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Budama-Kilinc Y, Kurtur OB, Gok B, Cakmakci N, Kecel-Gunduz S, Unel NM, Ozturk TK. Use of Immunoglobulin Y Antibodies: Biosensor-based Diagnostic Systems and Prophylactic and Therapeutic Drug Delivery Systems for Viral Respiratory Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:973-985. [PMID: 38561616 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266289898240322073258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses have caused many pandemics from past to present and are among the top global public health problems due to their rate of spread. The recently experienced COVID-19 pandemic has led to an understanding of the importance of rapid diagnostic tests to prevent epidemics and the difficulties of developing new vaccines. On the other hand, the emergence of resistance to existing antiviral drugs during the treatment process poses a major problem for society and global health systems. Therefore, there is a need for new approaches for the diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of existing or new types of respiratory viruses. Immunoglobulin Y antibodies (IgYs) obtained from the yolk of poultry eggs have significant advantages, such as high production volumes, low production costs, and high selectivity, which enable the development of innovative and strategic products. Especially in diagnosing respiratory viruses, antibody-based biosensors in which these antibodies are integrated have the potential to provide superiority in making rapid and accurate diagnosis as a practical diagnostic tool. This review article aims to provide information on using IgY antibodies in diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic applications for respiratory viruses and to provide a perspective for future innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Budama-Kilinc
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkiye
- Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozan Baris Kurtur
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Gok
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nisanur Cakmakci
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serda Kecel-Gunduz
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Necdet Mehmet Unel
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Plantomics Research Laboratory, Kastamonu, Turkiye
- Research and Application Center, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkiye
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Frumkin LR, Lucas M, Wallach M, Scribner CL, St John T, Mochly-Rosen D. COVID-19 prophylaxis with immunoglobulin Y (IgY) for the world population: The critical role that governments and non-governmental organizations can play. J Glob Health 2022; 12:03080. [PMID: 36462205 PMCID: PMC9719602 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lyn R Frumkin
- SPARK at Stanford, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michaela Lucas
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Wallach
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,SPARK Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Tom St John
- SPARK at Stanford, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- SPARK at Stanford, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,SPARK Global, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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3
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Hadjichrysanthou C, Beukenhorst AL, Koch CM, Alter G, Goudsmit J, Anderson RM, de Wolf F. Exploring the Role of Antiviral Nasal Sprays in the Control of Emerging Respiratory Infections in the Community. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:2287-2296. [PMID: 36309921 PMCID: PMC9618272 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that there is an unmet need for the development of novel prophylactic antiviral treatments to control the outbreak of emerging respiratory virus infections. Passive antibody-based immunisation approaches such as intranasal antibody prophylaxis have the potential to provide immediately accessible universal protection as they act directly at the most common route of viral entry, the upper respiratory tract. The need for such products is very apparent for SARS-CoV-2 at present, given the relatively low effectiveness of vaccines to prevent infection and block virus onward transmission. We explore the benefits and challenges of the use of antibody-based nasal sprays prior and post exposure to the virus. METHODS The classic susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed (SEIR) mathematical model was extended to describe the potential population-level impact of intranasal antibody prophylaxis on controlling the spread of an emerging respiratory infection in the community. RESULTS Intranasal administration of monoclonal antibodies provides only a short-term protection to the mucosal surface. Consequently, sustained intranasal antibody prophylaxis of a substantial proportion of the population would be needed to contain infections. Post-exposure prophylaxis against the development of severe disease would be essential for the overall reduction in hospital admissions. CONCLUSION Antibody-based nasal sprays could provide protection against infection to individuals that are likely to be exposed to the virus. Large-scale administration for a long period of time would be challenging. Intranasal antibody prophylaxis alone cannot prevent community-wide transmission of the virus. It could be used along with other protective measures, such as non-pharmaceutical interventions, to bridge the time required to develop and produce effective vaccines, and complement active immunisation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna L. Beukenhorst
- Leyden Laboratories B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands ,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Leyden Laboratories B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands ,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Leyden Laboratories B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands ,Departments of Epidemiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Roy M. Anderson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Frank de Wolf
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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4
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Duty JA, Kraus T, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Shaabani N, Yildiz S, Du N, Singh A, Miorin L, Li D, Stegman K, Ophir S, Cao X, Atanasoff K, Lim R, Mena I, Bouvier NM, Kowdle S, Carreño JM, Rivero-Nava L, Raskin A, Moreno E, Johnson S, Rathnasinghe R, Pai CI, Kehrer T, Cabral EP, Jangra S, Healy L, Singh G, Warang P, Simon V, Sordillo EM, van Bakel H, Liu Y, Sun W, Kerwin L, Teijaro J, Schotsaert M, Krammer F, Bresson D, García-Sastre A, Fu Y, Lee B, Powers C, Moran T, Ji H, Tortorella D, Allen R. Discovery and intranasal administration of a SARS-CoV-2 broadly acting neutralizing antibody with activity against multiple Omicron subvariants. MED 2022; 3:705-721.e11. [PMID: 36044897 PMCID: PMC9359501 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continual emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern, in particular the newly emerged Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and its BA.X lineages, has rendered ineffective a number of previously FDA emergency use authorized SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody therapies. Furthermore, those approved antibodies with neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1 are reportedly ineffective against the subset of Omicron subvariants that contain a R346K substitution, BA.1.1, and the more recently emergent BA.2, demonstrating the continued need for discovery and characterization of candidate therapeutic antibodies with the breadth and potency of neutralizing activity required to treat newly diagnosed COVID-19 linked to recently emerged variants of concern. METHODS Following a campaign of antibody discovery based on the vaccination of Harbor H2L2 mice with defined SARS-CoV-2 spike domains, we have characterized the activity of a large collection of spike-binding antibodies and identified a lead neutralizing human IgG1 LALA antibody, STI-9167. FINDINGS STI-9167 has potent, broad-spectrum neutralizing activity against the current SARS-COV-2 variants of concern and retained activity against each of the tested Omicron subvariants in both pseudotype and live virus neutralization assays. Furthermore, STI-9167 nAb administered intranasally or intravenously provided protection against weight loss and reduced virus lung titers to levels below the limit of quantitation in Omicron-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS With this established activity profile, a cGMP cell line has been developed and used to produce cGMP drug product intended for intravenous or intranasal use in human clinical trials. FUNDING Funded by CRIPT (no. 75N93021R00014), DARPA (HR0011-19-2-0020), and NCI Seronet (U54CA260560).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Duty
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heyue Zhou
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Soner Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Na Du
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alok Singh
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Karen Stegman
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sabrina Ophir
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xia Cao
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kristina Atanasoff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reyna Lim
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole M Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ariel Raskin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sachi Johnson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chin I Pai
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas Kehrer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Healy
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emilia Mia Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Kerwin
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanwen Fu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colin Powers
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Ji
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Allen
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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5
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Cao X, Maruyama J, Zhou H, Fu Y, Kerwin L, Powers C, Sattler RA, Manning JT, Singh A, Lim R, Healy LD, Johnson S, Paz Cabral E, Li D, Lu L, Ledesma A, Lee D, Richards S, Rivero-Nava L, Li Y, Shen W, Stegman K, Blair B, Urata S, Kishimoto-Urata M, Ko J, Du N, Morais K, Lawrence K, Rivera I, Pai CI, Bresson D, Brunswick M, Zhang Y, Ji H, Paessler S, Allen RD. Unbiased approach to identify and assess efficacy of human SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15517. [PMID: 36109550 PMCID: PMC9476467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to significantly impact the global population, thus countermeasure platforms that enable rapid development of therapeutics against variants of SARS-CoV-2 are essential. We report use of a phage display human antibody library approach to rapidly identify neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate the binding and neutralization capability of two nAbs, STI-2020 and STI-5041, against the SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 strain as well as the Alpha and Beta variants. STI-2020 and STI-5041 were protective when administered intravenously or intranasally in the golden (Syrian) hamster model of COVID-19 challenged with the WA-1 strain or Beta variant. The ability to administer nAbs intravenously and intranasally may have important therapeutic implications and Phase 1 healthy subjects clinical trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Heyue Zhou
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yanwen Fu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Kerwin
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Colin Powers
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rachel A Sattler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - John T Manning
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Alok Singh
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Reyna Lim
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Laura D Healy
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sachi Johnson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Donghui Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Lucy Lu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Daniel Lee
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Yan Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Weiqun Shen
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Karen Stegman
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Shinji Urata
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Magumi Kishimoto-Urata
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jamie Ko
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Na Du
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kyndal Morais
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kate Lawrence
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ianne Rivera
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Chin-I Pai
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | - Henry Ji
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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6
