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Wang J, Wu W, Chen Y. Analysis of a diffusive two-strain malaria model with the carrying capacity of the environment for mosquitoes. Infect Dis Model 2024; 9:931-962. [PMID: 38813135 PMCID: PMC11134547 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose a malaria model involving the sensitive and resistant strains, which is described by reaction-diffusion equations. The model reflects the scenario that the vector and host populations disperse with distinct diffusion rates, susceptible individuals or vectors cannot be infected by both strains simultaneously, and the vector population satisfies the logistic growth. Our main purpose is to get a threshold type result on the model, especially the interaction effect of the two strains in the presence of spatial structure. To solve this issue, the basic reproduction number (BRN) R 0 i and invasion reproduction number (IRN) R ˆ 0 i of each strain (i = 1 and 2 are for the sensitive and resistant strains, respectively) are defined. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of the diffusion rates of populations and vectors on BRNs and IRNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Mathematical Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, PR China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region & School of Mathematical Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, PR China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
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2
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Ariefta NR, Narita K, Murata T, Nishikawa Y. Evaluation of the antiplasmodial efficacy of synthetic 2,5-diphenyloxazole analogs of compounds naturally derived from Oxytropis lanata. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100540. [PMID: 38676995 PMCID: PMC11067372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The persistent prevalence and dissemination of drug-resistant malaria parasites continue to challenge the progress of malaria eradication efforts. As a result, there is an urgent need to search for and develop innovative therapies. In this study, we screened synthetic 2,5-diphenyloxazole analogs from Oxytropis lanata. Among 48 compounds, 14 potently inhibited the proliferation of P. falciparum strains 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and K1 (multidrug-resistant) in vitro, exhibited IC50 values from 3.38 to 12.65 μM and 1.27-6.19 μM, respectively, and were toxic to human foreskin fibroblasts at 39.53-336.35 μM. Notably, Compounds 31 (2-(2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(2″-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole) and 32 (2-(2',3'-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-(2″-benzyloxyphenyl)oxazole) exhibited the highest selectivity indices (SIs) against both P. falciparum strains (3D7/K1), with values > 40.20/>126.58 and > 41.27/> 59.06, respectively. In the IC50 speed and stage-specific assays, Compounds 31 and 32 showed slow action, along with distinct effects on the ring and trophozoite stages. Microscopy observations further revealed that both compounds impact the development and delay the progression of the trophozoite and schizont stages in P. falciparum 3D7, especially at concentrations 100 times their IC50 values. In a 72-h in vitro exposure experiment at their respective IC80 in P. falciparum 3D7, significant alterations in parasitemia levels were observed compared to the untreated group. In Compound 31-treated cultures, parasites shrank and were unable to reinvade red blood cells (RBCs) during an extended 144-h incubation period, even after compound removal from the culture. In vivo assessments were conducted on P. yoelii 17XNL-infected mice treated with Compounds 31 and 32 at 20 mg/kg administered once daily for ten days. The treated groups showed statistically significant lower peaks of parasitemia (Compound 31-treated: trial 1 12.7%, trial 2 15.8%; Compound 32-treated: trial 1 12.7%, trial 2 14.0%) compared to the untreated group (trial 1 21.7%, trial 2 28.3%). These results emphasize the potential of further developing 2,5-diphenyloxazoles as promising antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanang R Ariefta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, 080-8555, Japan.
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Audibert C, Aspinall A, Tchouatieu AM, Hugo P. Evaluation of Segmentation, Rotation, and Geographic Delivery Approaches for Deployment of Multiple First-Line Treatment (MFT) to Respond to Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Africa: A Qualitative Study in Seven Sub-Sahara Countries. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:93. [PMID: 38787026 PMCID: PMC11125622 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9050093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies recently confirmed the emergence of resistance to antimalarial drugs in sub-Saharan Africa. Multiple first-line treatment (MFT) is one of the measures envisaged to respond to the emergence and spread of this resistance. The aim of this study was to identify the perceived advantages and disadvantages of several MFT deployment strategies and to better understand potential implementation drivers and barriers. METHODS A qualitative survey was conducted in seven sub-Saharan countries amongst key opinion leaders, national decision makers, and end users. A total of 200 individual interviews were conducted and findings were analyzed following a thematic inductive approach. RESULTS From a policy perspective, the new MFT intervention would require endorsement at the global, national, and regional levels to ensure its inclusion in guidelines. Funding of the MFT intervention could be a bottleneck due to costs associated with additional training of healthcare workers, adaptation of drug delivery mechanisms, and higher costs of drugs. Concerning the MFT deployment strategies, a slight preference for the segmentation strategy was expressed over the rotation and geographic approaches, due to the perception that a segmentation approach is already in place at country level. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlighted the need for a collective approach to MFT deployment through the engagement of stakeholders at all levels of malaria management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Audibert
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Route de Pre-Bois 20, 1215 Meyrin, Switzerland; (A.A.)
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Li EZ, Nguyen TD, Tran TNA, Zupko RJ, Boni MF. Assessing emergence risk of double-resistant and triple-resistant genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1390. [PMID: 38360803 PMCID: PMC10869733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Delaying and slowing antimalarial drug resistance evolution is a priority for malaria-endemic countries. Until novel therapies become available, the mainstay of antimalarial treatment will continue to be artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Deployment of different ACTs can be optimized to minimize evolutionary pressure for drug resistance by deploying them as a set of co-equal multiple first-line therapies (MFT) rather than rotating therapies in and out of use. Here, we consider one potential detriment of MFT policies, namely, that the simultaneous deployment of multiple ACTs could drive the evolution of different resistance alleles concurrently and that these resistance alleles could then be brought together by recombination into double-resistant or triple-resistant parasites. Using an individual-based model, we compare MFT and cycling policies in malaria transmission settings ranging from 0.1% to 50% prevalence. We define a total risk measure for multi-drug resistance (MDR) by summing the area under the genotype-frequency curves (AUC) of double- and triple-resistant genotypes. When prevalence ≥ 1%, total MDR risk ranges from statistically similar to 80% lower under MFT policies than under cycling policies, irrespective of whether resistance is imported or emerges de novo. At 0.1% prevalence, there is little statistical difference in MDR risk between MFT and cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zhewen Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tran Dang Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thu Nguyen-Anh Tran
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Zupko
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Schäfer TM, Pessanha de Carvalho L, Inoue J, Kreidenweiss A, Held J. The problem of antimalarial resistance and its implications for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:209-224. [PMID: 38108082 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2284820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malaria remains a devastating infectious disease with hundreds of thousands of casualties each year. Antimalarial drug resistance has been a threat to malaria control and elimination for many decades and is still of concern today. Despite the continued effectiveness of current first-line treatments, namely artemisinin-based combination therapies, the emergence of drug-resistant parasites in Southeast Asia and even more alarmingly the occurrence of resistance mutations in Africa is of great concern and requires immediate attention. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is given. Understanding these processes provides valuable insights that can be harnessed for the development and selection of novel antimalarials with reduced resistance potential. Additionally, strategies to mitigate resistance to antimalarial compounds on the short term by using approved drugs are discussed. EXPERT OPINION While employing strategies that utilize already approved drugs may offer a prompt and cost-effective approach to counter antimalarial drug resistance, it is crucial to recognize that only continuous efforts into the development of novel antimalarial drugs can ensure the successful treatment of malaria in the future. Incorporating resistance propensity assessment during this developmental process will increase the likelihood of effective and enduring malaria treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Inoue
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
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Sawadogo H, Soulama I, Zida A, Zongo C, Sawadogo PM, Guiguemde KT, Nikiema S, Badoum SE, Sawadogo S, Tou A, Sombié S, Tchekounou C, Sermé SS, Ouedraogo-Traoré R, Guiguemdé TR, Savadogo A. Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Diversity and Resistance Genotype Profile in Infected Placental Samples Collected After Delivery in Ouagadougou. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6673-6680. [PMID: 37849789 PMCID: PMC10578158 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s420004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is widely used for the prevention of malaria in pregnant women in Africa. Known resistance cases of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during pregnancy need to be follow up to support IPTp implementation in Burkina Faso. However, data on the development and spread of resistance to this molecule are lacking. This study aimed to investigating the genetic diversity of P. falciparum and the mutation prevalence in the dhfr and dhps genes infected from postpartum infected placentas. Patients and Methods This was a prospective and cross-sectional study conducted between April 2019 and March 2020 in four health districts of Ouagadougou capital city. From the placentas collected after delivery, P. falciparum detection and mps1 and msp2 polymorphism analysis were performed by nested PCR. The resistance profile was checked after analyzing the mutation point on dhfr and dhps genes. Results PCR-positive samples were estimated at 96% for msp1 and 98% for msp2. The polymorphism analysis showed that the RO33 and 3D7 allelic families were the most widespread with 62.5% and 91.83%, respectively. Multiple infections by msp1 and msp2 were frequent with 12.50% and 92.92%, respectively. The prevalence of individual dhfr mutation point, 51I, 108A, and 59R, was 1.96, 15.68, and 7.84, respectively, and the dhps mutation point, 437G, was 3.92. There is no detected mutation at the point 164L and 540E. The triple (51I+108A+59R) in dhfr and quadruple (51I+108A+59R+ 437G) mutation were not found. Conclusion The results showed that Plasmodium falciparum has a high genetic diversity of msp1 and msp2. This suggests that dhfr and dhps mutant genotypes are potential early warning factors in the increase in the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haffsatou Sawadogo
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABIA), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issiaka Soulama
- Health Science Research Institute (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- National Malaria Research and Training Center (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Zida
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Health Sciences Training and Research Unit (UFR/SDS), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Cheikna Zongo
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABIA), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Patindoilba Marcel Sawadogo
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Health Sciences Training and Research Unit (UFR/SDS), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Kiswendsida Thierry Guiguemde
- Health Sciences Training and Research Unit (UFR/SDS), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique – Charles de Gaulle (CHU-CDG), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Seni Nikiema
