1
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Odunitan TT, Apanisile BT, Akinboade MW, Abdulazeez WO, Oyaronbi AO, Ajayi TM, Oyekola SA, Ibrahim NO, Tawakalitu N, Afolabi HO, Olayiwola DM, David OT, Adeyemo SF, Ayodeji OD, Akinade EM, Saibu OA. Microbial Mysteries: Staphylococcus aureus and the Enigma of Carcinogenesis. Microb Pathog 2024; 194:106831. [PMID: 39089512 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a common human pathogen, has long been the focus of scientific investigation due to its association with various infections. However, recent research has unveiled a tantalizing enigma surrounding this bacterium and its potential involvement in carcinogenesis. Chronic S. aureus infections have been linked to an elevated risk of certain cancers, including skin cancer and oral cancer. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding this connection, examining epidemiological evidence, pathogenic mechanisms, and biological interactions that suggest a correlation. Although initial studies point to a possible link, the precise mechanisms through which S. aureus may contribute to cancer development remain elusive. Emerging evidence suggests that the chronic inflammation induced by persistent S. aureus infections may create a tumor-promoting environment. This inflammation can lead to DNA damage, disrupt cellular signaling pathways, and generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment conducive to cancer progression. Additionally, S. aureus produces a variety of toxins and metabolites that can directly interact with host cells, potentially inducing oncogenic transformations. Despite these insights, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the exact biological processes involved. This review emphasizes the urgent need for more comprehensive research to clarify these microbiological mysteries. Understanding the role of S. aureus in cancer development could lead to novel strategies for cancer prevention and treatment, potentially transforming therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tope T Odunitan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Boluwatife T Apanisile
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Modinat W Akinboade
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Waliu O Abdulazeez
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adegboye O Oyaronbi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope M Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel A Oyekola
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Najahtulahi O Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Nafiu Tawakalitu
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Hezekiah O Afolabi
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Dolapo M Olayiwola
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oladunni T David
- Microbiology Unit, Helix Biogen Institute, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Stephen F Adeyemo
- Department of Microbiology, First Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatobi D Ayodeji
- Department of Nursing, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Esther M Akinade
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin A Saibu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, USA
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2
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Yousuf B, Pasha R, Pineault N, Ramirez-Arcos S. Modulation of Staphylococcus aureus gene expression during proliferation in platelet concentrates with focus on virulence and platelet functionality. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307920. [PMID: 39052660 PMCID: PMC11271859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-documented bacterial contaminant in platelet concentrates (PCs), a blood component used to treat patients with platelet deficiencies. This bacterium can evade routine PC culture screening and cause septic transfusion reactions. Here, we investigated the gene expression modulation within the PC niche versus trypticase soy media (TSB) of S. aureus CBS2016-05, a strain isolated from a septic reaction, in comparison to PS/BAC/317/16/W, a strain identified during PC screening. RNA-seq analysis revealed upregulation of the capsule biosynthesis operon (capA-H), surface adhesion factors (sasADF), clumping factor A (clfA), protein A (spa), and anaerobic metabolism genes (pflAB, nrdDG) in CBS2016-05 when grown in PCs versus TSB, implying its enhanced pathogenicity in this milieu, in contrast to the PS/BAC/317/16/W strain. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of S. aureus CBS2016-05 on platelet functionality in spiked PCs versus non-spiked PC units. Flow cytometry analyses revealed a significant decrease in glycoprotein (GP) IIb (CD41) and GPIbα (CD42b) expression, alongside increased P-selectin (CD62P) and phosphatidylserine (annexin V) expression in spiked PCs compared to non-spiked PCs (p = 0.01). Moreover, spiked PCs exhibited a drastic reduction in MitoTrack Red FM and Calcein AM positive platelets (87.3% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.0001 and 95.4% vs. 24.7%, p = 0.0001) in a bacterial cell density manner. These results indicated that S. aureus CBS2016-05 triggers platelet activation and apoptosis, and compromises mitochondrial functionality and platelet viability, in contaminated PCs. Furthermore, this study enhanced our understanding of the effects of platelet-bacteria interactions in the unique PC niche, highlighting S. aureus increased pathogenicity and deleterious effect on platelet functionality in a strain specific manner. Our novel insights serve as a platform to improve PC transfusion safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basit Yousuf
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Roya Pasha
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sandra Ramirez-Arcos
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5258. [PMID: 38898034 PMCID: PMC11187135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S. Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control Vi polymerization or acetylation is enough to result in different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper Vi capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo Vi capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper Vi capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jeongmin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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4
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Goh KJ, Altuvia Y, Argaman L, Raz Y, Bar A, Lithgow T, Margalit H, Gan YH. RIL-seq reveals extensive involvement of small RNAs in virulence and capsule regulation in hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae440. [PMID: 38804271 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) can infect healthy individuals, in contrast to classical strains that commonly cause nosocomial infections. The recent convergence of hypervirulence with carbapenem-resistance in K. pneumoniae can potentially create 'superbugs' that are challenging to treat. Understanding virulence regulation of hvKp is thus critical. Accumulating evidence suggest that posttranscriptional regulation by small RNAs (sRNAs) plays a role in bacterial virulence, but it has hardly been studied in K. pneumoniae. We applied RIL-seq to a prototypical clinical isolate of hvKp to unravel the Hfq-dependent RNA-RNA interaction (RRI) network. The RRI network is dominated by sRNAs, including predicted novel sRNAs, three of which we validated experimentally. We constructed a stringent subnetwork composed of RRIs that involve at least one hvKp virulence-associated gene and identified the capsule gene loci as a hub target where multiple sRNAs interact. We found that the sRNA OmrB suppressed both capsule production and hypermucoviscosity when overexpressed. Furthermore, OmrB base-pairs within kvrA coding region and partially suppresses translation of the capsule regulator KvrA. This agrees with current understanding of capsule as a major virulence and fitness factor. It emphasizes the intricate regulatory control of bacterial phenotypes by sRNAs, particularly of genes critical to bacterial physiology and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Jian Goh
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yael Altuvia
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Liron Argaman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yair Raz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Amir Bar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hanah Margalit
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
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5
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Lei MG, Jorgenson MA, Robbs EJ, Black IM, Archer-Hartmann S, Shalygin S, Azadi P, Lee CY. Characterization of Ssc, an N-acetylgalactosamine-containing Staphylococcus aureus surface polysaccharide. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0004824. [PMID: 38712944 PMCID: PMC11112989 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00048-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing has revealed that the genome of Staphylococcus aureus possesses an uncharacterized 5-gene operon (SAOUHSC_00088-00092 in strain 8325 genome) that encodes factors with functions related to polysaccharide biosynthesis and export, indicating the existence of a new extracellular polysaccharide species. We designate this locus as ssc for staphylococcal surface carbohydrate. We found that the ssc genes were weakly expressed and highly repressed by the global regulator MgrA. To characterize Ssc, Ssc was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and extracted by heat treatment. Ssc was also conjugated to AcrA from Campylobacter jejuni in E. coli using protein glycan coupling technology (PGCT). Analysis of the heat-extracted Ssc and the purified Ssc-AcrA glycoconjugate by tandem mass spectrometry revealed that Ssc is likely a polymer consisting of N-acetylgalactosamine. We further demonstrated that the expression of the ssc genes in S. aureus affected phage adsorption and susceptibility, suggesting that Ssc is surface-exposed. IMPORTANCE Surface polysaccharides play crucial roles in the biology and virulence of bacterial pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus produces four major types of polysaccharides that have been well-characterized. In this study, we identified a new surface polysaccharide containing N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). This marks the first report of GalNAc-containing polysaccharide in S. aureus. Our discovery lays the groundwork for further investigations into the chemical structure, surface location, and role in pathogenesis of this new polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei G. Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Matthew A. Jorgenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Emily J. Robbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ian M. Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sergei Shalygin
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chia Y. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Bashabsheh RH, AL-Fawares O, Natsheh I, Bdeir R, Al-Khreshieh RO, Bashabsheh HH. Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and application of nano-therapeutics as a promising approach to combat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:209-231. [PMID: 38006316 PMCID: PMC11221481 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2285187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and one of the most prevalent infectious disease-related causes of morbidity and mortality in adults. This pathogen can trigger a broad spectrum of diseases, from sepsis and pneumonia to severe skin infections that can be fatal. In this review, we will provide an overview of S. aureus and discuss the extensive literature on epidemiology, transmission, genetic diversity, evolution and antibiotic resistance strains, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While many different virulence factors that S. aureus produces have been investigated as therapeutic targets, this review examines recent nanotechnology approaches, which employ materials with atomic or molecular dimensions and are being used to diagnose, treat, or eliminate the activity of S. aureus. Finally, having a deeper understanding and clearer grasp of the roles and contributions of S. aureus determinants, antibiotic resistance, and nanotechnology will aid us in developing anti-virulence strategies to combat the growing scarcity of effective antibiotics against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad H.F. Bashabsheh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - O’la AL-Fawares
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Iyad Natsheh
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Roba Bdeir
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Rozan O. Al-Khreshieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
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7
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Silva V, Silva A, Barbero R, Romero M, del Campo R, Caniça M, Cordeiro R, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Resistome, Virulome, and Clonal Variation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Healthy Swine Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:532. [PMID: 38790161 PMCID: PMC11121583 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigates the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): its prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characteristics in healthy swine populations in central Portugal. A total of 213 samples were collected from pigs on twelve farms, and MRSA prevalence was assessed using selective agar plates and confirmed via molecular methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to characterize resistance profiles and genetic determinants. Among the 107 MRSA-positive samples (83.1% prevalence), fattening pigs and breeding sows exhibited notably high carriage rates. The genome of 20 isolates revealed the predominance of the ST398 clonal complex, with diverse spa types identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, including penicillin, cefoxitin, and tetracycline. WGS analysis identified a diverse array of resistance genes, highlighting the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, virulence gene profiling revealed the presence of genes associated with pathogenicity. These findings underscore the significant prevalence of MRSA in swine populations and emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance and control measures to mitigate zoonotic transmission risks. Implementation of prudent antimicrobial use practices and targeted intervention strategies is essential to reducing MRSA prevalence and safeguarding public health. Continued research efforts are warranted to elucidate transmission dynamics and virulence potential, ultimately ensuring food safety and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adriana Silva