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Frumkin LR, Lucas M, Scribner CL, Ortega-Heinly N, Rogers J, Yin G, Hallam TJ, Yam A, Bedard K, Begley R, Cohen CA, Badger CV, Abbasi SA, Dye JM, McMillan B, Wallach M, Bricker TL, Joshi A, Boon ACM, Pokhrel S, Kraemer BR, Lee L, Kargotich S, Agochiya M, John TS, Mochly-Rosen D. Egg-Derived Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) With Broad Variant Activity as Intranasal Prophylaxis Against COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899617. [PMID: 35720389 PMCID: PMC9199392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 emergency use authorizations and approvals for vaccines were achieved in record time. However, there remains a need to develop additional safe, effective, easy-to-produce, and inexpensive prevention to reduce the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection. This need is due to difficulties in vaccine manufacturing and distribution, vaccine hesitancy, and, critically, the increased prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with greater contagiousness or reduced sensitivity to immunity. Antibodies from eggs of hens (immunoglobulin Y; IgY) that were administered the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were developed for use as nasal drops to capture the virus on the nasal mucosa. Although initially raised against the 2019 novel coronavirus index strain (2019-nCoV), these anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgY surprisingly had indistinguishable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay binding against variants of concern that have emerged, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529). This is different from sera of immunized or convalescent patients. Culture neutralization titers against available Alpha, Beta, and Delta were also indistinguishable from the index SARS-CoV-2 strain. Efforts to develop these IgY for clinical use demonstrated that the intranasal anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgY preparation showed no binding (cross-reactivity) to a variety of human tissues and had an excellent safety profile in rats following 28-day intranasal delivery of the formulated IgY. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 study evaluating single-ascending and multiple doses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgY administered intranasally for 14 days in 48 healthy adults also demonstrated an excellent safety and tolerability profile, and no evidence of systemic absorption. As these antiviral IgY have broad selectivity against many variants of concern, are fast to produce, and are a low-cost product, their use as prophylaxis to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral transmission warrants further evaluation. Clinical Trial Registration https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04567810, identifier NCT04567810.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn R. Frumkin
- School of Medicine, SPARK at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michaela Lucas
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Internal Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Jayden Rogers
- Linear Clinical Research Ltd, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Gang Yin
- Sutro Biopharma Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Alice Yam
- Sutro Biopharma Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kristin Bedard
- Sutro Biopharma Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Begley
- School of Medicine, SPARK at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Courtney A. Cohen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Catherine V. Badger
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shawn A. Abbasi
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - John M. Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Michael Wallach
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- SPARK Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Traci L. Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Astha Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Kraemer
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lucia Lee
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Kargotich
- School of Medicine, SPARK Global, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mahima Agochiya
- School of Medicine, SPARK at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tom St. John
- School of Medicine, SPARK at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- School of Medicine, SPARK at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- School of Medicine, SPARK Global, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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7
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MacLean AJ, Richmond N, Koneva L, Attar M, Medina CAP, Thornton EE, Gomes AC, El-Turabi A, Bachmann MF, Rijal P, Tan TK, Townsend A, Sansom SN, Bannard O, Arnon TI. Secondary influenza challenge triggers resident memory B cell migration and rapid relocation to boost antibody secretion at infected sites. Immunity 2022; 55:718-733.e8. [PMID: 35349789 PMCID: PMC9044924 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resident memory B (BRM) cells develop and persist in the lungs of influenza-infected mice and humans; however, their contribution to recall responses has not been defined. Here, we used two-photon microscopy to visualize BRM cells within the lungs of influenza -virus immune and reinfected mice. Prior to re-exposure, BRM cells were sparsely scattered throughout the tissue, displaying limited motility. Within 24 h of rechallenge, these cells increased their migratory capacity, localized to infected sites, and subsequently differentiated into plasma cells. Alveolar macrophages mediated this process, in part by inducing expression of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 from infiltrating inflammatory cells. This led to the recruitment of chemokine receptor CXCR3-expressing BRM cells to infected regions and increased local antibody concentrations. Our study uncovers spatiotemporal mechanisms that regulate lung BRM cell reactivation and demonstrates their capacity to rapidly deliver antibodies in a highly localized manner to sites of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J MacLean
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Niamh Richmond
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Lada Koneva
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Cesar A P Medina
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily E Thornton
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Ariane Cruz Gomes
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Aadil El-Turabi
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- University of Oxford, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK; University of Bern, Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Department of BioMedical Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pramila Rijal
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Bannard
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tal I Arnon
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Parray HA, Shukla S, Perween R, Khatri R, Shrivastava T, Singh V, Murugavelu P, Ahmed S, Samal S, Sharma C, Sinha S, Luthra K, Kumar R. Inhalation monoclonal antibody therapy: a new way to treat and manage respiratory infections. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6315-6332. [PMID: 34423407 PMCID: PMC8380517 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The route of administration of a therapeutic agent has a substantial impact on its success. Therapeutic antibodies are usually administered systemically, either directly by intravenous route, or indirectly by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. However, treatment of diseases contained within a specific tissue necessitates a better alternate route of administration for targeting localised infections. Inhalation is a promising non-invasive strategy for antibody delivery to treat respiratory maladies because it provides higher concentrations of antibody in the respiratory airways overcoming the constraints of entry through systemic circulation and uncertainity in the amount reaching the target tissue. The nasal drug delivery route is one of the extensively researched modes of administration, and nasal sprays for molecular drugs are deemed successful and are presently commercially marketed. This review highlights the current state and future prospects of inhaled therapies, with an emphasis on the use of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of respiratory infections, as well as an overview of their importance, practical challenges, and clinical trial outcomes.Key points• Immunologic strategies for preventing mucosal transmission of respiratory pathogens.• Mucosal-mediated immunoprophylaxis could play a major role in COVID-19 prevention.• Applications of monoclonal antibodies in passive immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shivangi Shukla
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Reshma Perween
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Vanshika Singh
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Praveenkumar Murugavelu
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Chandresh Sharma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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9
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Lee L, Samardzic K, Wallach M, Frumkin LR, Mochly-Rosen D. Immunoglobulin Y for Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications in Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696003. [PMID: 34177963 PMCID: PMC8220206 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic drugs and vaccines are essential to maintaining the health of humans and animals. Yet, their production can be slow and expensive, and efficacy lost once pathogens mount resistance. Chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is a highly conserved homolog of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) that has shown benefits and a favorable safety profile, primarily in animal models of human infectious diseases. IgY is fast-acting, easy to produce, and low cost. IgY antibodies can readily be generated in large quantities with minimal environmental harm or infrastructure investment by using egg-laying hens. We summarize a variety of IgY uses, focusing on their potential for the detection, prevention, and treatment of human and animal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lee
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kate Samardzic
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael Wallach
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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10
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Rocca A, Biagi C, Scarpini S, Dondi A, Vandini S, Pierantoni L, Lanari M. Passive Immunoprophylaxis against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children: Where Are We Now? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3703. [PMID: 33918185 PMCID: PMC8038138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents the main cause of acute respiratory tract infections in children worldwide and is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. RSV infection is a self-limiting condition and does not require antibiotics. However hospitalized infants with clinical bronchiolitis often receive antibiotics for fear of bacteria coinfection, especially when chest radiography is performed due to similar radiographic appearance of infiltrate and atelectasis. This may lead to unnecessary antibiotic prescription, additional cost, and increased risk of development of resistance. Despite the considerable burden of RSV bronchiolitis, to date, only symptomatic treatment is available, and there are no commercially available vaccines. The only licensed passive immunoprophylaxis is palivizumab. The high cost of this monoclonal antibody (mAb) has led to limiting its prescription only for high-risk children: infants with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, neuromuscular disorders, immunodeficiencies, and extreme preterm birth. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the majority of hospitalized RSV-infected children do not fully meet the criteria for immune prophylaxis. While waiting for an effective vaccine, passive immune prophylaxis in children is mandatory. There are a growing number of RSV passive immunization candidates under development intended for RSV prevention in all infants. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art of palivizumab's usage and summarize the clinical and preclinical trials regarding the development of mAbs with a better cost-effectiveness ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rocca
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Carlotta Biagi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Sara Scarpini
- Specialty School of Paediatrics—Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Dondi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Silvia Vandini
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, 40026 Imola, Italy;
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
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11