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory (LABIOGENE), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Salimata Emilie Badoum
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABIA), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Health Action Research Group (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Salam Sawadogo
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Laboratory (LABIOGENE), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aïcha Tou
- National Malaria Research and Training Center (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Salif Sombié
- National Malaria Research and Training Center (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Chanolle Tchekounou
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABIA), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- International Institute of Science and Technology (Iistech), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sindié Samuel Sermé
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABIA), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Health Action Research Group (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Tinga Robert Guiguemdé
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Health Sciences (INSP), Nazi Boni University, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Aly Savadogo
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LABIA), Joseph KI - ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Ariefta NR, Pagmadulam B, Hatano M, Ikeda N, Isshiki K, Matoba K, Igarashi M, Nihei CI, Nishikawa Y. Antiplasmodial Activity Evaluation of a Bestatin-Related Aminopeptidase Inhibitor, Phebestin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0160622. [PMID: 37314349 PMCID: PMC10353437 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01606-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing burden and spread of resistant malaria parasites remains an immense burden to public health. These factors have driven the demand to search for a new therapeutic agent. From our screening, phebestin stood out with nanomolar efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. Phebestin was initially identified as an aminopeptidase N inhibitor. Phebestin inhibited the in vitro multiplication of the P. falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and K1 (chloroquine-resistant) strains at IC50 values of 157.90 ± 6.26 nM and 268.17 ± 67.59 nM, respectively. Furthermore, phebestin exhibited no cytotoxic against human foreskin fibroblast cells at 2.5 mM. In the stage-specific assay, phebestin inhibited all parasite stages at 100 and 10-fold its IC50 concentration. Using 72-h in vitro exposure of phebestin at concentrations of 1 μM on P. falciparum 3D7 distorted the parasite morphology, showed dying signs, shrank, and prevented reinvasion of RBCs, even after the compound was washed from the culture. An in silico study found that phebestin binds to P. falciparum M1 alanyl aminopeptidase (PfM1AAP) and M17 leucyl aminopeptidase (PfM17LAP), as observed for bestatin. In vivo evaluation using P. yoelii 17XNL-infected mice with administrations of 20 mg/kg phebestin, once daily for 7 days, resulted in significantly lower parasitemia peaks in the phebestin-treated group (19.53%) than in the untreated group (29.55%). At the same dose and treatment, P. berghei ANKA-infected mice showed reduced parasitemia levels and improved survival compared to untreated mice. These results indicate that phebestin is a promising candidate for development as a potential therapeutic agent against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanang R. Ariefta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Baldorj Pagmadulam
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Synthesis, Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Masaki Hatano
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ikeda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunio Isshiki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matoba
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Coh-ichi Nihei
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Japan
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Castañeda-Mogollón D, Toppings NB, Kamaliddin C, Lang R, Kuhn S, Pillai DR. Amplicon Deep Sequencing Reveals Multiple Genetic Events Lead to Treatment Failure with Atovaquone-Proguanil in Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0170922. [PMID: 37154745 PMCID: PMC10269153 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01709-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atovaquone-proguanil (AP) is used as treatment for uncomplicated malaria, and as a chemoprophylactic agent against Plasmodium falciparum. Imported malaria remains one of the top causes of fever in Canadian returning travelers. Twelve sequential whole-blood samples before and after AP treatment failure were obtained from a patient diagnosed with P. falciparum malaria upon their return from Uganda and Sudan. Ultradeep sequencing was performed on the cytb, dhfr, and dhps markers of treatment resistance before and during the episode of recrudescence. Haplotyping profiles were generated using three different approaches: msp2-3D7 agarose and capillary electrophoresis, and cpmp using amplicon deep sequencing (ADS). A complexity of infection (COI) analysis was conducted. De novo cytb Y268C mutants strains were observed during an episode of recrudescence 17 days and 16 h after the initial malaria diagnosis and AP treatment initiation. No Y268C mutant reads were observed in any of the samples prior to the recrudescence. SNPs in the dhfr and dhps genes were observed upon initial presentation. The haplotyping profiles suggest multiple clones mutating under AP selection pressure (COI > 3). Significant differences in COI were observed by capillary electrophoresis and ADS compared to the agarose gel results. ADS using cpmp revealed the lowest haplotype variation across the longitudinal analysis. Our findings highlight the value of ultra-deep sequencing methods in the understanding of P. falciparum haplotype infection dynamics. Longitudinal samples should be analyzed in genotyping studies to increase the analytical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castañeda-Mogollón
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Noah B. Toppings
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claire Kamaliddin
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raynell Lang
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Kuhn
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dylan R. Pillai
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories, Diagnostic & Scientific Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Barman L, Sharma A, Kakati S, Sarma DK, Hussain E, Saikia L. Molecular detection of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum mutants in Assam. Indian J Med Res 2023; 158:55-65. [PMID: 37602587 PMCID: PMC10550066 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2976_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives The spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) poses a serious threat to the control and elimination of malaria. The objective of this study was to detect the molecular biomarkers of antimalarial drug resistance in Pf in patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Assam. Methods Malaria was first detected in fever cases using microscopy and a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and then confirmed using PCR. Pf chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt), Pf multidrug resistance-1 (Pfmdr-1), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked to delayed parasite clearance after treatment with artemisinin MAL 10-688956 and MAL 13-1718319 and Kelch-13 propeller (PfK-13) genes were evaluated by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results Sixty nine cases of malaria were found among 300 cases of fever. Of these, 54 were positive for Pf, 47 of which were confirmed by PCR. Pfcrt-K76T mutation was seen in 96.6 per cent and Pfmdr1-N86Y mutation in 84.2 per cent of cases. Mutation was not detected in MAL10 and MAL13 genes. Sequence analysis of Kelch-13 gene showed the presence of a novel mutation at amino acid position 675. Statistically, no significant association was found between the molecular biomarkers and demographic profile, clinical presentation and outcome of the cases. Interpretation & conclusions Molecular surveillance is essential to assess the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs against circulating Pf isolates in Assam which are found to be highly resistant to CQ. The role of the new mutation found in the Kelch-13 gene in the development of artemisinin resistance in Assam needs to be thoroughly monitored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Barman
- Department of Microbiology, Apollo Excelcare Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Ajanta Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
| | - Sanjeeb Kakati
- Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Devojit Kr. Sarma
- Department of Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Ezaz Hussain
- Department of Statistics, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Lahari Saikia
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India
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10
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Alves FDM, Bellei JCB, Barbosa CDS, Duarte CL, da Fonseca AL, Pinto ACDS, Raimundo FO, Carpinter BA, Lemos ASDO, Coimbra ES, Taranto AG, Rocha VN, de Pilla Varotti F, Ribeiro Viana GH, Scopel KKG. Rational-Based Discovery of Novel β-Carboline Derivatives as Potential Antimalarials: From In Silico Identification of Novel Targets to Inhibition of Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121529. [PMID: 36558863 PMCID: PMC9781199 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease widespread in underdeveloped tropical regions. The most severe form of infection is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which can lead to development of cerebral malaria (CM) and is responsible for deaths and significant neurocognitive sequelae throughout life. In this context and considering the emergence and spread of drug-resistant P. falciparum isolates, the search for new antimalarial candidates becomes urgent. β-carbolines alkaloids are good candidates since a wide range of biological activity for these compounds has been reported. Herein, we designed 20 chemical entities and performed an in silico virtual screening against a pool of P. falciparum molecular targets, the Brazilian Malaria Molecular Targets (BRAMMT). Seven structures showed potential to interact with PfFNR, PfPK7, PfGrx1, and PfATP6, being synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Among them, compounds 3−6 and 10 inhibited the growth of the W2 strain at µM concentrations, with low cytotoxicity against the human cell line. In silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties were found to be favorable for oral administration. The compound 10 provided the best results against CM, with important values of parasite growth inhibition on the 5th day post-infection for both curative (67.9%) and suppressive (82%) assays. Furthermore, this compound was able to elongate mice survival and protect them against the development of the experimental model of CM (>65%). Compound 10 also induced reduction of the NO level, possibly by interaction with iNOS. Therefore, this alkaloid showed promising activity for the treatment of malaria and was able to prevent the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), probably by reducing NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Moura Alves
- Research Center on Biological Chemistry (NQBio), Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Jessica Correa Bezerra Bellei
- Research Center Parasitology, Departament of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Camila de Souza Barbosa
- Research Center on Biological Chemistry (NQBio), Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Caíque Lopes Duarte
- Research Center on Biological Chemistry (NQBio), Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Amanda Luisa da Fonseca
- Research Center on Biological Chemistry (NQBio), Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia de Souza Pinto
- Research Center on Biological Chemistry (NQBio), Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Felipe Oliveira Raimundo
- Research Center Parasitology, Departament of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Albuquerque Carpinter
- Research Center Parasitology, Departament of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ari Sérgio de Oliveira Lemos
- Research Center Parasitology, Departament of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares Coimbra
- Research Center Parasitology, Departament of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Alex Gutterres Taranto
- Research Center on Biological Chemistry (NQBio), Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Novaes Rocha
- Research Center of Pathology and Veterinary Histology, Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Pilla Varotti
- Research Center on Biological Chemistry (NQBio), Federal University of São João Del Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, Brazil
- Correspondence: (F.d.P.V.); (K.K.G.S.)
| | | | - Kézia K. G. Scopel
- Research Center Parasitology, Departament of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (F.d.P.V.); (K.K.G.S.)
