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Stylianou E, Satti I. Inhaled aerosol viral-vectored vaccines against tuberculosis. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 66:101408. [PMID: 38574628 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the sole licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), despite its variable efficacy in protecting against pulmonary TB. The development of effective TB vaccines faces significant challenges, marked by the absence of validated correlates of protection and predictive animal models. Strategic approaches to enhance TB vaccines and augment BCG efficacy include utilising prime-boost strategies with viral-vectored vaccines and exploring innovative delivery techniques, such as mucosal vaccine administration. Viral vectors offer numerous advantages, including the capacity to accommodate genes encoding extensive antigenic fragments and the induction of robust immune responses. Aerosol delivery aligns with the route of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and holds the potential to enhance protective mucosal immunity. Aerosolised viral-vectored vaccines overcome anti-vector immunity, facilitating repeated aerosol deliveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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2
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Onnainty R, Marini MR, Gravisaco MJ, García EA, Aagaard C, Canal A, Granero G, Bigi F, Blanco FC. Live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strains combined with the encapsulated H65 antigen as a vaccine strategy against bovine tuberculosis in a mouse model. Vet Microbiol 2024; 291:110007. [PMID: 38335676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is an etiological agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) that also infects other mammals, including humans. The lack of an effective vaccine for the control of bTB highlights the need for developing new vaccines. In this study, we developed and evaluated an M. bovis strain deleted in the virulence genes phoP, esxA and esxB as a vaccine candidate against bTB in BALBc mice. The evaluated strains were the new live vaccine and BCG, alone or in combination with ncH65vD. The immunogen ncH65vD is a fusion protein H65, encapsulated together with vitamin D3, within the oily body of a nanocapsule composed of an antigen-loading polymeric shell. All vaccines conferred protection against the M. bovis challenge. However, no significant differences were detected among the vaccinated groups regarding bacterial loads in lungs and spleen. Mice vaccinated with the mutant strain plus ncH65vD showed negative Ziehl Neelsen staining of mycobacteria in their lungs, which suggests better control of bacteria replication according to this protection parameter. Consistently, this vaccination scheme showed the highest proportion of CD4 + T cells expressing the protection markers PD-1 and CXCR3 among the vaccinated groups. Correlation studies showed that PD-1 and CXCR3 expression levels in lung-resident CD4 T cells negatively correlated with the number of colony forming units of M. bovis in the lungs of mice. Therefore, the results suggest a link between the presence of PD-1 + and CXCR3 + cells at the site of the immune response against mycobacteria and the level of mycobacterial loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Onnainty
- Unidad de Investigaciones y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA) -CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Rocío Marini
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional del Litoral-Esperanza-Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María José Gravisaco
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Andrea García
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clauss Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Canal
- Unidad de Investigaciones y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA) -CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gladys Granero
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional del Litoral-Esperanza-Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Bigi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Federico Carlos Blanco
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. N. Repetto and De los Reseros, Hurlingham 1686 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Arega AM, Dhal AK, Pattanaik KP, Nayak S, Mahapatra RK. An Immunoinformatics-Based Study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Region of Difference-2 Uncharacterized Protein (Rv1987) as a Potential Subunit Vaccine Candidate for Preliminary Ex Vivo Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2367-2395. [PMID: 37498378 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis and develops resistance to many of the existing drugs. The sole licensed TB vaccine, BCG, is unable to provide a comprehensive defense. So, it is crucial to maintain the immunological response to eliminate tuberculosis. Our previous in silico study reported five uncharacterized proteins as potential vaccine antigens. In this article, we considered the uncharacterized Mtb H37Rv regions of difference (RD-2) Rv1987 protein as a promising vaccine candidate. The vaccine quality of the protein was analyzed using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics-based quality-checking parameters followed by an ex vivo preliminary investigation. In silico analysis of Rv1987 protein predicted it as