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Fuentes S, Hahn M, Chilcote K, Chemaly RF, Shah DP, Ye X, Avadhanula V, Piedra PA, Golding H, Khurana S. Antigenic Fingerprinting of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-A-Infected Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients Reveals Importance of Mucosal Anti-RSV G Antibodies in Control of RSV Infection in Humans. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:636-646. [PMID: 31745552 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes significant morbidity in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. However, antibody responses that correlate with recovery from RSV disease are not fully understood. METHODS In this study, antibody repertoire in paired serum and nasal wash samples from acutely RSV-A-infected HCT recipients who recovered early (<14 days of RSV shedding) were compared with late-recovered patients (≥14 days of shedding) using gene fragment phage display libraries and surface plasmon resonance. RESULTS Anti-F serum responses were similar between these 2 groups for antibody repertoires, neutralization titers, anti-F binding antibodies (prefusion and postfusion proteins), antibody avidity, and binding to specific antigenic sites. In contrast, nasal washes from early-recovered individuals demonstrated higher binding to F peptide containing p27. While the serum RSV G antibody repertoires in the 2 groups were similar, the strongest difference between early-recovered and late-recovered patients was observed in the titers of nasal wash antibodies, especially binding to the central conserved domain. Most importantly, a significantly higher antibody affinity to RSV G was observed in nasal washes from early-recovered individuals compared with late-recovered HCT recipients. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of mucosal antibodies in resolution of RSV-A infection in the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fuentes
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan Hahn
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Katarina Chilcote
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimpy P Shah
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xunyan Ye
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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12
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Constantin C, Neagu M, Diana Supeanu T, Chiurciu V, A Spandidos D. IgY - turning the page toward passive immunization in COVID-19 infection (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:151-158. [PMID: 32536989 PMCID: PMC7282020 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is facing one of the major outbreaks of viral infection of the modern history, however, as vaccine development workflow is still tedious and can not control the infection spreading, researchers are turning to passive immunization as a good and quick alternative to treat and contain the spreading. Within passive immunization domain, raising specific immunoglobulin (Ig)Y against acute respiratory tract infection has been developing for more than 20 years. Far from being an obsolete chapter we will revise the IgY-technology as a new frontier for research and clinic. A wide range of IgY applications has been effectively confirmed in both human and animal health. The molecular particularities of IgY give them functional advantages recommending them as good candidates in this endeavor. Obtaining specific IgY is sustained by reliable and nature friendly methodology as an alternative for mammalian antibodies. The aria of application is continuously enlarging from bacterial and viral infections to tumor biology. Specific anti-viral IgY were previously tested in several designs, thus its worth pointing out that in the actual COVID-19 pandemic context, respiratory infections need an enlarged arsenal of therapeutic approaches and clearly the roles of IgY should be exploited in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Laboratory, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Laboratory, 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pathology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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13
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Kumar S, Sunagar R, Gosselin EJ. Preclinical Efficacy of a Trivalent Human FcγRI-Targeted Adjuvant-Free Subunit Mucosal Vaccine against Pulmonary Pneumococcal Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020193. [PMID: 32340134 PMCID: PMC7349865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants has severely hampered the development of mucosal subunit vaccines. In this regard, we have previously shown that immunogenicity of vaccine antigens can be improved by targeting the antigens to the antigen-presenting cells. Specifically, groups of mice immunized intranasally with a fusion protein (Bivalent-FP) containing a fragment of pneumococcal-surface-protein-A (PspA) as antigen and a single-chain bivalent antibody raised against the anti-human Fc-gamma-receptor-I (hFcγRI) elicited protective immunity to pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. In order to further enhance the immunogenicity, an additional hFcγRI-binding moiety of the single chain antibody was incorporated. The modified vaccine (Trivalent-FP) induced significantly improved protection against lethal pulmonary S. pneumoniae challenge compared to Bivalent-FP. In addition, the modified vaccine exhibited over 85% protection with only two immunizations. Trivalent-FP also induced S. pneumoniae-specific systemic and mucosal antibodies. Moreover, Trivalent-FP also induced IL-17- and IL-22-producing CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, it was found that the hFcγRI facilitated uptake and presentation of Trivalent-FP. In addition, Trivalent-FP also induced IL-1α, MIP-1α, and TNF-α; modulated recruitment of dendritic cells and macrophages; and induced CD80/86 and MHC-II expression on antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
| | - Raju Sunagar
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Hyderabad 500078, India;
| | - Edmund J. Gosselin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Schneider C, Yu H, Bashir S, Chen X, von Gunten S, Padler-Karavani V. Differential Recognition of Diet-Derived Neu5Gc-Neoantigens on Glycan Microarrays by Carbohydrate-Specific Pooled Human IgG and IgA Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1565-1574. [PMID: 30994337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) cover vertebrate cell surface glycans. N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and its hydroxylated form N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are common Sia in mammals. Humans cannot synthesize Neu5Gc but accumulate it on cells through red-meat rich diets, generating numerous immunogenic Neu5Gc-neoantigens. Consequently, humans have diverse anti-Neu5Gc antibodies affecting xenotransplantation, cancer, atherosclerosis, and infertility. Anti-Neu5Gc antibodies circulate as IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes; however, repertoires of the different isotypes in a large population have not been studied yet. Here, we used glycan microarrays to investigate anti-Neu5Gc IgGs and IgAs in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or pooled human IgA, respectively. Binding patterns on microarrays fabricated with Neu5Gc- and Neu5Ac-glycans, together with inhibition assays, revealed that different IVIG preparations have highly specific anti-Neu5Gc IgG reactivity with closely related repertoires, while IgAs show cross-reactivity against several Neu5Ac-glycans. Such different anti-Neu5Gc IgG/IgA repertoires in individuals could possibly mediate distinctive effects on human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | | | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Salam Bashir
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California-Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology , University of Bern , Bern 3010 , Switzerland
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cell Research and Immunology , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
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15
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Corthésy B, Monnerat J, Lötscher M, Vonarburg C, Schaub A, Bioley G. Oral Passive Immunization With Plasma-Derived Polyreactive Secretory-Like IgA/M Partially Protects Mice Against Experimental Salmonellosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2970. [PMID: 30619327 PMCID: PMC6305475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulins have a critical role in defense of the gastrointestinal tract and are known to act by preventing bacterial acquisition. A stringent murine model of bacterial infection with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium was used to examine protection mediated by oral passive immunization with human plasma-derived polyreactive IgA and IgM antibodies (Abs) reconstituted as secretory-like immunoglobulins (SCIgA/M). This reagent has been shown to trigger Salmonella agglutination and to limit the entry of bacterium into intestinal Peyer's patches via immune exclusion. We now demonstrate that upon administration into ligated intestinal loops, SCIgA/M properly anchors in the mucus and is protected from degradation to a better extent that IgA/M or IgG. Moreover, prophylactic oral administration of SCIgA/M before intragastric infection of mice with a virulent strain of S. enterica Typhimurium allows to protect infected animals, as reflected by reduced colonization of both mucosal and systemic compartments, and conserved integrity of intestinal tissues. In comparison with IgA/M or IgG administration, SCIgA/M provided the highest degree of protection. Moreover, such protective efficacy is also observed after therapeutic oral delivery of SCIgA/M. Either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with passively delivered SCIgA/M ensured survival of up to 50% of infected mice, while untreated animals all died. Our findings unravel the potential of oral passive immunization with plasma-derived polyreactive SCIgA/M Abs to fight gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Justine Monnerat
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gilles Bioley
- R&D Laboratory, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Épalinges, Switzerland
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16
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Abbas AT, El-Kafrawy SA, Sohrab SS, Azhar EIA. IgY antibodies for the immunoprophylaxis and therapy of respiratory infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:264-275. [PMID: 30230944 PMCID: PMC6363154 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1514224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug resistance among the causative organisms for respiratory tract infections represents a critical challenge to the global health care community. Further, although vaccination can prevent disease, vaccine development is impeded by several factors. Therefore, novel approaches to treat and manage respiratory infections are urgently needed. Passive immunization represents a possible alternative to meet this need. Immunoglobulin Y antibodies (IgYs) from the yolk of chicken eggs have previously been used against bacterial and viral infections in human and animals. Their advantages include lack of reaction with mammalian Fc receptors, low production cost, and ease of extraction. Compared to mammalian IgGs, they have higher target specificity and greater binding avidity. They also possess remarkable pathogen-neutralizing activity in the respiratory tract and lungs. In this review, we provide an overview of avian IgYs and describe their potential therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymn Talat Abbas
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Gastroeneterology, Surgery Centre, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sherif Aly El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Sartaj Sohrab
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Ibraheem Ahmed Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Shao HY, Chen YC, Chung NH, Lu YJ, Chang CK, Yu SL, Liu CC, Chow YH. Maternal immunization with a recombinant adenovirus-expressing fusion protein protects neonatal cotton rats from respiratory syncytia virus infection by transferring antibodies via breast milk and placenta. Virology 2018; 521:181-189. [PMID: 29960921 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses a membrane-truncated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (Ad-F0ΔTM) in newborns via maternal immunization (MI) of pregnant cotton rats. Intranasal Ad-F0ΔTM immunization was given to pregnant female rats, and MI-newborn rats were then challenged intranasally with RSV. Anti-RSV IgGs were observed in the serum of MI-newborn rats after birth. The pulmonary viral loads in Ad-F0ΔTM vs. control vector, Ad-LacZ, and MI-newborns on day 3 post-challenge were reduced by 4 log10/g lung. The neutralizing antibody remained for up to 3 weeks in the serum of MI-newborns, which is when weaning began. Ad-F0ΔTM protected MI-newborns from RSV challenge for 1 week. Vertical-transferred protective antibodies were examined in the breast milk and placenta as well. Finally, anti-RSV immunity was not boosted but was only primed during the next RSV exposure in Ad-F0ΔTM-MI-newborns. Maternal Ad-F0ΔTM immunization provides acute protection against RSV infection in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Shao
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ying-Chin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Nai-Hsiang Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ching-Kun Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan ROC
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC.