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Raquel Barbero
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (M.R.); (R.d.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Romero
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (M.R.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (M.R.); (R.d.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Cordeiro
- Intergados, SA, Av. de Olivença, S/N, 2870-108 Montijo, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Wei M, Knight SAB, Fazelinia H, Spruce L, Roof J, Chu E, Kim DY, Bhanap P, Walsh J, Flowers L, Zhu J, Grice EA. An exploration of mechanisms underlying Desemzia incerta colonization resistance to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. mSphere 2024; 9:e0063623. [PMID: 38415632 PMCID: PMC10964421 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00636-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Colonization of human skin and nares by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) leads to the community spread of MRSA. This spread is exacerbated by the transfer of MRSA between humans and livestock, particularly swine. Here, we capitalized on the shared features between human and porcine skin, including shared MRSA colonization, to study novel bacterial mediators of MRSA colonization resistance. We focused on the poorly studied bacterial species Desemzia incerta, which we found to exert antimicrobial activity through a secreted product and exhibited colonization resistance against MRSA in an in vivo murine skin model. Using parallel genomic and biochemical investigation, we discovered that D. incerta secretes an antimicrobial protein. Sequential protein purification and proteomics analysis identified 24 candidate inhibitory proteins, including a promising peptidoglycan hydrolase candidate. Aided by transcriptional analysis of D. incerta and MRSA cocultures, we found that exposure to D. incerta leads to decreased MRSA biofilm production. These results emphasize the value of exploring microbial communities across a spectrum of hosts, which can lead to novel therapeutic agents as well as an increased understanding of microbial competition.IMPORTANCEMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a significant healthcare burden and can be spread to the human population via livestock transmission. Members of the skin microbiome can prevent MRSA colonization via a poorly understood phenomenon known as colonization resistance. Here, we studied the colonization resistance of S. aureus by bacterial inhibitors previously identified from a porcine skin model. We identify a pig skin commensal, Desemzia incerta, that reduced MRSA colonization in a murine model. We employ a combination of genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic analyses to explore the mechanisms of inhibition between D. incerta and S. aureus. We identify 24 candidate antimicrobial proteins secreted by D. incerta that could be responsible for its antimicrobial activity. We also find that exposure to D. incerta leads to decreased S. aureus biofilm formation. These findings show that the livestock transmission of MRSA can be exploited to uncover novel mechanisms of MRSA colonization resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Wei
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon A. B. Knight
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynn Spruce
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Roof
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Chu
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Y. Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Preeti Bhanap
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jasmine Walsh
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurice Flowers
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Grice
- Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Gao S, Jin W, Quan Y, Li Y, Shen Y, Yuan S, Yi L, Wang Y, Wang Y. Bacterial capsules: Occurrence, mechanism, and function. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38480745 PMCID: PMC10937973 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In environments characterized by extended multi-stress conditions, pathogens develop a variety of immune escape mechanisms to enhance their ability to infect the host. The capsules, polymers that bacteria secrete near their cell wall, participates in numerous bacterial life processes and plays a crucial role in resisting host immune attacks and adapting to their niche. Here, we discuss the relationship between capsules and bacterial virulence, summarizing the molecular mechanisms of capsular regulation and pathogenesis to provide new insights into the research on the pathogenesis of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Wenjie Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yingying Quan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yamin Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Li Yi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China.
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China.
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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10
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Jurado A, Fernández L, Rodríguez A, García P. Prevalence of virulence- and antibiotic resistance-associated genotypes and phenotypes in Staphylococcus aureus strains from the food sector compared to clinical and cow mastitis isolates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1327131. [PMID: 38348375 PMCID: PMC10859521 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus currently represent one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide, especially due to the production of enterotoxins and the ability to form biofilms. These structures and the acquisition of antibiotic resistance limit the action of antibiotics and disinfectants used to combat this microorganism in the industry and the clinic. Methods This work reports a comparative phenotypic and genotypic study of 18 S. aureus strains from different origins: clinical samples, milk from mastitic cows and food industry surfaces, most of which were isolated in Northern Spain. Results Genetically, the strains were very diverse but, in most cases, a closer proximity was observed for those from the same source. Notably, the average number of virulence genes was not significantly different in strains from the food sector. Of the 18 strains, 10 coded for at least one enterotoxin, and four of them carried 6 or 7 enterotoxin genes. The latter were all veterinary or clinical isolates. Most strains carried prophages, plasmids and/or pathogenicity islands. Regarding antibiotic resistance, although phenotypically all strains showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, resistance genes were only identified in 44.5% of strains, being mastitis isolates those with the lowest prevalence. Virulence-related phenotypic properties such as haemolytic activity, staphyloxanthin production, biofilm-forming capacity and spreading ability were widely distributed amongst the isolates. Conclusions Our results indicate that production of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation can be found in S. aureus isolates from diverse environments, including the food industry, although some of these traits are more prevalent in strains isolated from infections in cows or humans. This emphasizes on the importance of monitoring the spread of these determinants not only in samples from the clinical environment, but also along the food chain, a strategy that falls under the prism of a one-health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jurado
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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11
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Lee GY, Song J. Single missense mutations in Vi capsule synthesis genes confer hypervirulence to Salmonella Typhi. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.28.573590. [PMID: 38260632 PMCID: PMC10802248 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.28.573590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens, including the human exclusive pathogen Salmonella Typhi, express capsular polysaccharides as a crucial virulence factor. Here, through S. Typhi whole genome sequence analyses and functional studies, we found a list of single point mutations that make S . Typhi hypervirulent. We discovered a single point mutation in the Vi biosynthesis enzymes that control the length or acetylation of Vi is enough to create different capsule variants of S. Typhi. All variant strains are pathogenic, but the hyper-capsule variants are particularly hypervirulent, as demonstrated by the high morbidity and mortality rates observed in infected mice. The hypo-capsule variants have primarily been identified in Africa, whereas the hyper-capsule variants are distributed worldwide. Collectively, these studies increase awareness about the existence of different capsule variants of S. Typhi, establish a solid foundation for numerous future studies on S. Typhi capsule variants, and offer valuable insights into strategies to combat capsulated bacteria.
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12
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Goormaghtigh F, Van Bambeke F. Understanding Staphylococcus aureus internalisation and induction of antimicrobial tolerance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024; 22:87-101. [PMID: 38180805 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2303018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus, a human commensal, is also one of the most common and serious pathogens for humans. In recent years, its capacity to survive and replicate in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells has been largely demonstrated. In these intracellular niches, bacteria are shielded from the immune response and antibiotics, turning host cells into long-term infectious reservoirs. Moreover, neutrophils carry intracellular bacteria in the bloodstream, leading to systemic spreading of the disease. Despite the serious threat posed by intracellular S. aureus to human health, the molecular mechanisms behind its intracellular survival and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure remain elusive. AREA COVERED We give an overview of the killing mechanisms of phagocytes and of the impressive arsenal of virulence factors, toxins and stress responses deployed by S. aureus as a response. We then discuss the different barriers to antibiotic activity in this intracellular niche and finally describe innovative strategies to target intracellular persisting reservoirs. EXPERT OPINION Intracellular niches represent a challenge in terms of diagnostic and treatment. Further research using ad-hoc in-vivo models and single cell approaches are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular survival and tolerance to antibiotics in order to identify strategies to eliminate these persistent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Goormaghtigh
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Rong D, Liu Z, Huang J, Zhang F, Wu Q, Dai J, Li Y, Zhao M, Li Q, Zhang J, Wu S. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus isolated from rice and flour products in Guangdong, China. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 406:110348. [PMID: 37573713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus argenteus have been implicated in food poisoning outbreaks, and have been found in various types of food products according to our previous study. Rice and flour products are popular and widely consumed around the world. However, limited data are available on the microbial safety of S. aureus in rice and flour products, and S. argenteus has never been reported. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the contamination of S. aureus and S. argenteus in 250 fresh rice and flour product samples from five cities in Guangdong, China. According to qualitative and quantitative analyses, 68 (27.2 %) and 11 (4.4 %) samples were positive for S. aureus and S. argenteus, including 9 samples that exceeded 100 MPN/g. For antibiotics susceptibility tests in 16 antibiotics, the S. aureus isolates exhibited higher rates of resistance and multidrug resistance than S. argenteus. The S. aureus and S. argenteus isolates were mainly resistant to penicillin (70.21 %; 79.17 %), tetracycline (20.21 %; 58.33 %) and azithromycin (19.68 %, 8.33 %). However, the other antibiotic resistance rates were <10 %. Furthermore, the genetic background of the isolates was analyzed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). As a result, the S. aureus isolates were divided into 18 known sequence types (STs) and 4 novel STs (ST7675, ST7679, ST7680 and ST7682), which mainly belonged to ST188 (20.6 %) and ST6 (14.7 %). The S. argenteus isolates mainly belonged to ST2250 (90.9 %), with a novel type (ST7683). In total, 36 and 16 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were found in S. aureus and S. argenteus isolates, respectively. In addition, 91 virulence genes (VFs) were detected in S. aureus isolates as well as 90 % of core VFs were similar to S. argenteus. More than 20 % of the S. aureus isolates carried the classic enterotoxin gene (sea-sec), but chp, cna and map were free in all S. argenteus isolates. Importantly, 33.8 % of S. aureus isolates belonged to the immune evasion cluster (IEC) type B, whereas most of S. argenteus isolates (90.9 %) belong to IEC type E. According to the phylogenetic analysis, the S. aureus and S. argenteus isolates in fresh rice and flour products may indicate loss or acquisition of ARGs and VFs to survive and adapt to the environment. Our study confirmed the presence of S. argenteus in rice and flour products at first and focused on the multi-dimensional systematic comparative analysis of S. aureus and S. argenteus to reveal their ubiquity and similarities or differences, and provide more accurate and effective basic information for follow-up monitoring and tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Rong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China.
