1
|
Khishigtuya T, Matsuyama H, Suzuki K, Watanabe T, Nishiyama M. Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Beef Cattle and Dairy Cows in a Livestock Farm in Yamagata, Japan. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1342. [PMID: 39065110 PMCID: PMC11278862 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are used on livestock farms to treat and prevent infectious animal diseases and to promote the growth of livestock. We monitored the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (AR-EC) isolates from beef cattle (BC) and dairy cows (DCs) on a livestock farm in Yamagata, Japan. Fecal samples from 5 male BC and 10 male DCs were collected monthly from October 2022 to November 2023. In total, 152 and 884 E. coli isolates were obtained from the BC and DC fecal samples, respectively. Notably, 26 (17.1%) and 29 (3.3%) E. coli isolates in the BC and DC groups, respectively, were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The resistance rates to tetracycline, ampicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol of the isolates were significantly higher than those to the other antimicrobials. The tetracycline resistance genes tetA (70.6%) in DCs and tetB (28%) in BC were identified, along with the blaTEM gene in ampicillin-resistant isolates (BC: 84.2%, DCs: 42.8%). Despite significant variations in the monthly detection rates of AR-EC isolated from BC and DCs throughout the sampling period, the judicious use of antimicrobials reduced the occurrence of AR-EC in both BC and DCs, thereby minimizing their release into the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tumurbaatar Khishigtuya
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 18-8 Ueda 3-chome, Morioka 020-8550, Iwate, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Matsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Yamagata, Japan; (H.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Kazuhito Suzuki
- Yamagata Prefecture Livestock Research Institute, 1076 Ipponmatsu, Torigoe, Shinjo 996-0041, Yamagata, Japan;
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Yamagata, Japan; (H.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Masateru Nishiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Yamagata, Japan; (H.M.); (T.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saqr E, Sadik MW, El-Didamony G, Askora A. Analysis of a new phage, KZag1, infecting biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae: genome sequence and characterization. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:211. [PMID: 38877452 PMCID: PMC11179266 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates the effectiveness of the bacteriophage KZag1 against drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, aiming to assess its potential as a therapeutic agent. The novelty lies in the characterization of KZag1, a Myovirus with specific efficacy against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains. This highlights the significance of exploring alternative strategies, particularly phage therapy, in addressing biofilm-associated infections. METHODS KZag1, characterized by a typical Myovirus structure with a 75 ± 5 nm diameter icosahedral head and a 15 ± 5 nm short tail, was evaluated in experimental trials against 15 strains of K. pneumoniae. The infection cycle duration was determined to be 50 min, resulting in an estimated burst size of approximately 83 plaque-forming units per colony-forming unit (PFU/CFU). Stability assessments were conducted within a pH range of 4 to 12 and temperatures ranging from 45°C to 60°C. Biofilm biomass reduction was observed, particularly at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. RESULTS KZag1 demonstrated infection efficacy against 12 out of 15 tested K. pneumoniae strains. The phage exhibited stability across a broad pH range and at elevated temperatures. Notably, treatment with KZag1 significantly reduced K. pneumoniae biofilm biomass, emphasizing its potential in combating biofilm formation. Genomic analysis revealed a complete genome of 157,089 base pairs with a GC content of 46.38%, encompassing 203 open reading frames (ORFs) and a cysteine-specific tRNA sequence. Comparison with phage GP4 highlighted similarities, with KZag1 having a longer genome by approximately 4829 base pairs and a higher GC content by approximately 0.93%. Phylogenetic analysis classified KZag1 within the Myoviridae family. CONCLUSION The efficacy of KZag1 against K. pneumoniae biofilm suggests its potential as a therapeutic candidate, especially for drug-resistant infections. Further clinical research is warranted to explore its synergy with other treatments, elucidate genomic traits, compare with Myoviridae phages, and understand its host interactions. These findings underscore the promising role of KZag1 in addressing drug-resistant bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebtsam Saqr
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud W Sadik
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Didamony
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thakur S, Kumar R, Asrani RK, Thakur M, Patel SK, Patil RD, Obaidullah AJ, Emran TB. Hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effect of Artemisia nilagirica leaf extract on E. coli challenged broiler chicken. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25709. [PMID: 38390080 PMCID: PMC10881339 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Artemisia nilagirica is an important medicinal plant found to exhibit several medicinal properties but the use of its leaves for combating E. coli infection has not been scientifically validated in poultry. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of methanol leaf extract of A. nilagirica (ANE) on E. coli challenged broiler chickens. Three hundred and thirty, day-old broiler chickens, were divided into 6 groups of 55 each, with group EX infected intraperitoneally (I/P) with LD50 dose of 1 × 107 cfu/ml of E. coli; group(s) EA1, EA2 and EA3 infected I/P with 1 × 107 cfu/ml of E. coli and supplemented with ANE @ 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L of drinking water, respectively; group AX were only given ANE @ 2.0 g/L in the drinking water. ANE treatment was started from day 4 and was continuously given in the drinking water up to day 21. E. coli infection was given to the birds on day 7 of their age. The effect of the plant extract was evaluated on the basis of gross, microscopic and ultrastructural alterations in E. coli challenged broiler chickens. The extract of A. nilagirica was found to show antibacterial, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties in a dose-dependent manner on the basis of gross and microscopic examination. The methanol extract of A. nilagirica leaves revealed no toxic effect on the hepatocytes on ultrastructural evaluation. This study demonstrates the antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective activities of ANE in broiler chickens infected with E. coli organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - R K Asrani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Meenakshi Thakur
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, 177001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, 486001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Damu Patil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSKHPKV, Palampur, 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cellone I, Russi N, Calvinho LF, Signorini M, Molineri A. Effects of feeding pasteurized waste milk or saleable milk to calves on weight, health and fecal Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance. J DAIRY RES 2024; 91:76-82. [PMID: 38639043 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of feeding pasteurized waste milk or saleable milk to calves on weight, health and emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from those calves. An experimental study under field conditions on a commercial pasture-based Argentinian dairy farm was carried out. Forty Holstein calves were assigned randomly to either pasteurized waste milk (PWM) or non-pasteurized saleable milk (SM). The antimicrobial agents (AM) used on the farm, both to treat or prevent diseases, were recorded. The passive immunity level, calf live weight, AM presence in milk, clinical examination of calves, and E. coli isolation and identification, were performed. A total of 258 E. coli strains were isolated from fecal samples (132 isolates from SM calves and 126 from PWM calves at six sampling times). All E. coli isolated were used to perform AM susceptibility tests (disc diffusion and agar dilution). No differences were observed between groups in health parameters, average daily gain or prevalence of resistant E. coli strains to any AM evaluated throughout the study. Peaks of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and enrofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were observed at 30 d in E. coli from both groups of calves, whilst additional peaks to tetracyclin and ampicillin were observed only in SM calves. All MIC apart from gentamicin decreased at 75 and 90 d of age (during the weaning period). Gentamicin MIC behaved differently, having no peaks and increasing at 90 d only in PWM group. In conclusion, we found no evidence that emergence of antibiotic resistance is related to the consumption of pasteurized waste milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cellone
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, Esperanza 3080, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Norma Russi
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, Esperanza 3080, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, Esperanza 3080, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL, INTA-CONICET) - EEA Rafaela INTA, Ruta Nacional 34 Km 227, Rafaela 2300, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, Esperanza 3080, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL, INTA-CONICET) - EEA Rafaela INTA, Ruta Nacional 34 Km 227, Rafaela 2300, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana Molineri
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL, INTA-CONICET) - EEA Rafaela INTA, Ruta Nacional 34 Km 227, Rafaela 2300, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ferdous FB, Islam MS, Ullah MA, Rana ML, Punom SA, Neloy FH, Chowdhury MNU, Hassan J, Siddique MP, Saha S, Rahman MT. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence Determinants, and Biofilm Formation in Enterococci Isolated from Rhesus Macaques ( Macaca mulatta): A Potential Threat for Wildlife in Bangladesh? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2268. [PMID: 37508046 PMCID: PMC10376288 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are commensal bacteria that inhabit the digestive tracts of animals and humans. The transmission of antibiotic-resistant genes through human-animal contact poses a potential public health risk worldwide, as zoonoses from wildlife reservoirs can occur on every continent. The purpose of this study was to detect Enterococcus spp. in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and to investigate their resistance patterns, virulence profiles, and biofilm-forming ability. Conventional screening of rectal swabs (n = 67) from macaques was followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The biofilm-forming enterococci were determined using the Congo red agar plate assay. Using the disk diffusion test (DDT), antibiogram profiles were determined, followed by resistance and virulence genes identification by PCR. PCR for bacterial species confirmation revealed that 65.7% (44/67) and 22.4% (15/67) of the samples tested positive for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. All the isolated enterococci were biofilm formers. In the DDT, enterococcal isolates exhibited high to moderate resistance to penicillin, rifampin, ampicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and linezolid. In the PCR assays, the resistance gene blaTEM was detected in 61.4% (27/44) of E. faecalis and 60% (9/15) of E. faecium isolates. Interestingly, 88.63 % (39/44) of E. faecalis and 100% (15/15) of E. faecium isolates were phenotypically multidrug-resistant. Virulence genes (agg, fsrA, fsrB, fsrC, gelE, sprE, pil, and ace) were more frequent in E. faecalis compared to E. faecium; however, isolates of both Enterococcus spp. were found negative for the cyl gene. As far as we know, the present study has detected, for the first time in Bangladesh, the presence of virulence genes in MDR biofilm-forming enterococci isolated from rhesus macaques. The findings of this study suggest employing epidemiological surveillance along with the one-health approach to monitor these pathogens in wild animals in Bangladesh, which will aid in preventing their potential transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Binte Ferdous
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashek Ullah
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Liton Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afrin Punom