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18
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Aliev TK, Dement’yeva IG, Toporova VA, Argentova VV, Pozdnyakova LP, Bokov MN, Votchitseva YA, Dolgikh DA, Varfolomeyev SD, Sveshnikov PG, Kirpichnikov MP. The Development and Study of Recombinant Immunoglobulin A to Hemagglutinins of the Influenza Virus. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:30-36. [PMID: 30116613 PMCID: PMC6087826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We obtained recombinant variants of human antibody FI6 broadly specific to hemagglutinins of the influenza A virus. On the basis of a bi-promoter (CMV, hEF1-HTLV) vector, we developed genetic constructs for the expression of the heavy and light chains of the immunoglobulins of IgA1-, IgA2m1-, and IgG-isotypes. Following transfection and selection, stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were produced. The antibodies of IgA1-, IgA2m1-, and IgG-isotypes were purified from culture media. We performed an immunochemical characterization and studied their interactions with influenza A strains of the H1N1- and H3N2-subtypes. It was shown that recombinant FI6 variants of the IgA-isotype retain the properties of the parental IgG antibody to demonstrate specificity to all the strains tested. The strongest binding was observed for the H1N1 subtype, which belongs to hemagglutinins of phylogenetic group I.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. K. Aliev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I. G. Dement’yeva
- Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simferopolsky Blvd. 8, Moscow, 117149 , Russia
| | - V. A. Toporova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - V. V. Argentova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
| | - L. P. Pozdnyakova
- Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simferopolsky Blvd. 8, Moscow, 117149 , Russia
| | - M. N. Bokov
- Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simferopolsky Blvd. 8, Moscow, 117149 , Russia
| | - Yu. A. Votchitseva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
| | - D. A. Dolgikh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
| | - S. D. Varfolomeyev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P. G. Sveshnikov
- Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Simferopolsky Blvd. 8, Moscow, 117149 , Russia
| | - M. P. Kirpichnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Leninskie gory 1, bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991 , Russia
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Citron MP, Patel M, Purcell M, Lin SA, Rubins DJ, McQuade P, Callahan C, Gleason A, Petrescu I, Knapp W, Orekie C, Chamarthy S, Wen Z, Touch S, Pine M, Fontenot J, Douglas C, Liang X, Espeseth AS. A novel method for strict intranasal delivery of non-replicating RSV vaccines in cotton rats and non-human primates. Vaccine 2018; 36:2876-2885. [PMID: 29599087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children twelve months of age or younger and a significant cause of lower respiratory disease in older adults. As various clinical and preclinical candidates advance, cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and non-human primates (NHP) continue to play a valuable role in RSV vaccine development, since both animals are semi-permissive to human RSV (HRSV). However, appropriate utilization of the models is critical to avoid mis-interpretation of the preclinical findings. Using a multimodality imaging approach; a fluorescence based optical imaging technique for the cotton rat and a nuclear medicine based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging technique for monkeys, we demonstrate that many common practices for intranasal immunization in both species result in inoculum delivery to the lower respiratory tract, which can result in poor translation of outcomes from the preclinical to the clinical setting. Using these technologies we define a method to limit the distribution of intranasally administered vaccines solely to the upper airway of each species, which includes volume restrictions in combination with injectable anesthesia. We show using our newly defined methods for strict intranasal immunization that these methods impact the immune responses and efficacy observed when compared to vaccination methods resulting in distribution to both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. These data emphasize the importance of well-characterized immunization methods in the preclinical assessment of intranasally delivered vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Citron
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
| | - Manishkumar Patel
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Mona Purcell
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shu-An Lin
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Daniel J Rubins
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Paul McQuade
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Cheryl Callahan
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Alexa Gleason
- Translational Imaging Biomarkers, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Ioan Petrescu
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Walter Knapp
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Chinedu Orekie
- Biopharmaceutics & Specialty DF/Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sai Chamarthy
- Biopharmaceutics & Specialty DF/Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Zhiyun Wen
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sinoeun Touch
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Matthew Pine
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Jane Fontenot
- The University of Louisiana New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia, LA 70560, United States
| | - Cameron Douglas
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Amy S Espeseth
- Infectious Disease/Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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20
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Novel high-throughput cell-based hybridoma screening methodology using the Celigo Image Cytometer. J Immunol Methods 2017; 447:23-30. [PMID: 28414024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hybridoma screening is a critical step for antibody discovery, which necessitates prompt identification of potential clones from hundreds to thousands of hybridoma cultures against the desired immunogen. Technical issues associated with ELISA- and flow cytometry-based screening limit accuracy and diminish high-throughput capability, increasing time and cost. Conventional ELISA screening with coated antigen is also impractical for difficult-to-express hydrophobic membrane antigens or multi-chain protein complexes. Here, we demonstrate novel high-throughput screening methodology employing the Celigo Image Cytometer, which avoids nonspecific signals by contrasting antibody binding signals directly on living cells, with and without recombinant antigen expression. The image cytometry-based high-throughput screening method was optimized by detecting the binding of hybridoma supernatants to the recombinant antigen CD39 expressed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Next, the sensitivity of the image cytometer was demonstrated by serial dilution of purified CD39 antibody. Celigo was used to measure antibody affinities of commercial and in-house antibodies to membrane-bound CD39. This cell-based screening procedure can be completely accomplished within one day, significantly improving throughput and efficiency of hybridoma screening. Furthermore, measuring direct antibody binding to living cells eliminated both false positive and false negative hits. The image cytometry method was highly sensitive and versatile, and could detect positive antibody in supernatants at concentrations as low as ~5ng/mL, with concurrent Kd binding affinity coefficient determination. We propose that this screening method will greatly facilitate antibody discovery and screening technologies.