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15
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Wei M, Knight SA, Fazelinia H, Spruce L, Roof J, Chu E, Walsh J, Flowers L, Kim DY, Zhu J, Grice EA. An exploration of mechanisms underlying Desemzia incerta colonization resistance to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.11.561853. [PMID: 37873232 PMCID: PMC10592716 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of human skin and nares by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) leads to community spread of MRSA. This spread is exacerbated by transfer of MRSA between humans and livestock, particularly swine. Here we capitalized on the shared features between human and porcine skin, including shared MRSA colonization, to study novel bacterial mediators of MRSA colonization resistance. We focused on the poorly studied bacterial species Desemzia incerta, which we found to exert antimicrobial activity through a secreted product and exhibited colonization resistance against MRSA in an in vivo murine skin model. Using parallel genomic and biochemical investigation, we discovered that D. incerta secretes an antimicrobial protein. Sequential protein purification and proteomics analysis identified 24 candidate inhibitory proteins, including a promising peptidoglycan hydrolase candidate. Aided by transcriptional analysis of D. incerta and MRSA cocultures, we found that exposure to D. incerta leads to decreased MRSA biofilm production. These results emphasize the value in exploring microbial communities across a spectrum of hosts, which can lead to novel therapeutic agents as well as increased understanding of microbial competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Wei
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon Ab Knight
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lynn Spruce
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Roof
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Proteomics Core Facility, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Chu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jasmine Walsh
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurice Flowers
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Y Kim
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Microbiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Podolnikova NP, Lishko VK, Roberson R, Koh Z, Derkach D, Richardson D, Sheller M, Ugarova TP. Platelet factor 4 improves survival in a murine model of antibiotic-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1217103. [PMID: 37868353 PMCID: PMC10585365 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1217103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement receptor CR3, also known as integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), is one of the major phagocytic receptors on the surface of neutrophils and macrophages. We previously demonstrated that in its protein ligands, Mac-1 binds sequences enriched in basic and hydrophobic residues and strongly disfavors negatively charged sequences. The avoidance by Mac-1 of negatively charged surfaces suggests that the bacterial wall and bacterial capsule possessing net negative electrostatic charge may repel Mac-1 and that the cationic Mac-1 ligands can overcome this evasion by acting as opsonins. Indeed, we previously showed that opsonization of Gram-negative Escherichia coli with several cationic peptides, including PF4 (Platelet Factor 4), strongly augmented phagocytosis by macrophages. Here, we investigated the effect of recombinant PF4 (rPF4) on phagocytosis of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and examined its impact in a mouse model of S. aureus peritonitis. Characterization of the interaction of rPF4 with nonencapsulated and encapsulated S. aureus showed that rPF4 localizes on the bacterial surface, thus making it available for Mac-1. Furthermore, rPF4 did not have direct bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity and was not toxic to host cells. rPF4 enhanced phagocytosis of S. aureus bioparticles by various primary and cultured Mac-1-expressing leukocytes by several folds. It also increased phagocytosis of live nonencapsulated and encapsulated bacteria. Notably, the augmentation of phagocytosis by rPF4 did not compromise the intracellular killing of S. aureus by macrophages. Using a murine S. aureus peritonitis model, we showed that treatment of infected mice with rPF4 caused a significant increase in the clearance of antibiotic-susceptible S. aureus and its methicillin-resistant (MRSA) variant and markedly improved survival. These findings indicate that rPF4 binding to the bacterial surface circumvents its antiphagocytic properties, improving host defense against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeryi K. Lishko
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Robert Roberson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Zhiqian Koh
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | | | - Michael Sheller
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Tatiana P. Ugarova
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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17
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Cheung GYC, Otto M. Virulence Mechanisms of Staphylococcal Animal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14587. [PMID: 37834035 PMCID: PMC10572719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are major causes of infections in mammals. Mammals are colonized by diverse staphylococcal species, often with moderate to strong host specificity, and colonization is a common source of infection. Staphylococcal infections of animals not only are of major importance for animal well-being but have considerable economic consequences, such as in the case of staphylococcal mastitis, which costs billions of dollars annually. Furthermore, pet animals can be temporary carriers of strains infectious to humans. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is a great concern in livestock infections, as there is considerable antibiotic overuse, and resistant strains can be transferred to humans. With the number of working antibiotics continuously becoming smaller due to the concomitant spread of resistant strains, alternative approaches, such as anti-virulence, are increasingly being investigated to treat staphylococcal infections. For this, understanding the virulence mechanisms of animal staphylococcal pathogens is crucial. While many virulence factors have similar functions in humans as animals, there are increasingly frequent reports of host-specific virulence factors and mechanisms. Furthermore, we are only beginning to understand virulence mechanisms in animal-specific staphylococcal pathogens. This review gives an overview of animal infections caused by staphylococci and our knowledge about the virulence mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
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18
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Podolnikova NP, Lishko VK, Roberson R, Koh Z, Derkach D, Richardson D, Sheller M, Ugarova TP. PLATELET FACTOR 4 (PF4) IMPROVES SURVIVAL IN A MURINE MODEL OF ANTIBIOTIC-SUSCEPTIBLE AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PERITONITIS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.25.554865. [PMID: 37662328 PMCID: PMC10473751 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The complement receptor CR3, also known as integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), is one of the major phagocytic receptors on the surface of neutrophils and macrophages. We previously demonstrated that in its protein ligands, Mac-1 binds sequences enriched in basic and hydrophobic residues and strongly disfavors negatively charged sequences. The avoidance by Mac-1 of negatively charged surfaces suggests that the bacterial wall and bacterial capsule possessing net negative electrostatic charge may repel Mac-1 and that the cationic Mac-1 ligands can overcome this evasion by acting as opsonins. Indeed, we previously showed that opsonization of Gram-negative Escherichia coli with several cationic peptides, including PF4 (Platelet Factor 4), strongly augmented phagocytosis by macrophages. Here, we investigated the effect of recombinant PF4 (rPF4) on phagocytosis of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and examined its impact in a mouse model of S. aureus peritonitis. Characterization of the interaction of rPF4 with nonencapsulated and encapsulated S. aureus showed that rPF4 localizes on the bacterial surface, thus making it available for Mac-1. Furthermore, rPF4 did not have direct bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity and was not toxic to host cells. rPF4 enhanced phagocytosis of S. aureus bioparticles by various primary and cultured Mac-1-expressing leukocytes by several folds. It also increased phagocytosis of live nonencapsulated and encapsulated bacteria. Notably, the augmentation of phagocytosis by rPF4 did not compromise the intracellular killing of S. aureus by macrophages. Using a murine S. aureus peritonitis model, we showed that treatment of infected mice with rPF4 caused a significant increase in the clearance of antibiotic-susceptible S. aureus and its methicillin-resistant (MRSA) variant and markedly improved survival. These findings indicate that rPF4 binding to the bacterial surface circumvents its antiphagocytic properties, improving host defense against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Roberson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Zhqian Koh
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | | | | | - Michael Sheller
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
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19
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Doherty MK, Shaw C, Woods L, Weimer BC. Alpha-Gal Bound Aptamer and Vancomycin Synergistically Reduce Staphylococcus aureus Infection In Vivo. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1776. [PMID: 37512948 PMCID: PMC10383818 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pervasive and persistent threat that requires the development of novel therapies or adjuvants for existing ones. Aptamers, small single-stranded oligonucleotides that form 3D structures and can bind to target molecules, provide one possible therapeutic route, especially when presented in combination with current antibiotic applications. BALB/c α-1, 3-galactosyltransferase (-/-) knockout (GTKO) mice were infected with MRSA via tail vein IV and subsequently treated with the αSA31 aptamer (n = 4), vancomycin (n = 12), or αSA31 plus vancomycin (n = 12), with split doses in the morning and evening. The heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys were harvested upon necropsy for histological and qPCR analysis. All mice treated with αSA31 alone died, whereas 5/12 mice treated with vancomycin alone and 7/12 mice treated with vancomycin plus αSA31 survived the course of the experiment. The treatment of MRSA-infected mice with Vancomycin and an adjuvant aptamer αSA31 reduced disease persistence and dispersion as compared to treatment with either vancomycin SA31 alone, indicating the combination of antibiotic and specifically targeted αSA31 aptamer could be a novel way to control MRSA infection. The data further indicate that aptamers may serve as a potential therapeutic option for other emerging antibiotic resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Doherty
- Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Claire Shaw
- Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leslie Woods