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Fahim Haque Neloy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Jayedul Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Pratik Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scott E, Brewer MS, Peralta AL, Issa FA. The Effects of Social Experience on Host Gut Microbiome in Male Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2023; 244:177-189. [PMID: 38457676 DOI: 10.1086/729377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough the gut and the brain vastly differ in physiological function, they have been interlinked in a variety of different neurological and behavioral disorders. The bacteria that comprise the gut microbiome communicate and influence the function of various physiological processes within the body, including nervous system function. However, the effects of social experience in the context of dominance and social stress on gut microbiome remain poorly understood. Here, we examined whether social experience impacts the host zebrafish (Danio rerio) gut microbiome. We studied how social dominance during the first 2 weeks of social interactions changed the composition of zebrafish gut microbiome by comparing gut bacterial composition, diversity, and relative abundance between socially dominant, submissive, social isolates and control group-housed communal fish. Using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we report that social dominance significantly affects host gut bacterial community composition but not bacterial diversity. At the genus level, Aeromonas and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae relative abundance decreased in dominant individuals while commensal bacteria (e.g., Exiguobacterium and Cetobacterium) increased in relative abundance. Conversely, the relative abundance of Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter was increased in subordinates, isolates, and communal fish compared to dominant fish. The shift in commensal and pathogenic bacteria highlights the impact of social experience and the accompanying stress on gut microbiome, with potentially similar effects in other social organisms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Vercelli C, Amadori M, Gambino G, Re G. Does Nitrofurantoin Improve the Portfolio of Vets against Resistant Bacteria in Companion Animals? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050911. [PMID: 37237814 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice in dogs and cats, antimicrobials are frequently used, sometimes overused or misused, increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In order to limit the phenomenon, laws have been enacted and guidelines for prudent and rational use of antibiotics have been developed. Interestingly, old molecules such as nitrofurantoin could be used to achieve therapeutic success and overcome AMR. To better understand the suitability of this molecule in veterinary medicine, the authors performed a revision of the literature, searching on PubMed and entering the following keywords: nitrofurantoin, veterinary medicine, dog, and cat connected by the Boolean operator "and", without restrictions on the date of publication. Thirty papers were finally selected. It is possible to appreciate that papers dealing with nitrofurantoin have been written from the early 1960s to the middle of the 1970s, and then a long period passed without publications. Only at the beginning of the new century, nitrofurantoin was included or was sometimes the focus of papers dealing with its efficacy in veterinary medicine, mainly in the treatment of urinary tract infections. One recent paper dealt with pharmacokinetic features, and none was dedicated to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration or modeling. Nitrofurantoin appears to be still effective against several pathogens that rarely develop resistance to this molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Amadori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Graziana Gambino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kohnen AB, Wiedenheft AM, Traub-Dargatz JL, Short DM, Cook KL, Lantz K, Morningstar-Shaw B, Lawrence JP, House S, Marshall KL, Rao S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from equids sampled in the NAHMS 2015-16 equine study and association of management factors with resistance. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105857. [PMID: 36773374 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized horses, but studies conducted on community-based populations of equids are limited. The factors associated with AMR in these bacteria in the general horse population are not well understood. The primary objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and describe antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella and E. coli from equids across the United States. The second objective was to identify associations between health management and biosecurity practices and AMR. Fecal samples submitted from 1357 equids on 199 operations were tested for Salmonella, identifying 27 positive samples with 29 isolates belonging to 18 serotypes. Fecal sample and operation-level prevalence of Salmonella was 2.0% (27/1357) and 7.0% (14/199), respectively. Most (25/29) isolates were pan-susceptible while four isolates exhibited resistance, three of which were multidrug resistant. Of the 721 samples cultured for E. coli, 85% (613/721) were positive. Eighty-six percent of the E. coli isolates recovered were pan-susceptible (529/612). Ten isolates were intermediate to one antimicrobial drug and susceptible to all others. Seventy-three E. coli isolates (11.9%, SE=1.3) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, corresponding to a 33.0% (64/194) operation-level prevalence. Resistance to sulfonamide drugs was most common with 63 isolates (10.3%) resistant to sulfisoxazole, 57 of which (9.3%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MDR in E. coli was rare (1.8%, SE=0.5). Univariate and multivariable regression were used to evaluate associations between health management and biosecurity questionnaire items and AMR in E. coli. The outcome modeled was resistance to any of the 14 tested antimicrobials. Depending on the operation type, operations with greater than 20 resident equids were significantly associated with resistance. In addition, performance operations were significantly associated with resistance when compared to farm/ranch operations. Operations with feed containers that prevent fecal contamination and those that had treated any equids for illness or injury were associated with a lower AMR. The study results suggest that equids in the general population appear to pose low risk of shedding antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella and E. coli, and therefore low transmission potential to other equids, animals, humans, or the environment. However, it is prudent to practice good hand hygiene to prevent spread of Salmonella as well as AMR, and to protect both animal and human health. Despite study limitations, potential management factors that may influence prevalence and prevent spread of AMR shed by equids were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Kohnen
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alyson M Wiedenheft
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Josie L Traub-Dargatz
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Diana M Short
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kim L Cook
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brenda Morningstar-Shaw
- United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jodie Plumblee Lawrence
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sandra House
- United States Department of Agriculture, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Services, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Katherine L Marshall
- National Animal Health Monitoring System, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Do KH, Seo K, Jung M, Lee WK, Lee WK. Comparative Genetic Characterization of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients and Swine Suffering from Diarrhea in Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071154. [PMID: 37048407 PMCID: PMC10093510 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of the most common pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in swine and patients with diarrhea in Korea. We examined virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility in 85 and 61 E. coli strains isolated from swine and patients with diarrhea, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen in swine was enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (47.1%), followed by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) (32.9%). Similarly, the majority of the patient isolates (50.8%) were proven to be STEC, the most common pathotype, followed by ETEC (23.0%). We found that swine isolates had significantly higher resistance than patient isolates, especially to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin: 37.5% and 16.1%; norfloxacin: 29.7% and 16.1%, respectively). Additionally, sequence type (ST) 100 (swine: 21; patients: 4), ST 1 (swine: 21, patients: 2), ST 10 (swine: 8; patients: 6), ST 641 (swine: 3, patients: 2), and ST 88 (swine: 2, patients: 11) were detected in both swine and humans. In addition, we confirmed that isolates from swine and patients had similar virulence traits and were phylogenetically similar. According to these findings, swine and humans are susceptible to cross infection and the transfer of antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rahman MK, Hassan MM, Islam S, Rostal MK, Uddin MH, Hagan E, Samad MA, Flora MS, Epstein JH, Islam A. Characterization and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in free-ranging rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta) at high-risk interfaces with people and livestock in Bangladesh. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1103922. [PMID: 36793381 PMCID: PMC9922862 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat for humans and animals. Environmental contamination of antimicrobials from human and domestic animal feces has been linked to AMR in wildlife populations, including rhesus macaques. This study aimed to describe the eco-epidemiology of AMR within Salmonella and Staphylococcus species isolated from rhesus macaques. Methods We followed macaque groups for 4 h per day (2 days) to observe the direct and indirect contact rate and type between macaques and people and livestock. We collected 399 freshly defecated, non-invasive fecal samples from macaques at seven sites in Bangladesh in January-June 2017. Bacterial isolation and identification were conducted using culture, biochemical characteristics, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) for 12 antimicrobials for each organism was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in rhesus macaques was 5% (n = 18; 95% CI: 3-7%) and 16% (n = 64; 95% CI: 13-20%), respectively. All the isolated Salmonella spp. and most of the Staphylococcus spp. (95%; 61/64; 95% CI: 86.9-99%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The odds of a fecal sample having antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp (OR = 6.6; CI: 0.9-45.8, P = 0.05) and Staphylococcus spp. (OR = 5.6; CI: 1.2-26, P = 0.02) were significantly higher in samples collected at peri-urban sites than those collected at rural and urban sites. Salmonella spp. were most frequently resistant to tetracycline (89%), azithromycin (83%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (50%), and nalidixic acid (44%). Staphylococcus spp. were found to be highly resistant to ampicillin (93%), methicillin (31%), clindamycin (26%), and rifampicin (18%). Both bacterial species produced colonies with multidrug resistance to up to seven antimicrobials. Direct and indirect contact rates (within 20 m for at least 15 min) and resource sharing between macaques and people were higher in urban sites, while macaque-livestock contact rates were higher in rural sites. Discussion The study shows that resistant microorganisms are circulating in rhesus macaque, and direct and indirect contact with humans and livestock might expand the resistant organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Kaisar Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh,Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh,EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States,School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh,Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh,EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Md. Helal Uddin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Emily Hagan
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Center (ARAC), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Meerjady Sabrina Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh,Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Ariful Islam ✉
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gros M, Mas-Pla J, Sànchez-Melsió A, Čelić M, Castaño M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Borrego CM, Balcázar JL, Petrović M. Antibiotics, antibiotic resistance and associated risk in natural springs from an agroecosystem environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159202. [PMID: 36208750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the occurrence, transport, and risks associated to antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (AR-E. coli) in eleven natural springs in an agroecosystem environment with intense livestock production, where groundwater nitrate concentration usually sets above 50 mg L-1. Out of 23 multiple-class antibiotics monitored, tetracycline and sulfonamide residues were the most ubiquitous, and they were detected at concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to μg L-1. Five ARGs were monitored, conferring resistance to the antibiotic classes of major use in livestock production. Thus, genes conferring resistance to sulfonamides (sul1 and sul2) and tetracyclines (tetW) as well as a gene proxy for anthropogenic pollution (intI1) were present in most springs. sul1 was the most abundant, with absolute concentrations ranging from 4 × 102 to 5.6 × 106 gene copies L-1 water. AR-E. coli showing resistance to sulfonamides and tetracyclines was also detected, with a prevalence up to approximately 40 % in some sites but with poor correlations with the concentration of antibiotic residues and ARGs. The occurrence of antibiotics, ARGs and AR-E. coli was characterized by large seasonal variations which were mostly associated to both hydrological factors and reactive transport processes. Finally, a risk assessment approach pointed out towards low risk for both the groundwater environment and human health, when spring water is used for direct human consumption, associated with the occurrence of antibiotics, ARGs and AR-E. coli. However, long-term effects cannot be neglected, and proper actions must be taken to preserve groundwater quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Spain.
