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Evans TG, Castellino F, Kowalik Dobczyk M, Tucker G, Walley AM, Van Leuven K, Klein J, Rutkowski K, Ellis C, Eagling-Vose E, Treanor J, van Baalen C, Filkov E, Laurent C, Thacker J, Asher J, Donabedian A. Assessment of CD8 + T-cell mediated immunity in an influenza A(H3N2) human challenge model in Belgium: a single centre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:645-654. [PMID: 38729196 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protection afforded by inactivated influenza vaccines can theoretically be improved by inducing T-cell responses to conserved internal influenza A antigens. We assessed whether, in an influenza controlled human infection challenge, susceptible individuals receiving a vaccine boosting T-cell responses would exhibit lower viral load and decreased symptoms compared with placebo recipients. METHODS In this single centre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 study, healthy adult (aged 18-55 years) volunteers with microneutralisation titres of less than 20 to the influenza A(H3N2) challenge strain were enrolled at an SGS quarantine facility in Antwerp, Belgium. Participants were randomly assigned double-blind using a permuted-block list with a 3:2 allocation ratio to receive 0·5 mL intramuscular injections of modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing H3N2 nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein 1 (M1) at 1·5 × 108 plaque forming units (4·3 × 108 50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID50]; MVA-NP+M1 group) or saline placebo (placebo group). At least 6 weeks later, participants were challenged intranasally with 0·5 mL of a 1 × 106 TCID50/mL dose of influenza A/Belgium/4217/2015 (H3N2). Nasal swabs were collected twice daily from day 2 until day 11 for viral PCR, and symptoms of influenza were recorded from day 2 until day 11. The primary outcome was to determine the efficacy of MVA-NP+M1 vaccine to reduce the degree of nasopharyngeal viral shedding as measured by the cumulative viral area under the curve using a log-transformed quantitative PCR. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03883113. FINDINGS Between May 2 and Oct 24, 2019, 145 volunteers were enrolled and randomly assigned to the MVA-NP+M1 group (n=87) or the placebo group (n=58). Of these, 118 volunteers entered the challenge period (71 in the MVA-NP+M1 group and 47 in the placebo group) and 117 participants completed the study (71 in the MVA-NP+M1 group and 46 in the placebo group). 78 (54%) of the 145 volunteers were female and 67 (46%) were male. The primary outcome, overall viral load as determined by quantitative PCR, did not show a statistically significant difference between the MVA-NP+M1 (mean 649·7 [95% CI 552·7-746·7) and placebo groups (mean 726·1 [604·0-848·2]; p=0·17). All reported treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs; 11 in the vaccination phase and 51 in the challenge phase) were grade 1 and 2, except for two grade 3 TEAEs in the placebo group in the challenge phase. A grade 4 second trimester fetal death, considered possibly related to the MVA-NP+M1 vaccination, and an acute psychosis reported in a placebo participant during the challenge phase were reported. INTERPRETATION The use of an MVA vaccine to expand CD4+ or CD8+ T cells to conserved influenza A antigens in peripheral blood did not affect nasopharyngeal viral load in an influenza H3N2 challenge model in seronegative, healthy adults. FUNDING Department of Health and Human Services; Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; and Barinthus Biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora Castellino
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Treanor
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Ella Filkov
- Viroclinics, a Cerba Research Company, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Juilee Thacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester; Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jason Asher
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Armen Donabedian
- Biodefense Advanced Research and Development Authority, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Zhuang Z, Zhuo J, Yuan Y, Chen Z, Zhang S, Zhu A, Zhao J, Zhao J. Harnessing T-Cells for Enhanced Vaccine Development against Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:478. [PMID: 38793729 PMCID: PMC11125924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant strides in vaccine research and the availability of vaccines for many infectious diseases, the threat posed by both known and emerging infectious diseases persists. Moreover, breakthrough infections following vaccination remain a concern. Therefore, the development of novel vaccines is imperative. These vaccines must exhibit robust protective efficacy, broad-spectrum coverage, and long-lasting immunity. One promising avenue in vaccine development lies in leveraging T-cells, which play a crucial role in adaptive immunity and regulate immune responses during viral infections. T-cell recognition can target highly variable or conserved viral proteins, and memory T-cells offer the potential for durable immunity. Consequently, T-cell-based vaccines hold promise for advancing vaccine development efforts. This review delves into the latest research advancements in T-cell-based vaccines across various platforms and discusses the associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianfen Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
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3
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Jia JZ, Cohen CA, Gu H, McLean MR, Varadarajan R, Bhandari N, Peiris M, Leung GM, Poon LLM, Tsang T, Chung AW, Cowling BJ, Leung NHL, Valkenburg SA. Influenza antibody breadth and effector functions are immune correlates from acquisition of pandemic infection of children. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3210. [PMID: 38615070 PMCID: PMC11016072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive antibodies with Fc receptor (FcR) effector functions may mitigate pandemic virus impact in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. In this exploratory study, we use serum from a randomized placebo-controlled trial of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccination in children (NCT00792051) conducted at the onset of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) and monitored for infection. We found that seasonal vaccination increases pH1N1 specific antibodies and FcR effector functions. Furthermore, prospective baseline antibody profiles after seasonal vaccination, prior to pH1N1 infection, show that unvaccinated uninfected children have elevated ADCC effector function, FcγR3a and FcγR2a binding antibodies to multiple pH1N1 proteins, past seasonal and avian (H5, H7 and H9) strains. Whereas, children that became pH1N1 infected after seasonal vaccination have antibodies focussed to seasonal strains without FcR functions, and greater aggregated HA-specific profiles for IgM and IgG3. Modeling to predict infection susceptibility, ranked baseline hemagglutination antibody inhibition as the highest contributor to lack of pH1N1 infection, in combination with features that include pH1-IgG1, H1-stem responses and FcR binding to seasonal vaccine and pH1 proteins. Thus, seasonal vaccination can have benefits against pandemic influenza viruses, and some children already have broadly reactive antibodies with Fc potential without vaccination and may be considered 'elite influenza controllers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Z Jia
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Carolyn A Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Milla R McLean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Nisha Bhandari
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Malik Peiris
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tim Tsang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Nancy H L Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ding P, Liu H, Zhu X, Chen Y, Zhou J, Chai S, Wang A, Zhang G. Thiolated chitosan encapsulation constituted mucoadhesive nanovaccine confers broad protection against divergent influenza A viruses. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121689. [PMID: 38220319 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant threat to human and animal health, necessitating the development of universal influenza vaccines that can effectively activate mucosal immunity. Intranasal immunization has attracted significant attention due to its capacity to induce triple immune responses, including mucosal secretory IgA. However, inducing mucosal immunity through vaccination is challenging due to the self-cleansing nature of the mucosal surface. Thiolated chitosan (TCS) were explored for mucosal vaccine delivery, capitalizing on biocompatibility and bioadhesive properties of chitosan, with thiol modification enhancing mucoadhesive capability. The focus was on developing a universal nanovaccine by utilizing TCS-encapsulated virus-like particles displaying conserved B-cell and T-cell epitopes from M2e and NP proteins of IAV. The optimal conditions for nanoparticle formation were investigated by adjusting the thiol groups content of TCS and the amount of sodium tripolyphosphate. The nanovaccine induced robust immune responses and provided complete protection against IAVs from different species following intranasal immunization. The broad protective effect of nanovaccines can be attributed to the synergistic effect of antibodies and T cells. This study developed a universal intranasal nanovaccine and demonstrated the potential of TCS in the development of mucosal vaccines for respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shujun Chai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China.