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Patel H, Rawat S. A genetic regulatory see-saw of biofilm and virulence in MRSA pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1204428. [PMID: 37434702 PMCID: PMC10332168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1204428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common opportunistic human pathogens causing several infectious diseases. Ever since the emergence of the first methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain decades back, the organism has been a major cause of hospital-acquired infections (HA-MRSA). The spread of this pathogen across the community led to the emergence of a more virulent subtype of the strain, i.e., Community acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Hence, WHO has declared Staphylococcus aureus as a high-priority pathogen. MRSA pathogenesis is remarkable because of the ability of this "superbug" to form robust biofilm both in vivo and in vitro by the formation of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), extracellular DNA (eDNA), wall teichoic acids (WTAs), and capsule (CP), which are major components that impart stability to a biofilm. On the other hand, secretion of a diverse array of virulence factors such as hemolysins, leukotoxins, enterotoxins, and Protein A regulated by agr and sae two-component systems (TCS) aids in combating host immune response. The up- and downregulation of adhesion genes involved in biofilm formation and genes responsible for synthesizing virulence factors during different stages of infection act as a genetic regulatory see-saw in the pathogenesis of MRSA. This review provides insight into the evolution and pathogenesis of MRSA infections with a focus on genetic regulation of biofilm formation and virulence factors secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seema Rawat
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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21
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Key FM, Khadka VD, Romo-González C, Blake KJ, Deng L, Lynn TC, Lee JC, Chiu IM, García-Romero MT, Lieberman TD. On-person adaptive evolution of Staphylococcus aureus during treatment for atopic dermatitis. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:593-603.e7. [PMID: 37054679 PMCID: PMC10263175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus frequently colonizes the inflamed skin of people with atopic dermatitis (AD) and worsens disease severity by promoting skin damage. Here, we show, by longitudinally tracking 23 children treated for AD, that S. aureus adapts via de novo mutations during colonization. Each patient's S. aureus population is dominated by a single lineage, with infrequent invasion by distant lineages. Mutations emerge within each lineage at rates similar to those of S. aureus in other contexts. Some variants spread across the body within months, with signatures of adaptive evolution. Most strikingly, mutations in capsule synthesis gene capD underwent parallel evolution in one patient and across-body sweeps in two patients. We confirm that capD negativity is more common in AD than in other contexts, via reanalysis of S. aureus genomes from 276 people. Together, these findings highlight the importance of the mutation level when dissecting the role of microbes in complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Key
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Veda D Khadka
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolina Romo-González
- Experimental Bacteriology Laboratory, National Institute for Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kimbria J Blake
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tucker C Lynn
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean C Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tami D Lieberman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Lin LC, Chang SC, Ou YH, Liu TP, Lu JJ. Clonal Spreading of ST42 Staphylococcus haemolyticus Strains Occurs Possibly Due to fusB and tetK Resistant Genes and Capsule-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076198. [PMID: 37047168 PMCID: PMC10094739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a frequent nosocomial invasive bacteremia pathogen in hospitals. Our previous analysis showed one of the predominant strains, ST42 originated from ST3, had only one multilocus sequence typing (MLST) variation among seven loci in SH1431; yet no significant differences in biofilm formation observed between ST42 and ST3, suggesting that other factors influence clonal lineage change. Whole genome sequencing was conducted on two isolates from ST42 and ST3 to find phenotypic and genotypic variations, and these variations were further validated in 140 clinical isolates. The fusidic acid- and tetracycline-resistant genes (fusB and tetK) were found only in CGMH-SH51 (ST42). Further investigation revealed consistent resistant genotypes in all isolates, with 46% and 70% of ST42 containing fusB and tetK, respectively. In contrast, only 23% and 4.2% ST3 contained these two genes, respectively. The phenotypic analysis also showed that ST42 isolates were highly resistant to fusidic acid (47%) and tetracycline (70%), compared with ST3 (23% and 4%, respectively). Along with drug-resistant genes, three capsule-related genes were found in higher percentage distributions in ST42 than in ST3 isolates. Our findings indicate that ST42 could become endemic in Taiwan, further constitutive surveillance is required to prevent the spread of this bacterium.
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23
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Rai D, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis of Trisaccharide Repeating Unit of Staphylococcus aureus Type 8 (CP8) Capsular Polysaccharide. Org Lett 2023; 25:1509-1513. [PMID: 36852946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a highly efficient total synthesis of Staphylococcus aureus type 8 trisaccharide repeating unit in a lesser number of steps and high stereoselectivity. The complex trisaccharide contains rare amino sugars, viz., d-fucosamine, l-fucosamine, and 2-acetamido d-mannuronic acid. The installation of consecutive sterically hindered 1,2-cis glycosidic linkages, especially β-mannosylation, is the key challenge in this synthesis. The total synthesis of target molecule was completed via a longest linear sequence of 18 steps in 7.1% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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24
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Yan X, Xu Y, Shen C, Chen D. Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus by Levulinic Acid Plus Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and their Antibacterial Mechanisms on S. aureus Biofilms by Transcriptomic Analysis. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100050. [PMID: 36916557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The combination of levulinic acid (LVA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in recent years has shown a considerable potential to use as an antimicrobial intervention. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the combination against Staphylococcus aureus in both planktonic and biofilm states and to investigate the transcriptional changes in S. aureus biofilms coincubated with sublethal concentrations of LVA and/or SDS. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of LVA and SDS determined by the microdilution method were 3.125 and 0.039 mg/mL, respectively. An additive bacteriostatic interaction (fractional inhibitory concentration index = 1) between the two compounds was observed by the checkerboard assay, whereas a synergistic bactericidal activity was displayed by the time-kill assay. The biomass and viable cells in the biofilms were reduced by both antimicrobials either alone or in combination in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptomics indicated that more differentially expressed (DE) genes were observed in the biofilm treated with SDS (103 up- and 205 downregulated DE genes) and LVA + SDS (187 up and 162 down) than that coincubated with LVA (34 up and 32 down). The SDS and LVA + SDS treatments mainly affected the expression of genes responsible for cell surface proteins, virulence factors, adhesins, and capsular polysaccharides. Both the antibiofilm assay and the transcriptomics indicated that SDS, not LVA, was the major chemical contributing to the antibacterial efficacy of the combination. This study reveals the behavioral responses and protective mechanisms of S. aureus to LVA and SDS applied individually or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Yan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yiwei Xu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Cangliang Shen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Rd, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, 400715, China.
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25
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The Colorectal Cancer Microbiota Alter Their Transcriptome To Adapt to the Acidity, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Metabolite Availability of Gut Microenvironments. mSphere 2023; 8:e0062722. [PMID: 36847536 PMCID: PMC10117117 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00627-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is implicated in the pathology of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanisms by which the microbiota actively contribute to disease onset and progression remain elusive. In this pilot study, we sequenced fecal metatranscriptomes of 10 non-CRC and 10 CRC patient gut microbiomes and conducted differential gene expression analyses to assess any changed functionality in disease. We report that oxidative stress responses were the dominant activity across cohorts, an overlooked protective housekeeping role of the human gut microbiome. However, expression of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide-scavenging genes was diminished and augmented, respectively, positing that these regulated microbial responses have implications for CRC pathology. CRC microbes enhanced expression of genes for host colonization, biofilm formation, genetic exchange, virulence determinants, antibiotic, and acid resistances. Moreover, microbes promoted transcription of genes involved in metabolism of several beneficial metabolites, suggesting their contribution to patient metabolite deficiencies previously solely attributed to tumor cells. We showed in vitro that expression of genes involved in amino acid-dependent acid resistance mechanisms of meta-gut Escherichia coli responded differently to acid, salt, and oxidative pressures under aerobic conditions. These responses were mostly dictated by the host health status of origin of the microbiota, suggesting their exposure to fundamentally different gut conditions. These findings for the first time highlight mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can either protect against or drive colorectal cancer and provide insights into the cancerous gut environment that drives functional characteristics of the microbiome. IMPORTANCE The human gut microbiota has the genetic potential to drive colorectal cancer onset and progression; however, the expression of this genetic potential during the disease has not been investigated. We found that microbial expression of genes that detoxify DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species, which drive colorectal cancer, is compromised in cancer. We observed a greater activation of expression of genes involved in virulence, host colonization, exchange of genetic material, metabolite utilization, defense against antibiotics, and environmental pressures. Culturing gut Escherichia coli of cancerous and noncancerous metamicrobiota revealed different regulatory responses of amino acid-dependent acid resistance mechanisms in a health-dependent manner under environmental acid, oxidative, and osmotic pressures. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that the activity of microbial genomes is regulated by the health status of the gut in vivo and in vitro and provides new insights for shifts in microbial gene expression in colorectal cancer.