| | - Josep Mas-Pla
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain; Grup de Recerca GAiA-Geocamb, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona, Spain
| | | | - Mira Čelić
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Spain
| | - Marc Castaño
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Spain
| | - Carles M Borrego
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain; Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Spain
| | - José Luis Balcázar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Spain
| | - Mira Petrović
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prack McCormick B, Quiroga MP, Álvarez VE, Centrón D, Tittonell P. Antimicrobial resistance dissemination associated with intensive animal production practices in Argentina: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:25-42. [PMID: 36137889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents has accelerated the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The association between antimicrobial-resistant infections in humans and antimicrobial use in agriculture is complex, but well-documented. This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to antimicrobials defined as critically important by the WHO, in swine, chicken, and cattle from intensive and extensive production systems in Argentina. We conducted searches in electronic databases (MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, the National System of Digital Repositories from Argentina) as well as in the gray literature. Inclusion criteria were epidemiological studies on AMR in the main food-transmitted bacteria, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., and mastitis-causing bacteria, isolated from swine, chicken, dairy and beef cattle from Argentina. This study gives evidence for supporting the hypothesis that AMR of common food-transmitted bacteria in Argentina is reaching alarming levels. Meta-analyses followed by subgroup analyses confirmed the association between the prevalence of AMR and (a) animal species (p<0.01) for streptomycin, ampicillin and tetracycline or (b) the animal production system (p<0.05) for streptomycin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, ampicillin and tetracycline. Moreover, swine (0.47 [0.29; 0.66]) and intensive production (0.62 [0.34; 0.83]) showed the highest pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance while dairy (0.056 [0.003; 0.524]) and extensive production (0.107 [0.043; 0.240]) showed the lowest. A research gap regarding beef-cattle from feedlot was identified. Finally, there is an urgent need for political measures meant to coordinate and harmonize AMR surveillance and regulate antimicrobial use in animal production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Prack McCormick
- Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, RP N˚4 km 2 (1836), Llavallol, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María P Quiroga
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Mecanismos de Resistencia a Antibióticos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2157 (PC 1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica E Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Mecanismos de Resistencia a Antibióticos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2157 (PC 1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Centrón
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Mecanismos de Resistencia a Antibióticos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2157 (PC 1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Tittonell
- Agroecology, Environment and Systems Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias de Bariloche, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFAB, INTA-CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450 - CC 277 (8400), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina; Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen University, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duangurai T, Rungruengkitkul A, Kong-Ngoen T, Tunyong W, Kosoltanapiwat N, Adisakwattana P, Vanaporn M, Indrawattana N, Pumirat P. Phylogenetic analysis and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from wild and domestic animals at an agricultural land interface area of Salaphra wildlife sanctuary, Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:2800-2809. [PMID: 36718336 PMCID: PMC9880845 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2800-2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Domestic and wild animals are important reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli from feces of domestic and wild animals at an agricultural land interface area of Salaphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, and study the phylogenic characteristics and antibiotic resistance in these isolates. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, we randomly collected ground feces from free-ranging wild animals (deer and elephants) and domestic animals (cattle and goats). All fecal samples were inoculated onto MacConkey agar plates, and lactose-fermenting colonies were identified as E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility of the E. coli isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Results We obtained 362 E. coli isolates from the collected fecal samples. The E. coli isolates were categorized into four phylogenetic groups according to the virulence genes (chuA, vjaA, and TspE4C2). Phylogenetic Group D was predominant in the deer (41.67%) and elephants (63.29%), whereas phylogenetic Group B1 was predominant in the cattle (62.31%), and phylogenetic Groups A (36.36%) and B2 (33.33%) were predominant in the goats. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that most antibiotic-resistant E. coli were isolated from domestic goats (96.96%). Among the 362 E. coli isolates, 38 (10.5%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 21 (5.8%) were resistant to two antibiotics, and 6 (1.66%) were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Ampicillin (AMP) was the most common antibiotic (48.48%) to which the E. coli were resistant, followed by tetracycline (TET) (45.45%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (3.03%). One isolate from an elephant was resistant to five antibiotics: AMP, amoxicillin, sulfisoxazole, TET, and ciprofloxacin. Determination of antibiotic resistance genes confirmed that E. coli isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes associated with phenotypic resistance to antibiotics. Most antibiotic-resistant E. coli belonged to phylogenic Groups A and B1, and most non-resistant E. coli belonged to phylogenic Groups B2 and D. Conclusion Monitoring E. coli isolates from wild and domestic animals showed that all four phylogenic groups of E. coli have developed antibiotic resistance and are potential sources of multidrug resistance. High levels of antibiotic resistance have been linked to domestic animals. Our results support strengthening surveillance to monitor the emergence and effects of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taksaon Duangurai
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amporn Rungruengkitkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thida Kong-Ngoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witawat Tunyong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Muthita Vanaporn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,Corresponding author: Pornpan Pumirat, e-mail: Co-authors: TD: , AR: , TK: , WT: , NK: , PA: , MV: , NI:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Galán-Relaño Á, Sánchez-Carvajal J, Gómez-Gascón L, Vera E, Huerta B, Cardoso-Toset F, Gómez-Laguna J, Astorga R. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance patterns in Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant from pigs in southern Spain. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:596-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
15
|
Antibacterial Activity of Trachyspermum ammi Essential Oil Against Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Human Dental Plaques. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jommid.10.4.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
16
|
Christenson E, Wickersham L, Jacob M, Stewart J. A watershed study assessing effects of commercial hog operations on microbial water quality in North Carolina, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156085. [PMID: 35605858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Commercial Hog Operations (CHOs) produce large amounts of fecal waste, which is often treated in lagoons and sprayed onto fields as fertilizer. The effects of these systems on proximal water quality compared to ambient conditions have not been well-studied, and are particularly important for understanding the dissemination of fecal bacteria and antimicrobial resistance. A longitudinal, case-control watershed study was designed to study effects of CHOs on microbial water quality among watersheds with similar soil, land use, human population, and area. We compared watersheds with (n = 13) and without (n = 9) CHOs over one year measuring fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), microbial source tracking (MST) fecal markers, and antimicrobial resistance in isolated Escherichia coli. E. coli concentrations were higher (p < 0.001) at sites downstream of CHOs (1284 CFU/100 mL, n = 103) compared to background sites (687 CFU/100 mL, n = 74). The human MST marker HF183 was detected at similarly low concentrations (PR = 1.3 (0.91, 1.8), p = 0.30). However, the swine MST marker pig-2-bac was found at more sites downstream of CHOs (PR = 3.5 (0.98, 12), p = 0.035) and at a significantly higher (p = 0.003) mean concentration at sites downstream of CHOs (283 copies/mL) compared to background sites (0.76 copies/mL). The presence of any antimicrobial resistance was observed more often for E. coli isolated downstream from CHOs (19%, n = 556) than background sites (6%, n = 356), with tetracycline resistance observed most often. Nine isolates from four sites downstream of CHOs and one isolate from a background site were confirmed β-lactamase-producing E. coli. Overall, these results show that fecal microbes and antimicrobial resistance from CHOs may be transported off-site, however more research is needed to characterize timing and conditions of off-site transport. Mitigation strategies such as optimizeation of waste treatment, buffers, and antibiotic stewardship could help reduce the contributions of microbial contaminants to surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Christenson
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Lindsay Wickersham
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan Jacob
- Population Health & Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jill Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Do KH, Seo K, Lee WK. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and phylogenetic characteristics of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients and swine suffering from diarrhea. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:199. [PMID: 35974313 PMCID: PMC9380393 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia (E.) coli causes colibacillosis in swine and humans, and is frequently associated with antimicrobial resistance. In this study we aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance, O-serogroups, virulence genes, and multi-locus sequence type of E. coli between isolates from pigs and patients suffering from diarrhea, and the most prevalent pathogenic E. coli strain from swine isolates in Korea. Methods We tested 64 and 50 E. coli strains from pigs and patients suffering from diarrhea for antimicrobial susceptibility test, virulence genes, O-serogroups, and multi-locus sequence typing. Results We confirmed that isolates from swine showed significantly higher resistance than from those from patients, especially to fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin: 37.5 and 10.0%; norfloxacin: 29.7 and 8.0%, respectively). Stx1 (46.0%) was most frequently detected in patients followed by stx2 (38.0%). There was no significant difference in stx2 (swine: 23.4%, patients: 38.0%). In isolates from patients, O157 (12.0%) was the most prevalent O-serogroup, and two isolates (3.1%) from pigs were confirmed to have O157. Additionally, sequence type (ST) 10 (swine: 6 isolates, patients: 2 isolates) and ST 88 (swine: 2 isolates, patients: 1 isolate) were simultaneously detected. Conclusions We found that both isolates from swine and human had the stx2 gene, which could cause severe disease. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher in pigs than in patients. These results suggest that pig could act as a reservoir in human infection and antimicrobial resistance could be transferred to human from pigs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02604-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyo Do
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangwon Seo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Lee
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolates from Small Scale Dairy Cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141853. [PMID: 35883400 PMCID: PMC9311648 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dearth of information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, the commercial city of Tanzania, prompted us to conduct this study. The objective was to determine the different levels of resistance phenotypical patterns among Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from rectal swabs of apparently healthy cattle. Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms develop the ability to tolerate antimicrobial concentrations to which they were initially susceptible. It is a phenomenon of global concern, which is on the rise due to antimicrobial use in food-producing animals. In dairy farms, cattle carry high levels of AMR Escherichia coli (E. coli), and may act as a potential reservoir. The study revealed that resistance to ampicillin, cefotaxime, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was the most frequent. Resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamycin was also observed among the E. coli isolates, but with lower percentages. E. coli resistant to third generation cephalosporins was also detected. The results of the current study give an insight into the status of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance in small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The findings call for further research, prudent antimicrobial use, and surveillance initiatives. Abstract In Tanzania, information on antimicrobial resistance in small-scale dairy cattle is scarce. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the different levels and pattern of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in 121 Escherichia coli isolated from rectal swab of 201 apparently healthy small-scale dairy cattle in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck), according to the recommendations of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resistance was tested against ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. Resistance to almost all antimicrobial agents was observed. The agents to which resistance was demonstrated most frequently were ampicillin (96.7%), cefotaxime (95.0%), tetracycline (50.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (42.1%) and nalidixic acid (33.1%). In this case, 20 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing E. coli were identified. 74.4% (90/121) of the isolates were Multidrug resistant (MDR), ranging from a combination of three to 8 different classes. The most frequently observed phenotypes were AMP-SXT-CTX with a prevalence of 12.4%, followed by the combination AMP-CTX with 10.7% and TE-AMP-CTX and NA + TE + AMP + CTX with 8.3% each. The high prevalence and wide range of AMR calls for prudent antimicrobial use.