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11
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Sovari SN, Golding TM, Mbaba M, Mohunlal R, Egan TJ, Smith GS, Zobi F. Rhenium(I) derivatives of aminoquinoline and imidazolopiperidine-based ligands: Synthesis, in vitro and in silico biological evaluation against Plasmodium falciparum. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 234:111905. [PMID: 35752063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A small library of aminoquinoline and imidazolopiperidine (IMP)-based ligands, containing the 1,2,3-triazole moiety, and their corresponding tricarbonyl rhenium complexes were synthesised and their inhibitory activities evaluated against the chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains (NF54 and K1, respectively) of P. falciparum. The quinoline-based compounds (L1, L2, ReL1, and ReL2) were at least six-fold more potent than their IMP-based counterparts (L3, L4, ReL3, and ReL4) against both strains of P. falciparum, with the most promising compound (L1) displaying activity comparable to chloroquine diphosphate (CQDP) in the MDR strain. Additionally, all of the synthesised compounds have resistance indices less than CQDP. To gain insight into a possible mechanism of action, in silico hemozoin docking simulations were performed. These studies proposed that the tested compounds may act via hemozoin inhibition, as the new aminoquinoline-derivatives, with the exception of complex ReL2 (binding affinity: -12.62 kcal/mol), showed higher binding affinities than the reference drug chloroquine (CQ, -13.56 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the ligands exhibited superior binding affinity relative to their corresponding Re(I) complexes, which is reflected in their antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nasiri Sovari
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Taryn M Golding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Mohunlal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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12
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Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071120. [PMID: 35891284 PMCID: PMC9316175 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most significant medical interventions in the fight against infectious diseases. Since their discovery by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccines have reduced the worldwide transmission to eradication levels of infectious diseases, including smallpox, diphtheria, hepatitis, malaria, and influenza. However, the complexity of developing safe and effective vaccines remains a barrier for combating many more infectious diseases. Immune stimulants (or adjuvants) are an indispensable factor in vaccine development, especially for inactivated and subunit-based vaccines due to their decreased immunogenicity compared to whole pathogen vaccines. Adjuvants are widely diverse in structure; however, their overall function in vaccine constructs is the same: to enhance and/or prolong an immunological response. The potential for adverse effects as a result of adjuvant use, though, must be acknowledged and carefully managed. Understanding the specific mechanisms of adjuvant efficacy and safety is a key prerequisite for adjuvant use in vaccination. Therefore, rigorous pre-clinical and clinical research into adjuvant development is essential. Overall, the incorporation of adjuvants allows for greater opportunities in advancing vaccine development and the importance of immune stimulants drives the emergence of novel and more effective adjuvants. This article highlights recent advances in vaccine adjuvant development and provides detailed data from pre-clinical and clinical studies specific to infectious diseases. Future perspectives into vaccine adjuvant development are also highlighted.
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13
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Sparsomycin Exhibits Potent Antiplasmodial Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030544. [PMID: 35335918 PMCID: PMC8954220 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging spread of drug-resistant malaria parasites highlights the need for new antimalarial agents. This study evaluated the growth-inhibitory effects of sparsomycin (Sm), a peptidyl transferase inhibitor, against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive strain), P. falciparum K1 (resistant to multiple drugs, including chloroquine), P. yoelii 17XNL (cause of uncomplicated rodent malaria) and P. berghei ANKA (cause of complicated rodent malaria). Using a fluorescence-based assay, we found that Sm exhibited half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 12.07 and 25.43 nM against P. falciparum 3D7 and K1, respectively. In vitro treatment of P. falciparum 3D7 with Sm at 10 or 50 nM induced morphological alteration, blocked parasites in the ring state and prevented erythrocyte reinvasion, even after removal of the compound. In mice infected with P. yoelii 17XNL, the administration of 100 μg/kg Sm for 7 days did not affect parasitemia. Meanwhile, treatment with 300 μg/kg Sm resulted in a significantly lower parasitemia peak (18.85%) than that observed in the control group (40.13%). In mice infected with P. berghei ANKA, both four and seven doses of Sm (300 μg/kg) prolonged survival by 33.33%. Our results indicate that Sm has potential antiplasmodial activities in vitro and in vivo, warranting its further development as an alternative treatment for malaria.
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14
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Tepper O, Peled I, Fastman Y, Heinberg A, Mitesser V, Dzikowski R, Yavin E. FIT-PNAs as RNA-Sensing Probes for Drug-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum. ACS Sens 2022; 7:50-59. [PMID: 34985283 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detecting RNA at single-nucleotide resolution is a formidable task. Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest form of malaria in humans and has shown to gain resistance to essentially all antimalarial drugs including artemisinin and chloroquine. Some of these drug resistances are associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Forced-intercalation peptide nucleic acids (FIT-PNAs) are DNA mimics that are designed as RNA-sensing molecules that fluoresce upon hybridization to their complementary (RNA) targets. We have previously designed and synthesized FIT-PNAs that target the C580Y SNP in the K13 gene of P. falciparum. In addition, we have now prepared FIT-PNAs that target the K76T SNP in the CRT gene of P. falciparum. Both SNPs are common ones associated with artemisinin and chloroquine drug resistance, respectively. Our FIT-PNAs are conjugated to a simple cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) that consists of eight d-lysines (dK8), which renders these FIT-PNAs cell-permeable to infected red blood cells (iRBCs). Herein, we demonstrate that FIT-PNAs clearly discriminate between wild-type (WT) strains (NF54-WT: artemisinin-sensitive or chloroquine-sensitive) and mutant strains (NF54-C580Y: artemisinin-resistant or Dd2: chloroquine-resistant) of P. falciparum parasites. Simple incubation of FIT-PNAs with live blood-stage parasites results in a substantial difference in fluorescence as corroborated by FACS analysis and confocal microscopy. We foresee FIT-PNAs as molecular probes that will provide a fast, simple, and cheap means for the assessment of drug resistance in malaria─a tool that would be highly desirable for the optimal choice of antimalarial treatment in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelia Tepper
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Itamar Peled
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yair Fastman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The institute for Medical Research Israel − Canada, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Adina Heinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The institute for Medical Research Israel − Canada, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Vera Mitesser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The institute for Medical Research Israel − Canada, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ron Dzikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The institute for Medical Research Israel − Canada, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Eylon Yavin
- The Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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15
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Abid M, Singh S, Egan TJ, Joshi MC. Structural activity relationship of metallo-aminoquines as a next generation antimalarials. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:436-472. [PMID: 34986771 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220105103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexian parasite of the genus Plasmodium is the causative agent of malaria, one of the most devastating, furious and common infectious disease throughout the world. According to the latest World malaria report, there were 229 million cases of malaria in 2019 majorly consisting of children under 5 years of age. Some of known analogues viz. quinine, quinoline-containing compounds have been used for last century in the clinical treatment of malaria. Past few decades have witnessed the emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains of Plasmodium species to existing antimalarials pressing the need for new drug candidates. For the past few decades bioorganometallic approach to malaria therapy has been introduced which led to the discovery of noval metalcontaining aminoquinolines analogues viz. ferroquine (FQ or 1), Ruthenoquine (RQ or 2) and other related potent metal-analogues. It observed that some metal containing analogues (Fe-, Rh-, Ru-, Re-, Au-, Zn-, Cr-, Pd-, Sn-, Cd-, Ir-, Co-, Cu-, and Mn-aminoquines) were more potent; however, some were equally potent as Chloroquine (CQ) and 1. This is probably due to the intertion of metals in the CQ via various approaches, which might be a very attractive strategy to develop a SAR of novel metal containing antimalarials. Thus, this review aims to summarize the SAR of metal containing aminoquines towards the discovery of potent antimalarial hybrids to provide an insight for rational designs of more effective and less toxic metal containing amoniquines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abid
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehroli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town-7700, South Africa
| | - Mukesh C Joshi
- Dept. of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez marg, South Campus, New Delhi-110021. India
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Abstract
The twenty-first century has witnessed a wave of severe infectious disease outbreaks, not least the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a devastating impact on lives and livelihoods around the globe. The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease epidemic in West Africa and the 2015 Zika virus disease epidemic all resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality while spreading across borders to infect people in multiple countries. At the same time, the past few decades have ushered in an unprecedented era of technological, demographic and climatic change: airline flights have doubled since 2000, since 2007 more people live in urban areas than rural areas, population numbers continue to climb and climate change presents an escalating threat to society. In this Review, we consider the extent to which these recent global changes have increased the risk of infectious disease outbreaks, even as improved sanitation and access to health care have resulted in considerable progress worldwide.