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Liu S, Chen H, Chen J, Wang T, Tu S, Zhang X, Wang Q, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao C, Wang H. Transcriptome and Proteome of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Small-Colony Variants Reveal Changed Metabolism and Increased Immune Evasion. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0189822. [PMID: 36786564 PMCID: PMC10101100 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01898-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has become a public health crisis. Recently, we isolated small-colony variants (SCVs) of MRSA, which are characterized by slow growth, decreased virulence, increased antibiotic resistance, and immune evasion. In the present study, we provided proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of clinical MRSA sequence type 239 (ST239) normal strains and SCVs and attempted to identify the key genes or pathways closely related to SCV formation and survival. RNAs and proteins were extracted and subjected to RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry, and the transcriptome and proteome were evaluated via bioinformatic analysis. The results were verified by functional assays. In total, 822 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 773 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified; of these, 286 DEGs and DEPs were correlated and subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes analysis. Some pathways were significant, including ABC transporters, ribosome biogenesis, and metabolic pathways such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the citrate cycle (tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle). Based on these results, we found that the downregulation of ABC transporters and the TCA cycle pathway resulted in electron transport chain deficiencies and reduced ATP production in SCVs, leading to a dependence on glycolysis and its upregulation. In addition, the upregulation of capsule polysaccharides and the downregulation of surface proteins prevented phagocytosis and reduced the adhesion of host cells, contributing to immune evasion by SCVs. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of SCV formation and survival. IMPORTANCE Small-colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus have drawn increasing research attention. Owing to their slow growth, atypical colony morphology, and unusual metabolic characteristics, SCVs often cause confusion in the laboratory. Furthermore, clinical treatment of SCVs is challenging owing to their antibiotic resistance and immune evasion, leading to persistent and recurrent infections. However, the mechanisms underlying their formation remain unclear. In this study, we isolated SCVs of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and provided transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of normal strains and SCVs. Based on our analysis, glycolysis upregulation and TCA cycle downregulation affected the electron transport chain and energy supply, leading to slower metabolism. Moreover, capsular biosynthesis was increased, while the number of surface proteins decreased, thus promoting immune evasion by SCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shangyu Tu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyao Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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27
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van der Put RM, Metz B, Pieters RJ. Carriers and Antigens: New Developments in Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020219. [PMID: 36851097 PMCID: PMC9962112 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines have proven their worth in the protection and prevention of infectious diseases. The introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine is the prime example, followed by other glycoconjugate vaccines. Glycoconjugate vaccines consist of two components: the carrier protein and the carbohydrate antigen. Current carrier proteins are tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, CRM197, Haemophilus protein D and the outer membrane protein complex of serogroup B meningococcus. Carbohydrate antigens have been produced mainly by extraction and purification from the original host. However, current efforts show great advances in the development of synthetically produced oligosaccharides and bioconjugation. This review evaluates the advances of glycoconjugate vaccines in the last five years. We focus on developments regarding both new carriers and antigens. Innovative developments regarding carriers are outer membrane vesicles, glycoengineered proteins, new carrier proteins, virus-like particles, protein nanocages and peptides. With regard to conjugated antigens, we describe recent developments in the field of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and ESKAPE pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M.F. van der Put
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Altwiley D, Brignoli T, Duggan S, Massey RC. Triclosan-resistant small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus produce less capsule, less phenol-soluble modulins, and are attenuated in a Galleria mellonella model of infection. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001277. [PMID: 36748621 PMCID: PMC9993119 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent work we identified genes that confer the slow-growing and antibiotic-resistant small-colony variant (SCV) form of Staphylococcus aureus, as associated with the amount of capsule the bacteria produce. In this study we isolated a triclosan-resistant SCV (tr-SCV) and demonstrated that it produces significantly less capsule, an effect that appears to be mediated at the transcriptional stage. As with other SCVs, we found that the tr-SCV produces less toxins, and when compared to both a capsule and an Agr mutant we found the tr-SCV to be significantly attenuated in an insect model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Altwiley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarcisio Brignoli
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Seána Duggan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ruth C Massey
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Schools of Microbiology and Medicine, and the APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland
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29
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Khan R, Shah MD, Shah L, Lee PC, Khan I. Bacterial polysaccharides-A big source for prebiotics and therapeutics. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1031935. [PMID: 36407542 PMCID: PMC9671505 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1031935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial polysaccharides are unique due to their higher purity, hydrophilic nature, and a finer three-dimensional fibrous structure. Primarily, these polymers provide protection, support, and energy to the microorganism, however, more recently several auxiliary properties of these biopolymers have been unmasked. Microbial polysaccharides have shown therapeutic abilities against various illnesses, augmented the healing abilities of the herbal and Western medicines, improved overall health of the host, and have exerted positive impact on the growth of gut dwelling beneficial bacteria. Specifically, the review is discussing the mechanism through which bacterial polysaccharides exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. In addition, they are holding promising application in the 3D printing. The review is also discussing a perspective about the metagenome-based screening of polysaccharides, their integration with other cutting-edge tools, and synthetic microbiome base intervention of polysaccharides as a strategy for prebiotic intervention. This review has collected interesting information about the bacterial polysaccharides from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Up to our knowledge, this is the first of its kind review article that is summarizing therapeutic, prebiotics, and commercial application of bacterial polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raees Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Dawood Shah
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Ping-Chin Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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30
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Xu Z, Yuan C. Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in China Reveals the Key Gene Features Involved in Epidemic Transmission and Adaptive Evolution. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0156422. [PMID: 36190436 PMCID: PMC9603185 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01564-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes various infections in humans and domestic animals. In China, S. aureus is the most common Gram-positive pathogen that causes clinical infections. However, there are few comprehensive genome-based molecular epidemiology studies to investigate the genotypic background of the major S. aureus clones that are epidemic in China. Here, four S. aureus isolates that were recovered from hospital personnel were sequenced. In combination with whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 328 S. aureus strains as references, we performed a comprehensive molecular epidemiology study to reveal the molecular epidemic characterization of S. aureus that is epidemic in China. It was found that 332 S. aureus isolates were phylogenetically categorized into 4 major epidemic groups with different epidemiology phenotypes. Each group has exclusive features in virulence genotypic profiles, antimicrobial resistance genotypic profiles, core and pangenome features representing the differences involved in genetic features, evolutionary processes, and potential future evolutionary directions. Moreover, a comparative core genome analysis of 332 S. aureus isolates indicated several key genes that contributed to differences in molecular epidemic characterization and promoted the adaptive evolutionary process of each group. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of molecular epidemiological characteristics and adaptive evolutionary directions of major S. aureus clones that are epidemic in China. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is an important Gram-positive pathogen that is epidemic worldwide and causes various infections in humans and domestic animals. However, there has been relatively little research on comprehensive molecular epidemiology in China. In this research, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship based on whole-genome data of strains almost all over China, screened for resistance and virulence genes, and took core and pan genome analysis to perform a comprehensive molecular epidemiology study of S. aureus that is epidemic in China. Our results highlight that there are 4 major epidemic groups with different epidemiology phenotypes after phylogenetic categorization with exclusive genetic features in virulence genotypic profiles, antimicrobial-resistance genotypic profiles, and core and pangenome features, and we found key gene features involved in epidemic transmission and adaptive evolution. Our findings are critical in describing molecular characteristic profiles of S. aureus infection, which could update existing preventive measures and take appropriate strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
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31
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Mohammad M, Ali A, Nguyen MT, Götz F, Pullerits R, Jin T. Staphylococcus aureus lipoproteins in infectious diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1006765. [PMID: 36262324 PMCID: PMC9574248 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus remain a major challenge for the healthcare system and demand new treatment options. The increasing antibiotic resistance of S. aureus poses additional challenges, consequently inflicting a huge strain in the society due to enormous healthcare costs. S. aureus expresses multiple molecules, including bacterial lipoproteins (Lpps), which play a role not only in immune response but also in disease pathogenesis. S. aureus Lpps, the predominant ligands of TLR2, are important for bacterial survival as they maintain the metabolic activity of the bacteria. Moreover, Lpps possess many diverse properties that are of vital importance for the bacteria. They also contribute to host cell invasion but so far their role in different staphylococcal infections has not been fully defined. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about S. aureus Lpps and their distinct roles in various infectious disease animal models, such as septic arthritis, sepsis, and skin and soft tissue infections. The molecular and cellular response of the host to S. aureus Lpp exposure is also a primary focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Mohammad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Majd Mohammad,
| | - Abukar Ali
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Section of Medical and Geographical Infectiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rille Pullerits
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gharaibeh MH, Abu-Qatouseh LF. First molecular characterization of capsule expression and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis in Jordan. Vet World 2022; 15:2269-2274. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2269-2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bovine mastitis has long been considered the most important cause of economic losses in the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated pathogen from bovine mastitis cases worldwide. Capsular polysaccharides (CPs) of serotype 5 (CP5) or serotype 8 (CP8) are the most prevalent capsule genotypes related to infections associated with S. aureus in humans. However, a variety of CPs has been reported in ruminants and other hosts. Information regarding the relationship between genotypic and phenotypic capsule variation and bovine mastitis in Jordan is scarce. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus capsule genotypes CP5 and CP8 in milk from bovine mastitis cases and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the recovered isolates in 27 dairy farms in Jordan.
Materials and Methods: Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from bovine mastitis cases in two districts of Jordan. All S. aureus isolates were initially identified using conventional biochemical and microbiological methods. Subsequently, confirmation of the identity of S. aureus was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting nuc gene. Capsule polysaccharide typing was performed by PCR specific for CP5 and CP8. In addition, we assessed the antibiotic susceptibility profile of S. aureus isolates against commonly used antimicrobials by the disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.
Results: We collected 148 clinical isolates of S. aureus from bovine mastitis cases in the Zarqa (67.6%, n = 100) and Irbid (32.4%, n = 48) districts. Most isolates possessed capsule genotypes (91.3%), predominantly CP8 (88.6%). Only 8.7% of the isolates were nontypeable by PCR. In addition, we found statistically significant differences between the geographical region and the status of methicillin-resistant capsule genotypes (p < 0.05). The rates of resistance to β-lactam, macrolide, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics were very low, but resistance to tetracyclines was considerably high (22.3%). Significantly, mastitis isolates from Irbid showed a higher rate of resistance to ciprofloxacin (8.3% vs. 0%), while isolates from Zarqa showed a significantly higher rate of resistance to gentamicin (12.0% vs. 6.2%).