Collapse
|
19
|
Li L, Wu Y, Ma D, Zhou Y, Wang L, Han K, Cao Y, Wang X. Isolation and characterization of a novel Escherichia coli phage Kayfunavirus ZH4. Virus Genes 2022; 58:448-457. [PMID: 35716226 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli, a gram-negative bacterium, was generally considered conditional pathogenic bacteria and the proportion of bacteria resistant to commonly used specified antibacterial drugs exceeded 50%. Phage therapeutic application has been revitalized since antibiotic resistance in bacteria was increasing. Compared with antibiotics, phage is the virus specific to bacterial hosts. However, further understanding of phage-host interactions is required. In this study, a novel phage specific to a E. coli strain, named as phage Kayfunavirus ZH4, was isolated and characterized. Transmission electron microscopy showed that phage ZH4 belongs to the family Autographiviridae. The whole-genome analysis showed that the length of phage ZH4 genome was 39,496 bp with 49 coding domain sequence (CDS) and no tRNA was detected. Comparative genome and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that phage ZH4 was highly similar to phages belonging to the genus Kayfunavirus. Moreover, the highest average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of phage ZH4 with all the known phages was 0.86, suggesting that ZH4 was a relatively novel phage. Temperature and pH stability tests showed that phage ZH4 was stable from 4° to 50 °C and pH range from 3 to 11. Host range of phage ZH4 showed that there were only 2 out of 17 strains lysed by phage ZH4. Taken together, phage ZH4 was considered as a novel phage with the potential for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxin Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Leping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiou Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal and Water Sources in Laguna Lake, Philippines. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, antibiotic residues accumulate in natural environments, leading to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs). The presence of ARBs in bodies of water poses health hazards to the surrounding community. This study focused on Laguna Lake, the largest lake in the Philippines, which serves as a water source for agriculture and domestic purposes. We aimed to detect the presence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from the lake waters and potential reservoirs of resistance as well as determine the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices of the isolates. E. coli (n = 450) was isolated from fecal-associated samples (chicken, cow, pig, human, sewage) and water samples (sites in Laguna Lake and selected river tributaries). The isolates were subjected to an antibiotic resistance assay using VITEK 2®. Among the 16 antibiotics tested, the isolates exhibited varying resistance to 14, but complete susceptibility to amikacin and tigecycline was observed. Isolates were most frequently resistant to ampicillin (196/450, 43.6%). Among fecal-associated samples, chicken isolates exhibited the highest MAR index (0.174), whereas samples from Pila River exhibited the highest MAR index (0.152) among water samples. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in samples collected around Laguna Lake and reveal fecal and sewage sources as potential reservoirs of ARBs in the water body. With this information, the public is urged to use antibiotics responsibly to help mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
|
21
|
Antibiotics Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Livestock in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2014–2019. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:3411560. [PMID: 35519508 PMCID: PMC9064518 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3411560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a zoonotic pathogen that showed growing resistance to antibiotics. No descriptive analysis highlights the threat of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) of E. coli among livestock in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Herein, we conducted phenotypic and genotypic resistance studies on E. coli isolates from livestock samples in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi based on routine diagnosis between the periods 2014–2019. Bacterial culture and disk diffusion methods were used for bacterial isolation and phenotypic resistance analysis. Resistance mechanism was studied by PCR targeting the most commonly resistance genes: ampicillin (blaSHV, blaCMY, and blaTEM-1B), tetracyclines (tetA and tetB), co-trimoxazole [sulfamethoxazole (sul1, sul2, and sul3) + trimethoprim (dfrA1 and dfrA17)], aminoglycosides [aph(3'')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, and aac(3)-IV], and fluoroquinolones (qnrA and aac(6’)-Ib-cr). Analysis of 165 E. coli isolates showed resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, and enrofloxacin by 157/165 (95.4%), 154/165 (93.6%), 141/165 (86%), 139/165 (85%), and 135/165 (82.7%), respectively. Predominant resistance gene/s detected by PCR were blaCMY (119/160, 72%) and blaTEM-1B (154/160, 96.3%) for ampicillin; tetA (162/164, 98.8%) and tetB (112/164, 68.3%) for tetracyclines; sul2 (156/164, 95%), sul3 (138/164, 84%), and dfra17 (74/164, 44.5%) for co-trimoxazole; aph(3'')-Ia (134/164, 82.1%) and aph(6)-Id (161/164, 98.2%) for aminoglycosides; and aac(6’)-Ib-cr (61/61, 100%) for enrofloxacin. Both phenotypic and genotypic analyses revealed that all E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistance to 3, 4, and 5 antibiotics classes by 3.6%, 57.6%, and 38.8%, respectively) carrying one or more resistance gene/s for the same antibiotic. PCR profiling confirmed the presence of resistance genes corresponding to their antibiotic profile. Results of the study will highlight the knowledge based on E. coli AMR related to livestock in UAE that may call for interventions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Li F, Cheng P, Li X, Liu R, Liu H, Zhang X. Molecular Epidemiology and Colistin-Resistant Mechanism of mcr-Positive and mcr-Negative Escherichia coli Isolated From Animal in Sichuan Province, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:818548. [PMID: 35422787 PMCID: PMC9002323 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.818548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is the last line of defense for the treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. However, colistin resistance is gradually increasing worldwide, with resistance commonly regulated by two-component system and mcr gene. Thus, this study aimed to investigate molecular epidemiology and colistin-resistant mechanism of mcr-positive and mcr-negative Escherichia coli isolates from animal in Sichuan Province, China. In this study, a total of 101 colistin-resistant E. coli strains were isolated from 300 fecal samples in six farms in Sichuan Province. PCR was used to detect mcr gene (mcr-1 to mcr-9). The prevalence of mcr-1 in colistin-resistant E. coli was 53.47% (54/101), and the prevalence of mcr-3 in colistin-resistant E. coli was 10.89% (11/101). The colistin-resistant E. coli and mcr-1–positive E. coli showed extensive antimicrobial resistance profiles. For follow-up experiments, we used 30 mcr-negative and 30 mcr-1–positive colistin-resistant E. coli isolates and E. coli K-12 MG1655 model strain. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of 30 strains carrying mcr-1 as detected by PCR identified revealed six strains (20%) of ST10 and three strains (10%) of each ST206, ST48, and ST155 and either two (for ST542 and 2539) or just one for all other types. The conjugation experiment and plasmid replicon type analysis suggest that mcr-1 was more likely to be horizontally transferred and primarily localized on IncX4-type and IncI2-type plasmid. The ST diversity of the mcr-1 indicated a scattered and non-clonal spreading in mcr-1–positive E. coli. Twenty-eight mcr-negative colistin-resistant E. coli isolates carried diverse amino acid alterations in PmrA, PmrB, PhoP, PhoQ, and MgrB, whereas no mutation was found in the remaining isolates. The finding showed the high prevalence of colistin resistance in livestock farm environments in Sichuan Province, China. Our study demonstrates that colistin resistance is related to chromosomal point mutations including the two-component systems PhoP/PhoQ, PmrA/PmrB, and their regulators MgrB. These point mutations may confer colistin resistance in mcr-negative E. coli. These findings help in gaining insight of chromosomal-encoded colistin resistance in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruimeng Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Haibin Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Isolation, Phenotypic Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Intestinal Fluids of Local Minahasa Pigs, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Minahasa local pig is unique because it is the oldest local pig that has spread to the Philippine islands. Minahasa local pigs have endemic characteristics because they are in the Wallacea zone. Research has been carried out to isolate bacteria from pig intestinal fluid and obtain an antibiotic response profile from pure bacterial isolates. Pig samples were obtained from two locations in North Sulawesi, namely in North Minahasa and North Minahasa. Intestinal fluids are taken immediately when the pig is slaughtered. The liquid was preserved in a sterile container and inoculated directly on the nutrient agar medium by the dilution method. The bacterial isolates obtained were pure cultured and then used for automatic phenotypic identification using Vitek 2 Compact. The results showed that pure culture isolates were obtained from intestinal fluids of local pigs in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, indicating that two isolates (S1 and S2) were Escherichia coli and S3 was Enterobacter aerogenes. Isolate S1 showed resistance to Ampicillin, while isolate S2 showed resistance to Tetracycline, furthermore isolate S3 showed resistance to Tetracycline, Furanes, and Trimethoprim/Sulfonamide. The results confirm that further research is needed to isolate and test the antibiotic resistance of bacteria from pig intestines in several locations and various stages of common local pigs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Urban Karst Groundwater Systems. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14060960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global concern for human, animal, and environmental health. Many studies have identified wastewater treatment plants and surface waters as major reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARGs). Yet their prevalence in urban karst groundwater systems remains largely unexplored. Considering the extent of karst groundwater use globally, and the growing urban areas in these regions, there is an urgent need to understand antibiotic resistance in karst systems to protect source water and human health. This study evaluated the prevalence of ARGs associated with resistance phenotypes at 10 urban karst features in Bowling Green, Kentucky weekly for 46 weeks. To expand the understanding of prevalence in urban karst, a spot sampling of 45 sites in the Tampa Bay Metropolitan area, Florida was also conducted. Specifically, this study considered tetracycline and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBLs) producing, including third generation cephalosporin, resistant E. coli, and tetracycline and macrolide resistant Enterococcus spp. across the 443 Kentucky and 45 Florida samples. A consistent prevalence of clinically relevant and urban associated ARGs were found throughout the urban karst systems, regardless of varying urban development, karst geology, climate, or landuse. These findings indicate urban karst groundwater as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance, potentially threatening human health.
Collapse
|
25
|
Crettels L, Burlion N, Breyer R, Mainil J, Servais P, Korfer J, Thiry D. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from freshwaters and hospital effluents in Belgium. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:411-418. [PMID: 34870856 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the level of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolates in freshwaters and hospital effluents in Belgium. The samples were collected from 24 locations along the Ourthe, Vesdre, Amblève and Meuse rivers and in the wastewater effluents of several hospitals. The sampling stations in rivers were classified according to the dominant land covers of the rivers (rural, urban and forest areas). Two sampling campaigns were organized in May and October 2019 to highlight a possible seasonal effect. A total of 938 E. coli strains were is olated on Chromogenic Selective Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) and TBX supplemented with amoxicillin (TBX+AMX) media. Disk diffusion assays were performed following the EUCAST's recommendations to assess the antimicrobial resistance against 12 antibiotics. A total of 32·7% of strains were at least resistant to one antibiotic and 24·6% were multiple antimicrobial resistant strains on TBX. The highest resistance rates were found for ampicillin (AMP), amoxicillin coupled with clavulanic acid (AMC) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT). The lowest resistance rates were observed for meropenem (MEM) and ertapenem (ETP), which are last resort antibiotics. No significant difference was observed between both campaigns for the resistance rate to antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Crettels
- Department of Microbiology, ISSeP, Scientific Institute of Public Service, Liège, Belgium
| | - N Burlion
- Department of Microbiology, ISSeP, Scientific Institute of Public Service, Liège, Belgium
| | - R Breyer
- Department of Microbiology, ISSeP, Scientific Institute of Public Service, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - P Servais
- Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Korfer
- Department of Microbiology, ISSeP, Scientific Institute of Public Service, Liège, Belgium
| | - D Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Potential Influence of Regulation of the Food Value Chain on Prevalence and Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance: the Case of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0094521. [PMID: 34550759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00945-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to evaluate the potential impact of the level of regulation on the prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial agent resistance in bacteria isolated from fish. The study sites included two large lakes and both semiregulated and unregulated fish value chains. A total of 328 bacterial isolates belonging to 11 genera were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. The bacterial species were tested against 12 different antibiotics (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime, and kanamycin). Data analysis was done to assess the heterogeneity in proportion of resistant bacterial species within and between the two value chains using a random-effects model proposed by DerSimonian and Laird (Control Clin Trials 7:177-188, 1986). Statistical heterogeneity within and between groups was estimated using the Cochran chi-square test and the Cochrane I2 index. The overall proportion of bacterial species resistant to antimicrobial agents in semiregulated and unregulated value chains ranged from 0.00 to 0.88 and 0.09 to 0.95, respectively. Shigella spp. had the highest proportion of bacteria that were resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents used. The bacterial species were highly resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin, and the highest multidrug resistance capacity was observed in Shigella spp. (18.3%, n = 328), Vibrio spp. (18.3%), and Listeria monocytogenes (12.2%). We observed strong heterogeneity within and between the two value chains regarding proportion of resistant bacterial species. Sun-dried fish in both value chains had significantly high proportions of resistant bacterial species. Comparing the two value chains, the unregulated value chain had a significantly higher proportion of bacterial species that were resistant. In order to mitigate the risk of transmitting antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to consumers along the fish value chain, good manufacturing practices coupled with identification and management of possible sources of contamination are recommended for fish and potentially other foods distributed along the less regulated value chains. IMPORTANCE In order to mitigate the risk of transmitting antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to consumers along the fish value chain, good manufacturing practices coupled with identification and management of possible sources of contamination are recommended for fish and potentially other foods distributed along the less regulated value chains.