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5
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Lobby JL, Danzy S, Holmes KE, Lowen AC, Kohlmeier JE. Both Humoral and Cellular Immunity Limit the Ability of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines to Promote T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:107-116. [PMID: 37982700 PMCID: PMC10842048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
One potential advantage of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) is their ability to establish both virus-specific Ab and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the respiratory mucosa. However, it is hypothesized that pre-existing immunity from past infections and/or immunizations prevents LAIV from boosting or generating de novo CD8+ T cell responses. To determine whether we can overcome this limitation, we generated a series of drifted influenza A/PR8 LAIVs with successive mutations in the hemagglutinin protein, allowing for increasing levels of escape from pre-existing Ab. We also inserted a CD8+ T cell epitope from the Sendai virus nucleoprotein (NP) to assess both generation of a de novo T cell response and boosting of pre-existing influenza-specific CD8+ T cells following LAIV immunization. Increasing the level of escape from Ab enabled boosting of pre-existing TRM, but we were unable to generate de novo Sendai virus NP+ CD8+ TRM following LAIV immunization in PR8 influenza-immune mice, even with LAIV strains that can fully escape pre-existing Ab. As these data suggested a role for cell-mediated immunity in limiting LAIV efficacy, we investigated several scenarios to assess the impact of pre-existing LAIV-specific TRM in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Ultimately, we found that deletion of the immunodominant influenza NP366-374 epitope allowed for sufficient escape from cellular immunity to establish de novo CD8+ TRM. When combined, these studies demonstrate that both pre-existing humoral and cellular immunity can limit the effectiveness of LAIV, which is an important consideration for future design of vaccine vectors against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Shamika Danzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Katie E. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
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Misplon JA, Lo CY, Crabbs TA, Price GE, Epstein SL. Adenoviral-vectored universal influenza vaccines administered intranasally reduce lung inflammatory responses upon viral challenge 15 months post-vaccination. J Virol 2023; 97:e0067423. [PMID: 37830821 PMCID: PMC10617573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00674-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Vaccines targeting highly conserved proteins can protect broadly against diverse viral strains. When a vaccine is administered to the respiratory tract, protection against disease is especially powerful. However, it is important to establish that this approach is safe. When vaccinated animals later encounter viruses, does reactivation of powerful local immunity, including T cell responses, damage the lungs? This study investigates the safety of mucosal vaccination of the respiratory tract. Non-replicating adenoviral vaccine vectors expressing conserved influenza virus proteins were given intranasally. This vaccine-induced protection persists for at least 15 months. Vaccination did not exacerbate inflammatory responses or tissue damage upon influenza virus infection. Instead, vaccination with nucleoprotein reduced cytokine responses and histopathology, while neutrophil and T cell responses resolved earlier. The results are promising for safe vaccination at the site of infection and thus have implications for the control of influenza and other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Misplon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Torrie A. Crabbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Graeme E. Price
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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7
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Matarazzo L, Bettencourt PJG. mRNA vaccines: a new opportunity for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172691. [PMID: 37168860 PMCID: PMC10166207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the first licensed mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 has created a widespread interest on mRNA technology for vaccinology. As expected, the number of mRNA vaccines in preclinical and clinical development increased exponentially since 2020, including numerous improvements in mRNA formulation design, delivery methods and manufacturing processes. However, the technology faces challenges such as the cost of raw materials, the lack of standardization, and delivery optimization. MRNA technology may provide a solution to some of the emerging infectious diseases as well as the deadliest hard-to-treat infectious diseases malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), for which an effective vaccine, easily deployable to endemic areas is urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the functional structure, design, manufacturing processes and delivery methods of mRNA vaccines. We provide an up-to-date overview of the preclinical and clinical development of mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases, and discuss the immunogenicity, efficacy and correlates of protection of mRNA vaccines, with particular focus on research and development of mRNA vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matarazzo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Bettencourt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Paulo J. G. Bettencourt,
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FLU-v, a Broad-Spectrum Influenza Vaccine, Induces Cross-Reactive Cellular Immune Responses in Humans Measured by Dual IFN-γ and Granzyme B ELISpot Assay. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091528. [PMID: 36146606 PMCID: PMC9505334 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports demonstrated that FLU-v, a peptide-based broad-spectrum influenza vaccine candidate, induced antibody and cellular immune responses in humans. Here, we evaluate cellular effector functions and cross-reactivity. PBMC sampled pre- (day 0) and post-vaccination (days 42 and 180) from vaccine (n = 58) and placebo (n = 27) recipients were tested in vitro for responses to FLU-v and inactivated influenza strains (A/H3N2, A/H1N1, A/H5N1, A/H7N9, B/Yamagata) using IFN-γ and granzyme B ELISpot. FLU-v induced a significant increase in the number of IFN-γ- and granzyme-B-secreting cells responding to the vaccine antigens from pre-vaccination (medians: 5 SFU/106 cells for both markers) to day 42 (125 and 40 SFU/106 cells, p < 0.0001 for both) and day 180 (75 and 20 SFU/106 cells, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0047). The fold increase from pre-vaccination to day 42 for IFN-γ-, granzyme-B-, and double-positive-secreting cells responding to FLU-v was significantly elevated compared to placebo (medians: 16.3-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p < 0.0001; 3.5-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p < 0.0001; 3.0-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p = 0.0012, respectively). Stimulation of PBMC with inactivated influenza strains showed significantly higher fold increases from pre-vaccination to day 42 in the vaccine group compared to placebo for IFN-γ-secreting cells reacting to H1N1 (medians: 2.3-fold vs. 0.8-fold, p = 0.0083), H3N2 (1.7-fold vs. 0.8-fold, p = 0.0178), and H5N1 (1.7-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p = 0.0441); for granzyme B secreting cells reacting to H1N1 (3.5-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p = 0.0075); and for double positive cells reacting to H1N1 (2.9-fold vs. 1.0-fold, p = 0.0219), H3N2 (1.7-fold vs. 0.9-fold, p = 0.0136), and the B strain (2.0-fold vs. 0.8-fold, p = 0.0227). The correlation observed between number of cells secreting IFN-γ or granzyme B in response to FLU-v and to the influenza strains supported vaccine-induced cross-reactivity. In conclusion, adjuvanted FLU-v vaccination induced cross-reactive cellular responses with cytotoxic capacity, further supporting the development of FLU-v as a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine.
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Janssens Y, Joye J, Waerlop G, Clement F, Leroux-Roels G, Leroux-Roels I. The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959379. [PMID: 36052083 PMCID: PMC9424642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the most effective tools to prevent flu and its complications. Trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines primarily elicit antibodies towards haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These vaccines fail to induce high protective efficacy, in particular in older adults and immunocompromised individuals and require annual updates to keep up with evolving influenza strains (antigenic drift). Vaccine efficacy declines when there is a mismatch between its content and circulating strains. Current correlates of protection are merely based on serological parameters determined by haemagglutination inhibition or single radial haemolysis assays. However, there is ample evidence showing that these serological correlates of protection can both over- or underestimate the protective efficacy of influenza vaccines. Next-generation universal influenza vaccines that induce cross-reactive cellular immune responses (CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses) against conserved epitopes may overcome some of the shortcomings of the current inactivated vaccines by eliciting broader protection that lasts for several influenza seasons and potentially enhances pandemic preparedness. Assessment of cellular immune responses in clinical trials that evaluate the immunogenicity of these new generation vaccines is thus of utmost importance. Moreover, studies are needed to examine whether these cross-reactive cellular immune responses can be considered as new or complementary correlates of protection in the evaluation of traditional and next-generation influenza vaccines. An overview of the assays that can be applied to measure cell-mediated immune responses to influenza with their strengths and weaknesses is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorick Janssens
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Joye
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Isabel Leroux-Roels,
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10
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Withanage K, De Coster I, Cools N, Viviani S, Tourneur J, Chevandier M, Lambiel M, Willems P, Le Vert A, Nicolas F, Van Damme P. Phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating study to evaluate OVX836, a nucleoprotein-based influenza vaccine: intramuscular results. J Infect Dis 2021; 226:119-127. [PMID: 34653245 PMCID: PMC9373130 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background OVX836 is a recombinant protein vaccine targeting the highly conserved influenza nucleoprotein (NP), which could confer broad-spectrum protection against this disease. Methods A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalating, single- center, first-in-human study was conducted in 36 healthy adults aged 18–49 years. Twelve subjects per cohort (9 vaccine and 3 placebo) received 2 OVX836 intramuscular administrations on days 1 and 28 at the dose level of 30 µg, 90 µg, or 180 µg. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed after each vaccination and for 150 days in total. Results OVX836 was safe and well tolerated at all dose levels, with no difference in solicited local and systemic symptoms, and unsolicited adverse events between the first and second administration, or between dose levels. All subjects presented pre-existing NP-specific immunity at baseline. OVX836 induced a significant increase in NP-specific interferon-gamma T cells and anti-NP immunoglobulin G at all dose levels after the first vaccination. The second vaccination did not further increase the response. There was a trend for a dose effect in the immune response. Conclusions The safety and reactogenicity profile, as well as the humoral and cellular immune responses, encourage further evaluation of OVX836 in a larger Phase 2a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchanamala Withanage
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Coster
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Simonetta Viviani
- Independent Scientific Advisor on Vaccines, Epidemiology and Public Health, Via Gramsci, I-Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy. Acting as Chief Medical Officer for Osivax at the time of the clinical study
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Van Damme
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VaxInfectio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein, Antwerpen, Belgium
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11
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Luczo JM, Bousse T, Johnson SK, Jones CA, Pearce N, Neiswanger CA, Wang MX, Miller EA, Petrovsky N, Wentworth DE, Bronshtein V, Papania M, Tompkins SM. Intranasal powder live attenuated influenza vaccine is thermostable, immunogenic, and protective against homologous challenge in ferrets. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:59. [PMID: 33883559 PMCID: PMC8060263 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics; vaccination is the most effective countermeasure. Intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are needle-free, mimic the natural route of infection, and elicit robust immunity. However, some LAIVs require reconstitution and cold-chain requirements restrict storage and distribution of all influenza vaccines. We generated a dry-powder, thermostable LAIV (T-LAIV) using Preservation by Vaporization technology and assessed the stability, immunogenicity, and efficacy of T-LAIV alone or combined with delta inulin adjuvant (Advax™) in ferrets. Stability assays demonstrated minimal loss of T-LAIV titer when stored at 25 °C for 1 year. Vaccination of ferrets with T-LAIV alone or with delta inulin adjuvant elicited mucosal antibody and robust serum HI responses in ferrets, and was protective against homologous challenge. These results suggest that the Preservation by Vaporization-generated dry-powder vaccines could be distributed without refrigeration and administered without reconstitution or injection. Given these significant advantages for vaccine distribution and delivery, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina M Luczo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Tatiana Bousse
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cheryl A Jones
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas Pearce
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlie A Neiswanger
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Min-Xuan Wang
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erin A Miller
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, South Australia, Australia
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Victor Bronshtein
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark Papania
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen M Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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12
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Marriott AC, Gooch KE, Brown PJ, Ryan KA, Jones NJ, Merredew N, Wiblin N, Dibben O, Bright H, Hallis B, Whittaker CJ, Carroll MW. Severity of heterosubtypic influenza virus infection in ferrets is reduced by live attenuated influenza vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:43. [PMID: 33782409 PMCID: PMC8007727 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is widely used to protect humans from seasonal influenza infection, particularly in children. In contrast to inactivated vaccines, the LAIV can induce both mucosal and cellular immune responses. Here we show that a single dose of monovalent H1N1pdm09-specific LAIV in the ferret model is fully protective against a subsequent wild-type H1N1pdm09 challenge, and furthermore reduces the severity of disease following challenge with a different influenza A subtype (H3N2). The reduced severity comprised reductions in weight loss and fever, as well as more rapid clearance of virus, compared to non-vaccinated H3N2-challenged ferrets. No H3N2-neutralizing antibodies were detected in vaccinated ferret sera. Rather, heterosubtypic protection correlated with interferon-gamma+ (IFN-γ+) T-cell responses measured in peripheral blood and in lung lymphocytes. The IFN-γ+ cells were cross-reactive to H3N2 virus even when obtained from vaccinated animals that had never been exposed to H3N2 virus. We believe this study provides compelling evidence that the LAIV can provide a significant reduction in infection and symptoms when challenged with heterosubtypic influenza strains not included in the LAIV, highlighting the importance of cross-reactive T-cells in the design of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Marriott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK.