Conclusion: We established associations between capsule genotypes and antimicrobial resistance and the pathogenic behavior of S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cases. Further studies are necessary to fully elucidate the role and mechanisms of capsular expression in the epidemiological and molecular variability of S. aureus in bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamdi Gharaibeh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030 Irbid, 22110 Jordan
| | - Luay F. Abu-Qatouseh
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
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Wang H, Shen J, Ma K, Zhu C, Fang M, Hou X, Zhang S, Wang W, Xue T. Transcriptome analysis revealed the role of capsular polysaccharides in desiccation tolerance of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Dehority W, Morley VJ, Domman DB, Daly SM, Triplett KD, Disch K, Varjabedian R, Yousey A, Mortaji P, Hill D, Oyebamiji O, Guo Y, Schwalm K, Hall PR, Dinwiddie D, Femling J. Genomic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing osteoarticular infections in otherwise healthy children. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272425. [PMID: 36037235 PMCID: PMC9423648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric osteoarticular infections are commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The contribution of S. aureus genomic variability to pathogenesis of these infections is poorly described. Methods We prospectively enrolled 47 children over 3 1/2 years from whom S. aureus was isolated on culture—12 uninfected with skin colonization, 16 with skin abscesses, 19 with osteoarticular infections (four with septic arthritis, three with acute osteomyelitis, six with acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis and six with chronic osteomyelitis). Isolates underwent whole genome sequencing, with assessment for 254 virulence genes and any mutations as well as creation of a phylogenetic tree. Finally, isolates were compared for their ability to form static biofilms and compared to the genetic analysis. Results No sequence types predominated amongst osteoarticular infections. Only genes involved in evasion of host immune defenses were more frequently carried by isolates from osteoarticular infections than from skin colonization (p = .02). Virulence gene mutations were only noted in 14 genes (three regulating biofilm formation) when comparing isolates from subjects with osteoarticular infections and those with skin colonization. Biofilm results demonstrated large heterogeneity in the isolates’ capacity to form static biofilms, with healthy control isolates producing more robust biofilm formation. Conclusions S. aureus causing osteoarticular infections are genetically heterogeneous, and more frequently harbor genes involved in immune evasion than less invasive isolates. However, virulence gene carriage overall is similar with infrequent mutations, suggesting that pathogenesis of S. aureus osteoarticular infections may be primarily regulated at transcriptional and/or translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Dehority
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Valerie J. Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Daryl B. Domman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Seth M. Daly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kathleen D. Triplett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kylie Disch
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | - Aimee Yousey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Parisa Mortaji
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Deirdre Hill
- The University of New Mexico Clinical and Translational Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Olufunmilola Oyebamiji
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Yan Guo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kurt Schwalm
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Pamela R. Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Darrell Dinwiddie
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jon Femling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Regulation of Staphylococcal Capsule by SarZ is SigA-Dependent. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0015222. [PMID: 35862799 PMCID: PMC9380528 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of capsular polysaccharides in Staphylococcus aureus is transcriptionally regulated by a control region of the cap operon that consists of SigA- and SigB-dependent promoters. A large number of regulators have been shown to affect cap gene expression. However, regulation of capsule is only partially understood. Here we found that SarZ was another regulator that activated the cap genes through the SigA-dependent promoter. Gel electrophoresis mobility shift experiments revealed that SarZ is bound to a broad region of the cap promoter including the SigA-dependent promoter but mainly the downstream region. We demonstrated that activation of cap expression by SarZ was independent of MgrA, which also activated capsule through the SigA-dependent promoter. Our results further showed that oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatments enhanced SarZ activation of cap expression, indicating that SarZ is able to sense oxidative stress to regulate capsule production. IMPORTANCE Expression of virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus is affected by environmental cues and is regulated by a surprisingly large number of regulators. Much is still unknown about how virulence factors are regulated by environment cues at the molecular level. Capsule is an antiphagocytic virulence factor that is highly regulated. In this study, we found SarZ was an activator of capsule and that the regulation of capsule by SarZ was affected by oxidative stress. These results provide an example of how a virulence factor could be regulated in response to an environmental cue. As the host oxidative defense system plays an important role against S. aureus, this study contributes to a better understanding of virulence gene regulation and staphylococcal pathogenesis.
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Liu K, Abouelhassan Y, Zhang Y, Jin S, Huigens Iii RW. Transcript Profiling of Nitroxoline-Treated Biofilms Shows Rapid Up-regulation of Iron Acquisition Gene Clusters. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1594-1605. [PMID: 35830188 PMCID: PMC10549994 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities of slow- or non-replicating cells embedded within a protective matrix of biomolecules. Unlike free-floating planktonic bacteria, biofilms are innately tolerant to conventional antibiotics and are prevalent in recurring and chronic infections. Nitroxoline, a broad-spectrum biofilm-eradicating agent, was used to probe biofilm viability. Transcript profiling (RNA-seq) showed that 452 of 2594 genes (17.4%) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms were differentially expressed after a 2 h treatment of nitroxoline. WoPPER analysis and time-course validation (RT-qPCR) revealed that gene clusters involved in iron acquisition (sbn, isd, MW2101, MW0695, fhu, and feo) were rapidly up-regulated following nitroxoline treatment, which is indicative of iron starvation in MRSA biofilms. In addition, genes related to oligopeptide transporters and riboflavin biosynthesis were found to be up-regulated, while genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis and nitrate assimilation were down-regulated. RT-qPCR experiments revealed that iron uptake transcripts were also up-regulated in established Staphylococcus epidermidis and Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms following nitroxoline treatment. Overall, we show RNA-seq to be an ideal platform to define cellular pathways critical for biofilm survival, in addition to demonstrating the need these bacterial communities have for iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yasmeen Abouelhassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), Gene Expression and Genotyping, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Robert W Huigens Iii
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Dendani Chadi Z, Dib L, Zeroual F, Benakhla A. Usefulness of molecular typing methods for epidemiological and evolutionary studies of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103338. [PMID: 35813112 PMCID: PMC9257419 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In cattle, Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of increasing importance due to its association with intramammary infections (IMIs), which are a primary cause of antibiotic use on farms and thus of the rise in antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which are frequently isolated from cases of bovine mastitis, represent a public health problem worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and the evolution of these strains relies on typing methods. Such methods were phenotypic at first, but more recently, molecular methods have been increasingly utilized. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), a high-throughput molecular method for determining genetic diversity and the emergence of host- or udder-adapted clones, appears to be the most useful PCR-based method. Despite the difficulties present in reproducibility, interlaboratory reliability, and hard work, it is agreed that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) remains the gold standard, particularly for short-term surveillance. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a good typing method for long-term and global epidemiological investigations, but it is not suitable for outbreak investigations. Staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing is the most widely used method today for first-line typing in the study of molecular evolution, and outbreaks investigations. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing has gained popularity for the evolutionary analysis of MRSA strains. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and DNA microarrays that represent relatively new DNA-based technologies, provide more information for tracking antibioresistant and virulent outbreak strains. They offer a higher discriminatory power, but are not suitable for routine use in clinical veterinary medicine at this time. Descriptions of the evolution of these methods, their advantages, and limitations are given in this review.
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Del Bino L, Østerlid KE, Wu DY, Nonne F, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Synthetic Glycans to Improve Current Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15672-15716. [PMID: 35608633 PMCID: PMC9614730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as the next potential pandemic. Different microorganisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-typhoidal Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus Candida auris, have been identified by the WHO and CDC as urgent or serious AMR threats. Others, such as group A and B Streptococci, are classified as concerning threats. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been demonstrated to be an efficacious and cost-effective measure to combat infections against Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and, more recently, Salmonella typhi. Recent times have seen enormous progress in methodologies for the assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates, with developments in synthetic, chemoenzymatic, and glycoengineering methodologies. This review analyzes the advancement of glycoconjugate vaccines based on synthetic carbohydrates to improve existing vaccines and identify novel candidates to combat AMR. Through this literature survey we built an overview of structure-immunogenicity relationships from available data and identify gaps and areas for further research to better exploit the peculiar role of carbohydrates as vaccine targets and create the next generation of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kitt Emilie Østerlid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dung-Yeh Wu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Henriet SSV, Langereis JD, Lo SW, Bentley S, Mesman RJ, Fejzic Z, van Niftrik L, van Sorge NM, Wertheim HFL, de Jonge MI, Cremers AJH. Endocarditis caused by non-typeable Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:719-722. [PMID: 35134152 PMCID: PMC9464071 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule is regarded as indispensable in bacteremia. We report an infant with a ventricular septal defect and infective endocarditis caused by nontypeable S. pneumoniae. In-depth investigation confirmed a deficient capsule yet favored pneumococcal fitness for causing infective endocarditis, rather than a host immune disorder, as the cause of infective endocarditis in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie S V Henriet
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie W Lo
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stephen Bentley
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Rob J Mesman
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Zina Fejzic
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention and Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heiman F L Wertheim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amelieke J H Cremers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Jahantigh HR, Faezi S, Habibi M, Mahdavi M, Stufano A, Lovreglio P, Ahmadi K. The Candidate Antigens to Achieving an Effective Vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020199. [PMID: 35214658 PMCID: PMC8876328 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes various inflammatory local infections, from those of the skin to postinfectious glomerulonephritis. These infections could result in serious threats, putting the life of the patient in danger. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus could lead to dramatic increases in human mortality. Antibiotic resistance would explicate the failure of current antibiotic therapies. So, it is obvious that an effective vaccine against S. aureus infections would significantly reduce costs related to care in hospitals. Bacterial vaccines have important impacts on morbidity and mortality caused by several common pathogens, however, a prophylactic vaccine against staphylococci has not yet been produced. During the last decades, the efforts to develop an S. aureus vaccine have faced two major failures in clinical trials. New strategies for vaccine development against S. aureus has supported the use of multiple antigens, the inclusion of adjuvants, and the focus on various virulence mechanisms. We aimed to present a compressive review of different antigens of S. aureus and also to introduce vaccine candidates undergoing clinical trials, from which can help us to choose a suitable and effective candidate for vaccine development against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Jahantigh
- Animal Health and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy;
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (H.R.J.); (K.A.); Tel.: +39-3773827669 (H.R.J.)
| | - Sobhan Faezi
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 41937, Iran;
| | - Mehri Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13164, Iran;
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran 1517964311, Iran
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13164, Iran;
| | - Angela Stufano
- Animal Health and Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy;
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy;
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy;
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 79391, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.R.J.); (K.A.); Tel.: +39-3773827669 (H.R.J.)