Collapse
|
27
|
NandaKafle G, Huegen T, Potgieter SC, Steenkamp E, Venter SN, Brözel VS. Niche Preference of Escherichia coli in a Peri-Urban Pond Ecosystem. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101020. [PMID: 34685391 PMCID: PMC8538306 DOI: 10.3390/life11101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli comprises diverse strains with a large accessory genome, indicating functional diversity and the ability to adapt to a range of niches. Specific strains would display greatest fitness in niches matching their combination of phenotypic traits. Given this hypothesis, we sought to determine whether E. coli in a peri-urban pond and associated cattle pasture display niche preference. Samples were collected from water, sediment, aquatic plants, water snails associated with the pond, as well as bovine feces from cattle in an adjacent pasture. Isolates (120) were obtained after plating on Membrane Lactose Glucuronide Agar (MLGA). We used the uidA and mutS sequences for all isolates to determine phylogeny by maximum likelihood, and population structure through gene flow analysis. PCR was used to allocate isolates to phylogroups and to determine the presence of pathogenicity/virulence genes (stxI, stxII, eaeA, hlyA, ST, and LT). Antimicrobial resistance was determined using a disk diffusion assay for Tetracycline, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin. Our results showed that isolates from water, sediment, and water plants were similar by phylogroup distribution, virulence gene distribution, and antibiotic resistance while both snail and feces populations were significantly different. Few of the feces isolates were significantly similar to aquatic ones, and most of the snail isolates were also different. Population structure analysis indicated three genetic backgrounds associated with bovine, snail, and aquatic environments. Collectively these data support niche preference of E. coli isolates occurring in this ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali NandaKafle
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (G.N.); (T.H.)
| | - Taylor Huegen
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (G.N.); (T.H.)
| | - Sarah C. Potgieter
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0004, South Africa; (S.C.P.); (E.S.); (S.N.V.)
| | - Emma Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0004, South Africa; (S.C.P.); (E.S.); (S.N.V.)
| | - Stephanus N. Venter
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0004, South Africa; (S.C.P.); (E.S.); (S.N.V.)
| | - Volker S. Brözel
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (G.N.); (T.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0004, South Africa; (S.C.P.); (E.S.); (S.N.V.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ballash GA, Munoz-Vargas L, Albers A, Dennis PM, LeJeune JT, Mollenkopf DF, Wittum TE. Temporal Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance of Fecal Escherichia coli from Deer. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:288-296. [PMID: 34609648 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The changing epidemiologic role of wildlife as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) is poorly understood. In this study, we characterize the phenotypic resistance of commensal Escherichia coli from fecal samples of 879 individual white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus; WTD) over a ten-year period and analyze resistance patterns. Our results show commensal E. coli from WTD had significant linear increases in reduced susceptibility to 5 of 12 antimicrobials, including broad-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, from 2006 to 2016. In addition, the relative frequency distribution of minimal inhibitory concentrations of two additional antimicrobials shifted towards higher values from across the study period. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant commensal E. coli increased over the study period with a prevalence of 0%, 2.2%, and 3.7% in 2006, 2012, and 2016, respectively. WTD may be persistently and increasingly exposed to antibiotics or their residues, ARB, and/or antimicrobial resistance genes via contaminated environments like surface water receiving treated wastewater effluent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Ballash
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lohendy Munoz-Vargas
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Amy Albers
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patricia M Dennis
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, 4200 Wildlife Way, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA
| | - Jeffrey T LeJeune
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dixie F Mollenkopf
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Thomas E Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Darwish AA, Fawzy M, Osman WAL, El Ebissy EA. Clinicopathological and bacteriological studies on lamb bacterial enteritis and monitoring the oregano oil and vitamins A,D 3,E effect on its treatment. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:291-299. [PMID: 34395600 PMCID: PMC8280979 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effect of A,D3,E (I/M) and oregano oil extract 15% on some clinicopathological parameters during lamb bacterial enteritis treatment. Materials and Methods: Sixty Barki lambs, 20 apparently healthy (control group) and, 40 suffered from bacterial enteritis [enteric group (EG)], were subdivided into four treated groups (TGs): antibiotic group (AG), antibiotic + A,D3,E group (A + A,D3,E), antibiotic + oregano oil (AOG), and oregano group (OG). Fecal swabs were collected from EG then aseptically cultured, isolated, phenotypically identified, genotypically confirmed, and sequenced by PCR 16srRNA. Paper disk diffusion test was used for estimation of oregano oil extract 15% antibacterial activity. After blood sample aspiration from all animals, they were clinicopathologically and statistically analyzed. Results: Escherichia coli, followed by Salmonella species and then Klebsiella species, was the main causative agents of lamb diarrhea and were susceptible to oregano oil extract 15%. A + A,D3,E and AOG showed significant (p < 0.05) enhancement of some clinicopathological parameters more than AG or OG. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), yielded area under the curve, sensitivity, negative predictive value as 1, 100% and 100% respectively, were determined in both EG and TGs. Conclusion: Oregano oil extract 15% has good antibacterial properties against enteric bacteria in vitro and in vivo. The combination between antibiotic and antioxidant vitamins or oregano plant extract of 15% has a good impact on some clinicopathological alterations in lamb bacterial enteritis treatment. TAC, MMP-9, and MMP-2 may be good markers for the disease and its treatment follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Abdallah Darwish
- Department of animal and poultry health, animal and poultry division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Fawzy
- Department of animal and poultry health, animal and poultry division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Abd-Latif Osman
- Department of animal and poultry health, animal and poultry division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A El Ebissy
- Department of animal and poultry health, animal and poultry division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mukherjee M, Laird E, Gentry TJ, Brooks JP, Karthikeyan R. Increased Antimicrobial and Multidrug Resistance Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plants in an Urban Watershed. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657353. [PMID: 34108949 PMCID: PMC8181147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) through propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in various environments is a global emerging public health concern. The role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as hot spots for the dissemination of AMR and MDR has been widely pointed out by the scientific community. In this study, we collected surface water samples from sites upstream and downstream of two WWTP discharge points in an urban watershed in the Bryan-College Station (BCS), Texas area, over a period of nine months. E. coli isolates were tested for resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, cefoperazone, gentamycin, and imipenem using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial resistant heterotrophic bacteria were cultured on R2A media amended with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole for analyzing heterotrophic bacteria capable of growth on antibiotic-containing media. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was used to measure eight ARG – tetA, tetW, aacA, ampC, mecA, ermA, blaTEM, and intI1 in the surface water collected at each time point. Significant associations (p < 0.05) were observed between the locations of sampling sites relative to WWTP discharge points and the rate of E. coli isolate resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole together with an increased rate of isolate MDR. The abundance of antibiotic-resistant heterotrophs was significantly greater (p < 0.05) downstream of WWTPs compared to upstream locations for all tested antibiotics. Consistent with the results from the culture-based methods, the concentrations of all ARG were substantially higher in the downstream sites compared to the upstream sites, particularly in the site immediately downstream of the WWTP effluent discharges (except mecA). In addition, the Class I integron (intI1) genes were detected in high amounts at all sites and all sampling points, and were about ∼20 times higher in the downstream sites (2.5 × 107 copies/100 mL surface water) compared to the upstream sites (1.2 × 106 copies/100 mL surface water). Results suggest that the treated WWTP effluent discharges into surface waters can potentially contribute to the occurrence and prevalence of AMR in urban watersheds. In addition to detecting increased ARG in the downstream sites by qPCR, findings from this study also report an increase in viable AMR (HPC) and MDR (E. coli) in these sites. This data will benefit establishment of improved environmental regulations and practices to help manage AMR/MDR and ARG discharges into the environment, and to develop mitigation strategies and effective treatment of wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyee Mukherjee
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Long Beach, MS, United States.,Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, United States
| | - Edward Laird
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, United States
| | - Terry J Gentry
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, United States
| | - John P Brooks
- USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dungan RS, Bjorneberg DL. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Enterococcal Isolates From Irrigation Return Flows in a High-Desert Watershed. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660697. [PMID: 34054760 PMCID: PMC8149595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrigation return flows (IRFs) collect surface runoff and subsurface drainage, causing them to have elevated contaminant and bacterial levels, and making them a potential source of pollutants. The purpose of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility among Escherichia coli and enterococcal isolates that were collected from IRFs in a south-central Idaho watershed. Environmental isolates can be a potentially important source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and IRFs may be one way resistance genes are transported out of agroecosystems. Water samples were collected from nine IRFs and one background site (canal water from Snake River) on a biweekly basis during 2018. Escherichia coli and enterococci were enumerated via a most probable number (MPN) technique, then subsamples were plated on selective media to obtain isolates. Isolates of E. coli (187) or enterococci (185) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Sensititre broth microdilution plates. For E. coli, 13% (25/187) of isolates were resistant to tetracycline, with fewer numbers being resistant to 13 other antimicrobials, with none resistant to gentamicin. While 75% (141/187) of the E. coli isolates were pan-susceptible, 12 multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns with 17 isolates exhibiting resistance to up to seven drug classes (10 antimicrobials). For the enterococcal species, only 9% (16/185) of isolates were pan-susceptible and the single highest resistance was to lincomycin (138/185; 75%) followed by nitrofurantoin (56/185; 30%) and quinupristin/dalfopristin (34/185; 18%). In addition, 13 enterococcal isolates belonging to Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Enterococcus thailandicus, were determined to be MDR to up to six different antimicrobial drug classes. None of the enterococcal isolates were resistant to gentamycin, linezolid, tigecycline, and vancomycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Dungan
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, ID, United States
| | - David L Bjorneberg
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kimberly, ID, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Das T, Islam MZ, Rana EA, Dutta A, Ahmed S, Barua H, Biswas PK. Abundance of Mobilized Colistin Resistance Gene ( mcr-1) in Commensal Escherichia coli from Diverse Sources. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1585-1593. [PMID: 33909471 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) spreads not only by pathogenic but also by commensal bacteria, and the latter can become a reservoir for resistance genes. This study was aimed to investigate the AMR patterns along with the presence of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes in commensal Escherichia coli circulating in chickens, farm environments, street foods, and human patients. Materials and Methods: By a cross-sectional survey, isolates obtained from 530 samples were tested for their AMR profiles against 9 antimicrobials. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the phenotypically colistin-resistant isolates was determined and screened for a set of mcr genes followed by sequencing of mcr-1 gene in the multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Results: A total of 313 E. coli strains were isolated and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that about 98% (confidence interval [95% CI] 95-99) of the isolates were MDR, and 58% (95% CI 52-63) isolates exhibited resistance to colistin. MIC values of colistin against the isolates ranged from 4 to 64 mg/L. Except for human patients, 20.4% colistin-resistant isolates from other sources of isolation had mcr-1 gene. Conclusions: There is abundance of commensal MDR E. coli strains with the acquisition of mcr-1 gene circulating in chickens and farm environments in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tridip Das
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,Poultry Research and Training Centre, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zohorul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Avijit Dutta
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Himel Barua
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,Poultry Research and Training Centre, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Elevated Incidences of Antimicrobial Resistance and Multidrug Resistance in the Maumee River (Ohio, USA), a Major Tributary of Lake Erie. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050911. [PMID: 33923266 PMCID: PMC8146589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maumee River, the major tributary in the western basin of Lake Erie, serves as one of major sources of freshwater in the area, supplying potable, recreational, and industrial water. In this study we collected water samples from four sites in the Maumee River Bay between 2016–2017 and E. coli was isolated, enumerated, and analyzed for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR). Strikingly, 95% of the total isolates were found to be resistant to at least one antibiotic. A very high resistance to the drugs cephalothin (95.3%), ampicillin (38.3%), tetracycline (8.8%), gentamicin (8.2%), ciprofloxacin (4.2%), cefoperazone (4%), and sulfamethoxazole (1.5%) was observed within isolates from all four sampling sites. Percentages of AMR and MDR was consistently very high in the summer and fall months, whereas it was observed to be lowest in the winter. A remarkably high number of the isolates were detected to be MDR—95% resistant to ≥1 antibiotic, 43% resistant to ≥2 antibiotics, 15% resistant to ≥3 antibiotics, 4.9% resistant to ≥4 antibiotic and 1.2% resistant to ≥5 antibiotics. This data will serve in better understanding the environmental occurrence and dissemination of AMR/MDR in the area and assist in improving and establishing control measures.