| | - Karen E Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Phillip J Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nicola J Jones
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Natasha Merredew
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nathan Wiblin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Oliver Dibben
- Flu-MSAT, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Bright
- Flu-MSAT, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
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13
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Renu S, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Patil V, Schrock J, Han Y, Ramesh A, Dhakal S, Hanson J, Krakowka S, Renukaradhya GJ. Immunity and Protective Efficacy of Mannose Conjugated Chitosan-Based Influenza Nanovaccine in Maternal Antibody Positive Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:584299. [PMID: 33746943 PMCID: PMC7969509 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.584299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenteral administration of killed/inactivated swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) vaccine in weaned piglets provides variable levels of immunity due to the presence of preexisting virus specific maternal derived antibodies (MDA). To overcome the effect of MDA on SwIAV vaccine in piglets, we developed an intranasal deliverable killed SwIAV antigen (KAg) encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles called chitosan-based NPs encapsulating KAg (CS NPs-KAg) vaccine. Further, to target the candidate vaccine to dendritic cells and macrophages which express mannose receptor, we conjugated mannose to chitosan (mCS) and formulated KAg encapsulated mCS nanoparticles called mannosylated chitosan-based NPs encapsulating KAg (mCS NPs-KAg) vaccine. In MDA-positive piglets, prime-boost intranasal inoculation of mCS NPs-KAg vaccine elicited enhanced homologous (H1N2-OH10), heterologous (H1N1-OH7), and heterosubtypic (H3N2-OH4) influenza virus-specific secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody response in nasal passage compared to CS NPs-KAg vaccinates. In vaccinated upon challenged with a heterologous SwIAV H1N1, both mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates augmented H1N2-OH10, H1N1-OH7, and H3N2-OH4 virus-specific sIgA antibody responses in nasal swab, lung lysate, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid; and IgG antibody levels in lung lysate and BAL fluid samples. Whereas, the multivalent commercial inactivated SwIAV vaccine delivered intramuscularly increased serum IgG antibody response. In mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates increased H1N2-OH10 but not H1N1-OH7 and H3N2-OH4-specific serum hemagglutination inhibition titers were observed. Additionally, mCS NPs-KAg vaccine increased specific recall lymphocyte proliferation and cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IFNγ gene expression compared to CS NPs-KAg and commercial SwIAV vaccinates in tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Consistent with the immune response both mCS NPs-KAg and CS NPs-KAg vaccinates cleared the challenge H1N1-OH7 virus load in upper and lower respiratory tract more efficiently when compared to commercial vaccine. The virus clearance was associated with reduced gross lung lesions. Overall, mCS NP-KAg vaccine intranasal immunization in MDA-positive pigs induced a robust cross-reactive immunity and offered protection against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Yi Han
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Steven Krakowka
- The Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wooster, OH, United States
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14
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Mohn KGI, Brokstad KA, Islam S, Oftung F, Tøndel C, Aarstad HJ, Cox RJ. Early Induction of Cross-Reactive CD8+ T-Cell Responses in Tonsils After Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccination in Children. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1528-1537. [PMID: 32255493 PMCID: PMC7137893 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed for prophylaxis of children 2-17 years old in Europe in 2012 and is administered as a nasal spray. Live-attenuated influenza vaccine induces both mucosal and systemic antibodies and systemic T-cell responses. Tonsils are the lymph nodes serving the upper respiratory tract, acting as both induction and effector site for mucosal immunity. METHODS Here, we have studied the early tonsillar T-cell responses induced in children after LAIV. Thirty-nine children were immunized with trivalent LAIV (containing A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B viruses) at days 3, 7, and 14 before tonsillectomy. Nonvaccinated controls were included for comparison. Tonsils and peripheral blood (pre- and postvaccination) were collected to study T-cell responses. RESULTS Tonsillar and systemic T-cell responses differed between influenza strains, and both were found against H3N2 and B viruses, whereas only systemic responses were observed against A/H1N1. A significant increase in cross-reactive tonsillar CD8+ T cells recognizing conserved epitopes from a broad range of seasonal and pandemic viruses occurred at day 14. Tonsillar T cells showed significant cytokine responses (Th1, Th2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the use of LAIV in children to elicit broadly cross-reactive T cells, which are not induced by traditional inactivated influenza vaccines and may provide protection to novel virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G-I Mohn
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Emergency Care Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - K A Brokstad
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Islam
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - F Oftung
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Tøndel
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - H J Aarstad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - R J Cox
- Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccines, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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15
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T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020199. [PMID: 33525620 PMCID: PMC7911237 DOI: 10.3390/v13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
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16
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Lindsey BB, Höschler K, de Silva TI. Complexities in Predicting the Immunogenicity of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:2235-2236. [PMID: 31412109 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Lindsey
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Höschler
- Virus Reference Department, Reference Microbiology Services, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom.,The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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17
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Convening on the influenza human viral challenge model for universal influenza vaccines, Part 2: Methodologic considerations. Vaccine 2020; 37:4830-4834. [PMID: 31362820 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In response to global interest in the development of a universal influenza vaccine, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PATH, and the Global Funders Consortium for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development convened a meeting of experts (London, UK, May 2018) to assess the role of a standardized controlled human influenza virus infection model (CHIVIM) towards the development of novel influenza vaccine candidates. This report (in two parts) summarizes those discussions and offers consensus recommendations. Part 1 covers challenge virus selection, regulatory and ethical considerations, and issues concerning standardization, access, and capacity. This article (Part 2) summarizes the discussion and recommendations concerning CHIVIM methods. The panelists identified an overall need for increased standardization of CHIVIM trials, in order to produce comparable results that can support universal vaccine licensure. Areas of discussion included study participant selection and screening, route of exposure and dose, devices for administering challenge, rescue therapy, protection of participants and institutions, clinical outcome measures, and other considerations. The panelists agreed upon specific recommendations to improve the standardization and usefulness of the model for vaccine development. Experts agreed that a research network of institutions working with a standardized CHIVIM could contribute important data to support more rapid development and licensure of novel vaccines capable of providing long-lasting protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza strains.