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17
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Chakrabarti M, Garg S, Munjal A, Karan S, Pati S, Garg LC, Singh S. A Fast-Track Phenotypic Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Vaccine Antigens through Lyse-Reseal Erythrocytes Mediated Delivery (LyRED) of RNA Interference for Targeted Translational Repression. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2410:539-553. [PMID: 34914066 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The minimal success of the malaria vaccine with available antigens indicates the need for intensive and accelerated research to identify and characterize new antigens that confer protection against infection, clinical manifestation, and even malaria transmission. Further, the genetic manipulation tools to characterize such antigens are very time-consuming and laborious due to the very low efficiency of transfection in the malaria parasite. Here, we report a human miRNA-mediated translational repression of antigens in Plasmodium falciparum as a fast-track method for understanding and validating their function. In this method, candidate miRNAs are designed based on favorable hybridization energy against a parasite gene, and miRNA mimics are delivered to the parasite by loading them as cargo in the erythrocytes by simple lyse-reseal method. Incubation of the miRNA loaded erythrocytes with purified mature trophozoites or schizonts results in the loaded erythrocytes' infection. The miRNA mimics are translocated to parasites, and the effect of miRNA-mediated translation repression can be monitored within 48-72 h post-invasion. Unlike other transfection based methods, this method is fast, reproducible, and robust. We call this method as lyse-reseal erythrocytes for delivery (LyRED) of miRNA, which is a rapid and straight-forward method providing an efficient alternative to the existing genetic tools for P. falciparum to characterize the function of antigens or genes. The identification of crucial antigens from the different stages of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle by the miRNA targeting approach can fuel the development of efficacious subunit vaccines against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Chakrabarti
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Garg
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweta Karan
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lalit C Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Abuaku B, Duah-Quashie NO, Quashie N, Gyasi A, Afriyie PO, Owusu-Antwi F, Ghansah A, Malm KL, Bart-Plange C, Koram KA. Trends and predictive factors for treatment failure following artemisinin-based combination therapy among children with uncomplicated malaria in Ghana: 2005-2018. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1255. [PMID: 34911501 PMCID: PMC8672499 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Ghana in 2005 there has been a surveillance system by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and the University of Ghana Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (UG-NMIMR) to monitor the therapeutic efficacy of ACTs for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in the country. We report trends and determinants of failure following treatment of Ghanaian children with artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) combinations. METHODS Per protocol analyses as well as cumulative incidence of day 28 treatment failure from Kaplan Meier survival analyses were used to describe trends of failure over the surveillance period of 2005-2018. Univariable and multivariable cox regression analyses were used to assess the determinants of treatment failure over the period. RESULTS Day 28 PCR-corrected failure, following treatment with ASAQ, significantly increased from 0.0% in 2005 to 2.0% (95% CI: 1.1-3.6) in 2015 (p = 0.013) but significantly decreased to 0.4% (95% CI: 0.1-1.6) in 2018 (p = 0.039). Failure, following treatment with AL, decreased from 4.5% (95% CI: 2.0-9.4) in 2010 to 2.7% (95% CI: 1.4-5.1) in 2018, though not statistically significant (p = 0.426). Risk of treatment failure, from multivariable cox regression analyses, was significantly lower among children receiving ASAQ compared with those receiving AL (HR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.11-0.53; p < 0.001); lower among children with no parasitaemia on day 3 compared with those with parasitaemia on day 3 (HR = 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01-0.13; p < 0.001); and higher among children who received ASAQ and had axillary temperature ≥ 37.5 °C on day 1 compared with those with axillary temperature < 37.5 °C (HR = 3.96; 95% CI: 1.61-9.75; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Treatment failures for both ASAQ and AL have remained less than 5% (below WHO's threshold of 10%) in Ghana since 2005. Predictors of treatment failure that need to be considered in the management of uncomplicated malaria in the country should include type of ACT, day 3 parasitaemia, and day 1 axillary temperature of patients being treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Abuaku
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nancy Odurowah Duah-Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Neils Quashie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Akosua Gyasi
- National Malaria Control Programme, Public Health Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patricia Opoku Afriyie
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Anita Ghansah
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Keziah Laurencia Malm
- National Malaria Control Programme, Public Health Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Constance Bart-Plange
- National Malaria Control Programme, Public Health Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Ansah Koram
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Fontecha G, Pinto A, Archaga O, Betancourth S, Escober L, Henríquez J, Valdivia HO, Montoya A, Mejía RE. Assessment of Plasmodium falciparum anti-malarial drug resistance markers in pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in isolates from Honduras and Nicaragua, 2018-2021. Malar J 2021; 20:465. [PMID: 34906144 PMCID: PMC8670165 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central America and the island of Hispaniola have set out to eliminate malaria by 2030. However, since 2014 a notable upturn in the number of cases has been reported in the Mosquitia region shared by Nicaragua and Honduras. In addition, the proportion of Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases has increased significantly relative to vivax malaria. Chloroquine continues to be the first-line drug to treat uncomplicated malaria in the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the emergence of chloroquine resistant strains of P. falciparum using a genetic approach. Plasmodium vivax populations are not analysed in this study. Methods 205 blood samples from patients infected with P. falciparum between 2018 and 2021 were analysed. The pfcrt gene fragment encompassing codons 72–76 was analysed. Likewise, three fragments of the pfmdr1 gene were analysed in 51 samples by nested PCR and sequencing. Results All samples revealed the CVMNK wild phenotype for the pfcrt gene and the N86, Y184F, S1034C, N1042D, D1246 phenotype for the pfmdr1 gene. Conclusions The increase in falciparum malaria cases in Nicaragua and Honduras cannot be attributed to the emergence of chloroquine-resistant mutants. Other possibilities should be investigated further. This is the first study to report the genotype of pfmdr1 for five loci of interest in Central America. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03977-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
| | - Alejandra Pinto
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Osman Archaga
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Sergio Betancourth
- Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Lenin Escober
- National Malaria Laboratory, National Department of Surveillance, Ministry of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Jessica Henríquez
- National Malaria Laboratory, National Department of Surveillance, Ministry of Health of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No, 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Montoya
- National Center for Diagnosis and Reference, Health Ministry, Managua, Nicaragua
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Suri M, Katnoria S, Walter NS, Manchanda RK, Khurana A, Nayak D, Bagai U, Kaur S. Efficacy of Chininum Sulphuricum 30C against Malaria: An in vitro and in vivo Study. Complement Med Res 2021; 29:43-52. [PMID: 34315160 DOI: 10.1159/000517509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New effective, economical and safe antimalarial drugs are urgently needed due to the development of multi-drug-resistant strains of the parasite. Homeopathy uses ultra-diluted doses of various substances to stimulate autoregulatory and self-healing processes to cure various ailments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial efficacy of a homeopathic drug, Chininum sulphuricum 30C. METHODS In vitro antiplasmodial activity was screened against the P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) strain, and cell viability was assessed against normal human dermal fibroblasts and HepG2 cells. Suppressive, preventive and curative studies were carried out against P. berghei-infected mice in vivo. RESULTS Chininum sulphuricum (30C) revealed good antiplasmodial activity in vitro, with 92.79 ± 6.93% inhibition against the 3D7 strain. The cell viability was 83.6 ± 0.6% against normal human dermal fibroblasts and 95.22 ± 5.1% against HepG2 cells. It also exhibited suppressive efficacy with 95.56% chemosuppression on day 7 with no mortality throughout the follow-up period of 28 days. It also showed preventive activity against the disease. Drug treatment was also safe to the liver and kidney function of the host as evidenced by biochemical studies. CONCLUSION Chininum sulphuricum 30C exhibited considerable antimalarial activity along with safety to the liver and kidney function of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Suri
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sapna Katnoria
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Sylvia Walter
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Manchanda
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Khurana
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Debadatta Nayak
- Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Upma Bagai
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Behrens HM, Schmidt S, Spielmann T. The newly discovered role of endocytosis in artemisinin resistance. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2998-3022. [PMID: 34309894 DOI: 10.1002/med.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives (ART) are the cornerstone of malaria treatment as part of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). However, reduced susceptibility to artemisinin as well as its partner drugs threatens the usefulness of ACTs. Single point mutations in the parasite protein Kelch13 (K13) are necessary and sufficient for the reduced sensitivity of malaria parasites to ART but several alternative mechanisms for this resistance have been proposed. Recent work found that K13 is involved in the endocytosis of host cell cytosol and indicated that this is the process responsible for resistance in parasites with mutated K13. These studies also identified a series of further proteins that act together with K13 in the same pathway, including previously suspected resistance proteins such as UBP1 and AP-2μ. Here, we give a brief overview of artemisinin resistance, present the recent evidence of the role of endocytosis in ART resistance and discuss previous hypotheses in light of this new evidence. We also give an outlook on how the new insights might affect future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Michaela Behrens
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Section, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Section, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Spielmann
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Section, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Wijayanti M, Ilmi H, Kemalahayati E, Tumewu L, Wardana FY, Suciati, Hafid AF, Widyawaruyanti A. In vitro antimalarial activity of Garcinia parvifolia Miq. Stem extracts and fractions on Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:839-844. [PMID: 34214314 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The rapid spread of antimalarial drug resistance is becoming a problem in the treatment of malaria. The fact was indicated the importance of finding new antimalarial drugs. The genus Garcinia is well known to be a rich source of bioactive prenylated xanthones and triterpenes reported for their antimalarial activity. Garcinia parvifolia is one of the Garcinia genera that can be explored for the search of new antimalarial drugs. This study was aimed to determine the antimalarial activities of G. parvifolia extracts and fractions. METHODS Garcinia parvifolia Miq. stem was collected from Balikpapan Botanical Garden in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, was extracted gradually with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol by ultrasonic assisted method. The most active extract was further separated using the open column chromatography method. All extracts and fractions were tested against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and followed by IC50 determination. RESULTS The results showed that all extracts inhibit P. falciparum growth by LDH assay. The highest inhibition was showed by dichloromethane stem extract (BP12-S-D) with the IC50 value of 6.61 ± 0.09 μg/mL. Further fractionation of BP12-S-D has obtained 10 fractions. All of them were identified by TLC, and a brownish-yellow spot (fraction-1) appears after spraying with 10% H2SO4. Fraction-1 (F1) performed the highest parasite growth inhibition with the IC50 value of 6.00 ± 0.03 μg/mL compared with other fractions. This fraction was classified as having a promising activity of antimalarial. The fraction-1 was identified using HPLC, and two major peaks were observed (A and B). The UV-Vis spectra showed the absorption at wavelengths 250 and 278 (A), 243, 281, and 317 nm (B). Based on the profile of TLC, HPLC, and UV-Vis spectra of F1, it was expected that the active compounds are flavonoid (A) and xanthone (B). CONCLUSIONS The fraction-1 of dichloromethane extract of G. parvifolia Miq. stem has the highest antimalarial activity. It might be a potential candidate for the new antimalarial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsih Wijayanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hilkatul Ilmi
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Einstenia Kemalahayati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lidya Tumewu
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fendi Yoga Wardana
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suciati
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Fuad Hafid
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aty Widyawaruyanti
- Center of Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Ghazali SZ, Mohamed Noor NR, Mustaffa KMF. Anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous neem leaf extract mediated green synthesis-based silver nitrate nanoparticles. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:99-107. [PMID: 33890844 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1913602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to synthesize neem-silver nitrate nanoparticles (neem-AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss for malaria therapy. Neem leaves collected from FRIM Malaysia were authenticated and extracted using Soxhlet extraction method. The extract was introduced to 1 mM of silver nitrate solution for neem-AgNPs synthesis. Synthesized AgNPs were further characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and the electron-scanning microscopy. Meanwhile, for the anti-plasmodial activity of the neem-AgNPs, two lab-adapted Plasmodium falciparum strains, 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive), and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) were tested. Red blood cells hemolysis was monitored to observe the effects of neem-AgNPs on normal and parasitized red blood cells. The synthesized neem-AgNPs were spherical in shape and showed a diameter range from 31-43 nm. When compared to aqueous neem leaves extract, the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the synthesized neem-AgNPs showed a four-fold IC50 decrease against both parasite strains with IC50 value of 40.920 µg/mL to 8.815 µg/mL for 3D7, and IC50 value of 98.770 µg/mL to 23.110 µg/mL on W2 strain. The hemolysis assay indicates that the synthesized neem-AgNPs and aqueous extract alone do not have hemolysis activity against normal and parasitized red blood cells. Therefore, this study shows the synthesized neem-AgNPs has a great potential to be used for malaria therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Zulaiha Ghazali
- Institute of Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa
- Institute of Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kelantan, Malaysia
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Choosing interventions to eliminate forest malaria: preliminary results of two operational research studies inside Cambodian forests. Malar J 2021; 20:51. [PMID: 33472630 PMCID: PMC7818569 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia is a goal with both national and international significance. Transmission of malaria in Cambodia is limited to forest environments, and the main population at risk consists of forest-goers who rely on forest products for income or sustenance. The ideal interventions to eliminate malaria from this population are unknown. METHODS In two forested regions of Cambodia, forest-goers were trained to become forest malaria workers (FMWs). In one region, FMWs performed mass screening and treatment, focal screening and treatment, and passive case detection inside the forest. In the other region, FMWs played an observational role for the first year, to inform the choice of intervention for the second year. In both forests, FMWs collected blood samples and questionnaire data from all forest-goers they encountered. Mosquito collections were performed in each forest. RESULTS Malaria prevalence by PCR was high in the forest, with 2.3-5.0% positive for P. falciparum and 14.6-25.0% positive for Plasmodium vivax among forest-goers in each study site. In vectors, malaria prevalence ranged from 2.1% to 9.6%, but no P. falciparum was observed. Results showed poor performance of mass screening and treatment, with sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests equal to 9.1% (95% CI 1.1%, 29.2%) for P. falciparum and 4.4% (95% CI 1.6%, 9.2%) for P. vivax. Malaria infections were observed in all demographics and throughout the studied forests, with no clear risk factors emerging. CONCLUSIONS Malaria prevalence remains high among Cambodian forest-goers, but performance of rapid diagnostic tests is poor. More adapted strategies to this population, such as intermittent preventive treatment of forest goers, should be considered.