surface localized, secretory, single helix, antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-homologous to the host protein. Immunoinformatics analysis of Rv1987 by CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells via MHC-I and MHC-II binding affinity and presence of B-cell epitope predicted its immunogenicity. The docked complex analysis of the 3D model structure of the protein with immune cell receptor TLR-4 revealed the protein's capability for potential interaction. Furthermore, the target protein-encoded gene Rv1987 was cloned, over-expressed, purified, and analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) to report the target peptides. The qRT-PCR gene expression analysis shows that it is capable of activating macrophages and significantly increasing the production of a number of key cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10). Our in-silico analysis and ex vivo preliminary investigations revealed the immunogenic potential of the target protein. These findings suggest that the Rv1987 be undertaken as a potent subunit vaccine antigen and that further animal model immuno-modulation studies would boost the novel TB vaccine discovery and/or BCG vaccine supplement pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aregitu Mekuriaw Arega
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Ajit Kumar Dhal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sasmita Nayak
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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4
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Zeng L, Ma X, Qu M, Tang M, Li H, Lei C, Ji J, Li H. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Ag85A and truncation of PstS1 fusion protein vaccines against tuberculosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27034. [PMID: 38463854 PMCID: PMC10920368 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important public health problem, and the One Health approach is essential for controlling zoonotic tuberculosis. Therefore, a rationally designed and more effective TB vaccine is urgently needed. To enhance vaccine efficacy, it is important to design vaccine candidates that stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity against TB. In this study, we fused the secreted protein Ag85A as the T cell antigen with truncated forms of the mycobacterial cell wall protein PstS1 with B cell epitopes to generate vaccine candidates, Ag85A-tnPstS1 (AP1, AP2, and AP3), and tested their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. The three vaccine candidates induced a significant increase in the levels of T cell-related cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17, and AP1 and AP2 can induce more balanced Th1/Th2 responses than AP3. Strong humoral immune responses were also observed in which the production of IgG antibodies including its subclasses IgG1, IgG2c, and IgG3 was tremendously stimulated. AP1 and AP2 induced early antibody responses and more IgG3 isotype antibodies than AP3. Importantly, the mice immunised with the subunit vaccine candidates, particularly AP1 and AP2, had lower bacterial burdens than the control mice. Moreover, the serum from immunised mice can enhance phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages, which can help to eradicate intracellular bacteria. These results indicate that the subunit vaccines Ag85A-tnPstS1 can be promising vaccine candidates for tuberculosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiuling Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengjin Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huoming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chengrui Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahong Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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5
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Chugh S, Bahal RK, Dhiman R, Singh R. Antigen identification strategies and preclinical evaluation models for advancing tuberculosis vaccine development. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:57. [PMID: 38461350 PMCID: PMC10924964 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In its myriad devastating forms, Tuberculosis (TB) has existed for centuries, and humanity is still affected by it. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of TB, was the foremost killer among infectious agents until the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the key healthcare strategies available to reduce the risk of TB is immunization with bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Although BCG has been widely used to protect against TB, reports show that BCG confers highly variable efficacy (0-80%) against adult pulmonary TB. Unwavering efforts have been made over the past 20 years to develop and evaluate new TB vaccine candidates. The failure of conventional preclinical animal models to fully recapitulate human response to TB, as also seen for the failure of MVA85A in clinical trials, signifies the need to develop better preclinical models for TB vaccine evaluation. In the present review article, we outline various approaches used to identify protective mycobacterial antigens and recent advancements in preclinical models for assessing the efficacy of candidate TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chugh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Ritika Kar Bahal
- Marshall Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.