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18
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Croft S, Wong YC, Smith SA, Flesch IEA, Tscharke DC. Surprisingly Effective Priming of CD8 + T Cells by Heat-Inactivated Vaccinia Virus Virions. J Virol 2020; 94:e01486-20. [PMID: 32759313 PMCID: PMC7527048 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01486-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust priming of CD8+ T cells by viruses is considered to require infection and de novo expression of viral antigens. A corollary of this is that inactivated viruses are thought of as being inevitably poor vaccines for eliciting these responses. In contrast to this dogma, we found that some antigens present in vaccinia virus (VACV) virions prime strong CD8+ T cell responses when the virus was rendered noninfectious by heat. More surprisingly, in some cases these responses were similar in magnitude to those primed by infectious virus administered at an equivalent dose. Next, we tested whether this was a special property of particular antigens and their epitopes and found that foreign epitopes tagged onto three different VACV virion proteins were able to elicit CD8+ T cell responses irrespective of whether the virus was viable or heat killed. Further, the polyfunctionality and cytotoxic ability of the CD8+ T cells primed by these VACVs was equivalent irrespective of whether they were administered to mice as inactivated or live viruses. Finally, we used these VACVs in prime-boost combinations of inactivated and live virus and found that priming with dead virus before a live booster was the most immunogenic regime. We conclude that VACV virions can be efficient vectors for targeting antigens to dendritic cells for effective priming of CD8+ T cells, even when rendered noninfectious and speculate that this might also be the case for other viruses.IMPORTANCE The design of viral vectored vaccines is often considered to require a trade-off between efficacy and safety. This is especially the case for vaccines that aim to induce killer (CD8+) T cells, where there is a well-established dogma that links infection in vaccinated individuals with effective induction of immunity. However, we found that some proteins of vaccinia virus generate strong CD8+ T cell responses even when the virus preparation was inactivated by heat prior to administration as a vaccine. We took advantage of this finding by engineering a new vaccine vector virus that could be used as an inactivated vaccine. These results suggest that vaccinia virus may be a more versatile vaccine vector than previously appreciated and that in some instances safety can be prioritized by the complete elimination of viral replication without a proportional loss of immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Croft
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yik Chun Wong
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stewart A Smith
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Inge E A Flesch
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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19
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Lopez CE, Legge KL. Influenza A Virus Vaccination: Immunity, Protection, and Recent Advances Toward A Universal Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E434. [PMID: 32756443 PMCID: PMC7565301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections represent a serious public health threat and account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide due to seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics. Despite being an important countermeasure to combat influenza virus and being highly efficacious when matched to circulating influenza viruses, current preventative strategies of vaccination against influenza virus often provide incomplete protection due the continuous antigenic drift/shift of circulating strains of influenza virus. Prevention and control of influenza virus infection with vaccines is dependent on the host immune response induced by vaccination and the various vaccine platforms induce different components of the local and systemic immune response. This review focuses on the immune basis of current (inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV)) as well as novel vaccine platforms against influenza virus. Particular emphasis will be placed on how each platform induces cross-protection against heterologous influenza viruses, as well as how this immunity compares to and contrasts from the "gold standard" of immunity generated by natural influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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20
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Prospects and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030361. [PMID: 32640619 PMCID: PMC7563311 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines offer suboptimal protection and depend on annual reformulation and yearly administration. Vaccine technology has rapidly advanced during the last decade, facilitating development of next-generation influenza vaccines that can target a broader range of influenza viruses. The development and licensure of a universal influenza vaccine could provide a game changing option for the control of influenza by protecting against all influenza A and B viruses. Here we review important findings and considerations regarding the development of universal influenza vaccines and what we can learn from this moving forward with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.
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21
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Immunogenicity Measures of Influenza Vaccines: A Study of 1164 Registered Clinical Trials. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020325. [PMID: 32575440 PMCID: PMC7350243 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza carries an enormous burden each year. Annual influenza vaccination is the best means of reducing this burden. To be clinically effective, influenza vaccines must be immunogenic, and several immunological assays to test their immunogenicity have been developed. This study aimed to describe the patterns of use of the various immunological assays available to measure the influenza vaccine-induced adaptive immune response and to determine its correlates of protection. A total of 76.5% of the studies included in our analysis measured only the humoral immune response. Among these, the hemagglutination-inhibition assay was by far the most widely used. Other, less common, humoral immune response assays were: virus neutralization (21.7%), enzyme-linked immunosorbent (10.1%), single radial hemolysis (4.6%), and assays able to quantify anti-neuraminidase antibodies (1.7%). By contrast, cell-mediated immunity was quantified in only 23.5% of studies. Several variables were significantly associated with the use of single assays. Specifically, some influenza vaccine types (e.g., adjuvanted, live attenuated and cell culture-derived or recombinant), study phase and study sponsorship pattern were usually found to be statistically significant predictors. We discuss the principal findings and make some suggestions from the point of view of the various stakeholders.
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22
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Wraith S, Nachbagauer R, Balmaseda A, Stadlbauer D, Ojeda S, Rajabhathor A, Lopez R, Guglia AF, Sanchez N, Amanat F, Gresh L, Kuan G, Krammer F, Gordon A. Antibody responses to influenza A(H1N1)pdm infection. Vaccine 2020; 38:4221-4225. [PMID: 32389495 PMCID: PMC7707244 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated humoral immune response to influenza A(H1N1)pdm infection and found 32 (22%) of the infected individuals identified by PCR failed to produce a ≥ 4-fold hemagglutinin inhibition assay (HAI) response; a subset of 18 (56%) produced an alternate antibody response (against full-length HA, HA stalk, or neuraminidase). These individuals had lower pre-existing HAI antibody titers and showed a pattern of milder illness. An additional subset of 14 (44%) did not produce an alternate antibody response, had higher pre-existing antibody titers against full-length & stalk HA, and were less sick. These findings demonstrate that some individuals mount an alternate antibody response to influenza infection. In order to design more broadly protective influenza vaccines it may be useful to target these alternate sites. These findings support that there are influenza cases currently being missed by solely implementing HAI assays, resulting in an underestimation of the global burden of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steph Wraith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua; Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Arvind Rajabhathor
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger Lopez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Andrea F Guglia
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Nery Sanchez
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua; Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Lionel Gresh
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua; Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Florian Krammer
- Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (CRIP), New York, NY, USA.
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, USA; St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, TN, USA; Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), USA.
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23
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Amoah S, Mishina M, Praphasiri P, Cao W, Kim JH, Liepkalns JS, Guo Z, Carney PJ, Chang JC, Fernandez S, Garg S, Beacham L, Holtz TH, Curlin ME, Dawood F, Olsen SJ, Gangappa S, Stevens J, Sambhara S. Standard-Dose Intradermal Influenza Vaccine Elicits Cellular Immune Responses Similar to Those of Intramuscular Vaccine in Men With and Those Without HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:743-751. [PMID: 31045222 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons are at a higher risk of severe influenza. Although we have shown that a standard-dose intradermal influenza vaccine versus a standard-dose intramuscular influenza vaccine does not result in differences in hemagglutination-inhibition titers in this population, a comprehensive examination of cell-mediated immune responses remains lacking. METHODS Serological, antigen-specific B-cell, and interleukin 2-, interferon γ-, and tumor necrosis factor α-secreting T-cell responses were assessed in 79 HIV-infected men and 79 HIV-uninfected men. RESULTS The route of vaccination did not affect the immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G (IgG) plasmablast or memory B-cell response, although these were severely impaired in the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL. The frequencies of IgG memory B cells measured on day 28 after vaccination were highest in the HIV-uninfected group, followed by the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of ≥200 cells/μL and the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL. The route of vaccination did not affect the CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell responses measured at various times after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS The route of vaccination had no effect on antibody responses, antibody avidity, T-cell responses, or B-cell responses in HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected subjects. With the serological and cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination being impaired in HIV-infected individuals with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL, passive immunization strategies need to be explored to protect this population. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01538940.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Amoah
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Margarita Mishina
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Weiping Cao
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jin Hyang Kim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Justine S Liepkalns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul J Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessie C Chang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren Beacham
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy H Holtz
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia.,HIV/STD Research Program, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marcel E Curlin
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fatimah Dawood
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
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24
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The Effects of Pre-Existing Antibodies on Live-Attenuated Viral Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050520. [PMID: 32397218 PMCID: PMC7290594 DOI: 10.3390/v12050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) have achieved remarkable successes in controlling virus spread, as well as for other applications such as cancer immunotherapy. However, with rapid increases in international travel, globalization, geographic spread of viral vectors, and widespread use of vaccines, there is an increasing need to consider how pre-exposure to viruses which share similar antigenic regions can impact vaccine efficacy. Pre-existing antibodies, derived from either from maternal–fetal transmission, or by previous infection or vaccination, have been demonstrated to interfere with vaccine immunogenicity of measles, adenovirus, and influenza LAVs. Immune interference of LAVs can be caused by the formation of virus–antibody complexes that neutralize virus infection in antigen-presenting cells, or by the cross-linking of the B-cell receptor with the inhibitory receptor, FcγRIIB. On the other hand, pre-existing antibodies can augment flaviviral LAV efficacy such as that of dengue and yellow fever virus, especially when pre-existing antibodies are present at sub-neutralizing levels. The increased vaccine immunogenicity can be facilitated by antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection, enhancing virus uptake in antigen-presenting cells, and robust induction of innate immune responses that promote vaccine immunogenicity. This review examines the literature on this topic and examines the circumstances where pre-existing antibodies can inhibit or enhance LAV efficacy. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms involved could allow us to better manage immunization in seropositive individuals and even identify possibilities that could allow us to exploit pre-existing antibodies to boost vaccine-induced responses for improved vaccine efficacy.