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21
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Mejias A, Garcia-Maurino C, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Peeples ME, Ramilo O. Development and clinical applications of novel antibodies for prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine 2016; 35:496-502. [PMID: 27692523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children, immunocompromised patients and the elderly. Despite the high disease burden, an effective and safe vaccine is lacking, although several candidates are currently in development. Current treatment for RSV infection remains largely supportive and RSV-specific options for prophylaxis are limited to palivizumab. In the past few years, novel therapeutic options including nanobodies, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have emerged and there are several products in preclinical and Phase-I, -II or -III clinical trials. The major target for antiviral drug development is the surface fusion (F) glycoprotein, which is crucial for the infectivity and pathogenesis of the virus. Solving the structures of the two conformations of the RSV F protein, the prefusion and postfusion forms, has revolutionized RSV research. It is now known that prefusion F is highly superior in inducing neutralizing antibodies. In this section we will review the stages of development and availability of different antibodies directed against RSV for the prevention and also for treatment of acute RSV infections. Some of these newer anti-RSV agents have shown enhanced potency, are being explored through alternative routes of administration, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles with an extended half-life, and may reduce design and manufacturing costs. Management strategies will require targeting not only high-risk populations (including adults or immunocompromised patients), but also previously healthy children who, in fact, represent the majority of children hospitalized with RSV infection. Following treated patients longitudinally is essential for determining the impact of these strategies on the acute disease as well as their possible long-term benefits on lung morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Cristina Garcia-Maurino
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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22
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Shao HY, Hsu HS, Yu SL, Wu SR, Hu KC, Chang CK, Liu CC, Chow YH. Immunogenicity of an adeno-vector vaccine expressing the F protein of a respiratory syncytial virus manufactured from serum-free suspension culture. Antiviral Res 2016; 130:27-35. [PMID: 27001351 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient cell culture process to scale up the production of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses the membrane-trunked fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; Ad-F0ΔTM). Adherent cells of human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293-derived cell, 293A, which supports the production of E1/E3-deleted Ad-F0ΔTM when cultured in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), were adapted to suspension growth under serum-free medium. In doing so, we studied the immunogenicity of Ad-F0ΔTMsus, which propagated in a bioreactor that was cultured with serum-free suspension of 293A, in comparison with Ad-F0ΔTMadh, which was produced from parental 293A cells that were adherently cultured in medium containing FBS. The size and morphology of Ad-F0ΔTMsus and Ad-F0ΔTMadh virions were identical upon inspection with electron microscopy. The results showed that anti-F IgG and RSV-neutralizing titer were raised in the serum of both mice that were intranasally immunized twice with Ad-F0ΔTMsus or Ad-F0ΔTMadh at two-week injection intervals. Furthermore, the immune responses persisted for six months after vaccination. Activation of F protein-specific CD8(+) T cell's epitope associated IFN-ɣ and IL-4 was induced in both Ad-F0ΔTMsus- and Ad-F0ΔTMadh, but not in Ad-LacZsus, -immunized mouse splenocytes. No vaccine-enhanced lung inflammation, airway mucus occlusion or eosinophils infiltration were observed in Ad-immunized mice followed by RSV challenge; however, these symptoms were observed following immunization with formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. These results indicate that the safety and potency of Ad-F0ΔTM produced from either adherent cells or suspension and serum-free cells are the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Shao
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Sheng Hsu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chieh Hu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kun Chang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate School of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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23
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. Initial efforts to develop a vaccine to prevent RSV lower respiratory tract disease in children were halted because of serious adverse events that occurred when children were infected with RSV following vaccination, including vaccine-related deaths. Subsequently, a major focus for researchers was to understand what led to these adverse events. Investment in a vaccine for RSV continues, and new strategies are under development. Success to prevent RSV disease was met by the development of immunoprophylaxis, first with intravenous immunoglobulin and then with recombinant monoclonal antibody. The story of immunoprophylaxis for RSV includes the first-in-class use of antibody technology for infectious disease, and palivizumab currently remains the only way to prevent serious lower respiratory tract disease due to RSV infection.
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24
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Foss S, Grevys A, Sand KMK, Bern M, Blundell P, Michaelsen TE, Pleass RJ, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Enhanced FcRn-dependent transepithelial delivery of IgG by Fc-engineering and polymerization. J Control Release 2015; 223:42-52. [PMID: 26718855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal IgG antibodies (Abs) are used extensively in the clinic to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. In addition, therapeutic proteins are genetically fused to the constant Fc part of IgG. In both cases, the Fc secures a long serum half-life and favourable pharmacokinetics due to its pH-dependent interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn also mediates transport of intact IgG across polarized epithelial barriers, a pathway that is attractive for delivery of Fc-containing therapeutics. So far, no study has thoroughly compared side-by-side how IgG and different Fc-fusion formats are transported across human polarizing epithelial cells. Here, we used an in vitro cellular transport assay based on the human polarizing epithelial cell line (T84) in which both IgG1 and Fc-fusions were transported in an FcRn-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that the efficacy of transport was dependent on the format. We demonstrate that transepithelial delivery could be enhanced by Fc-engineering for improved FcRn binding as well as by Fc-polymerization. In both cases, transport was driven by pH-dependent binding kinetics and the pH at the luminal side. Hence, efficient transcellular delivery of IgG-based drugs across human epithelial cells requires optimal pH-dependent FcRn binding that can be manipulated by avidity and Fc-engineering, factors that should inspire the design of future therapeutics targeted for transmucosal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Foss
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Algirdas Grevys
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kine Marita Knudsen Sand
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pat Blundell
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology and CIR, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0372, Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Saxena L, Khanna M. Production and Characterization of Human Monoclonal Antibodies from the Cells of A(H1N1)pdm2009 Influenza Virus Infected Indian Donors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:50-58. [PMID: 32288920 PMCID: PMC7128965 DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed from influenza infected donors have enormously contributed to the identification of neutralization sensitive epitopes of influenza virus. The HA protein is a crucial target of neutralizing antibodies and at monoclonal level only Abs binding to HA have been able to neutralize the virus. In this study, eight A (H1N1)pdm 2009 seropositive patients within the age range of 20-50 years (median = 36 years) were recruited. Two anti-HA mAbs secreting stable clones, 2D8 and 2F12 were established under optimized conditions from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the volunteers. These antibodies efficiently neutralized the homologous laboratory isolated strain of the pandemic virus as well as the reference strain. Our study suggests that the anti-HA antibodies derived from infected Indian patients display neutralization potential against the A(H1N1)pdm 2009 virus. This is the first ever study of generation of mAbs against the pandemic influenza virus involving the immune repertoire if Indian patients. Molecular characterization of the target regions will help in identifying potential immunogens in the Indian pandemic isolates and confer protective immunity against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latika Saxena
- Department of Virology,VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Madhu Khanna
- Department of Virology,VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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26
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Mak TM, Hanson BJ, Tan YJ. Chimerization and characterization of a monoclonal antibody with potent neutralizing activity across multiple influenza A H5N1 clades. Antiviral Res 2014; 107:76-83. [PMID: 24797696 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The persistent evolution and circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses pose a serious threat to global heath and hamper pandemic preparedness through conventional vaccine strategies. Combination passive immunotherapy using non-competing neutralizing antibodies has been proposed as a viable alternative to provide broad protection against drift variants. This necessitates the pre-pandemic production and characterization of potently neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). One such antibody, MAb 9F4 was shown to provide heterologous protection against multiple H5N1 clade viruses, including one of the recently designated subclades, namely 2.3.4, through binding to a novel epitope, warranting its further development and characterization as a therapeutic candidate. In this study, the conversion of MAb 9F4 from mouse IgG2b to mouse-human chimeric (xi) IgG1 and IgA1 was achieved. These chimeric MAb versions were found to retain high degrees of binding and neutralizing activity against H5N1. The demonstration that xi-IgA1-9F4 retains a fairly high level of neutralizing activity, which is ∼10-fold lower than the corresponding xi-IgG1 isotype, suggests that this MAb could be further developed and engineered for intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Minn Mak
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brendon J Hanson
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Infrastructure, Technology and Translational Division, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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27
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Muramatsu M, Yoshida R, Yokoyama A, Miyamoto H, Kajihara M, Maruyama J, Nao N, Manzoor R, Takada A. Comparison of antiviral activity between IgA and IgG specific to influenza virus hemagglutinin: increased potential of IgA for heterosubtypic immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85582. [PMID: 24465606 PMCID: PMC3895000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both IgA and IgG antibodies are known to play important roles in protection against influenza virus infection. While IgG is the major isotype induced systemically, IgA is predominant in mucosal tissues, including the upper respiratory tract. Although IgA antibodies are believed to have unique advantages in mucosal immunity, information on direct comparisons of the in vitro antiviral activities of IgA and IgG antibodies recognizing the same epitope is limited. In this study, we demonstrate differences in antiviral activities between these isotypes using monoclonal IgA and IgG antibodies obtained from hybridomas of the same origin. Polymeric IgA-producing hybridoma cells were successfully subcloned from those originally producing monoclonal antibody S139/1, a hemaggulutinin (HA)-specific IgG that was generated against an influenza A virus strain of the H3 subtype but had cross-neutralizing activities against the H1, H2, H13, and H16 subtypes. These monoclonal S139/1 IgA and IgG antibodies were assumed to recognize the same epitope and thus used to compare their antiviral activities. We found that both S139/1 IgA and IgG antibodies strongly bound to the homologous H3 virus in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and there were no significant differences in their hemagglutination-inhibiting and neutralizing activities against the H3 virus. In contrast, S139/1 IgA showed remarkably higher cross-binding to and antiviral activities against H1, H2, and H13 viruses than S139/1 IgG. It was also noted that S139/1 IgA, but not IgG, drastically suppressed the extracellular release of the viruses from infected cells. Electron microscopy revealed that S139/1 IgA deposited newly produced viral particles on the cell surface, most likely by tethering the particles. These results suggest that anti-HA IgA has greater potential to prevent influenza A virus infection than IgG antibodies, likely due to increased avidity conferred by its multivalency, and that this advantage may be particularly important for heterosubtypic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Muramatsu
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yokoyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rashid Manzoor
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail:
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28
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Universal anti-neuraminidase antibody inhibiting all influenza A subtypes. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:567-74. [PMID: 24091204 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The only universally conserved sequence amongst all influenza A viral neuraminidase (NA) is located between amino acids 222-230 and plays crucial roles in viral replication. However, it remained unclear as to whether this universal epitope is exposed during the course of infection to allow binding and inhibition by antibodies. Using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) targeting this specific epitope, we demonstrated that all nine subtypes of NA were inhibited in vitro by the MAb. Moreover, the antibody also provided heterosubtypic protection in mice challenged with lethal doses of mouse-adapted H1N1 and H3N2, which represent group I and II viruses, respectively. Furthermore, we report amino acid residues I222 and E227, located in close proximity to the active site, are indispensable for inhibition by this antibody. This unique, highly-conserved linear sequence in viral NA could be an attractive immunological target for protection against diverse strains of influenza viruses.