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Wajja A, Nassanga B, Natukunda A, Serubanja J, Tumusiime J, Akurut H, Oduru G, Nassuuna J, Kabagenyi J, Morrison H, Scott H, Doherty RP, Marshall JL, Puig IC, Cose S, Kaleebu P, Webb EL, Satti I, McShane H, Elliott AM. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 85A prime followed by MVA85A boost compared with BCG revaccination among Ugandan adolescents who received BCG at birth: a randomised, open-label trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:285-296. [PMID: 38012890 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCG confers reduced, variable protection against pulmonary tuberculosis. A more effective vaccine is needed. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of candidate regimen ChAdOx1 85A-MVA85A compared with BCG revaccination among Ugandan adolescents. METHODS After ChAdOx1 85A dose escalation and age de-escalation, we did a randomised open-label phase 2a trial among healthy adolescents aged 12-17 years, who were BCG vaccinated at birth, without evident tuberculosis exposure, in Entebbe, Uganda. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) using a block size of 6, to ChAdOx1 85A followed by MVA85A (on day 56) or BCG (Moscow strain). Laboratory staff were masked to group assignment. Primary outcomes were solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) up to day 28 and serious adverse events (SAEs) throughout the trial; and IFN-γ ELISpot response to antigen 85A (day 63 [geometric mean] and days 0-224 [area under the curve; AUC). FINDINGS Six adults (group 1, n=3; group 2, n=3) and six adolescents (group 3, n=3; group 4, n=3) were enrolled in the ChAdOx1 85A-only dose-escalation and age de-escalation studies (July to August, 2019). In the phase 2a trial, 60 adolescents were randomly assigned to ChAdOx1 85A-MVA85A (group 5, n=30) or BCG (group 6, n=30; December, 2019, to October, 2020). All 60 participants from groups 5 and 6 were included in the safety analysis, with 28 of 30 from group 5 (ChAdOx1 85A-MVA85A) and 29 of 30 from group 6 (BCG revaccination) analysed for immunogenicity outcomes. In the randomised trial, 60 AEs were reported among 23 (77%) of 30 participants following ChAdOx1 85A-MVA85A, 31 were systemic, with one severe event that occurred after the MVA85A boost that was rapidly self-limiting. All 30 participants in the BCG revaccination group reported at least one mild to moderate solicited AE; most were local reactions. There were no SAEs in either group. Ag85A-specific IFN-γ ELISpot responses peaked on day 63 in the ChAdOx1 85A-MVA85A group and were higher in the ChAdOx1 85A-MVA85A group compared with the BCG revaccination group (geometric mean ratio 30·59 [95% CI 17·46-53·59], p<0·0001, day 63; AUC mean difference 57 091 [95% CI 40 524-73 658], p<0·0001, days 0-224). INTERPRETATION The ChAdOx1 85A-MVA85A regimen was safe and induced stronger Ag85A-specific responses than BCG revaccination. Our findings support further development of booster tuberculosis vaccines. FUNDING UK Research and Innovations and Medical Research Council. TRANSLATIONS For the Swahili and Luganda translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wajja
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Beatrice Nassanga
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Joel Serubanja
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Helen Akurut
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gloria Oduru
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | | | - Hazel Morrison
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Scott
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Powell Doherty
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia L Marshall
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ingrid Cabrera Puig
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Cose
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emily L Webb
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison M Elliott
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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7
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Panda S, Morgan J, Cheng C, Saito M, Gilman RH, Ciobanu N, Crudu V, Catanzaro DG, Catanzaro A, Rodwell T, Perera JSB, Chathuranga T, Gunasena B, DeSilva AD, Peters B, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Identification of differentially recognized T cell epitopes in the spectrum of tuberculosis infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:765. [PMID: 38278794 PMCID: PMC10817963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is still incomplete knowledge of which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens can trigger distinct T cell responses at different stages of infection. Here, a proteome-wide screen of 20,610 Mtb-derived peptides in 21 patients mid-treatment for active tuberculosis (ATB) reveals IFNγ-specific T cell responses against 137 unique epitopes. Of these, 16% are recognized by two or more participants and predominantly derived from cell wall and cell processes antigens. There is differential recognition of antigens, including TB vaccine candidate antigens, between ATB participants and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA + /-) individuals. We developed an ATB-specific peptide pool (ATB116) consisting of epitopes exclusively recognized by ATB participants. This pool can distinguish patients with pulmonary ATB from IGRA + /- individuals from various geographical locations, with a sensitivity of over 60% and a specificity exceeding 80%. This proteome-wide screen of T cell reactivity identified infection stage-specific epitopes and antigens for potential use in diagnostics and measuring Mtb-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhasini Panda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Cheng