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25
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Shannon I, White CL, Nayak JL. Understanding Immunity in Children Vaccinated With Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:S10-S14. [PMID: 31848606 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), or FluMist, was approved for use in the United States in 2003. This vaccine, administered intranasally, offers the advantage of stimulating immunity at the site of infection in the upper respiratory tract and, by mimicking natural infection, has the potential to elicit a multifaceted immune response. However, the development of immunity following LAIV administration requires viral replication, causing vaccine effectiveness to be impacted by both the replicative fitness of the attenuated viruses being administered and the degree of the host's preexisting immunity. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of protection elicited by LAIV in children, contrast this with immune protection that develops upon vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccines, and briefly discuss both the potential advantages as well as challenges offered by this vaccination platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chantelle L White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer L Nayak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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26
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Smith A, Rodriguez L, El Ghouayel M, Nogales A, Chamberlain JM, Sortino K, Reilly E, Feng C, Topham DJ, Martínez-Sobrido L, Dewhurst S. A Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Elicits Enhanced Heterologous Protection When the Internal Genes of the Vaccine Are Matched to Those of the Challenge Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:e01065-19. [PMID: 31748399 PMCID: PMC6997774 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01065-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes significant morbidity and mortality, despite the availability of viral vaccines. The efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) has been especially poor in recent years. One potential reason is that the master donor virus (MDV), on which all LAIVs are based, contains either the internal genes of the 1960 A/Ann Arbor/6/60 or the 1957 A/Leningrad/17/57 H2N2 viruses (i.e., they diverge considerably from currently circulating strains). We previously showed that introduction of the temperature-sensitive (ts) residue signature of the AA/60 MDV into a 2009 pandemic A/California/04/09 H1N1 virus (Cal/09) results in only 10-fold in vivo attenuation in mice. We have previously shown that the ts residue signature of the Russian A/Leningrad/17/57 H2N2 LAIV (Len LAIV) more robustly attenuates the prototypical A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) H1N1 virus. In this work, we therefore introduced the ts signature from Len LAIV into Cal/09. This new Cal/09 LAIV is ts in vitro, highly attenuated (att) in mice, and protects from a lethal homologous challenge. In addition, when our Cal/09 LAIV with PR8 hemagglutinin and neuraminidase was used to vaccinate mice, it provided enhanced protection against a wild-type Cal/09 challenge relative to a PR8 LAIV with the same attenuating mutations. These findings suggest it may be possible to improve the efficacy of LAIVs by better matching the sequence of the MDV to currently circulating strains.IMPORTANCE Seasonal influenza infection remains a major cause of disease and death, underscoring the need for improved vaccines. Among current influenza vaccines, the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is unique in its ability to elicit T-cell immunity to the conserved internal proteins of the virus. Despite this, LAIV has shown limited efficacy in recent years. One possible reason is that the conserved, internal genes of all current LAIVs derive from virus strains that were isolated between 1957 and 1960 and that, as a result, do not resemble currently circulating influenza viruses. We have therefore developed and tested a new LAIV, based on a currently circulating pandemic strain of influenza. Our results show that this new LAIV elicits improved protective immunity compared to a more conventional LAIV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Dogs
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Maya El Ghouayel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Chamberlain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Sortino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Emma Reilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Changyong Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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27
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Isakova-Sivak I, Grigorieva E, Rudenko L. Insights into current clinical research on the immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:43-55. [PMID: 31903816 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have been in use for more than three decades and are now licensed in many countries. There is evidence that LAIVs can have greater efficacy than inactivated influenza vaccines, especially against mismatched influenza, however, in recent years, a number of trials have found a lack of LAIV efficacy, mainly in relation to the H1N1 virus.Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the results of clinical research published in the past 5 years on the immunogenicity of LAIVs, with special attention to the mechanisms of establishing protective immunity and some factors that may influence immunogenicity and efficacy.Expert opinion: A number of recent clinical studies confirmed that the immune responses to LAIVs are multifaceted, involving different immune mechanisms. These trials suggest that the intrinsic replicative properties of each LAIV component should be taken into account, and the precise effects of adding a fourth vaccine strain to trivalent LAIV formulations are still to be identified. In addition, new data are emerging regarding the impact of pre-vaccination conditions, such as preexisting immunity or concurrent asymptomatic viral and bacterial respiratory infections, on LAIV immunogenicity, suggesting the importance of monitoring them during clinical trials or vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Grigorieva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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28
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Krammer F, Weir JP, Engelhardt O, Katz JM, Cox RJ. Meeting report and review: Immunological assays and correlates of protection for next-generation influenza vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 14:237-243. [PMID: 31837101 PMCID: PMC7040967 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the "Immunological Assays and Correlates of Protection for Next-Generation Influenza Vaccines" meeting which took place in Siena, Italy, from March 31, 2019, to April 2, 2019. CONCLUSIONS Furthermore, we review current correlates of protection against influenza virus infection and disease and their usefulness for the development of next generation broadly protective and universal influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Othmar Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Formerly Influenza Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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29
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Nasal priming with immunobiotic lactobacilli improves the adaptive immune response against influenza virus. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106115. [PMID: 31841753 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nasal priming with Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 modulates the respiratory antiviral innate immune response and improves protection against influenza virus (IFV) challenge in mice. However, the potential beneficial effect of the CRL1505 strain on the adaptive immune response triggered by IFV infection or vaccination was not evaluated before. In this work, we demonstrated that nasally administered L. rhamnosus CRL1505 is able to improve both the humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses induced by IFV infection or vaccination. Higher levels of IFV-specific IgA and IgG as well as IFN-γ were found in the serum and the respiratory tract of CRL1505-treated mice after IFV challenge. Lactobacilli treated mice also showed reduced concentrations of IL-17 and improved levels of IL-10 during IFV infection. The differential balance of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines induced by L. rhamnosus CRL1505 contributed to the protection against IFV by favoring an effective effector immune response without inducing inflammatory-mediated lung damage. The optimal immunomodulatory effect of the CRL1505 strain was achieved with viable bacteria. However, non-viable L. rhamnosus CRL1505 was also efficient in improving the adaptive immune responses generated by IFV challenges and therefore, emerged as an interesting alternative for vaccination of immunocompromised hosts. Similar to other immunomodulatory properties of lactobacilli, it was shown here that the adjuvant effect in the context of IFV vaccination was a strain dependent ability, since differences were found when L. rhamnosus CRL1505 and the immunomodulatory strain L. rhamnosus IBL027 were compared. This investigation represents a thorough exploration of the role of immunobiotic lactobacilli in improving humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses against IFV in the context of both infection and vaccination.