Collapse
|
34
|
Haulisah NA, Hassan L, Bejo SK, Jajere SM, Ahmad NI. High Levels of Antibiotic Resistance in Isolates From Diseased Livestock. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:652351. [PMID: 33869326 PMCID: PMC8047425 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.652351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overuse of antimicrobials in livestock health and production beyond therapeutic needs has been highlighted in recent years as one of the major risk factors for the acceleration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacteria in both humans and animals. While there is an abundance of reports on AMR in clinical isolates from humans, information regarding the patterns of resistance in clinical isolates from animals is scarce. Hence, a situational analysis of AMR based on clinical isolates from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory was performed to examine the extent and patterns of resistance demonstrated by isolates from diseased food animals. Between 2015 and 2017, 241 cases of diseased livestock were received. Clinical specimens from ruminants (cattle, goats and sheep), and non-ruminants (pigs and chicken) were received for culture and sensitivity testing. A total of 701 isolates were recovered from these specimens. From ruminants, Escherichia coli (n = 77, 19.3%) predominated, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n = 73, 18.3%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) revealed that E. coli resistance was highest for penicillin, streptomycin, and neomycin (77-93%). In addition, S. aureus was highly resistant to neomycin, followed by streptomycin and ampicillin (68-82%). More than 67% of E. coli isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and only 2.6% were susceptible to all the tested antibiotics. Similarly, 65.6% of S. aureus isolates were MDR and only 5.5% were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. From non-ruminants, a total of 301 isolates were recovered. Escherichia coli (n = 108, 35.9%) and Staphylococcus spp. (n = 27, 9%) were the most frequent isolates obtained. For E. coli, the highest resistance was against amoxicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and neomycin (95-100%). Staphylococcus spp. had a high level of resistance to streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and gentamicin (80-100%). The MDR levels of E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. isolates from non-ruminants were 72.2 and 74.1%, respectively. Significantly higher resistance level were observed among isolates from non-ruminants compared to ruminants for tetracycline, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Khairani Bejo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Indah Ahmad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Reese AT, Chadaideh KS, Diggins CE, Schell LD, Beckel M, Callahan P, Ryan R, Emery Thompson M, Carmody RN. Effects of domestication on the gut microbiota parallel those of human industrialization. eLife 2021; 10:60197. [PMID: 33755015 PMCID: PMC7987347 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domesticated animals experienced profound changes in diet, environment, and social interactions that likely shaped their gut microbiota and were potentially analogous to ecological changes experienced by humans during industrialization. Comparing the gut microbiota of wild and domesticated mammals plus chimpanzees and humans, we found a strong signal of domestication in overall gut microbial community composition and similar changes in composition with domestication and industrialization. Reciprocal diet switches within mouse and canid dyads demonstrated the critical role of diet in shaping the domesticated gut microbiota. Notably, we succeeded in recovering wild-like microbiota in domesticated mice through experimental colonization. Although fundamentally different processes, we conclude that domestication and industrialization have impacted the gut microbiota in related ways, likely through shared ecological change. Our findings highlight the utility, and limitations, of domesticated animal models for human research and the importance of studying wild animals and non-industrialized humans for interrogating signals of host-microbial coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aspen T Reese
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Katia S Chadaideh
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Caroline E Diggins
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura D Schell
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mark Beckel
- Wildlife Science Center, Stacy, MN, United States
| | | | - Roberta Ryan
- Wildlife Science Center, Stacy, MN, United States
| | | | - Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Osei FB, Boamah VE, Boakye YD, Agyare C, Abaidoo RC. Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Water Supplies Used in Poultry Production in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:
Water plays an important role in both domestic and commercial settings. Pathogenic microbial contaminants, however, render water unsafe for use. There are several reports on the quality of water used for drinking purposes in humans but few studies have been conducted on the microbial quality of water used in animal farming.
Methods:
In this study, the resistance pattern of bacterial isolates from drinking water used in poultry production in the Ashanti region of Ghana from our previously published report was determined. The presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci was determined using selective culture media (pour plate method) and confirmed through Gram staining and biochemical reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity of isolates was determined followed by detection of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative isolates.
Results:
The study revealed that water used in poultry farms contains sources of multi-drug resistant strains of E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were recovered from 31%, 36%, 64% and 19% of samples, respectively. Majority of these isolates were resistant to cephalosporins and penicillins. Almost 95% of the bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant. None of E. coli and S. typhi isolates produced ESBL.
Conclusion:
There is a need for stringent regulations and stringent measures should be taken to make these various sources of water safe for use in animal husbandry as these waters are a potential source of pathogenic and resistant bacterial strains which can cause infections to the animals and farm workers.
Collapse
|
37
|
Russo N, Stamilla A, Cascone G, Randazzo CL, Messina A, Lanza M, Pino A, Caggia C, Antoci F. The Wide Range of Antibiotic Resistance and Variability of Genotypic Profiles in Escherichia coli from Domestic Animals in Eastern Sicily. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 33396502 PMCID: PMC7823817 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae in livestock poses a serious public health threat. Escherichia coli, a usual host of intestinal microbiota, is recognized also as etiological agent of numerous infections widespread in both humans and animals. The colibacillosis is one of the most reported zoonoses worldwide, typically treated with antibiotics in the primary stages. This strategy has promoted the onset of antibiotic-resistant serotypes of E. coli, reducing the effectiveness of therapeutic treatments and contributing to antibiotic resistance spread. The current study focused on biodiversity, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance profile of 104 E. coli strains isolated from domestic animals in Eastern Sicily. The strains were isolated from sick animals and carcasses of six different animal species and screened for resistance against 16 antibiotic molecules, as recommended by WHO and OIE. The antibiotic resistance patterns highlighted that all strains were multi-resistant, showing resistance to at least three antibiotic classes. The highest incidence of resistance was observed against amoxicillin (100%), tylosin (97%), sulfamethoxazole (98%), and erythromycin (92%), while the lowest for colistin (8%). The pathotype characterization identified two EPEC strains and the study of genetic linkage (PFGE) showed a wide variety of profiles. The current study emphasized the wide range of multidrug resistance and genotyping profiles in E. coli isolated in Easter Sicily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nunziatina Russo
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (N.R.); (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (M.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Stamilla
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (N.R.); (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (M.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Cascone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Cinzia Lucia Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (N.R.); (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (M.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonino Messina
- DVM Consultant Poultry Specialists, via Cava Gucciardo Pirato, 12, 97015 Modica, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Lanza
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (N.R.); (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (M.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Pino
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (N.R.); (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (M.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Cinzia Caggia
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (N.R.); (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (M.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Francesco Antoci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (F.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bravo Santano N, Juncker Boll E, Catrine Capern L, Cieplak TM, Keleszade E, Letek M, Costabile A. Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Mucus Induction Properties of Selected Bacillus Strains against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120849. [PMID: 33261022 PMCID: PMC7760508 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been shown to bind to host receptors, which are important for pathogen adhesion and induce the host’s production of defence factors. They can activate the goblet-cell-derived production of mucins, a major component of the mucus layer and a physical barrier participating in limiting the proximity of microorganisms to the epithelial layer. In the last decade, Bacillus spp. strains have gained interest in human and animal health due to their tolerance and stability under gastrointestinal tract conditions. Moreover, Bacillus spp. strains can also produce various antimicrobial peptides that can support their use as commercial probiotic supplements and functional foods. The present study aimed to evaluate and determine the ability of selected Bacillus spp. strains to inhibit the growth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 and to reduce binding of ETEC F4 to HT29-16E (mucus-secreting and goblet-like) human intestinal cells. Moreover, mucus production in the HT29 cells in the presence of the Bacillus spp. strains was quantified by ELISA. Bacillus spp. strains (CHCC 15076, CHCC 15516, CHCC 15541, and CHCC 16872) significantly inhibited the growth of ETEC F4. Moreover, the ability of the probiotic Bacillus spp. strains to stimulate mucin release was highly strain dependent. The treatment with Bacillus subtilis CHCC 15541 resulted in a significant increase of both MUC2 and MUC3 in HT29-16E cells. Therefore, this strain could be an up-and-coming candidate for developing commercial probiotic supplements to prevent infections caused by ETEC F4 and, potentially, other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo Santano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW154JD, UK; (N.B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Erik Juncker Boll
- Animal Health Innovation, Chr. Hansen A/S, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (E.J.B.); (L.C.C.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Lena Catrine Capern
- Animal Health Innovation, Chr. Hansen A/S, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (E.J.B.); (L.C.C.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Tomasz Maciej Cieplak
- Animal Health Innovation, Chr. Hansen A/S, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark; (E.J.B.); (L.C.C.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Enver Keleszade
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW154JD, UK; (N.B.S.); (E.K.)