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Aragaw TJ, Afework DT, Getahun KA. Antimalarial Activities of Hydromethanolic Crude Extract and Chloroform Fraction of Gardenia ternifolia Leaves in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:6674002. [PMID: 33456487 PMCID: PMC7785367 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6674002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gardenia ternifolia is utilized in traditional medicine of Ethiopia for malaria treatment and possessing in vitro antimalarial activity. However, no in vivo study was conducted to substantiate the claim. The aim of this study was to judge the antimalarial activity of Gardenia ternifolia extract in vivo in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. METHODS Plasmodium berghei was inoculated to healthy mice, and hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction of G. ternifolia leaves at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day were administered. Percent parasitemia inhibition, percent change in bodyweight, hemoglobin level, and mean survival time were determined. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey HSD test with IBM SPSS software version 20.0 statistical package and P < 0.05 considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The chemosuppressive test of hydromethanolic crude extract at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day ranged from 27.09% to 67.72%, and chloroform fraction had 35.21%-78.19% parasitemia suppression, respectively. For curative test on day 5, hydromethanolic crude extract at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day ranged from 25.58% to 48.76%, chloroform fraction at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day and chloroquine base at 10 mg/kg showed 46.36%-74.42% and 92.87% percent parasitemia inhibition, respectively, and also the results to both tests were highly significant (P < 0.001) compared to the negative control. Maximum effects on chemosuppressive, curative, prevention of weight loss, and reduction in hemoglobin were observed at higher doses of the hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction. CONCLUSION From this study, hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction of G. ternifolia leaves have shown promising antimalarial activity. The findings support the traditional claim of G. ternifolia leaves for malaria treatment; however, species variation could also limit such a straightforward extrapolation of the findings of this study in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezera Jemere Aragaw
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dessie Tegegne Afework
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Kefyalew Ayalew Getahun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Abstract
Malaria is one of the most impacting public health problems in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe, with approximately 200 million cases worldwide annually. In the absence of an effective vaccine, rapid treatment is vital for effective malaria control. However, parasite resistance to currently available drugs underscores the urgent need for identifying new antimalarial therapies with new mechanisms of action. Among potential drug targets for developing new antimalarial candidates, protein kinases are attractive. These enzymes catalyze the phosphorylation of several proteins, thereby regulating a variety of cellular processes and playing crucial roles in the development of all stages of the malaria parasite life cycle. Moreover, the large phylogenetic distance between Plasmodium species and its human host is reflected in marked differences in structure and function of malaria protein kinases between the homologs of both species, indicating that selectivity can be attained. In this review, we describe the functions of the different types of Plasmodium kinases and highlight the main recent advances in the discovery of kinase inhibitors as potential new antimalarial drug candidates.
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Pacheco MA, Schneider KA, Cheng Q, Munde EO, Ndege C, Onyango C, Raballah E, Anyona SB, Ouma C, Perkins DJ, Escalante AA. Changes in the frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum dhps and dhfr drug-resistant mutations in children from Western Kenya from 2005 to 2018: the rise of Pfdhps S436H. Malar J 2020; 19:378. [PMID: 33092587 PMCID: PMC7583259 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is the only anti-malarial drug formulation approved for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). However, mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum dhfr (Pfdhfr) and dhps (Pfdhps) genes confer resistance to pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, respectively. Here, the frequencies of SP resistance-associated mutations from 2005 to 2018 were compared in samples from Kenyan children with malaria residing in a holoendemic transmission region. METHODS Partial sequences of the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes were amplified and sequenced from samples collected in 2005 (n = 81), 2010 (n = 95), 2017 (n = 43), and 2018 (n = 55). The frequency of known mutations conferring resistance to pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine were estimated and compared. Since artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the current first-line treatment for malaria, the presence of mutations in the propeller domain of P. falciparum kelch13 gene (Pfk13) linked to ACT-delayed parasite clearance was studied in the 2017/18 samples. RESULTS Among other changes, the point mutation of Pfdhps S436H increased in frequency from undetectable in 2005 to 28% in 2017/18. Triple Pfdhfr mutant allele (CIRNI) increased in frequency from 84% in 2005 to 95% in 2017/18, while the frequency of Pfdhfr double mutant alleles declined (allele CICNI from 29% in 2005 to 6% in 2017/18, and CNRNI from 9% in 2005 to undetectable in 2010 and 2017/18). Thus, a multilocus Pfdhfr/Pfdhps genotype with six mutations (HGEAA/CIRNI), including Pfdhps S436H, increased in frequency from 2010 to 2017/18. Although none of the mutations associated with ACT-delayed parasite clearance was observed, the Pfk13 mutation A578S, the most widespread Pfk13 SNP found in Africa, was detected in low frequency (2.04%). CONCLUSIONS There were changes in SP resistance mutant allele frequencies, including an increase in the Pfdhps S436H. Although these patterns seem consistent with directional selection due to drug pressure, there is a lack of information to determine the actual cause of such changes. These results suggest incorporating molecular surveillance of Pfdhfr/Pfdhps mutations in the context of SP efficacy studies for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andreína Pacheco
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristan A Schneider
- Department of Applied Computer and Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Technikumplatz, Mittweida, Germany
| | - Qiuying Cheng
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Elly O Munde
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu, Siaya, Kenya
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kerugoya, Kenya
| | - Caroline Ndege
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu, Siaya, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Clinton Onyango
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu, Siaya, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Evans Raballah
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu, Siaya, Kenya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Samuel B Anyona
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu, Siaya, Kenya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu, Siaya, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Douglas J Perkins
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu, Siaya, Kenya.
| | - Ananias A Escalante
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Krieger MS, Denison CE, Anderson TL, Nowak MA, Hill AL. Population structure across scales facilitates coexistence and spatial heterogeneity of antibiotic-resistant infections. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008010. [PMID: 32628660 PMCID: PMC7365476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant infections are a growing threat to human health, but basic features of the eco-evolutionary dynamics remain unexplained. Most prominently, there is no clear mechanism for the long-term coexistence of both drug-sensitive and resistant strains at intermediate levels, a ubiquitous pattern seen in surveillance data. Here we show that accounting for structured or spatially-heterogeneous host populations and variability in antibiotic consumption can lead to persistent coexistence over a wide range of treatment coverages, drug efficacies, costs of resistance, and mixing patterns. Moreover, this mechanism can explain other puzzling spatiotemporal features of drug-resistance epidemiology that have received less attention, such as large differences in the prevalence of resistance between geographical regions with similar antibiotic consumption or that neighbor one another. We find that the same amount of antibiotic use can lead to very different levels of resistance depending on how treatment is distributed in a transmission network. We also identify parameter regimes in which population structure alone cannot support coexistence, suggesting the need for other mechanisms to explain the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance. Our analysis identifies key features of host population structure that can be used to assess resistance risk and highlights the need to include spatial or demographic heterogeneity in models to guide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison S. Krieger
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carson E. Denison
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thayer L. Anderson
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin A. Nowak
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Hill
- Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
Organometallic compounds are molecules that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. Due to resistance of the Plasmodium parasite to traditional organic antimalarials, the use of organometallic compounds has become widely adopted in antimalarial drug discovery. Ferroquine, which was developed due to the emergence of chloroquine resistance, is currently the most advanced organometallic antimalarial drug and has paved the way for the development of new organometallic antimalarials. In this review, a general overview of organometallic antimalarial compounds and their antimalarial activity in comparison to purely organic antimalarials are presented. Furthermore, recent developments in the field are discussed, and future applications of this emerging class of therapeutics in antimalarial drug discovery are suggested.