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30
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Plotkin SA. Updates on immunologic correlates of vaccine-induced protection. Vaccine 2019; 38:2250-2257. [PMID: 31767462 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoPs) are increasingly important in the development and licensure of vaccines. Although the study of CoPs was initially directed at identifying a single immune function that could explain vaccine efficacy, it has become increasingly clear that there are often multiple functions responsible for efficacy. This review is meant to supplement prior articles on the subject, illustrating both simple and complex CoPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Vaxconsult, 4650 Wismer Rd., Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
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31
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Holzer B, Morgan SB, Martini V, Sharma R, Clark B, Chiu C, Salguero FJ, Tchilian E. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Seasonal Human Live Attenuated Cold-Adapted Influenza Virus Vaccine in Pigs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2625. [PMID: 31787986 PMCID: PMC6856147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection is a global health threat to livestock and humans, causing substantial mortality and morbidity. As both pigs and humans are readily infected with influenza viruses of similar subtype, the pig is a robust and appropriate model for investigating swine and human disease. We evaluated the efficacy of the human cold-adapted 2017–2018 quadrivalent seasonal LAIV in pigs against H1N1pdm09 challenge. LAIV immunized animals showed significantly reduced viral load in nasal swabs. There was limited replication of the H1N1 component of the vaccine in the nose, a limited response to H1N1 in the lung lymph nodes and a low H1N1 serum neutralizing titer. In contrast there was better replication of the H3N2 component of the LAIV, accompanied by a stronger response to H3N2 in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN). Our data demonstrates that a single administration of human quadrivalent LAIV shows limited replication in the nose and induces detectable responses to the H1N1 and H3N2 components. These data suggest that pigs may be a useful model for assessing LAIV against influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Holzer
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie B Morgan
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Clark
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hammersmith Campus Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elma Tchilian
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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32
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Jang YH, Seong BL. The Quest for a Truly Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31649895 PMCID: PMC6795694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet public health need for a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) to provide broad and durable protection from influenza virus infections. The identification of broadly protective antibodies and cross-reactive T cells directed to influenza viral targets present a promising prospect for the development of a UIV. Multiple targets for cross-protection have been identified in the stalk and head of hemagglutinin (HA) to develop a UIV. Recently, neuraminidase (NA) has received significant attention as a critical component for increasing the breadth of protection. The HA stalk-based approaches have shown promising results of broader protection in animal studies, and their feasibility in humans are being evaluated in clinical trials. Mucosal immune responses and cross-reactive T cell immunity across influenza A and B viruses intrinsic to live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) have emerged as essential features to be incorporated into a UIV. Complementing the weakness of the stand-alone approaches, prime-boost vaccination combining HA stalk, and LAIV is under clinical evaluation, with the aim to increase the efficacy and broaden the spectrum of protection. Preexisting immunity in humans established by prior exposure to influenza viruses may affect the hierarchy and magnitude of immune responses elicited by an influenza vaccine, limiting the interpretation of preclinical data based on naive animals, necessitating human challenge studies. A consensus is yet to be achieved on the spectrum of protection, efficacy, target population, and duration of protection to define a “universal” vaccine. This review discusses the recent advancements in the development of UIVs, rationales behind cross-protection and vaccine designs, and challenges faced in obtaining balanced protection potency, a wide spectrum of protection, and safety relevant to UIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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33
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Jansen JM, Gerlach T, Elbahesh H, Rimmelzwaan GF, Saletti G. Influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by infection and vaccination. J Clin Virol 2019; 119:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Islam S, Zhou F, Lartey S, Mohn KGI, Krammer F, Cox RJ, Brokstad KA. Functional immune response to influenza H1N1 in children and adults after live attenuated influenza virus vaccination. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12801. [PMID: 31269273 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen, and vaccination is the main method of prophylaxis. In 2012, the trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed in Europe for use in children. Vaccine-induced antibodies directed against the main viral surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) play important roles in limiting virus infection. The objective of this study was to dissect the influenza-specific antibody responses in children and adults, and T cell responses in children induced after LAIV immunization to the A/H1N1 virus. Blood samples were collected pre- and at 28 and 56 days post-vaccination from 20 children and 20 adults. No increase in micro-neutralization (MN) antibodies against A/H1N1 was observed after vaccination. A/H1N1 stalk-specific neutralizing and NA-inhibiting (NI) antibodies were boosted in children after LAIV. Interferon γ-producing T cells increased significantly in children, and antibody-dependent cellular-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) cell activity increased slightly in children after vaccination, although this change was not significant. The results indicate that the NI assay is more sensitive to qualitative changes in serum antibodies after LAIV. There was a considerable difference in the immune response in children and adults after vaccination, which may be related to priming and previous influenza history. Our findings warrant further studies for evaluating LAIV vaccination immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahinul Islam
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah Lartey
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin G I Mohn
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Emergency Care Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- Department of Clinical Science, Influenza Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research & Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl Albert Brokstad
- Department of Clinical Science, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Lindsey BB, Jagne YJ, Armitage EP, Singanayagam A, Sallah HJ, Drammeh S, Senghore E, Mohammed NI, Jeffries D, Höschler K, Tregoning JS, Meijer A, Clarke E, Dong T, Barclay W, Kampmann B, de Silva TI. Effect of a Russian-backbone live-attenuated influenza vaccine with an updated pandemic H1N1 strain on shedding and immunogenicity among children in The Gambia: an open-label, observational, phase 4 study. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2019; 7:665-676. [PMID: 31235405 PMCID: PMC6650545 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(19)30086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and effectiveness of the pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) component in live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is poor. The reasons for this paucity are unclear but could be due to impaired replicative fitness of pH1N1 A/California/07/2009-like (Cal09) strains. We assessed whether an updated pH1N1 strain in the Russian-backbone trivalent LAIV resulted in greater shedding and immunogenicity compared with LAIV with Cal09. METHODS We did an open-label, prospective, observational, phase 4 study in Sukuta, a periurban area in The Gambia. We enrolled children aged 24-59 months who were clinically well. Children received one dose of the WHO prequalified Russian-backbone trivalent LAIV containing either A/17/California/2009/38 (Cal09) or A/17/New York/15/5364 (NY15) based on their year of enrolment. Primary outcomes were the percentage of children with LAIV strain shedding at day 2 and day 7, haemagglutinin inhibition seroconversion, and an increase in influenza haemagglutinin-specific IgA and T-cell responses at day 21 after LAIV. This study is nested within a randomised controlled trial investigating LAIV-microbiome interactions (NCT02972957). FINDINGS Between Feb 8, 2017, and April 12, 2017, 118 children were enrolled and received one dose of the Cal09 LAIV from 2016-17. Between Jan 15, 2018, and March 28, 2018, a separate cohort of 135 children were enrolled and received one dose of the NY15 LAIV from 2017-18, of whom 126 children completed the study. Cal09 showed impaired pH1N1 nasopharyngeal shedding (16 of 118 children [14%, 95% CI 8·0-21·1] with shedding at day 2 after administration of LAIV) compared with H3N2 (54 of 118 [46%, 36·6-55·2]; p<0·0001) and influenza B (95 of 118 [81%, 72·2-87·2]; p<0·0001), along with suboptimal serum antibody (seroconversion in six of 118 [5%, 1·9-10·7]) and T-cell responses (CD4+ interferon γ-positive and/or CD4+ interleukin 2-positive responses in 45 of 111 [41%, 31·3-50·3]). After the switch to NY15, a significant increase in pH1N1 shedding was seen (80 of 126 children [63%, 95% CI 54·4-71·9]; p<0·0001 compared with Cal09), along with improvements in seroconversion (24 of 126 [19%, 13·2-26·8]; p=0·011) and influenza-specific CD4+ T-cell responses (73 of 111 [66%, 60·0-75·6; p=0·00028]). The improvement in pH1N1 seroconversion with NY15 was even greater in children who were seronegative at baseline (24 of 64 children [38%, 95% CI 26·7-49·8] vs six of 79 children with Cal09 [8%, 2·8-15·8]; p<0·0001). Persistent shedding to day 7 was independently associated with both seroconversion (odds ratio 12·69, 95% CI 4·1-43·6; p<0·0001) and CD4+ T-cell responses (odds ratio 7·83, 95% CI 2·99-23·5; p<0·0001) by multivariable logistic regression. INTERPRETATION The pH1N1 component switch that took place between 2016 and 2018 might have overcome the poor efficacy and effectiveness reported with previous LAIV formulations. LAIV effectiveness against pH1N1 should, therefore, improve in upcoming influenza seasons. Our data highlight the importance of assessing replicative fitness, in addition to antigenicity, when selecting annual LAIV components. FUNDING The Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Lindsey
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ya Jankey Jagne
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Edwin P Armitage
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Hadijatou J Sallah
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Sainabou Drammeh
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Elina Senghore
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Nuredin I Mohammed
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - David Jeffries
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Katja Höschler
- Virus Reference Department, Reference Microbiology Services, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Adam Meijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ed Clarke
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Chinese Academy of Medical Science-Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia; The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Otani N, Shima M, Ueda T, Ichiki K, Nakajima K, Takesue Y, Okuno T. Evaluation of influenza vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity: Comparison between methods using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:223-228. [PMID: 31070266 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) may be critical to evaluating the ability of individuals to protect themselves against influenza virus infection. However, it has been difficult to evaluate CMI because no simple means of measuring it is currently available. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of a CMI measurement method developed by us, which involves reacting whole blood with antigen, with the conventional method, which is based on isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Correlations between these methods before and after vaccination of 26 healthy adults (aged 28-58 years; 12 men and 14 women) were assessed and changes in CMI after influenza vaccination in PBMCs cultured with antigen for 48 and 96 hr and whole blood cultured with antigen for 48 hr were studied. Results of CMI measurement using whole blood on Day 2 and PBMCs on Day 4 were found to be correlated. Spearman's correlation coefficients with four antigens (A [H1N1], A [H3N2], B [Yamagata lineage], and B [Victoria lineage]) before vaccination were 0.55, 0.61, 0.58, and 0.70, respectively and 0.40, 0.45, 0.62, and 0.52, respectively, after vaccination. CMI was detected sooner when whole blood was reacted with antigen than when PBMCs were reacted with antigen. The rate of positive reaction of influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) in whole blood on Day 2 was higher than that in PBMCs on Day 2. Our method is simple and may be useful for vaccine development because it can measure CMI in a small amount of blood without separating off PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruhito Otani
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ichiki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakajima
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takesue
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshiomi Okuno
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent plant-derived virus like particle influenza vaccine candidate-Two randomized Phase II clinical trials in 18 to 49 and ≥50 years old adults. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216533. [PMID: 31166987 PMCID: PMC6550445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New influenza vaccines eliciting more effective protection are needed, particularly for the elderly who paid a large and disproportional toll of hospitalization and dead during seasonal influenza epidemics. Low (≤15 μg/strain) doses of a new plant-derived virus-like-particle (VLP) vaccine candidate have been shown to induce humoral and cellular responses against both homologous and heterologous strains in healthy adults 18–64 years of age. The two clinical trials reported here addressed the safety and immunogenicity of higher doses (≥15 μg/strain) of quadrivalent VLP candidate vaccine on 18–49 years old and ≥50 years old subjects. We also investigated the impact of alum on the immunogenicity induced by lower doses of the vaccine candidate. Method In the first Phase II trial reported here (NCT02233816), 18–49 year old subjects received 15, 30 or 60 μg/strain of a hemagglutinin-bearing quadrivalent virus-like particle (QVLP) vaccine or placebo. In the second trial (NCT02236052), ≥50 years old subjects received QVLP as above or placebo with additional groups receiving 7.5 or 15 μg/strain with alum. Along with safety recording, the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were analyzed. Results Local and systemic side-effects were similar to those reported previously. The QVLP vaccine induced significant homologous and heterologous antibody responses at the two higher doses, the addition of alum having little-to-no effect. Serologic outcomes tended to be lower in ≥50 years old subjects previously vaccinated. The candidate vaccine also consistently elicited both homologous and heterologous antigen-specific CD4+ T cells characterized by their production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukine-2 (IL-2) and/or tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) upon ex vivo antigenic restimulation. Conclusion Overall, the 30 μg dose produced the most consistent humoral and cellular responses in both 18–49 and ≥50 years old subjects, strongly supporting the clinical development of this candidate vaccine. That particular dose was chosen to test in the ongoing Phase III clinical trial.
