and the detection limit for the method was calculated as 18 nM. Detection of APR in urine and primary-treated sewage samples (41 nM and 1.225 microM, respectively) confirmed the applicability of the technique to analysis of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dawit
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, Bounds Green Road, London, N11 2NQ, UK
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46
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Gagné F, Blaise C, Lachance B, Sunahara GI, Sabik H. Evidence of coprostanol estrogenicity to the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2001; 115:97-106. [PMID: 11586778 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Coprostanol (5 beta (H)-cholestan-3 beta ol) is a reduced metabolite of cholesterol produced by micro-organisms found in the intestinal tract of mammals. This substance abounds in urban effluents and is accumulated by organisms living in the vicinity of municipal effluent outfalls. In an earlier study, freshwater mussels exposed to contaminated river water for 62 days accumulated large quantities of coprostanol (Cop) in their soft tissues (16 micrograms/g dry wt.). Moreover, these mussels were found to have elevated levels of vitellin in their hemolymphs, suggesting estrogenic effects. Although municipal wastewaters are known to contain other estrogenic compounds capable of inducing Vn synthesis in mussels, the estrogenic potential of coprostanol was singled out for examination. To this end, mussels were first injected with concentrations of coprostanol via the abductor muscle route, and allowed to stand in aerated water for 72 h at 15 degrees C. The levels of Vn in mussel hemolymph were assayed using the organic alkali-labile phosphate method. A competitive estradiol-binding assay was then devised to measure the ability of coprostanol to compete in the binding of fluorescein-labeled estradiol-albumin to cytosolic proteins. Coprostanol partially reversed the binding of labeled estradiol-albumin to cytosolic proteins with an EC50 of 1 mM. In addition, injections of coprostanol and estradiol-17 beta led to increased levels of vitellins in the hemolymph of treated mussels. Moreover, incubation of cop in gonad homogenate extracts in the presence of NADPH led to the formation of two compounds, as determined by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. One of these compounds appears to be the C17 oxidation product of coprostanol, whose polarity is similar to that of estradiol. The results present evidence that coprostanol is estrogenic to freshwater mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gagné
- St. Lawrence Centre, 7th Floor, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 2E7.
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