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nelly Ciobanu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Valeriu Crudu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Donald G Catanzaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Antonino Catanzaro
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Rodwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Judy S B Perera
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Teshan Chathuranga
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandu Gunasena
- National Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Welisara, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna D DeSilva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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Trivedi PD, Byrne BJ, Corti M. Evolving Horizons: Adenovirus Vectors' Timeless Influence on Cancer, Gene Therapy and Vaccines. Viruses 2023; 15:2378. [PMID: 38140619 PMCID: PMC10747483 DOI: 10.3390/v15122378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and targeted delivery of a DNA payload is vital for developing safe gene therapy. Owing to the recent success of commercial oncolytic vector and multiple COVID-19 vaccines, adenovirus vectors are back in the spotlight. Adenovirus vectors can be used in gene therapy by altering the wild-type virus and making it replication-defective; specific viral genes can be removed and replaced with a segment that holds a therapeutic gene, and this vector can be used as delivery vehicle for tissue specific gene delivery. Modified conditionally replicative-oncolytic adenoviruses target tumors exclusively and have been studied in clinical trials extensively. This comprehensive review seeks to offer a summary of adenovirus vectors, exploring their characteristics, genetic enhancements, and diverse applications in clinical and preclinical settings. A significant emphasis is placed on their crucial role in advancing cancer therapy and the latest breakthroughs in vaccine clinical trials for various diseases. Additionally, we tackle current challenges and future avenues for optimizing adenovirus vectors, promising to open new frontiers in the fields of cell and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuela Corti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (P.D.T.); (B.J.B.)
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9
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Bellini C, Vergara E, Bencs F, Fodor K, Bősze S, Krivić D, Bacsa B, Surguta SE, Tóvári J, Reljic R, Horváti K. Design and Characterization of a Multistage Peptide-Based Vaccine Platform to Target Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1738-1753. [PMID: 37606258 PMCID: PMC10587871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The complex immunopathology ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) is one of the main challenges in developing a novel vaccine against this pathogen, particularly regarding eliciting protection against both active and latent stages. Multistage vaccines, which contain antigens expressed in both phases, represent a promising strategy for addressing this issue, as testified by the tuberculosis vaccine clinical pipeline. Given this approach, we designed and characterized a multistage peptide-based vaccine platform containing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes previously validated for inducing a relevant T cell response against Mtb. After preliminary screening, CFP10 (32-39), GlfT2 (4-12), HBHA (185-194), and PPE15 (1-15) were selected as promising candidates, and we proved that the PM1 pool of these peptides triggered a T cell response in Mtb-sensitized human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Taking advantage of the use of thiol-maleimide chemoselective ligation, we synthesized a multiepitope conjugate (Ac-CGHP). Our results showed a structure-activity relationship between the conjugation and a higher tendency to fold and assume an ordered secondary structure. Moreover, the palmitoylated conjugate (Pal-CGHP) comprising the same peptide antigens was associated with an enhanced cellular uptake in human and murine antigen-presenting cells and a better immunogenicity profile. Immunization study, conducted in BALB/c mice, showed that Pal-CGHP induced a significantly higher T cell proliferation and production of IFNγ and TNFα over PM1 formulated in the Sigma Adjuvant System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- MTA-TTK
Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research
Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Emil Vergara
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K.
| | - Fruzsina Bencs
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fodor
- Department
of Laboratory Animal Science and Animal Protection, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- ELKH-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd
Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Denis Krivić
- Division
of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernadett Bacsa
- Division
of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sára Eszter Surguta
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K.