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Rao S, Ghosh D, Asturias EJ, Weinberg A. What can we learn about influenza infection and vaccination from transcriptomics? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2615-2623. [PMID: 31116679 PMCID: PMC6930070 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1608744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomics studies the set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics. This growing field has revolutionized our understanding of host-pathogen interactions, revealing new insights into the host response to influenza infection and vaccination. Studies using transcriptomics have identified a unique immunosignature for influenza discernable from other bacterial and viral pathogens, key transcriptional factors that discriminate early from late, mild versus severe, and symptomatic versus asymptomatic infection. Recent studies evaluating the host response to influenza vaccines have revealed key differences in live versus inactivated influenza vaccines, identified early transcriptional signatures that predict hemagglutinin antibody production following vaccination, increased our understanding of how adjuvants enhance the immune response to influenza vaccine antigens, and demonstrate biologic variability in the response to vaccination due to host factors. These studies demonstrate the potential for influenza transcriptomics to be applied to clinical care, understanding the mechanisms of infection, and informing vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases, Hospital Medicine, Epidemiology), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edwin J Asturias
- Department of Pediatrics (Pediatric Infectious Diseases), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado and Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:E190. [PMID: 30813325 PMCID: PMC6409754 DOI: 10.3390/v11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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Koutsakos M, Kedzierska K, Subbarao K. Immune Responses to Avian Influenza Viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:382-391. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kinoshita T, Maruyama K, Suyama K, Nishijima M, Akamatsu K, Jogamoto A, Katakami K, Saito I. The effects of OLL1073R-1 yogurt intake on influenza incidence and immunological markers among women healthcare workers: a randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2019; 10:8129-8136. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial did not show the effects of OLL1073R-1 yogurt intake on influenza prevention and NK cell activity enhancement. However, a significant increase in IFN-γ production was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Kinoshita
- Department of Community Health System Nursing
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
- Toon
- Japan
- Institute of Community Life Sciences Co
| | - Koutatsu Maruyama
- Special Course of Food and Health Science
- Department of Bioscience Graduate School of Agriculture
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama
- Japan
| | - Keiko Suyama
- Department of Community Health System Nursing
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
- Toon
- Japan
| | - Mariko Nishijima
- Department of Community Health System Nursing
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
- Toon
- Japan
| | - Kimiko Akamatsu
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Nursing
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
- Toon
- Japan
| | - Akiko Jogamoto
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Nursing
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
- Toon
- Japan
| | - Kikumi Katakami
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Nursing
- Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
- Toon
- Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology
- Faculty of Medicine
- Oita University
- Yufu
- Japan
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Induction of Human T-cell and Cytokine Responses Following Vaccination with a Novel Influenza Vaccine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18007. [PMID: 30573748 PMCID: PMC6301966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell mediated immunity plays a vital role in defense against influenza infection in humans. Less is known about the role of vaccine-induced cell mediated immunity and the cytokine responses elicited. We measured CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell reactivity in human subjects following vaccination with licensed trivalent influenza vaccine and a novel virus-like particle based vaccine. We detected influenza-specific CD4+ T-cell responses following vaccination with the licensed trivalent influenza vaccine and found that these correlated with antibody measurements. Administration of the novel virus-like particle based vaccine elicited influenza-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses and the induction of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL17F, IL-5, IL-13, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-21. Pre-existing cytokine responses influenced the profile of the cytokine response elicited by vaccination. In a subset of individuals the VLP vaccine changed pre-vaccination production of type 2 cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13 to a post-vaccination type 1 cytokine signature characterized by IFN-γ. A transcriptional signature to vaccination was found to correlate with antibody titer, IFN-γ production by T-cells and expression of a putative RNA helicase, DDX17, on the surface of immune cells.
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Epstein SL. Universal Influenza Vaccines: Progress in Achieving Broad Cross-Protection In Vivo. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:2603-2614. [PMID: 30084906 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite all we have learned since 1918 about influenza virus and immunity, available influenza vaccines remain inadequate to control outbreaks of unexpected strains. Universal vaccines not requiring strain matching would be a major improvement. Their composition would be independent of predicting circulating viruses and thus potentially effective against unexpected drift or pandemic strains. This commentary explores progress with candidate universal vaccines based on various target antigens. Candidates include vaccines based on conserved viral proteins such as nucleoprotein and matrix, on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem, and various combinations. Discussion covers the differing evidence for each candidate vaccine demonstrating protection in animals against influenza viruses of widely divergent HA subtypes and groups; durability of protection; routes of administration, including mucosal, providing local immunity; and reduction of transmission. Human trials of some candidate universal vaccines have been completed or are underway. Interestingly, the HA stem, like nucleoprotein and matrix, induces immunity that permits some virus replication and emergence of escape mutants fit enough to cause disease. Vaccination with multiple target antigens will thus have advantages over use of single antigens. Ultimately, a universal vaccine providing long-term protection against all influenza virus strains might contribute to pandemic control and routine vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Wang Y, Deng L, Kang SM, Wang BZ. Universal influenza vaccines: from viruses to nanoparticles. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:967-976. [PMID: 30365905 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1541408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current seasonal influenza vaccine confers only limited protection due to waning antibodies or the antigenic shift and drift of major influenza surface antigens. A universal influenza vaccine which induces broad cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses with a comparable or better efficacy to seasonal influenza vaccines against matched strains will negate the need for an annual update of vaccine strains and protect against possible influenza pandemics. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the recent progress in nanoparticle-based universal influenza vaccine development. We compared the most potent nanoparticle categories, focusing on how they encapsulate conserved influenza epitopes, stimulate the innate and adaptive immune systems, exhibit antigen depot effect, extend the period for antigen-processing and presentation, and exert an intrinsic adjuvant effect on inducing robust immune responses. EXPERT COMMENTARY The development of an effective universal influenza vaccine is an urgent task. Traditional influenza vaccine approaches are not sufficient for preventing recurrent epidemics or occasional pandemics. Nanoparticles are compatible with different immunogens and immune stimulators and can overcome the intrinsically low immunogenicity of conserved influenza virus antigens. We foresee that an affordable universal influenza vaccine will be available within ten years by integrating nanoparticles with other targeted delivery and controlled release technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- a Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection , Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Lei Deng
- a Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection , Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- a Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection , Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- a Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection , Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Zhao M, Chen J, Tan S, Dong T, Jiang H, Zheng J, Quan C, Liao Q, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang Q, Bi Y, Liu F, Feng L, Horby PW, Klenerman P, Gao GF, Liu WJ, Yu H. Prolonged Evolution of Virus-Specific Memory T Cell Immunity after Severe Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:e01024-18. [PMID: 29925664 PMCID: PMC6096810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01024-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, influenza A H7N9 virus has emerged as the most common avian influenza virus subtype causing human infection, and it is associated with a high fatality risk. However, the characteristics of immune memory in patients who have recovered from H7N9 infection are not well understood. We assembled a cohort of 45 H7N9 survivors followed for up to 15 months after infection. Humoral and cellular immune responses were analyzed in sequential samples obtained at 1.5 to 4 months, 6 to 8 months, and 12 to 15 months postinfection. H7N9-specific antibody concentrations declined over time, and protective antibodies persisted longer in severely ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) than in patients with mild disease. Frequencies of virus-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting T cells were lower in critically ill patients requiring ventilation than in patients without ventilation within 4 months after infection. The percentages of H7N9-specific IFN-γ-secreting T cells tended to increase over time in patients ≥60 years or in critically ill patients requiring ventilation. Elevated levels of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells expressing the lung-homing marker CD49a were observed at 6 to 8 months after H7N9 infection compared to those in samples obtained at 1.5 to 4 months. Our findings indicate the prolonged reconstruction and evolution of virus-specific T cell immunity in older or critically ill patients and have implications for T cell-directed immunization strategies.IMPORTANCE Avian influenza A H7N9 virus remains a major threat to public health. However, no previous studies have determined the characteristics and dynamics of virus-specific T cell immune memory in patients who have recovered from H7N9 infection. Our findings showed that establishment of H7N9-specific T cell memory after H7N9 infection was prolonged in older and severely affected patients. Severely ill patients mounted lower T cell responses in the first 4 months after infection, while T cell responses tended to increase over time in older and severely ill patients. Higher levels of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells expressing the lung-homing marker CD49a were detected at 6 to 8 months after infection. Our results indicated a long-term impact of H7N9 infection on virus-specific memory T cells. These findings advance our understanding of the dynamics of virus-specific memory T cell immunity after H7N9 infection, which is relevant to the development of T cell-based universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Zheng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansong Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaohong Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hangjie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiling Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianli Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengfeng Liu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peter W Horby