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He F, Kumar SR, Syed Khader SM, Tan Y, Prabakaran M, Kwang J. Effective intranasal therapeutics and prophylactics with monoclonal antibody against lethal infection of H7N7 influenza virus. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:207-14. [PMID: 23954322 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H7 in humans and poultry continues to be a serious concern to public health. No effective prevention and treatment are currently available against H7 infection. One H7 monoclonal antibody, Mab 62 was selected and characterized. Mab 62 presented efficient neutralization activity against all six representative H7 strains tested, including the H7N9 strain from the recent outbreak in China. The epitope of 62 identified on H7 HA1 exists in all the human H7 strains, including the recent H7N9 strains from China. Mab 62 when administered passively, pre or post challenge with 5 MLD50 (50% mouse lethal dose) HPAI H7N7 influenza viruses could protect 100% of the mice from death. The efficacy of intranasal administration of the Mab was evaluated versus the intraperitoneal route. In the therapeutic study, body weight loss and virus load were reduced in intranasally inoculated mice, as compared to the intraperitoneal group. Intranasal administration results in early clearance of the virus from the lungs and completely prevents lung pathology of H7N7. The study confirmed that intranasal administration of Mab 62 is either an effective prophylactic or therapeutic means against H7 lethal infection. The results of epitope analysis suggest the potential of Mab 62 to be used for the efficacious prevention and treatment against the recent human H7N9 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
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Corthésy B. Multi-faceted functions of secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces. Front Immunol 2013; 4:185. [PMID: 23874333 PMCID: PMC3709412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) plays an important role in the protection and homeostatic regulation of intestinal, respiratory, and urogenital mucosal epithelia separating the outside environment from the inside of the body. This primary function of SIgA is referred to as immune exclusion, a process that limits the access of numerous microorganisms and mucosal antigens to these thin and vulnerable mucosal barriers. SIgA has been shown to be involved in avoiding opportunistic pathogens to enter and disseminate in the systemic compartment, as well as tightly controlling the necessary symbiotic relationship existing between commensals and the host. Clearance by peristalsis appears thus as one of the numerous mechanisms whereby SIgA fulfills its function at mucosal surfaces. Sampling of antigen-SIgA complexes by microfold (M) cells, intimate contact occurring with Peyer’s patch dendritic cells (DC), down-regulation of inflammatory processes, modulation of epithelial, and DC responsiveness are some of the recently identified processes to which the contribution of SIgA has been underscored. This review aims at presenting, with emphasis at the biochemical level, how the molecular complexity of SIgA can serve these multiple and non-redundant modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Allergy, University State Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland
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31
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Ye J, Shao H, Perez DR. Passive immune neutralization strategies for prevention and control of influenza A infections. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:175-86. [PMID: 22339460 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination significantly reduces influenza severity, seasonal human influenza epidemics still cause more than 250,000 deaths annually. Vaccine efficacy is limited in high-risk populations such as infants, the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals. In the event of an influenza pandemic (such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic), a significant delay in vaccine availability represents a significant public health concern, particularly in high-risk groups. The increasing emergence of strains resistant to the two major anti-influenza drugs, adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, and the continuous circulation of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential in poultry, strongly calls for alternative prophylactic and treatment options. In this review, we focus on passive virus neutralization strategies for the prevention and control of influenza type A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park & Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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32
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Hunt AR, Bowen RA, Frederickson S, Maruyama T, Roehrig JT, Blair CD. Treatment of mice with human monoclonal antibody 24h after lethal aerosol challenge with virulent Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus prevents disease but not infection. Virology 2011; 414:146-52. [PMID: 21489591 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We recently described a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)-specific human monoclonal antibody (MAb), F5 nIgG, that recognizes a new neutralization epitope on the VEEV E2 envelope glycoprotein. In this study, we investigated the ability of F5 nIgG given prophylactically or therapeutically to protect mice from subcutaneous or aerosolized VEEV infection. F5 nIgG had potent ability to protect mice from infection by either route when administered 24h before exposure; however, mice treated 24h after aerosol exposure developed central nervous system infections but exhibited no clinical signs of disease. Infectious virus, viral antigen and RNA were detected in brains of both treated and untreated mice 2-6 days after aerosol exposure but were cleared from the brains of treated animals by 14-28 days after infection. This fully human MAb could be useful for prophylaxis or immediate therapy for individuals exposed to VEEV accidentally in the laboratory or during a deliberate release.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/physiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Neutralization Tests
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Hunt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology 1692, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Intranasal delivery of an IgA monoclonal antibody effective against sublethal H5N1 influenza virus infection in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1363-70. [PMID: 20668143 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00002-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses are endemic in poultry in Asia and pose a pandemic threat to humans. Since the deployment of vaccines against a pandemic strain may take several months, adequate antiviral alternatives are needed to minimize the effects and the spread of the disease. Passive immunotherapy is regarded as a viable alternative. Here, we show the development of an IgA monoclonal antibody (DPJY01 MAb) specific to H5 hemagglutinin. The DPJY01 MAb showed a broad hemagglutination inhibition (HI) profile against Asian H5N1 viruses of clades 0, 1.0, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 and also against H5 wild bird influenza viruses of the North American and Eurasian lineages. DPJY01 MAb displayed also high neutralization activity in vitro and in vivo. In mice, DPJY01 MAb provided protection via a single dose administered intranasally before or after inoculation with a sublethal dose of H5N1 viruses of clades 1.0 and 2.2. Pretreatment with 50 mg of DPJY01 MAb kg of body weight at either 24, 48, or 72 h before highly pathogenic H5N1 virus (A/Vietnam/1203/2004 [H5N1]) inoculation resulted in complete protection. Treatment with 50 mg/kg at either at 24, 48, or 72 h after H5N1 inoculation provided 100%, 80%, and 60% protection, respectively. These studies highlight the potential use of DPJY01 MAb as an intranasal antiviral treatment for H5N1 influenza virus infections.
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Fc receptor-targeted mucosal vaccination as a novel strategy for the generation of enhanced immunity against mucosal and non-mucosal pathogens. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:311-23. [PMID: 19688186 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that targeting immunogens to Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaR) on antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APC) can enhance humoral and cellular immunity in vitro and in vivo. FcgammaR are classified based on their molecular weight, IgG-Fc binding affinities, IgG subclass binding specificity, and cellular distribution and they consist of activating and inhibitory receptors. However, despite the potential advantages of targeting Ag to FcR at mucosal sites, very little is known regarding the role of FcR in mucosal immunity or the efficacy of FcR-targeted mucosal vaccines. In addition, recent work has suggested that FcRn is present in the lungs of adult mice and humans and can transport FcRn-targeted Ag to FcgammaR-bearing APC within mucosal lymphoid tissue. In this review we will discuss the need for new vaccine strategies, the potential for FcR-targeted vaccines to fill this need, the impact of activating versus inhibitory FcgammaR on FcR-targeted vaccination, the significance of focusing on mucosal immunity, as well as caveats that could impact the use of FcR targeting as a mucosal vaccine strategy.
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36
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Feltes TF, Sondheimer HM. Palivizumab and the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus illness in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1471-80. [PMID: 17727335 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.9.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant pathogen for infants and children with congenital heart disease. Non-sustained immunity and failure to develop an effective vaccine has steered RSV management toward a passive immunotherapy strategy in at-risk children. Palivizumab is a humanized murine monoclonal antibody targeting the RSV envelope F glycoprotein. In a Phase III clinical trial palivizumab significantly reduced RSV hospitalization in children with significant congenital heart disease and was proven to be safe. Palivizumab is one of the first monoclonal antibodies to significantly impact a pediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Feltes
- The Ohio State University, Columbus Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, ED 617, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.