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Nodari R, Corbett Y, Varotto-Boccazzi I, Porretta D, Taramelli D, Epis S, Bandi C. Effects of combined drug treatments on Plasmodium falciparum: In vitro assays with doxycycline, ivermectin and efflux pump inhibitors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232171. [PMID: 32324826 PMCID: PMC7179878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great concern regarding the rapid emergence and spread of drug-resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the most severe form of human malaria. Parasite populations resistant to some or all the currently available antimalarial treatments are present in different world regions. Considering the need for novel and integrated approaches to control malaria, combinations of drugs were tested on P. falciparum. The primary focus was on doxycycline, an antibiotic that specifically targets the apicoplast of the parasite. In combination with doxycycline, three different drugs known to inhibit efflux pumps (verapamil, elacridar and ivermectin) were tested, with the assumption that they could increase the intracellular concentration of the antibiotic and consequently its efficacy against P. falciparum. We emphasize that elacridar is a third-generation ABC transporters inhibitor, never tested before on malaria parasites. In vitro experiments were performed on asexual stages of two strains of P. falciparum, chloroquine-sensitive (D10) and chloroquine-resistant (W2). Incubation times on asynchronous or synchronous cultures were 72h or 96h, respectively. The antiplasmodial effect (i.e. the IC50) was determined by measuring the activity of the parasite lactate dehydrogenase, while the interaction between drugs was determined through combination index (CI) analyses. Elacridar achieved an IC50 concentration comparable to that of ivermectin, approx. 10-fold lower than that of verapamil, the other tested ABC transporter inhibitor. CI results showed synergistic effect of verapamil plus doxycycline, which is coherent with the starting hypothesis, i.e. that ABC transporters represent potential targets, worth of further investigations, towards the development of companion molecules useful to enhance the efficacy of antimalarial drugs. At the same time, the observed antagonistic effect of doxycycline in combination with ivermectin or elacridar highlighted the importance of drug testing, to avoid the de-facto generation of a sub-dosage, a condition that facilitates the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Nodari
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Yolanda Corbett
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Porretta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Challenger JD, Gonçalves BP, Bradley J, Bruxvoort K, Tiono AB, Drakeley C, Bousema T, Ghani AC, Okell LC. How delayed and non-adherent treatment contribute to onward transmission of malaria: a modelling study. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001856. [PMID: 31908862 PMCID: PMC6936434 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is the most widely-recommended treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Its efficacy has been extensively assessed in clinical trials. In routine healthcare settings, however, its effectiveness can be diminished by delayed access to treatment and poor adherence. As well as affecting clinical outcomes, these factors can lead to increased transmission, which is the focus of this study. Methods We extend a within-host model of P. falciparum to include gametocytes, the parasite forms responsible for onward transmission. The model includes a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model of AL, calibrated against both immature and mature gametocytes using individual-level patient data, to estimate the impact that delayed access and imperfect adherence to treatment can have on onward transmission of the parasite to mosquitoes. Results Using survey data from seven African countries to determine the time taken to acquire antimalarials following fever increased our estimates of mean total infectivity of a malaria episode by up to 1.5-fold, compared with patients treated after 24 hours. Realistic adherence behaviour, based on data from a monitored cohort in Tanzania, increased the contribution to transmission by 2.2 to 2.4-fold, compared with a perfectly-adherent cohort. This was driven largely by increased rates of treatment failure leading to chronic infection, rather than prolonged gametocytaemia in patients who have slower, but still successful, clearance of parasites after imperfect adherence to treatment. Our model estimated that the mean infectivity of untreated infections was 29–51 times higher than that of treated infections (assuming perfect drug adherence), underlining the importance of improving treatment coverage. Conclusion Using mathematical modelling, we quantify how delayed treatment and non-adherent treatment can increase transmission compared with prompt effective treatment. We also highlight that transmission from the large proportion of infections which never receive treatment is substantially higher than those treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Challenger
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bronner P Gonçalves
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Bradley
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Katia Bruxvoort
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA.,Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred B Tiono
- Public Health Department, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Azra C Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C Okell
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Tajuddeen N, Van Heerden FR. Antiplasmodial natural products: an update. Malar J 2019; 18:404. [PMID: 31805944 PMCID: PMC6896759 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Tajuddeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Fanie R Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Sun Y, Chen D, Pan Y, Qu W, Hao H, Wang X, Liu Z, Xie S. Nanoparticles for antiparasitic drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:1206-1221. [PMID: 31746243 PMCID: PMC6882479 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1692968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As an emerging novel drug carrier, nanoparticles provide a promising way for effective treatment of parasitic diseases by overcoming the shortcomings of low bioavailability, poor cellular permeability, nonspecific distribution and rapid elimination of antiparasitic drugs from the body. In recent years, some kinds of ideal nanocarriers have been developed for antiparasitic drug delivery. In this review, the progress of the enhanced antiparasitic effects of different nanoparticles payload and their influencing factors were firstly summarized. Secondly, the transport and disposition process in the body were reviewed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of nanoparticles for antiparasitic drug delivery were proposed. This review will help scholars to understand the development trend of nanoparticles in the treatment of parasitic diseases and explore strategies in the development of more efficient nanocarriers to overcome the difficulty in the treatment of parasite infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
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Orwa TO, Mbogo RW, Luboobi LS. Multiple-Strain Malaria Infection and Its Impacts on Plasmodium falciparum Resistance to Antimalarial Therapy: A Mathematical Modelling Perspective. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9783986. [PMID: 31341510 PMCID: PMC6594251 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9783986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs has contributed significantly to global human mortality and morbidity due to malaria infection. The impacts of multiple-strain malarial parasite infection have further generated a lot of scientific interest. In this paper, we demonstrate, using the epidemiological model, the effects of parasite resistance and competition between the strains on the dynamics and control of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The analysed model has a trivial equilibrium point which is locally asymptotically stable when the parasite's effective reproduction number is less than unity. Using contour plots, we observed that the efficacy of antimalarial drugs used, the rate of development of resistance, and the rate of infection by merozoites are the most important parameters in the multiple-strain P. falciparum infection and control model. Although the drug-resistant strain is shown to be less fit, the presence of both strains in the human host has a huge impact on the cost and success of antimalarial treatment. To reduce the emergence of resistant strains, it is vital that only effective antimalarial drugs are administered to patients in hospitals, especially in malaria-endemic regions. Our results emphasize the call for regular and strict surveillance on the use and distribution of antimalarial drugs in health facilities in malaria-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Okello Orwa
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rachel Waema Mbogo
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Strathmore University, P.O. Box 59857-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Evaluation of Antimalarial Activity of the Leaf Latex and TLC Isolates from Aloe megalacantha Baker in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6459498. [PMID: 31110551 PMCID: PMC6487133 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6459498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating parasitic disease which caused around 216 million cases and 445,000 deaths worldwide in 2016. This might be attributed to a wide spread of drug resistant parasites. The plant Aloe megalacantha is indigenous to Ethiopia where the sap of the leaves is traditionally used for the treatment of malaria. This study was aimed at evaluating the antimalarial effect of leaf latex and isolates obtained from Aloe megalacantha against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in Swiss albino mice. Peters' 4-day suppressive test method was used to test the antimalarial activity of both leaves latex and isolates. Three isolates were obtained using thin layer chromatography and were coded as AM1, AM2, and AM3 in ascending order of their retention factor. After treatment of Plasmodium berghei infected mice with leaf latex of Aloe megalacantha for four days at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, it shows 30.3%, 43.4%, and 56.4% suppression of the parasite growth, respectively. 32.3%, 51.3%, and 67.4% chemosuppression after treatment with AM1, 39.8%, 50.6%, and 64.2% chemosuppression after treatment with AM2, and 52.6%, 69.4%, and 79.6% chemosuppression after treatment with AM3 were observed at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day, respectively. The observed parasite suppression of leaves latex and isolates was statistically significant (P<0.05) as compared to negative control. Moreover, both the leaves latex and isolates were also observed to prevent Plasmodium berghei induced body weight loss and hypothermia and increased the survival time of Plasmodium berghei infected mice as compared to the negative control. Hence, the present study supports the traditional claim of the plant for the treatment of malaria.
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Ocan M, Akena D, Nsobya S, Kamya MR, Senono R, Kinengyere AA, Obuku EA. Persistence of chloroquine resistance alleles in malaria endemic countries: a systematic review of burden and risk factors. Malar J 2019; 18:76. [PMID: 30871535 PMCID: PMC6419488 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chloroquine, a previous highly efficacious, easy to use and affordable anti-malarial agent was withdrawn from malaria endemic regions due to high levels of resistance. This review collated evidence from published-reviewed articles to establish prevalence of Pfcrt 76T and Pfmdr-1 86Y alleles in malaria affected countries following official discontinuation of chloroquine use. Methods A review protocol was developed, registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42018083957) and published in a peer-reviewed journal. Article search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs/Vhl and Embase databases by two experienced librarians (AK, RS) for the period 1990-to-Febuary 2018. Mesh terms and Boolean operators (AND, OR) were used. Data extraction form was designed in Excel spread sheet 2007. Data extraction was done by three reviewers (NL, BB and MO), discrepancies were resolved by discussion. Random effects analysis was done in Open Meta Analyst software. Heterogeneity was established using I2-statistic. Results A total of 4721 citations were retrieved from article search (Pubmed = 361, Lilac/vhl = 28, Science Direct = 944, Scopus = 3388). Additional targeted search resulted in three (03) eligible articles. After removal of duplicates (n = 523) and screening, 38 articles were included in the final review. Average genotyping success rate was 63.6% (18,343/28,820) for Pfcrt K76T and 93.5% (16,232/17,365) for Pfmdr-1 86Y mutations. Prevalence of Pfcrt 76T was as follows; East Africa 48.9% (2528/5242), Southern Africa 18.6% (373/2163), West Africa 58.3% (3321/6608), Asia 80.2% (1951/2436). Prevalence of Pfmdr-1 86Y was; East Africa 32.4% (1447/5722), Southern Africa 36.1% (544/1640), West Africa 52.2% (1986/4200), Asia 46.4% (1276/2217). Over half, 52.6% (20/38) of included studies reported continued unofficial chloroquine use following policy change. Studies done in Madagascar and Kenya reported re-emergence of chloroquine sensitive parasites (IC50 < 30.9 nM). The average time (years) since discontinuation of chloroquine use to data collection was 8.7 ± 7.4. There was high heterogeneity (I2 > 95%). Conclusion The prevalence of chloroquine resistance alleles among Plasmodium falciparum parasites have steadily declined since discontinuation of chloroquine use. However, Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr-1 N86Y mutations still persist at moderate frequencies in most malaria affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Ocan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. .,Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Dickens Akena
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.,Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P. O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sam Nsobya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Senono
- Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P. O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda.,Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison Annet Kinengyere
- Albert Cook Library, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.,Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ekwaro A Obuku
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.,Africa Centre for Systematic Reviews and Knowledge Translation, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Rahman K, Khan SU, Fahad S, Chang MX, Abbas A, Khan WU, Rahman L, Haq ZU, Nabi G, Khan D. Nano-biotechnology: a new approach to treat and prevent malaria. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1401-1410. [PMID: 30863068 PMCID: PMC6390872 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s190692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, the exterminator of ~1.5 to 2.7 million human lives yearly, is a notorious disease known throughout the world. The eradication of this disease is difficult and a challenge to scientists. Vector elimination and effective chemotherapy for the patients are key tactics to be used in the fight against malaria. However, drug resistance and environmental and social concerns are the main hurdles in this fight against malaria. Overcoming these limitations is the major challenge for the 21st-century malarial researchers. Adapting the principles of nano-biotechnology to both vector control and patient therapy is the only solution to the problem. Several compounds such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acid and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully used for the control of this lethal malaria disease. Other useful natural reagents such as microbes and their products, carbohydrates, vitamins, plant extracts and biodegradable polymers, are also used to control this disease. Among these particles, the plant-based particles such as leaf, root, stem, latex, and seed give the best antagonistic response against malaria. In the present review, we describe certain efforts related to the control, prevention and treatment of malaria. We hope that this review will open new doors for malarial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaista Rahman
- College of Animal Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China,
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China,
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Anbar, Pakistan,
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China,
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China,
| | - Aqleem Abbas
- Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wasim Ullah Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lutfur Rahman
- Molecular Systematics & Applied Ethno Botany Lab (MoSEL), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul Haq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China,
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China,
| | - Dilfaraz Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
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Ricotta E, Kwan J. Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria as a Global Catastrophic Biological Threat. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 424:33-57. [PMID: 31218504 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of artemisinin resistance brings with it the threat of incurable malaria. Already, this disease threatens over 219 million lives per year and causes 5-6% losses in GDP in endemic areas, even with current advances in prevention and treatment. This chapter discusses the currently tenuous position we are in globally, and the impact that could be seen if artemisinin treatment is lost, whether due to the unchecked spread of K13 mutations or poor global investment in treatment and prevention advances. Artemisinin is the backbone of current ACT treatment programs and severe malarial treatment; without it, the success of future malaria eradication programs will be in jeopardy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ricotta
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Quarters 15B-1, 8 West Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Kelly Government Solutions, Bethesda, USA.