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George F Gao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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46
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Heterosubtypic influenza protection elicited by double-layered polypeptide nanoparticles in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7758-E7767. [PMID: 30065113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805713115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a persistent threat to public health. Here we report that double-layered peptide nanoparticles induced robust specific immunity and protected mice against heterosubtypic influenza A virus challenges. We fabricated the nanoparticles by desolvating a composite peptide of tandem copies of nucleoprotein epitopes into nanoparticles as cores and cross-linking another composite peptide of four tandem copies of influenza matrix protein 2 ectodomain epitopes to the core surfaces as a coating. Delivering the nanoparticles via dissolvable microneedle patch-based skin vaccination further enhanced the induced immunity. These peptide-only, layered nanoparticles demonstrated a strong antigen depot effect and migrated into spleens and draining (inguinal) lymph nodes for an extended period compared with soluble antigens. This increased antigen-presentation time correlated with the stronger immune responses in the nanoparticle-immunized group. The protection conferred by nanoparticle immunization was transferable by passive immune serum transfusion and depended partially on a functional IgG receptor FcγRIV. Using a conditional cell depletion, we found that CD8+ T cells were involved in the protection. The immunological potency and stability of the layered peptide nanoparticles indicate applications for other peptide-based vaccines and peptide drug delivery.
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47
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Valkenburg SA, Leung NHL, Bull MB, Yan LM, Li APY, Poon LLM, Cowling BJ. The Hurdles From Bench to Bedside in the Realization and Implementation of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1479. [PMID: 30013557 PMCID: PMC6036122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses circulate worldwide causing annual epidemics that have a substantial impact on public health. This is despite vaccines being in use for over 70 years and currently being administered to around 500 million people each year. Improvements in vaccine design are needed to increase the strength, breadth, and duration of immunity against diverse strains that circulate during regular epidemics, occasional pandemics, and from animal reservoirs. Universal vaccine strategies that target more conserved regions of the virus, such as the hemagglutinin (HA)-stalk, or recruit other cellular responses, such as T cells and NK cells, have the potential to provide broader immunity. Many pre-pandemic vaccines in clinical development do not utilize new vaccine platforms but use "tried and true" recombinant HA protein or inactivated virus strategies despite substantial leaps in fundamental research on universal vaccines. Significant hurdles exist for universal vaccine development from bench to bedside, so that promising preclinical data is not yet translating to human clinical trials. Few studies have assessed immune correlates derived from asymptomatic influenza virus infections, due to the scale of a study required to identity these cases. The realization and implementation of a universal influenza vaccine requires identification and standardization of set points of protective immune correlates, and consideration of dosage schedule to maximize vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Valkenburg
- HKU Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Nancy H. L. Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Maireid B. Bull
- HKU Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Li-meng Yan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Athena P. Y. Li
- HKU Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Leo L. M. Poon
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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48
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Mohn KGI, Zhou F. Clinical Expectations for Better Influenza Virus Vaccines-Perspectives from the Young Investigators' Point of View. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E32. [PMID: 29861454 PMCID: PMC6027204 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus is one of a few viruses that is capable of rendering an otherwise healthy person acutly bedridden for several days. This impressive knock-out effect, without prodromal symptoms, challenges our immune system. The influenza virus undergoes continuous mutations, escaping our pre-existing immunity and causing epidemics, and its segmented genome is subject to reassortment, resulting in novel viruses with pandemic potential. The personal and socieoeconomic burden from influenza is high. Vaccination is the most cost-effective countermeasure, with several vaccines that are available. The current limitations in vaccine effectivness, combined with the need for yearly updating of vaccine strains, is a driving force for research into developing new and improved influenza vaccines. The lack of public concern about influenza severity, and misleading information concerning vaccine safety contribute to low vaccination coverage even in high-risk groups. The success of future influeza vaccines will depend on an increased public awarness of the disease, and hence, the need for vaccination-aided through improved rapid diagnositics. The vaccines must be safe and broadly acting, with new, measurable correlates of protection and robust post-marketing safety studies, to improve the confidence in influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G-I Mohn
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
- Emergency Care clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway.
| | - Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
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49
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Otani N, Shima M, Ueda T, Ichiki K, Nakajima K, Takesue Y, Honjo K, Yoshida N, Kawata S, Okuno T. Relationship between the frequency of influenza vaccination and cell-mediated immunity. J Immunol Methods 2018; 458:58-62. [PMID: 29684427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite established guidelines for population-level assessments of immunity after vaccination, standard methods for individual-level analyses have not been established, limiting the ability to optimize vaccination strategies within a particular season. In this study, we evaluated changes in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) with respect to the number of influenza vaccine doses. In particular, the influenza vaccine was administered to 21 adults during the 2015-2016 season. IFN-γ production induced by the influenza vaccine antigens [A (H1N1), A (H3N2), B (Yamagata lineage), and B (Victoria lineage)] increased after the first dose of vaccination in 11, 10, 10, and 11 subjects, respectively. In 5 of 10 (H1N1), 4 of 10 (H3N2), 3 of 9 (Yamagata lineage), and 3 of 8 (Victoria lineage) subjects who did not exhibit an increase in IFN-γ production after the first dose, CMI was enhanced after the second dose. The production of IFN-γ increased after the first or second dose of the vaccine in 16, 14, 13, and 14 of the 21 subjects, respectively. The results of this study showed that two doses of the influenza vaccine effectively enhance CMI in subjects with primary vaccine failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruhito Otani
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ichiki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakajima
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takesue
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Honjo
- Kanonji Institute, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji, Kagawa 768-0061, Japan
| | - Natsuko Yoshida
- Kanonji Institute, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji, Kagawa 768-0061, Japan
| | - Sayo Kawata
- Kanonji Institute, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Kanonji, Kagawa 768-0061, Japan
| | - Toshiomi Okuno
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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50
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Jang H, Elaish M, KC M, Abundo MC, Ghorbani A, Ngunjiri JM, Lee CW. Efficacy and synergy of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young chickens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195285. [PMID: 29624615 PMCID: PMC5889186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have been reported in poultry species in the United States since 2014. These outbreaks have proven the limitations of biosecurity control programs, and new tools are needed to reinforce the current avian influenza control arsenal. Some enzootic countries have implemented inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in their control programs, but there are serious concerns that a long-term use of IIV without eradication may result in the selection of novel antigenically divergent strains. A broadly protective vaccine is needed, such as live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We showed in our previous studies that pc4-LAIV (a variant that encodes a C-terminally truncated NS1 protein) can provide significant protection against heterologous challenge virus in chickens vaccinated at 2–4 weeks of age through upregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The current study was conducted to compare the performances of pc4-LAIV and IIV in young chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age. A single dose of pc4-LAIV was able to induce stronger innate and mucosal IgA responses and protect young immunologically immature chickens better than a single dose of IIV. Most importantly, when 1-day-old chickens were intranasally primed with pc4-LAIV and subcutaneously boosted with IIV three weeks later, they showed a rapid, robust, and highly cross-reactive serum antibody response and a high level of mucosal IgA antibody response. This vaccination regimen warrants further optimization to increase its range of protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Chickens/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Immunization, Secondary/veterinary
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahesh KC
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John M. Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMN); (CWL)
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