| | - Michal Letek
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Adele Costabile
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW154JD, UK; (N.B.S.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-20-8392-3571
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Singh AK, Das S, Kumar S, Gajamer VR, Najar IN, Lepcha YD, Tiwari HK, Singh S. Distribution of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Pathogens in Potable Spring Water of Eastern Indian Himalayas: Emphasis on Virulence Gene and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:581072. [PMID: 33224119 PMCID: PMC7674312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.581072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year millions of people die due to fatal waterborne diseases around the world especially in developing countries like India. Sikkim, a northeastern state of India, greatly depends on natural water sources. About 80% of the population of Sikkim depends on natural spring water for domestic as well as agricultural use. Recent waterborne disease outbreaks in the state raises a concerning question on water quality. In this study, we analyzed water quality especially for the detection of Enterobacteriaceae members from four districts of the state. Isolation with selective culture media techniques and taxonomic characterization of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria with 16S rRNA gene showed the prevalence of Escherichia coli (37.50%), Escherichia fergusonii (29.41%), Klebsiella oxytoca (36.93%), Citrobacter freundii (37.92%), Citrobacter amalonaticus (43.82%), Enterobacter sp. (43.82%), Morganella morganii (43.82%), Hafnia alvei (32.42%), Hafnia paralvei (38.74%), and Shigella flexneri (30.47%) in the spring water of Sikkim. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) showed resistance of the isolates to common antibiotics like ampicillin, amoxicillin as well as to third generation antibiotics like ceftazidime and carbapenem. None of the isolates showed resistance to chloramphenicol. E. coli isolated from spring water of Sikkim showed presence of different virulence genes such as stx1 (81.81%), elt (86.66%), and eae (66.66%) along with resistance gene for ampicillin (CITM) (80%), quinolones (qnrB) (44.44%), tetracycline (tetO) (66.66%), and streptomycin (aadA1) (66.66%). The data indicates a high incidence rate of multiple antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria in the spring water of Sikkim. Additionally, the presence of enteric bacteria in the water samples indicates widespread fecal contamination of the spring water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Saurav Das
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Varsha Rani Gajamer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Ishfaq Nabi Najar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Yangchen D. Lepcha
- State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD), Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, India
| | - Hare Krishna Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery (CEMS), Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli from Diarrheic Weaned Piglets after the Ban on Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Feed. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110755. [PMID: 33138321 PMCID: PMC7693254 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to survey the antimicrobial resistance profiles of 690 pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates obtained from Korean pigs with symptoms of enteric colibacillosis between 2007 and 2017, while assessing the change in antimicrobial resistance profiles before and after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, the antimicrobial resistance phenotype was analyzed through the disk diffusion method, and the genotype was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction. After the ban on AGPs, resistance to gentamicin (from 68.8% to 39.0%), neomycin (from 84.9% to 57.8%), ciprofloxacin (from 49.5% to 39.6%), norfloxacin (from 46.8% to 37.3%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (from 40.8% to 23.5%) decreased compared to before the ban. However, resistance to cephalothin (from 51.4% to 66.5%), cefepime (from 0.0% to 2.4%), and colistin (from 7.3% to 11.0%) had increased. We confirmed a high percentage of multidrug resistance before (95.0%) and after (96.6%) the ban on AGPs. The AmpC gene was the most prevalent from 2007 to 2017 (60.0%), followed by the blaTEM gene (55.5%). The blaTEM was prevalent before (2007–2011, 69.3%) and after (2012–2017, 49.2%) the ban on AGPs. These results provide data that can be used for the prevention and treatment of enteric colibacillosis.
Collapse
|
41
|
Hanna N, Purohit M, Diwan V, Chandran SP, Riggi E, Parashar V, Tamhankar AJ, Lundborg CS. Monitoring of Water Quality, Antibiotic Residues, and Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in the Kshipra River in India over a 3-Year Period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217706. [PMID: 33105585 PMCID: PMC7659961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major global and environmental health issue, yet the presence of antibiotic residues and resistance in the water and sediment of a river subjected to excessive anthropogenic activities and their relationship with water quality of the river are not well studied. The objectives of the present study were a) to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the water and sediment of the Kshipra river in India at seven selected sites during different seasons of the years 2014, 2015, and 2016 and b) to investigate the association between antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant E. coli in water and sediment and measured water quality parameters of the river. Antibiotic residues and resistant E. coli were present in the water and sediment and were associated with the measured water quality parameters. Sulfamethoxazole was the most frequently detected antibiotic in water at the highest concentration of 4.66 µg/L and was positively correlated with the water quality parameters. Significant (p < 0.05) seasonal and spatial variations of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in water and sediment were found. The resistance of E. coli to antibiotics (e.g., sulfamethiazole, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacine, cefotaxime, co-trimoxazole, ceftazidime, meropenem, ampicillin, amikacin, metronidazole, tetracycline, and tigecycline) had varying associations with the measured water and sediment quality parameters. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that regular monitoring and surveillance of water quality, including antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance, of all rivers should be taken up as a key priority, in national and Global Action Plans as these can have implications for the buildup of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Hanna
- Department of Global Public Health, Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.D.); (A.J.T.); (C.S.L.)
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Manju Purohit
- Department of Global Public Health, Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.D.); (A.J.T.); (C.S.L.)
- Department of Pathology, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (M.P.)
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Department of Global Public Health, Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.D.); (A.J.T.); (C.S.L.)
- Department of Public Health and Environment, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India;
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India
| | | | - Emilia Riggi
- SSD Epidemiologia screening—CPO, University Hospital ‘Cittàdella Salute della Scienza’, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Vivek Parashar
- Department of Public Health and Environment, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India;
| | - Ashok J. Tamhankar
- Department of Global Public Health, Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.D.); (A.J.T.); (C.S.L.)
- Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Environmental Medicine, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India
| | - Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
- Department of Global Public Health, Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.D.); (A.J.T.); (C.S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Amato HK, Wong NM, Pelc C, Taylor K, Price LB, Altabet M, Jordan TE, Graham JP. Effects of concentrated poultry operations and cropland manure application on antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli and nutrient pollution in Chesapeake Bay watersheds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139401. [PMID: 32464410 PMCID: PMC7324218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Manure from poultry operations is typically applied to nearby cropland and may affect nutrient loading and the spread of antibiotic resistance (ABR). We analyzed the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and the occurrence of ABR in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli isolates from streams draining 15 small (<19 km2) watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay with contrasting levels of concentrated poultry operations. Total nitrogen and nitrate plus nitrite concentrations increased with poultry barn density with concentrations two and three times higher, respectively, in watersheds with the highest poultry barn densities compared to those without poultry barns. Analysis of N and O isotopes in nitrate by mass spectrometry showed an increase in the proportion of 15N associated with an increase in barn density, suggesting that the nitrate associated with poultry barns originated from manure. Phosphorus concentrations were not correlated with barn density. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of putative E. coli isolates was conducted using the disk diffusion method for twelve clinically important antibiotics. Of the isolates tested, most were completely susceptible (67%); 33% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 24% were resistant to ampicillin, 13% were resistant to cefazolin, and 8% were multi-drug resistant. Resistance to three cephalosporin drugs was positively associated with an index of manure exposure estimated from poultry barn density and proportion of cropland in a watershed. The proportion of E. coli isolates resistant to cefoxitin, cefazolin, and ceftriaxone, broad-spectrum antibiotics important in human medicine, increased by 18.9%, 16.9%, and 6.2%, respectively, at the highest estimated level of manure exposure compared to watersheds without manure exposure. Our results suggest that comparisons of small watersheds could be used to identify geographic areas where remedial actions may be needed to reduce nutrient pollution and the public health risks of ABR bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Amato
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States of America
| | - Nora M Wong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States of America
| | - Carey Pelc
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America
| | - Kishana Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Lance B Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States of America
| | - Mark Altabet
- Department of Estuarine and Ocean Sciences, School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 836 S Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, MA 02744, United States of America
| | - Thomas E Jordan
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America
| | - Jay P Graham
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Adator EH, Narvaez-Bravo C, Zaheer R, Cook SR, Tymensen L, Hannon SJ, Booker CW, Church D, Read RR, McAllister TA. A One Health Comparative Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Generic and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Beef Production, Sewage and Clinical Settings. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060885. [PMID: 32545206 PMCID: PMC7355928 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and generic Escherichia coli from a One Health continuum of the beef production system in Alberta, Canada. A total of 705 extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (ESCr) were obtained from: cattle feces (CFeces, n = 382), catch basins (CBasins, n = 137), surrounding streams (SStreams, n = 59), beef processing plants (BProcessing, n = 4), municipal sewage (MSewage; n = 98) and human clinical specimens (CHumans, n = 25). Generic isolates (663) included: CFeces (n = 142), CBasins (n = 185), SStreams (n = 81), BProcessing (n = 159) and MSewage (n = 96). All isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility to 9 antimicrobials and two clavulanic acid combinations. In ESCr, oxytetracycline (87.7%), ampicillin (84.4%) and streptomycin (73.8%) resistance phenotypes were the most common, with source influencing AMR prevalence (p < 0.001). In generic E. coli, oxytetracycline (51.1%), streptomycin (22.6%), ampicillin (22.5%) and sulfisoxazole (14.3%) resistance were most common. Overall, 88.8% of ESCr, and 26.7% of generic isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). MDR in ESCr was high from all sources: CFeces (97.1%), MSewage (96.9%), CHumans (96%), BProcessing (100%), CBasins (70.5%) and SStreams (61.4%). MDR in generic E. coli was lower with CFeces (45.1%), CBasins (34.6%), SStreams (23.5%), MSewage (13.6%) and BProcessing (10.7%). ESBL phenotypes were confirmed in 24.7% (n = 174) ESCr and 0.6% of generic E. coli. Prevalence of bla genes in ESCr were blaCTXM (30.1%), blaCTXM-1 (21.6%), blaTEM (20%), blaCTXM-9 (7.9%), blaOXA (3.0%), blaCTXM-2 (6.4%), blaSHV (1.4%) and AmpC β-lactamase blaCMY (81.3%). The lower AMR in ESCr from SStreams and BProcessing and higher AMR in CHumans and CFeces likely reflects antimicrobial use in these environments. Although MDR levels were higher in ESCr as compared to generic E. coli, AMR to the same antimicrobials ranked high in both ESCr and generic E. coli sub-populations. This suggests that both sub-populations reflect similar AMR trends and are equally useful for AMR surveillance. Considering that MDR ESCr MSewage isolates were obtained without enrichment, while those from CFeces were obtained with enrichment, MSewage may serve as a hot spot for MDR emergence and dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emelia H. Adator
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (E.H.A.); (C.N.-B.)
| | - Claudia Narvaez-Bravo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (E.H.A.); (C.N.-B.)
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
| | - Shaun R. Cook
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada; (S.R.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Lisa Tymensen
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada; (S.R.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Sherry J. Hannon
- Health Management Services Ltd, Okotoks, AB T1S 2A2, Canada; (S.J.H.); (C.W.B.)
| | - Calvin W. Booker
- Health Management Services Ltd, Okotoks, AB T1S 2A2, Canada; (S.J.H.); (C.W.B.)
| | - Deirdre Church
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (D.C.); (R.R.R.)
| | - Ron R. Read
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (D.C.); (R.R.R.)
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (E.H.A.); (C.N.-B.)
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bovine lymph nodes as a source of Escherichia coli contamination of the meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 331:108715. [PMID: 32554040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ground beef contamination with Escherichia coli is usually a result of carcass faecal contamination during the slaughter process. Carcasses are contaminated when they come into contact with soiled hides or intestinal leakage content during dressing and the evisceration processes. A more recent and compelling hypothesis is that, when lymph nodes are present in manufacturing beef trimmings, they can be a potential source of Enterobacteriaceae contamination of ground beef. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of E. coli in lymph nodes from beef carcasses used for ground meat production, in six slaughter plants situated in central Italy A total of 597 subiliac (precrural) lymph nodes were obtained from 597 cattle carcasses and screened for E. coli by culture. Furthermore, E. coli isolates (one per positive carcass) were tested for stx1, stx2 eaeA and hlyA genes that are commonly used to identify and characterise shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). In addition, the E. coli isolates were profiled for antimicrobial susceptibility. A proportion of 34.2% (204/597) carcasses were positive for E. coli. PCR revealed that 29% (59/204) of E. coli possessed stx1 or stx2 which corresponded to 9.9% of the cattle sampled. Moreover, a combination of stx1 or stx2 and eaeA was found in in 4 isolates (2% among E. coli positive samples and 1% among cattle sampled) and a combination of stx1 or stx2 and eaeA and hly in 1 isolate (0.5% and 0.2%). More than 95% of isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, ceftriaxone, cyprofloxacin and cefotaxime while high rates of resistance were recorded for cephalotin, ampicillin, tetracycline, tripe sulfa and streptomycin. The multivariate analysis identified "age" as the factor most closely related to E. coli positivity (either generic E. coli or STEC) in bovine lymph nodes. In conclusion, subiliac lymph nodes represent a source of E. coli for ground beef. These results are of major importance for risk assessment and improving good manufacturing practices during animal slaughter and ground meat production.