| | - Jennifer Kwan
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Quarters 15B-1, 8 West Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Bushman M, Antia R, Udhayakumar V, de Roode JC. Within-host competition can delay evolution of drug resistance in malaria. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005712. [PMID: 30130363 PMCID: PMC6103507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the malaria parasite P. falciparum, drug resistance generally evolves first in low-transmission settings, such as Southeast Asia and South America. Resistance takes noticeably longer to appear in the high-transmission settings of sub-Saharan Africa, although it may spread rapidly thereafter. Here, we test the hypothesis that competitive suppression of drug-resistant parasites by drug-sensitive parasites may inhibit evolution of resistance in high-transmission settings, where mixed-strain infections are common. We employ a cross-scale model, which simulates within-host (infection) dynamics and between-host (transmission) dynamics of sensitive and resistant parasites for a population of humans and mosquitoes. Using this model, we examine the effects of transmission intensity, selection pressure, fitness costs of resistance, and cross-reactivity between strains on the establishment and spread of resistant parasites. We find that resistant parasites, introduced into the population at a low frequency, are more likely to go extinct in high-transmission settings, where drug-sensitive competitors and high levels of acquired immunity reduce the absolute fitness of the resistant parasites. Under strong selection from antimalarial drug use, however, resistance spreads faster in high-transmission settings than low-transmission ones. These contrasting results highlight the distinction between establishment and spread of resistance and suggest that the former but not the latter may be inhibited in high-transmission settings. Our results suggest that within-host competition is a key factor shaping the evolution of drug resistance in P. falciparum. The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has evolved resistance to most antimalarial drugs, greatly complicating treatment and control of the disease. Curiously, although sub-Saharan Africa accounts for the majority of the global burden of malaria, the evolution of drug resistance in Africa has been markedly delayed compared to Asia and the Americas. One reason might be that, in a population in which the prevalence of infection is high, a newly emerged drug-resistant strain faces a high risk of extinction due to competition from drug-sensitive parasites that already “occupy” most of the host population. Using a mathematical model, we confirm that drug-resistant parasites face a much greater risk of extinction in a “high-transmission” setting like sub-Saharan Africa than in a “low-transmission” setting like Southeast Asia. However, we also find that when drug-resistant parasites manage to avoid extinction, their subsequent spread may be more rapid in high-transmission settings than in low-transmission settings, especially when selection is strong. These results offer a novel explanation for global patterns of drug resistance evolution in malaria and suggest a new dimension to consider in resistance prevention and containment efforts: namely, the intrinsic favorability of low- and high-transmission settings for establishment and spread of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Bushman
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacobus C. de Roode
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Esu E, Tacoli C, Gai P, Berens-Riha N, Pritsch M, Loescher T, Meremikwu M. Prevalence of the Pfdhfr and Pfdhps mutations among asymptomatic pregnant women in Southeast Nigeria. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:801-807. [PMID: 29332155 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is the recommended drug for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy in most of sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to SP is related to mutations in the dhfr and dhps gene of Plasmodium falciparum. This study determined the prevalence of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps polymorphisms found in asymptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal care in Calabar, Nigeria. From October 2013 to November 2014, asymptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. Malaria diagnosis testing was done using thick and thin smears. Dried blood spot filter papers were collected. Parasite DNA was extracted from the filter papers using a chelex extraction. Extraction was followed by nested PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. P. falciparum infection was detected by microscopy in 7% (32/459) participants. Twenty-eight P. falciparum isolates were successfully genotyped. In the Pfdhfr gene, the triple mutation was almost fixed; S108N mutation was (100%), N51I (93%) and C59R mutations (93%), whereas the I164L mutation was absent. The prevalence of Pfdhps S436A, A437G, A581G and A613S mutations was 82.1% (23/28), 96.4% (27/28), 71.4% (20/28) and 71.4% (20/28) respectively. The K540E mutation was absent. The prevalence of the Pfdhfr triple mutation IRNI was 92.9% (26/28). The efficacy of SP as IPTp in Southeast Nigeria may be severely threatened. The continuous monitoring of SP molecular markers of resistance is required to assess thresholds. The evaluation of alternative preventive treatment strategies and drug options for preventing malaria in pregnancy may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekpereonne Esu
- Center for International Health (CIH), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Leopoldstraße 7, 80802, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Public Health, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Costanza Tacoli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Prabhanjan Gai
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Berens-Riha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pritsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Loescher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Meremikwu
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Frueh L, Li Y, Mather MW, Li Q, Pou S, Nilsen A, Winter RW, Forquer IP, Pershing AM, Xie LH, Smilkstein MJ, Caridha D, Koop DR, Campbell RF, Sciotti RJ, Kreishman-Deitrick M, Kelly JX, Vesely B, Vaidya AB, Riscoe MK. Alkoxycarbonate Ester Prodrugs of Preclinical Drug Candidate ELQ-300 for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Malaria. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:728-735. [PMID: 28927276 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ELQ-300 is a preclinical antimalarial drug candidate that is active against liver, blood, and transmission stages of Plasmodium falciparum. While ELQ-300 is highly effective when administered in a low multidose regimen, poor aqueous solubility and high crystallinity have hindered its clinical development. To overcome its challenging physiochemical properties, a number of bioreversible alkoxycarbonate ester prodrugs of ELQ-300 were synthesized. These bioreversible prodrugs are converted to ELQ-300 by host and parasite esterase action in the liver and bloodstream of the host. One such alkoxycarbonate prodrug, ELQ-331, is curative against Plasmodium yoelii with a single low dose of 3 mg/kg in a murine model of patent malaria infection. ELQ-331 is at least as fully protective as ELQ-300 in a murine malaria prophylaxis model when delivered 24 h before sporozoite inoculation at an oral dose of 1 mg/kg. Here, we show that ELQ-331 is a promising prodrug of ELQ-300 with improved physiochemical and metabolic properties and excellent potential for clinical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Frueh
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, VA Medical Center (Mail code RD-33), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and
Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Yuexin Li
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, VA Medical Center (Mail code RD-33), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Michael W. Mather
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Qigui Li
- Experimental
Therapeutics Branch, Military Malaria Research Program (MMRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Sovitj Pou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and
Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, VA Medical Center (Mail code RD-33), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Rolf W. Winter
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, VA Medical Center (Mail code RD-33), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Isaac P. Forquer
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, VA Medical Center (Mail code RD-33), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - April M. Pershing
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Lisa H. Xie
- Experimental
Therapeutics Branch, Military Malaria Research Program (MMRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Martin J. Smilkstein
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, VA Medical Center (Mail code RD-33), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Diana Caridha
- Experimental
Therapeutics Branch, Military Malaria Research Program (MMRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Dennis R. Koop
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Robert F. Campbell
- Experimental
Therapeutics Branch, Military Malaria Research Program (MMRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Richard J. Sciotti
- Experimental
Therapeutics Branch, Military Malaria Research Program (MMRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Mara Kreishman-Deitrick
- Experimental
Therapeutics Branch, Military Malaria Research Program (MMRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Jane X. Kelly
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, VA Medical Center (Mail code RD-33), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Brian Vesely
- Experimental
Therapeutics Branch, Military Malaria Research Program (MMRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Akhil B. Vaidya
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, United States
| | - Michael K. Riscoe
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, VA Medical Center (Mail code RD-33), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa since 1900. Nature 2017; 550:515-518. [PMID: 29019978 PMCID: PMC5660624 DOI: 10.1038/nature24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria transmission is influenced by climate, land use and deliberate intervention. Recent declines have been observed in malaria transmission. Here, we show that the continent has witnessed a long-term recession in the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum since 1900-29 (40%) to 2010-15 (24%), interrupted at different times by periods of rapidly increasing and decreasing transmission. The cycles and trend over the last 115 years are inconsistent with simplistic explanations in terms of climate or intervention alone. Previous global initiatives had minor impacts on malaria transmission, and a historically unprecedented decline has been observed since 2000. However, there has been little change to the continued high transmission belt covering large parts of West and Central Africa. Previous efforts to model the changing patterns of P. falciparum transmission intensity in Africa have been limited to the last 15 years1,2, or have used maps of historical expert opinion3. We provide quantitative data comprising 50,424 surveys at 36,966 geocoded locations to cover 115 years of malaria history in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Seifu S, Zeynudin A, Zemene E, Suleman S, Biruksew A. Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria among outpatients at Shawa Robit Health Care Centre, North-East Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2017; 171:44-51. [PMID: 28300558 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 40% of all malaria infection in Ethiopia is caused by Plasmodium vivax. Chloroquine (CQ) is the first line treatment for confirmed P. vivax malaria in the country. However, the efficacy of this drug has been compromised by CQ resistant P. vivax (CRPv) strains. Therefore, the present study was aimed at assessing the therapeutic efficacy of CQ for treatment of P. vivax malaria at Shawa Robit Health Care Centre, North-Ease Ethiopia. A one-arm, 28-day follow-up, in vivo therapeutic efficacy study was conducted from October 2013 to February 2014. Eighty-seven patients with microscopically confirmed P. vivax mono - infection aged between 1 and 65 years were enrolled and treated with a 25mg/kg CQ administered for three consecutive days under supervision. Socio-demographic and clinical information were collected. Blood smears were prepared and examined for parasite clearance or recurrence of parasitaemia. Clinical examination was performed at all follow-up visits. Haematocrit determination was made. Percentages, frequencies, Kaplan-Meier survival probability analysis and statistical associations were computed. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. From the total 87 patients included in the study 76 (87.4%) completed their 28-day follow-up; four patients were excluded due to P. falciparum infection during the follow up (on day 2, day 7 and day 14) and seven cases were lost to follow-up (on day 3, day 7 and day 14). Among those P. vivax infected individuals, 44 (50.6%) subjects were febrile on day of admission and the remaining had history of fever. From the 76 study participants who completed the 28-day follow up period, late parasitological failure (LPF) was observed in five (6.6%) cases. The geometric mean of parasite density was 8723.9/μl and mean haematocrit value was 35.45%. Besides, survival analysis showed that the cumulative incidence of success and failure rates at day 28 was 93.4% (95% CI=0.849-0.972) and 7.04% (95% CI=0.028-0.151), respectively. The current study unveils possible emergence of CRPv malaria in the study area. Regular and periodic evaluation of the efficacy of CQ should be conducted to monitor the spread of CRPv strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seble Seifu
- Jigjiga Health Science College, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia.