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Bright R, Fernandes D, Wood J, Palms D, Burzava A, Ninan N, Brown T, Barker D, Vasilev K. Long-term antibacterial properties of a nanostructured titanium alloy surface: An in vitro study. Mater Today Bio 2021; 13:100176. [PMID: 34938990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for joint replacement and other orthopedic surgeries involving titanium implants is continuously increasing; however, 1%-2% of surgeries result in costly and devastating implant associated infections (IAIs). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two common pathogens known to colonise implants, leading to serious complications. Bioinspired surfaces with spike-like nanotopography have previously been shown to kill bacteria upon contact; however, the longer-term potential of such surfaces to prevent or delay biofilm formation is unclear. Hence, we monitored biofilm formation on control and nanostructured titanium disc surfaces over 21 days following inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. We found a consistent 2-log or higher reduction in live bacteria throughout the time course for both bacteria. The biovolume on nanostructured discs was also significantly lower than control discs at all time points for both bacteria. Analysis of the biovolume revealed that for the nanostructured surface, bacteria was killed not just on the surface, but at locations above the surface. Interestingly, pockets of bacterial regrowth on top of the biomass occurred in both bacterial species, however this was more pronounced for S. aureus cultures after 21 days. We found that the nanostructured surface showed antibacterial properties throughout this longitudinal study. To our knowledge this is the first in vitro study to show reduction in the viability of bacterial colonisation on a nanostructured surface over a clinically relevant time frame, providing potential to reduce the likelihood of implant associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bright
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Wood
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis Palms
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anouck Burzava
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neethu Ninan
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
| | - Toby Brown
- Corin Australia, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
| | - Dan Barker
- Corin Australia, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Academic Unit of STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, South Australia, Australia
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Synthetic carbohydrate-based cell wall components from Staphylococcus aureus. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 38:35-43. [PMID: 34895639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycopolymers are found surrounding the outer layer of many bacterial species. The first uses as immunogenic component in vaccines are reported since the beginning of the XX century, but it is only in the last decades that glycoconjugate based vaccines have been effectively applied for controlling and preventing several infectious diseases, such as H. influenzae type b (Hib), N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae or group B Streptococcus. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains has been appointed by the WHO as one of those pathogens, for which new treatments are urgently needed. Herein we present an overview of the carbohydrate-based cell wall polymers associated with different S. aureus strains and the related affords to deliver well-defined fragments through synthetic chemistry.
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Altwiley D, Brignoli T, Edwards A, Recker M, Lee JC, Massey RC. A functional menadione biosynthesis pathway is required for capsule production by Staphylococcus aureus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34825882 PMCID: PMC8743628 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that utilises a wide array of pathogenic and immune evasion strategies to cause disease. One immune evasion strategy, common to many bacterial pathogens, is the ability of S. aureus to produce a capsule that protects the bacteria from several aspects of the human immune system. To identify novel regulators of capsule production by S. aureus, we applied a genome wide association study (GWAS) to a collection of 300 bacteraemia isolates that represent the two major MRSA clones in UK and Irish hospitals: CC22 and CC30. One of the loci associated with capsule production, the menD gene, encodes an enzyme critical to the biosynthesis of menadione. Mutations in this gene that result in menadione auxotrophy induce the slow growing small-colony variant (SCV) form of S. aureus often associated with chronic infections due to their increased resistance to antibiotics and ability to survive inside phagocytes. Utilising such an SCV, we functionally verified this association between menD and capsule production. Although the clinical isolates with polymorphisms in the menD gene in our collections had no apparent growth defects, they were more resistant to gentamicin when compared to those with the wild-type menD gene. Our work suggests that menadione is involved in the production of the S. aureus capsule, and that amongst clinical isolates polymorphisms exist in the menD gene that confer the characteristic increased gentamicin resistance, but not the major growth defect associated with SCV phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Altwiley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarcisio Brignoli
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew Edwards
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jean C Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruth C Massey
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Schools of Microbiology and Medicine, and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
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Phenotypic PIA-Dependent Biofilm Production by Clinical Non-Typeable Staphylococcus aureus Is Not Associated with the Intensity of Inflammation in Mammary Gland: A Pilot Study Using Mouse Mastitis Model. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113047. [PMID: 34827779 PMCID: PMC8614318 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Staphylococcus aureus-associated human clinical infections are predominantly caused by the encapsulated strains, with non-typeable strains representing less than 25%. In contrast, 80% of the S. aureus from bovine mastitis cases are non-typeable as they do not possess the Capsular Types 1, 2, 5, and 8. In our previous studies, it was demonstrated that the extent of mammary tissue damage was associated with the strength of biofilms formed by encapsulated S. aureus strains. This study assesses the impact of biofilm formation, as a virulence factor of non-typeable Staphylococcus aureus, causing mammary tissue damage in a mouse mastitis model. The study demonstrates no association between the strength of biofilm production by non-typeable S. aureus and the mammary tissue damage. However, the mice infected with strong biofilm producing non-typeable S. aureus died 6h earlier than those infected with weak biofilm producing non-typeable S. aureus suggesting the role of biofilm in the advancement of the time of mice mortality. Abstract Non-typeable (NT) Staphylococcus aureus strains are associated with chronic bovine mastitis. This study investigates the impact of biofilm formation by clinical NT S. aureus on cytokine production and mammary tissue damage by using a mouse mastitis model. Mice infected with two different NT S. aureus strains with strong and weak biofilm forming potential demonstrated identical clinical symptoms (moderate), minimal inflammatory infiltrates, and tissue damage (level 1 histopathological changes) in the mammary glands. However, the S. aureus load in the mammary glands of mice and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and IFN-γ) in serum were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in those infected with the strong biofilm forming NT S. aureus strain. The level of IL-6 in sera samples of these mice was extremely high (15,479.9 ± 532 Pg/mL). Furthermore, these mice died in 24h of post infection compared to 30 h in the weak biofilm forming NT S. aureus infected group. The study demonstrates no association between the strength of PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesion)-dependent biofilm production by clinical NT S. aureus and mammary gland pathology in a mouse mastitis model. However, the role of biofilm in the virulence of S. aureus advancing the time of mortality in mice warrants further investigation.