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García-Santana MA, Duconge J, Sarmiento ME, Lanio-Ruíz ME, Becquer MA, Izquierdo L, Acosta-Domínguez A. Biodistribution of liposome-entrapped human gamma-globulin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2006; 27:275-83. [PMID: 16758502 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at the preparation and performance evaluation of Intacglobin-loaded liposomes for selective drug presentation to the lungs. Egg phosphatidylcholine- and cholesterol-based liposomes (1:1 and 1:0.25 mol/mol) were prepared by a dehydration-rehydration procedure. A tissue distribution study after single intranasal administration of 0.5 microCi 125I-Intacglobin-loaded liposomes was conducted in Balb/c mice. The efficiencies of drug entrapment (30%) and the average diameters did not differ significantly between the two liposome formulations. However, liposomes composed of an increased cholesterol amount showed a lower in vitro drug release rate. The airway penetration efficiency of the liposomal formulation was determined by the cumulative percentage of the dose reaching the lungs (AUC) and its sojourn time therein, and were 1.7- and 2.2-times higher compared with the plain 125I- Intacglobin solution-based formulation, respectively. A significantly greater (p<0.001) drug localization index after 24 h was found at the lungs in comparison with the other tissues (p<0.01), although similar values were detected between groups following administration of either liposomes or control solutions, despite the formulations attributes. In conclusion, it is suggested that longer Intacglobin exposure at the pulmonary region is observed after administration of the liposomal formulation. The results open future perspectives in assessing local passive immunization for the treatment of respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A García-Santana
- Molecular Biology Department, Division of Biotechnology, Finlay Institute, Havana City, Cuba.
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38
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Abstract
Anti-infective antibody-based immunotherapy has gained renewed interest since the crisis of antibiotic resistance and because there is no therapy against various viral infections. The immunoprophylaxis of respiratory infections aims to utilize the ability of local antibodies to neutralize inhaled micro-organisms and their cytopathic products. Immunoglobulins for intravenous use (i.v.i.g.) have a wide spectrum of specificities. Hyperimmune i.v.i.g. containing high titers of specific antibodies have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials, notably against the respiratory syncytial virus. Monoclonal antibodies have the advantage to be homogenous and specific for one selected epitope and several studies have demonstrated their efficacy to neutralize several infectious agents. Moreover, antibodies can be administered topically and are effective at lower doses than those needed for systemic administration. The mechanism of action could be the agglutination of bacteria or viruses at the epithelial surfaces of the respiratory tract inhibiting the early steps of the infectious process. Thanks to new technologies of humanized monoclonal antibodies, immunotherapy offers real promising perspectives for prophylactic and therapeutic therapies against a variety of current or emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Dreffier
- Laboratoire de Biopharmacie, physico-chimie, pharmacotechnie, UMR Cnrs 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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39
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Mantis NJ, Farrant SA, Mehta S. Oligosaccharide side chains on human secretory IgA serve as receptors for ricin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6838-45. [PMID: 15153502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (sIgA) Abs are polymeric Igs comprised of two or more IgA monomers joined together at their C termini and covalently associated with a 70-kDa glycoprotein called secretory component. As the predominant Ig type in gastrointestinal sections, sIgA Abs are centrally important in adaptive immunity to enteropathogenic bacteria, viruses, and toxins. In this study, we demonstrate that sIgA Abs may also function in innate defense against ricin, a naturally occurring, galactose-specific plant lectin with extremely potent shiga toxin-like enzymatic activity. In lectin blot overlay assays, we found that ricin bound to secretory component and the H chain of human IgA, and this binding was inhibited by the addition of excess galactose. The toxin also recognized IgM (albeit with less affinity than to IgA), but not IgG. Ricin bound to both human IgA1 and IgA2, primarily via N-linked oligosaccharide side chains. At 100-fold molar excess concentration, sIgA (but not IgG) Abs inhibited ricin attachment to the apical surfaces of polarized intestinal epithelial cells grown in culture. sIgA Abs also visibly reduced toxin binding to the luminal surfaces of human duodenum in tissue section overlay assays. We conclude that sIgA Abs in mucosal secretions may serve as receptor analogues for ricin, thereby reducing the effective dose of toxin capable of gaining access to glycolipid and glycoprotein receptors on epithelial cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Mantis
- Gastrointestinal Cell Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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40
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Iankov ID, Petrov DP, Mladenov IV, Haralambieva IH, Kalev OK, Balabanova MS, Mitov IG. Protective efficacy of IgA monoclonal antibodies to O and H antigens in a mouse model of intranasal challenge with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:901-10. [PMID: 15310466 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protective properties of immunoglobulin A (IgA) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against O and H antigens of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) were evaluated in a model of generalized infection after intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of BALB/c mice. Passive i.n. instillation of antibodies 1 h before i.n. challenge did not prevent infection, and mice developed rapid inflammatory response in the lower respiratory tract. The passive systemic immunization was partially protective and a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of both O and H antigen specific IgA antibodies prolonged survival period of the infected animals. Permanent secretion of O:9 specific IgA MAb 177E6 into the respiratory tract in a "backpack" tumor model protected 50% of animals infected i.n. with a high dose of virulent S. enteritidis strain. Thus, secretory IgA (S-IgA) directed against O:9 antigen alone can prevent bacterial invasion in the respiratory epithelium.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/pharmacology
- Kinetics
- Lung Diseases/immunology
- Lung Diseases/microbiology
- Lung Diseases/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- O Antigens/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- Salmonella enteritidis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianko D Iankov
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Zdrave 2 street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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41
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Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses ("arboviruses") cause significant human illness ranging from mild, asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever. The most significant arboviruses causing human illness belong to genera in three viral families, Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae. These viruses represent a significant public health threat to many parts of the world, and, as evidenced by the recent introduction of the West Nile virus (WNV) to the Western Hemisphere, they can no longer be considered specific to any one country or region of the world. Like most viral diseases, there are no specific therapies for the arboviral encephalitides; therefore, effective vaccines remain the front line of defense for these diseases. With this in mind, the development of new, more effective vaccines and the appropriate animal models in which to test them become paramount. In fact, for many important arboviruses (e.g. California serogroup and St. Louis encephalitis viruses), there are currently no approved vaccines available for human use. For others, such as the alphaviruses, human vaccines are available only as Investigational New Drugs, and thus are not in widespread use. On the other hand, safe and effective vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) have been in use for decades. New challenges in vaccine development have been met with new technologies in vaccine research. Many of the newer vaccines are now being developed by recombinant DNA technology. For example, chimeric virus vaccines have been developed using infectious clone technology for many of the arboviruses including, WNV, JEV, and TBEV. Other successful approaches have involved the use of naked DNA encoding and subsequently expressing the desired protective epitopes. Naked DNA vaccines have been used for TBEV and JEV and are currently under development for use against WNV. The development of less expensive, more authentic animal models to evaluate new vaccines against arboviral diseases will become increasingly important as these new approaches in vaccine research are realized. This article reviews the current status of vaccines, both approved for use and those in developmental stages, against the major arboviral encephalitides causing human disease. In addition, research on animal models, both past and present, for these diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Nalca
- Homeland Security and Infectious Disease Research Division, Southern Research Institute, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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42
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Abstract
The feasibility of using aerosol vaccines to achieve mass and rapid immunization, especially in developing countries and disaster areas, is being assessed on the basis of current available information. The aerosol mode of vaccine introduction, which best follows the natural route of many infections, may first lead to development of immunity at the portal of entry, and may also induce a more generalized defense. The recommended optimal way of introducing an aerosol vaccine is nasal breathing, which is more suitable for geriatric and pediatric populations, permits use of greater antigen volumes, and allows easier monitoring of results. Technical requirements for ideal aerosol vaccines and delivery systems, possible adverse effects, and cost-effectiveness are other issues addressed. Several thousand human subjects have been aerosol-vaccinated over a period of many years in Russia with live-attenuated strains against many diseases. Extensive field trials in South America with aerosolized live-attenuated measles vaccine have also been successful, and excellent results have been reported with pilot projects employing inactivated or live-attenuated aerosol influenza A vaccine. We conclude that aerosol immunization seems a promising method of vaccination. Although some basic information is still lacking, this method has already been used successfully in large populations and has therefore passed the phase of initial feasibility evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudah Roth
- Saul A Silverman Family Foundation Nasal Airflow Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Ontario, Toronto, Canada
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Spiekermann GM, Finn PW, Ward ES, Dumont J, Dickinson BL, Blumberg RS, Lencer WI. Receptor-mediated immunoglobulin G transport across mucosal barriers in adult life: functional expression of FcRn in the mammalian lung. J Exp Med 2002; 196:303-10. [PMID: 12163559 PMCID: PMC2193935 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal secretions of the human gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genital tracts contain the immunoglobulins (Ig)G and secretory IgA (sIgA) that function together in host defense. Exactly how IgG crosses epithelial barriers to function in mucosal immunity remains unknown. Here, we test the idea that the MHC class I-related Fc-receptor, FcRn, transports IgG across the mucosal surface of the human and mouse lung from lumen to serosa. We find that bronchial epithelial cells of the human, nonhuman primate, and mouse, express FcRn in adult-life, and demonstrate FcRn-dependent absorption of a bioactive Fc-fusion protein across the respiratory epithelium of the mouse in vivo. Thus, IgG, like dimeric IgA, can cross epithelial barriers by receptor-mediated transcytosis in adult animals. These data show that mucosal surfaces that express FcRn reabsorb IgG and explain a mechanism by which IgG may act in immune surveillance to retrieve lumenal antigens for processing in the lamina propria or systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg M Spiekermann
- The Combined Program in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Phalipon A, Cardona A, Kraehenbuhl JP, Edelman L, Sansonetti PJ, Corthésy B. Secretory component: a new role in secretory IgA-mediated immune exclusion in vivo. Immunity 2002; 17:107-15. [PMID: 12150896 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) A (SIgA) is essential in protecting mucosal surfaces. It is composed of at least two monomeric IgA molecules, covalently linked through the J chain, and secretory component (SC). We show here that a dimeric/polymeric IgA (IgA(d/p)) is more efficient when bound to SC in protecting mice against bacterial infection of the respiratory tract. We demonstrate that SC ensures, through its carbohydrate residues, the appropriate tissue localization of SIgA by anchoring the antibody to mucus lining the epithelial surface. This in turn impacts the localization and the subsequent clearance of bacteria. Thus, SC is directly involved in the SIgA function in vivo. Therefore, binding of IgA(d/p) to SC during the course of SIgA-mediated mucosal response constitutes a crucial step in achieving efficient protection of the epithelial barrier by immune exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Phalipon
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U 389, France.