| | - Ahmed Zeynudin
- Jimma University, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Endalew Zemene
- Jimma University, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ) and School of Pharmacy, of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Abdissa Biruksew
- Jimma University, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Abstract
Heparin is one of the oldest drugs, which nevertheless remains in widespread clinical use as an inhibitor of blood coagulation. The history of its identification a century ago unfolded amid one of the most fascinating scientific controversies turning around the distribution of credit for its discovery. The composition, purification and structure-function relationship of this naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan regarding its classical role as anticoagulant will be dealt with before proceeding to discuss its therapeutic potential in, among other, inflammatory and infectious disease, cancer treatment, cystic fibrosis and Alzheimer's disease. The first bibliographic reference hit using the words 'nanomedicine' and 'heparin' is as recent as 2008. Since then, nanomedical applications of heparin have experienced an exponential growth that will be discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on its antimalarial activity. Some of the most intriguing potential applications of heparin nanomedicines will be exposed, such as those contemplating the delivery of drugs to the mosquito stages of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Lantero
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, ES-08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, ES-08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Mvumbi DM, Bobanga TL, Kayembe JMN, Mvumbi GL, Situakibanza HNT, Benoit-Vical F, Melin P, De Mol P, Hayette MP. Molecular surveillance of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies in the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179142. [PMID: 28594879 PMCID: PMC5464640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Despite progress achieved over the past decade in the fight against malaria, further efforts have to be done such as in the surveillance and the containment of Plasmodium falciparum resistant strains. We investigated resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies currently in use in Democratic Republic of Congo by surveying molecular polymorphisms in three genes: pfcrt, pfmdr1 and pfk13 to explore possible emergence of amodiaquine, lumefantrine or artemisinin resistance in Democratic Republic of Congo. This study essentially revealed that resistance to chloroquine is still decreasing while polymorphism related to amodiaquine resistance seems to be not present in Democratic Republic of Congo, that three samples, located in the east of the country, harbor Pfmdr1 amplification and that none of the mutations found in South-East Asia correlated with artemisinine resistance have been found in Democratic Republic of Congo. But new mutations have been identified, especially the M476K, occurred in the same position that the M476I previously identified in the F32-ART strain, strongly resistant to artemisinine. Antimalarial first-line treatments currently in use in Democratic Republic of Congo are not associated with emergence of molecular markers of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Makaba Mvumbi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Thierry Lengu Bobanga
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean-Marie Ntumba Kayembe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Georges Lelo Mvumbi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Hippolyte Nani-Tuma Situakibanza
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Toulouse et Université de Toulouse, UPS, France
| | - Pierrette Melin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Mol
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Hayette
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Asrade S, Mengesha Y, Moges G, Gelayee DA. In vivo antiplasmodial activity evaluation of the leaves of Balanites rotundifolia (Van Tiegh.) Blatter (Balanitaceae) against Plasmodium berghei. J Exp Pharmacol 2017; 9:59-66. [PMID: 28490906 PMCID: PMC5414615 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s130491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanites rotundifolia (BR) (Van Tiegh.) Blatter (Balanitaceae) has been used in Ethiopian folk medicine to treat malaria, despite the lack of scientific validation. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of 80% methanol leaf extract of BR in mice. Both the 4-day suppressive test and Rane's test were employed. Three extract doses (BR100 mg/kg, BR200 mg/kg, and BR400 mg/kg/d) were given orally, and chloroquine was the standard drug administered through the same route. Outcome measures for evaluating antiplasmodial efficacy were parasitemia level, packed cell volume, survival time, and body temperature as well as body weight change. Moreover, preliminary phytochemical and acute toxicity studies were carried out. With the 4-day suppressive test, BR demonstrated dose-dependent significant reduction in parasitemia level at all test doses compared to the negative control: BR400 (67%, P<0.001), BR200 (42%, P<0.01), and BR100 (37%, P<0.05). With Rane's test as well, BR significantly (P<0.001 for all test doses) reduced the parasitemia level by 38% (BR100), 45% (BR200), and 69% (BR400) in comparison to vehicle treatment. The crude extract was estimated to have oral median lethal dose higher than 2,000 mg/kg, and the presence of alkaloids and cardiac glycosides was confirmed. Therefore, this study for the first time validated the antiplasmodial activity of crude leaf extract of BR. Further investigations for isolating specific phytochemicals and elucidating mechanisms are needed to address the quest for novel antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyfe Asrade
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar
| | - Yohannes Mengesha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Moges
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Dessalegn Asmelashe Gelayee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar
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Shah A, Rahim S. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 200:84-106. [PMID: 28192202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE To best of our knowledge this is the first quantitative ethno-medicinal study with the aim of documenting the indigenous knowledge and practices of using plants for malarial therapy in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan. In this Valley, malaria is among the major public health problems but, until now, the population still mostly relies on herbal medicine for treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethno-medicinal data were documented from 63 informants by using semi-structured questionnaires and interviewing the informants about their knowledge of plants regarding malaria and related symptoms. Documented data were evaluated using the quantitative ethno-botanical indices of frequency citation (FC), relative frequency of citation (RFC), percentage of respondents having knowledge (PRK) and Jaccard index (JI). RESULTS A total of 70 plant species belonging to 62 genera and 34 families were recorded as anti-malarial in the study area. Solanaceae was found to be the most cited family with 7 species, followed by Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Lamiaceae with 5 species each. Ocimum americanum and Solanum incanum were the species with the highest relative frequency of citation (RFC =0.25 each) and percentage of respondents having knowledge (PRK =25.4% each), followed by Grewia tenax (RFC =0.23, PRK =23.8%), which indicates that these plants are the best species with anti-malarial properties. The most highly cited life form was found to be herbs (56%). The dominant plant part used in preparations were leaves (49%). The main mode of utilization was decoction (47%) followed by infusion (29%). In comparison, maximum similarity index is found in our study with JI (16.83) followed by (13.13). Similarity percentage of plants uses ranges from 0.81 to 16.83 while dissimilarity percentage varies from 0% to 17.65%. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge seven plant species, viz. Withania coagulans, Fagonia cretica, Carthamus oxyacantha, Ehretia obtusifolia, Helianthus annuus, Olea ferruginea and Vitex trifolia, are reported from this region for the first time for the treatment of malaria. This first ethno-medicinal study highlights potential sources for the development of new antimalarial drugs from indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants found in the Soon Valley, Pakistan. Such investigations could be a subject for in vitro and in vivo anti-plasmodial screening to develop new plant-based antimalarial drugs and can also be evaluated for other biological activities and novel drug discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Sarvat Rahim
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Pakistan.
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Plebanski M, Flanagan KL. The Economics of Malaria Vaccine Development. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:154-156. [PMID: 28169112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that do not take a comprehensive endpoint view of the pathogen population they want to tackle early in their developmental process, may find it financially prohibitive to redesign them once they have progressed down a costly regulatory and human trial pathway. Specifically, the lead malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S has limited ability to tackle parasite polymorphism and may induce sex-specific nonspecific effects (NSEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Plebanski
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Therapeutics, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering (MIME), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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49
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4-Aminoquinoline-ferrocenyl-chalcone conjugates: Synthesis and anti-plasmodial evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:269-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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50
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Goulart LR, da S. Ribeiro V, Costa-Cruz JM. Anti-parasitic Antibodies from Phage Display. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:155-171. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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