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Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:701362. [PMID: 34660335 PMCID: PMC8515183 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex (Bpc) or the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia cepacia are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the Burkholderia species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed Burkholderia species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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Rumpret M, von Richthofen HJ, van der Linden M, Westerlaken GHA, Talavera Ormeño C, van Strijp JAG, Landau M, Ovaa H, van Sorge NM, Meyaard L. Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 recognizes bacterial and endogenous amphipathic α-helical peptides. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21875. [PMID: 34533845 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100812r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 (SIRL-1) is a negative regulator of myeloid cell function and dampens antimicrobial responses. We here show that different species of the genus Staphylococcus secrete SIRL-1-engaging factors. By screening a library of single-gene transposon mutants in Staphylococcus aureus, we identified these factors as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). PSMs are amphipathic α-helical peptides involved in multiple aspects of staphylococcal virulence and physiology. They are cytotoxic and activate the chemotactic formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) on immune cells. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is also an amphipathic α-helical peptide with antimicrobial and chemotactic activities, structurally and functionally similar to α-type PSMs. We demonstrate that α-type PSMs from multiple staphylococcal species as well as human cathelicidin LL-37 activate SIRL-1, suggesting that SIRL-1 recognizes α-helical peptides with an amphipathic arrangement of hydrophobicity, although we were not able to show direct binding to SIRL-1. Upon rational peptide design, we identified artificial peptides in which the capacity to ligate SIRL-1 is segregated from cytotoxic and FPR2-activating properties, allowing specific engagement of SIRL-1. In conclusion, we propose staphylococcal PSMs and human LL-37 as a potential new class of natural ligands for SIRL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matevž Rumpret
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen J von Richthofen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Linden
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje H A Westerlaken
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cami Talavera Ormeño
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Meytal Landau
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Fan SH, Matsuo M, Huang L, Tribelli PM, Götz F. The MpsAB Bicarbonate Transporter Is Superior to Carbonic Anhydrase in Biofilm-Forming Bacteria with Limited CO 2 Diffusion. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0030521. [PMID: 34287032 PMCID: PMC8552792 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00305-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 and bicarbonate are required for carboxylation reactions, which are essential in most bacteria. To provide the cells with sufficient CO2, there exist two dissolved inorganic carbon supply (DICS) systems: the membrane potential-generating system (MpsAB) and the carbonic anhydrase (CA). Recently, it has been shown that MpsAB is a bicarbonate transporter that is present not only in photo- and autotrophic bacteria, but also in a diverse range of nonautotrophic microorganisms. Since the two systems rarely coexist in a species but are interchangeable, we investigated what advantages the one system might have over the other. Using the genus Staphylococcus as a model, we deleted the CA gene can in Staphylococcus carnosus and mpsABC genes in Staphylococcus aureus. Deletion of the respective gene in one or the other species led to growth inhibition that could only be reversed by CO2 supplementation. While the S. carnosus Δcan mutant could be fully complemented with mpsABC, the S. aureus ΔmpsABC mutant was only partially complemented by can, suggesting that MpsAB outperforms CA. Interestingly, we provide evidence that mucus biofilm formation such as that involving polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) impedes the diffusion of CO2 into cells, making MpsAB more advantageous in biofilm-producing strains or species. Coexpression of MpsAB and CA does not confer any growth benefits, even under stress conditions. In conclusion, the distribution of MpsAB or CA in bacteria does not appear to be random as expression of bicarbonate transporters provides an advantage where diffusion of CO2 is impeded. IMPORTANCE CO2 and bicarbonate are required for carboxylation reactions in central metabolism and biosynthesis of small molecules in all bacteria. This is achieved by two different systems for dissolved inorganic carbon supply (DICS): these are the membrane potential-generating system (MpsAB) and the carbonic anhydrase (CA), but both rarely coexist in a given species. Here, we compared both systems and demonstrate that the distribution of MpsAB and/or CA within the phylum Firmicutes is apparently not random. The bicarbonate transporter MpsAB has an advantage in species where CO2 diffusion is hampered-for instance, in mucus- and biofilm-forming bacteria. However, coexpression of MpsAB and CA does not confer any growth benefits, even under stress conditions. Given the clinical relevance of Staphylococcus in the medical environment, such findings contribute to the understanding of bacterial metabolism and thus are crucial for exploration of potential targets for antimicrobials. The knowledge gained here as exemplified by staphylococcal species could be extended to other pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Ha Fan
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miki Matsuo
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Li Huang
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Paula M. Tribelli
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Biológica, FCEyN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
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Smith JT, Andam CP. Extensive Horizontal Gene Transfer within and between Species of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab206. [PMID: 34498042 PMCID: PMC8462280 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the gram-positive bacterial genus Staphylococcus have historically been classified into coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) based on the diagnostic presentation of the coagulase protein. Previous studies have noted the importance of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and recombination in the more well-known CoPS species Staphylococcus aureus, yet little is known of the contributions of these processes in CoNS evolution. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships, genomic characteristics, and frequencies of HGT in CoNS, which are now being recognized as major opportunistic pathogens of humans. We compiled a data set of 1,876 publicly available named CoNS genomes. These can be delineated into 55 species based on allele differences in 462 core genes and variation in accessory gene content. CoNS species are a reservoir of transferrable genes associated with resistance to diverse classes of antimicrobials. We also identified nine types of the mobile genetic element SCCmec, which carries the methicillin resistance determinant mecA. Other frequently transferred genes included those associated with resistance to heavy metals, surface-associated proteins related to virulence and biofilm formation, type VII secretion system, iron capture, recombination, and metabolic enzymes. The highest frequencies of receipt and donation of recombined DNA fragments were observed in Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and members of the Saprophyticus species group. The variable rates of recombination and biases in transfer partners imply that certain CoNS species function as hubs of gene flow and major reservoir of genetic diversity for the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, New York, USA
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Demontier E, Dubé-Duquette A, Brouillette E, Larose A, Ster C, Lucier JF, Rodrigue S, Park S, Jung D, Ruffini J, Ronholm J, Dufour S, Roy JP, Ramanathan S, Malouin F. Relative virulence of Staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis strains representing the main Canadian spa types and clonal complexes as determined using in vitro and in vivo mastitis models. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11904-11921. [PMID: 34454755 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens leading to both clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis in dairy cattle. Prediction of disease evolution based on the characteristics of Staph. aureus isolates that cause intramammary infections and understanding the host-pathogen interactions may improve management of mastitis in dairy herds. For this study, several strains were selected from each of the 6 major Canadian spa types associated with mastitis (t267, t359, t529, t605, t2445, and t13401). Adherence to host cells and intracellular persistence of these strains were studied using a bovine mammary gland epithelial cell line (MAC-T). Additionally, relative virulence and host response (cytokines production) were also studied in vivo using a mouse model of mastitis. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on all strains and associations between clonal complex, sequence type, and presence of certain virulence factors were also investigated. Results show that spa type t2445 was correlated with persistence in MAC-T cells. Strains from spa t359 and t529 showed better ability to colonize mouse mammary glands. The exception was strain sa3154 (spa t529), which showed less colonization of glands compared with other t359 and t529 strains but possessed the highest number of superantigen genes including tst. All strains possessed hemolysins, but spa types t529 and t2445 showed the largest diameter of β-hemolysis on blood agar plates. Although several spa types possessed 2 or 3 serine-aspartate rich proteins (Sdr) believed to be involved in many pathogenic processes, most t529 strains expressed only an allelic variant of sdrE. The spa types t605 (positive for the biofilm associated protein gene; bap+) and t13401 (bap-), that produced the largest amounts of biofilm in vitro, were the least virulent in vivo. Finally, strains from spa type t529 (ST151) elicited a cytokine expression profile (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12) that suggests a potential for severe inflammation. This study suggests that determination of the spa type may help predict the severity of the disease and the ability of the immune system to eliminate intramammary infections caused by Staph. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Demontier
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alexis Dubé-Duquette
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Eric Brouillette
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Audrey Larose
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Céline Ster
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lucier
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Soyoun Park
- Faculty of agricultural and environmental sciences, Macdonald campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Dongyun Jung
- Faculty of agricultural and environmental sciences, Macdonald campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Janina Ruffini
- Faculty of agricultural and environmental sciences, Macdonald campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of agricultural and environmental sciences, Macdonald campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie and Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie and Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Département d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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50
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Anafo RB, Atiase Y, Dayie NTKD, Kotey FCN, Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Duodu S, Osei MM, Alzahrani KJ, Donkor ES. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection of Diabetic Foot Ulcers at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Accra, Ghana. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080937. [PMID: 34451401 PMCID: PMC8398970 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the spectrum of bacteria infecting the ulcers of individuals with diabetes at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana, focusing on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), with respect to their prevalence, factors predisposing to their infection of the ulcers, and antimicrobial resistance patterns. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at The Ulcer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, involving 100 diabetic foot ulcer patients. The ulcer of each study participant was swabbed and cultured bacteriologically, following standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for all S. aureus isolated, using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: In total, 96% of the participants had their ulcers infected—32.3% (n = 31) of these had their ulcers infected with one bacterium, 47.9% (n = 46) with two bacteria, 18.8% (n = 18) with three bacteria, and 1.0% (n = 1) with four bacteria. The prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA were 19% and 6%, respectively. The distribution of the other bacteria was as follows: coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (54%), Escherichia coli (24%), Pseudomonas spp. (19%), Citrobacter koseri and Morganella morgana (12% each), Klebsiella oxytoca (11%), Proteus vulgaris (8%), Enterococcus spp. (6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%), Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter spp. (4%), Klebsiella spp. (2%), and Streptococcus spp. (1%). The resistance rates of S. aureus decreased across penicillin (100%, n = 19), tetracycline (47.4%, n = 9), cotrimoxazole (42.1%, n = 8), cefoxitin (31.6%, n = 6), erythromycin and clindamycin (26.3% each, n = 5), norfloxacin and gentamicin (15.8% each, n = 3), rifampicin (10.5%, n = 2), linezolid (5.3%, n = 1), and fusidic acid (0.0%, n = 0). The proportion of multidrug resistance was 47.4% (n = 9). Except for foot ulcer infection with coagulase-negative Staphylococci, which was protective of S. aureus infection of the ulcers (OR = 0.029, p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.004–0.231), no predictor of S. aureus, MRSA, or polymicrobial ulcer infection was identified. Conclusions: The prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA infection of the diabetic foot ulcers were high, but lower than those of the predominant infector, coagulase-negative Staphylococci and the next highest infecting agent, E. coli. Diabetic foot ulcers’ infection with coagulase-negative Staphylococci protected against their infection with S. aureus. The prevalence of multidrug resistance was high, highlighting the need to further intensify antimicrobial stewardship programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzy B. Anafo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box KB 4236, Ghana; (R.B.A.); (N.T.K.D.D.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.)
| | - Yacoba Atiase
- Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box KB 4236, Ghana;
| | - Nicholas T. K. D. Dayie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box KB 4236, Ghana; (R.B.A.); (N.T.K.D.D.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.)
| | - Fleischer C. N. Kotey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box KB 4236, Ghana; (R.B.A.); (N.T.K.D.D.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.)
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, Accra P.O. Box TS 853, Ghana
| | - Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box KB 4236, Ghana; (R.B.A.); (N.T.K.D.D.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.)
| | - Samuel Duodu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana;
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana
| | - Mary-Magdalene Osei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box KB 4236, Ghana; (R.B.A.); (N.T.K.D.D.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.)
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, Accra P.O. Box TS 853, Ghana
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif P.O. Box 11099, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Eric S. Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box KB 4236, Ghana; (R.B.A.); (N.T.K.D.D.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.)
- Correspondence: or
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