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45
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Gigliotti F, Haidaris CG, Wright TW, Harmsen AG. Passive intranasal monoclonal antibody prophylaxis against murine Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1069-74. [PMID: 11854184 PMCID: PMC127758 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1069-1074.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2001] [Revised: 08/30/2001] [Accepted: 11/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive antibody immunoprophylaxis is one method used to protect patients against infection if they are unable to mount an adequate active immune response. Topical application of antibody may be effective against infections at mucosal sites. Using a SCID mouse model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, we were able to demonstrate protection against an airborne challenge with P. carinii by intranasal administration of antibody. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal antibodies to an epitope shared by mouse and human P. carinii organisms reduced organism numbers by more than 99% under the conditions described. An IgG1 switch variant of one of the IgM monoclonal antibodies was also protective. These experiments provide a model for exploring the utility of this approach in protecting at-risk patients from infection with P. carinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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46
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Phillpotts RJ, Jones LD, Howard SC. Monoclonal antibody protects mice against infection and disease when given either before or up to 24 h after airborne challenge with virulent Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2002; 20:1497-504. [PMID: 11858855 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Airborne infection with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a significant hazard for laboratory workers, who may not be immunised against VEEV infection as there is no vaccine currently available suitable for human use. We describe a potential alternative strategy that could protect workers exposed to VEEV or similar viruses. VEEV-specific murine monoclonal antibodies (MAB), given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to mice as a single dose of 100 microg, have a half-life of 6-10 days in serum and spread by transudation to respiratory secretions. Administration of MAB (approximately 4 mg/kg) to mice 24h before challenge with approximately 100LD50 of virulent VEEV protected up to 100% animals. The same dose of MAB delivered up to 24h after challenge protected approximately 50%. Two MAB that were synergistic in vitro in plaque reduction neutralisation tests were not synergistic in vivo in protection assays. An examination of virus multiplication, in the blood and internal organs (brain, spleen, lung) of MAB-treated mice infected by the airborne route with VEEV, suggested that therapeutic activity depended both upon the prevention of virus infection of the brain, and the rapid clearance of virus from the periphery. Antiviral therapy with VEEV-specific human or "humanised" MAB, providing that they are administered early, may offer an alternative means of specific medical intervention for those with a known exposure to VEEV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology
- Humans
- Medical Laboratory Personnel
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Occupational Diseases/immunology
- Occupational Diseases/prevention & control
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Phillpotts
- Dstl, Medical Sciences Department, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
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47
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Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies has become routine in research and diagnostic laboratories but the potential level of antibodies in use in public health and medical applications is still far from its maximum. From a clinical perspective, topical immunotherapy of mucosal surfaces with monoclonal antibodies can block entry and transmission of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that infect humans, and defeat some key strategies, evolved by many pathogens, to evade the host immune system. The chief antibody at mucosal surfaces is secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), a multi-polypeptide complex originating from two cell types. The recent design of heterologous expression systems, coupled with modern biotechnology processes, should form a sound basis for studying the functional properties of SIgAs and evaluate their value as biotherapeutics. Here, we discuss the principles underlying mucosal immunity and review the application of recombinant SIgA to the dissection of mechanisms in passive and active protection at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Corthésy
- R & D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, State University Hospital (CHUV) HO 05-1542, Avenue Pierre Decker, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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48
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Kato H, Kato R, Fujihashi K, McGhee JR. Role of mucosal antibodies in viral infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 260:201-28. [PMID: 11443875 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05783-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Kato
- Departments of Microbiology and Oral Biology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
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49
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Basak A, Zhong M, Munzer JS, Chrétien M, Seidah NG. Implication of the proprotein convertases furin, PC5 and PC7 in the cleavage of surface glycoproteins of Hong Kong, Ebola and respiratory syncytial viruses: a comparative analysis with fluorogenic peptides. Biochem J 2001; 353:537-45. [PMID: 11171050 PMCID: PMC1221599 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3530537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic peptides encompassing the processing sites of envelope glycoproteins of the infectious influenza A Hong Kong virus (HKV), Ebola virus (EBOV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were tested for cleavage by soluble recombinants of the proprotein convertases furin, PC5 and PC7. Kinetic studies with these intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic peptides revealed selective cleavages at the physiological dibasic sites. The HKV peptide is cleaved by both furin and PC5 with similar efficacy; in comparison, PC7 cleaves this substrate poorly. In contrast with the basic tetrapeptide insertion within the haemagglutinin sequence of HKV, two other dipeptide insertions revealed a poorer cleavage with a similar rank order of potency. These results demonstrate that the N-terminal RERR insertion to the wild-type avian RKKR downward arrow sequence is functionally significant, and suggest that the approx. 5-fold increase in cleavage efficacy contributes to the high infectivity of the H5N1 virus subtype. With regard to RSV peptide processing, PC7 is twice as effective as PC5 and furin. The EBOV peptide was processed with similar efficiency by the three enzymes. Our observations that all of these cleavages can be effectively inhibited by a plant andrographolide derivative at 250 microM or less might aid in the design of potent convertase inhibitors as alternative antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basak
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Disease of Ageing Centre, Loeb Health Research Institute, Ottawa Civic Hospital, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4K9.
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50
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children, is a ubiquitous respiratory pathogen, infecting or reinfecting much of the population every year and causing severe, sometimes fatal disease in high-risk populations of infants and adults, particularly in developing countries. Spurred by the medical and economic burdens of RSV disease and enticed by the economic potential of therapeutic drugs, particularly in the absence to date of a safe and effective RSV vaccine, scientists in many industrial, academic and government laboratories have developed a wide variety of candidate RSV antiviral agents. Most of these have been screened thus far only in cell culture, a few in animal models. Aside from ribavirin, however, none has proven effective in therapeutic clinical trials and even ribavirin usage has declined precipitously in recent years due to concerns over efficacy, safety, ease of use and cost. All of the antiviral compounds discussed in this review were evaluated primarily for their ability to reduce viral load, with little or no attention paid to the role of host inflammation in the pathogenesis of RSV disease. Recent research has highlighted the prominent role of inflammatory mediators and an increasing number of reports suggest that a therapeutic strategy that combines antiviral and anti-inflammatory components will be the most effective way of treating RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Prince
- Virion Systems, Inc., 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, Maryland 20850-3347, USA.
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