Collapse
|
45
|
Beattie RE, Bakke E, Konopek N, Thill R, Munson E, Hristova KR. Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Escherichia coli Isolated from Dairy Manure and Freshwater Ecosystems Are Similar to One Another but Differ from Associated Clinical Isolates. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050747. [PMID: 32429352 PMCID: PMC7284991 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a prevalent global health problem across human and veterinary medicine. The One Health approach to AMR is necessary to mitigate transmission between sources of resistance and decrease the spread of resistant bacteria among humans, animals, and the environment. Our primary goal was to identify associations in resistance traits between Escherichia coli isolated from clinical (n = 103), dairy manure (n = 65), and freshwater ecosystem (n = 64) environments within the same geographic location and timeframe. Clinical E. coli isolates showed the most phenotypic resistance (47.5%), followed by environmental isolates (15.6%) and manure isolates (7.7%), with the most common resistances to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and cefotaxime antibiotics. An isolate subset was screened for extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production resulting in the identification of 35 ESBL producers. The most common ESBL gene identified was blaTEM-1. Additionally, we found nine different plasmid replicon types including IncFIA-FIB, which were frequently associated with ESBL producer isolates. Molecular phylotyping revealed a significant portion of clinical E. coli were associated with phylotype B2, whereas manure and environmental isolates were more diverse. Manure and environmental isolates were significantly different from clinical isolates based on analyzed traits, suggesting more transmission occurs between these two sources in the sampled environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle E. Beattie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; (R.E.B.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Ellen Bakke
- Driskill Life Sciences, Northwestern Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Nicholas Konopek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; (R.E.B.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Rebecca Thill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; (R.E.B.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Erik Munson
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA;
| | - Krassimira R. Hristova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; (R.E.B.); (N.K.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance Variability in Water Runoff and Soil from a Remnant Native Prairie, an Improved Pasture, and a Cultivated Agricultural Watershed. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although many previous studies have examined patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) from domestic animals and farm environments, comparatively little is known about the environmental sources and natural reservoirs of AMR and MDR. In this study, we collected stormwater runoff and soil samples from three watersheds in Texas. Escherichia coli (E. coli) were enumerated, isolated, and analyzed for resistance patterns. E. coli from all sites, irrespective of land use, displayed the presence of AMR/MDR. Higher levels of AMR/MDR were observed in water compared to soil. More isolates were resistant to cephalothin than other antibiotics. For water isolates, 94% was resistant to cephalothin, 27% to tetracycline, and 15% to ampicillin. Across all sites, a large percentage of water isolates demonstrated MDR with 34% resistant to ≥2 antibiotics and 11% to ≥3 antibiotics. All AMR soil isolates were resistant to cephalothin (87% of the total soil isolates), but only 8.9% were MDR. High cephalothin resistance observed in both soil and water suggests the presence of native, cephalothin-resistant E. coli. Higher MDR observed within water compared to the soil populations suggests that resistance sources other than soil, such as more recent fecal depositions as opposed to residual AMR in soil, could have contributed to higher antibiotic-resistant E. coli in runoff.
Collapse
|
47
|
Nouri Gharajalar S, Shahbazi P. Distribution of oxytetracycline resistance genes in E. coli isolated from pigeon faecal samples. J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
48
|
Sacristán I, Esperón F, Acuña F, Aguilar E, García S, López MJ, Cevidanes A, Neves E, Cabello J, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Poulin E, Millán J, Napolitano C. Antibiotic resistance genes as landscape anthropization indicators: Using a wild felid as sentinel in Chile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134900. [PMID: 31757538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global emerging public health issue whose presence and impact in wildlife are widely unknown. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are considered environmental contaminants, suitable to evaluate the degree of anthropic impact on wildlife and the environment. We used a wild felid, the guigna (Leopardus guigna), as a sentinel for the presence of ARGs in anthropized and pristine areas across their entire distribution range in Chile. We evaluated fecal samples from 51 wild guignas, collected between 2009 and 2018. Real-time PCR essays were employed to detect and quantify 22 selected ARGs in their fecal microbiome. All animals (100%) were positive for at least one ARG. The most prevalent ARG families were those that confer resistance to tetracycline (88.2%) and beta-lactamase (68.9%), with tet(Q) (60.8%), tet(W) (60.8%), and blaTEM (66.7%) as the most prevalent ARGs. Multi-resistance profiles were observed in 43% of the guignas. Statistically significant differences were found between anthropized and pristine areas for tet(Q) (p = 0.014), tet(W) (p = 0.0037), tetracycline family (p = 0.027), multi-resistance profile prevalence (p = 0.043) and tet(W) quantification (p = 0.004). Two animals from anthropized landscapes were positive for mecA, a gene associated with Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci resistant to methicillin, while three animals from anthropized areas were positive for blaCTX-M, that encodes class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Both genes have been identified in bacteria causing relevant nosocomial infections worldwide. This is the first study on ARGs in wild felids from Chile and the first detection of mecA in South American wild felids. We observed an association between the degree of landscape anthropization and ARG prevalence, confirming that ARGs are important indicators of wildlife exposure to human activity/presence, with a widespread distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sacristán
- PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Grupo de Epidemiología y Sanidad Ambiental, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Acuña
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián García
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José López
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aitor Cevidanes
- PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Neves
- Grupo de Epidemiología y Sanidad Ambiental, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cabello
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé Silvestre, Ancud, Chile
| | - Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso
- Departamento de Conservación e Investigación, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km 32, Buin, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Millán
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Napolitano
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Smith OM, Snyder WE, Owen JP. Are we overestimating risk of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:652-679. [PMID: 32003106 PMCID: PMC7317827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. This has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. Further, Salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns. Despite numerous studies of enteric bacteria in wild birds and policies to discourage birds from food systems, we lack a comprehensive understanding of wild bird involvement in transmission of enteric bacteria to humans. Here, we propose a framework for understanding spillover of enteric pathogens from wild birds to humans, which includes pathogen acquisition, reservoir competence and bacterial shedding, contact with people and food, and pathogen survival in the environment. We place the literature into this framework to identify important knowledge gaps. Second, we conduct a meta‐analysis of prevalence data for three human enteric pathogens, Campylobacter spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp., in 431 North American breeding bird species. Our literature review revealed that only 3% of studies addressed the complete system of pathogen transmission. In our meta‐analysis, we found a Campylobacter spp. prevalence of 27% across wild birds, while prevalence estimates of pathogenic E. coli (20%) and Salmonella spp. (6.4%) were lower. There was significant bias in which bird species have been tested, with most studies focusing on a small number of taxa that are common near people (e.g. European starlings Sturnus vulgaris and rock pigeons Columba livia) or commonly in contact with human waste (e.g. gulls). No pathogen prevalence data were available for 65% of North American breeding bird species, including many commonly in contact with humans (e.g. black‐billed magpie Pica hudsonia and great blue heron Ardea herodias), and our metadata suggest that some under‐studied species, taxonomic groups, and guilds may represent equivalent or greater risk to human infection than heavily studied species. We conclude that current data do not provide sufficient information to determine the likelihood of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans and thus preclude management solutions. The primary focus in the literature on pathogen prevalence likely overestimates the probability of enteric pathogen spillover from wild birds to humans because a pathogen must survive long enough at an infectious dose and be a strain that is able to colonize humans to cause infection. We propose that future research should focus on the large number of under‐studied species commonly in contact with people and food production and demonstrate shedding of bacterial strains pathogenic to humans into the environment where people may contact them. Finally, studies assessing the duration and intensity of bacterial shedding and survival of bacteria in the environment in bird faeces will help provide crucial missing information necessary to calculate spillover probability. Addressing these essential knowledge gaps will support policy to reduce enteric pathogen spillover to humans and enhance bird conservation efforts that are currently undermined by unsupported fears of pathogen spillover from wild birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, P.O. Box 646382, Pullman, WA, 99164, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Amadi VA, Hariharan H, Amadi OA, Matthew-Belmar V, Nicholas-Thomas R, Perea ML, Carter K, Rennie E, Kalasi K, Alhassan A, Kabuusu RM, Alozie GU, Fields PJ, Pinckney R, Sharma R. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from feces of non-diarrheic dogs in Grenada, West Indies. Vet World 2019; 12:2070-2075. [PMID: 32095061 PMCID: PMC6989324 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.2070-2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: There is currently no published information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of commensal Escherichia coli in dogs of Grenada origin. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance helps in the empirical selection of antibiotics. This study determined the occurrence of E. coli including the O157:H7 serotype in feces of non-diarrheic dogs of Grenada origin and the antibiotic resistance pattern of the E. coli isolates. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples from 142 of the 144 (98.6%) dogs were culture positive for E. coli. Selection of up to three colonies from each of the 142 E. coli-positive samples yielded a total of 402 E. coli isolates, which were analyzed for the presence of non-sorbitol fermenting colonies, and O157-agglutination. Results: Of the 402 E. coli isolates, 30 (7.5%) were non-sorbitol fermenters. However, none of the 402 isolates gave a positive reaction (O157:H7) to the E. coli O157:H7 latex kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests against 12 antibiotics revealed low resistance rates to all the tested antibiotics except for tetracycline (Te) (23.4%), cephalothin (CF) (13.2%), and ampicillin (AM) (7.7%). Thirty-nine out of the 402 (9.7%), E. coli isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics of different classes. Conclusion: This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of commensal E. coli from non-diarrheic dogs in Grenada. Some of the isolates (39/402 isolates, 9.7%) were resistant to multiple antibiotics. This study showed that presently, dogs in Grenada should not be considered a reservoir for the E. coli O157:H7 serotype and for multiple antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains. Among the 402 E. coli isolates, the resistance rate to drugs other than Te, CF, and AM was very low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Amadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Harry Hariharan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Ozioma A Amadi
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Vanessa Matthew-Belmar
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Roxanne Nicholas-Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Marta Lanza Perea
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Kenrith Carter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Eugene Rennie
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Keith Kalasi
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Andy Alhassan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Richard M Kabuusu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Grant Ugochukwu Alozie
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Paul J Fields
- Office of Research, School of Graduate Studies, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Rhonda Pinckney
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Ravindra Sharma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| |
Collapse
|