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-TTK
Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research
Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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10
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Stylianou E, Pinpathomrat N, Sampson O, Richard A, Korompis M, McShane H. A five-antigen Esx-5a fusion delivered as a prime-boost regimen protects against M.tb challenge. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1263457. [PMID: 37869008 PMCID: PMC10585038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1263457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of tuberculosis (TB) vaccines has been hindered by the complex nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and the absence of clearly defined immune markers of protection. While Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is currently the only licensed TB vaccine, its effectiveness diminishes in adulthood. In our previous research, we identified that boosting BCG with an intranasally administered chimpanzee adenovirus expressing the PPE15 antigen of M.tb (ChAdOx1.PPE15) improved its protection. To enhance the vaccine's efficacy, we combined PPE15 with the other three members of the Esx-5a secretion system and Ag85A into a multi-antigen construct (5Ag). Leveraging the mucosal administration safety of ChAdOx1, we targeted the site of M.tb infection to induce localized mucosal responses, while employing modified vaccinia virus (MVA) to boost systemic immune responses. The combination of these antigens resulted in enhanced BCG protection in both the lungs and spleens of vaccinated mice. These findings provide support for advancing ChAdOx1.5Ag and MVA.5Ag to the next stages of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Guo F, Wei J, Song Y, Li B, Qian Z, Wang X, Wang H, Xu T. Immunological effects of the PE/PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255920. [PMID: 37841250 PMCID: PMC10569470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and its incidence and mortality are increasing. The BCG vaccine was developed in the early 20th century. As the most widely administered vaccine in the world, approximately 100 million newborns are vaccinated with BCG every year, which has saved tens of millions of lives. However, due to differences in region and race, the average protective rate of BCG in preventing tuberculosis in children is still not high in some areas. Moreover, because the immune memory induced by BCG will weaken with the increase of age, it is slightly inferior in preventing adult tuberculosis, and BCG revaccination cannot reduce the incidence of tuberculosis again. Research on the mechanism of Mtb and the development of new vaccines against TB are the main strategies for preventing and treating TB. In recent years, Pro-Glu motif-containing (PE) and Pro-Pro-Glu motif-containing (PPE) family proteins have been found to have an increasingly important role in the pathogenesis and chronic protracted infection observed in TB. The development and clinical trials of vaccines based on Mtb antigens are in progress. Herein, we review the immunological effects of PE/PPE proteins and the development of common PE/PPE vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Guo
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yamin Song
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Baiqing Li
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhongqing Qian
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Clinical and Preclinical Research in Respiratory Disease, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Center of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases , Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Laboratory, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Xu JC, Hu ZD, Fan XY. Advances in protein subunit vaccines against tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238586. [PMID: 37654500 PMCID: PMC10465801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), also known as the "White Plague", is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Before the COVID-19 epidemic, TB had the highest mortality rate of any single infectious disease. Vaccination is considered one of the most effective strategies for controlling TB. Despite the limitations of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in terms of protection against TB among adults, it is currently the only licensed TB vaccine. Recently, with the evolution of bioinformatics and structural biology techniques to screen and optimize protective antigens of Mtb, the tremendous potential of protein subunit vaccines is being exploited. Multistage subunit vaccines obtained by fusing immunodominant antigens from different stages of TB infection are being used both to prevent and to treat TB. Additionally, the development of novel adjuvants is compensating for weaknesses of immunogenicity, which is conducive to the flourishing of subunit vaccines. With advances in the development of animal models, preclinical vaccine protection assessments are becoming increasingly accurate. This review summarizes progress in the research of protein subunit TB vaccines during the past decades to facilitate the further optimization of protein subunit vaccines that may eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-chuan Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-dong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kim H, Choi HG, Shin SJ. Bridging the gaps to overcome major hurdles in the development of next-generation tuberculosis vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193058. [PMID: 37638056 PMCID: PMC10451085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death from an infectious disease worldwide, the development of vaccines more effective than bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, has progressed slowly even in the context of the tremendous global impact of TB. Most vaccine candidates have been developed to strongly induce interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell responses; however, accumulating evidence has suggested that other immune factors are required for optimal protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this review, we briefly describe the five hurdles that must be overcome to develop more effective TB vaccines, including those with various purposes and tested in recent promising clinical trials. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge gaps between preclinical experiments and clinical studies regarding peripheral versus tissue-specific immune responses, different underlying conditions of individuals, and newly emerging immune correlates of protection. Moreover, we propose how recently discovered TB risk or susceptibility factors can be better utilized as novel biomarkers for the evaluation of vaccine-induced protection to suggest more practical ways to develop advanced TB vaccines. Vaccines are the most effective tools for reducing mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases, and more advanced technologies and a greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions will provide feasibility and rationale for novel vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Srivastava S, Dey S, Mukhopadhyay S. Vaccines against Tuberculosis: Where Are We Now? Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11051013. [PMID: 37243117 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the top 10 leading causes of death in low-income countries. Statistically, TB kills more than 30,000 people each week and leads to more deaths than any other infectious disease, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and malaria. TB treatment is largely dependent on BCG vaccination and impacted by the inefficacy of drugs, absence of advanced vaccines, misdiagnosis improper treatment, and social stigma. The BCG vaccine provides partial effectiveness in demographically distinct populations and the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB incidences demands the design of novel TB vaccines. Various strategies have been employed to design vaccines against TB, such as: (a) The protein subunit vaccine; (b) The viral vector vaccine; (c) The inactivation of whole-cell vaccine, using related mycobacteria, (d) Recombinant BCG (rBCG) expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) protein or some non-essential gene deleted BCG. There are, approximately, 19 vaccine candidates in different phases of clinical trials. In this article, we review the development of TB vaccines, their status and potential in the treatment of TB. Heterologous immune responses generated by advanced vaccines will contribute to long-lasting immunity and might protect us from both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB. Therefore, advanced vaccine candidates need to be identified and developed to boost the human immune system against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Srivastava
- Research and Development Office, Ashoka University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat 131029, Haryana, India
| | - Sajal Dey
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India
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Wang R, Fan X, Jiang Y, Li G, Li M, Zhao X, Luan X, Deng Y, Chen Z, Liu H, Wan K. Immunogenicity and efficacy analyses of EPC002, ECA006, and EPCP009 protein subunit combinations as tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00385-7. [PMID: 37225573 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide, and developing a new TB vaccine is a priority for TB control. Combining multiple immunodominant antigens to form a novel multicomponent vaccine with broad-spectrum antigens to induce protective immune responses is a trend in TB vaccine development. In this study, we used T-cell epitope-rich protein subunits to construct three antigenic combinations: EPC002, ECA006, and EPCP009. Fusion expression of purified protein EPC002f (CFP-10-linker-ESAT-6-linker-nPPE18), ECA006f (CFP-10-linker-ESAT-6-linker-Ag85B), and EPCP009f (CFP-10-linker-ESAT-6-linker-nPPE18-linker-nPstS1) and recombinant purified protein mixtures EPC002m (mix of CFP-10, ESAT-6, and nPPE18), ECA006m (mix of CFP-10, ESAT-6, and Ag85B), and EPCP009m (mix of CFP-10, ESAT-6, nPPE18, and nPstS1) were used as antigens, formulated with alum adjuvant, and the immunogenicity and efficacy were analyzed using immunity experiments with BALB/c mice. All protein-immunized groups elicited higher levels of humoral immunity, including IgG and IgG1. The IgG2a/IgG1 ratio of the EPCP009m-immunized group was the highest, followed by that of the EPCP009f-immunized group, which was significantly higher than the ratios of the other four groups. The multiplex microsphere-based cytokine immunoassay revealed that EPCP009f and EPCP009m induced the production of a wider range of cytokines than EPC002f, EPC002m, ECA006f, and ECA006m, which included Th1-type (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α), Th2-type (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10), Th17-type (IL-17), and other proinflammatory cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-12). The enzyme-linked immunospot assays demonstrated that the EPCP009f- and EPCP009m-immunized groups had significantly higher amounts of IFN-γ than the other four groups. The in vitro mycobacterial growth inhibition assay demonstrated that EPCP009m inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth most strongly, followed by EPCP009f, which was significantly better than that of the other four vaccine candidates. These results indicated that EPCP009m containing four immunodominant antigens exhibited better immunogenicity and Mtb growth inhibition in vitro and may be a promising candidate vaccine for the control of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guilian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Machao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Luan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yunli Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Community Health Management Service Center, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Infection Control, Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haican Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Kanglin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Khandelia P, Yadav S, Singh P. An overview of the BCG vaccine and its future scope. Indian J Tuberc 2023; 70 Suppl 1:S14-S23. [PMID: 38110255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite intense elimination efforts, tuberculosis (TB) still poses a threat to world health, disproportionately affecting less developed and poorer countries. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, the only anti-TB authorized vaccine can partially stop TB infection and transmission, however, its effectiveness ranges from 0 to 80%. As a result, there is an urgent need for a more potent TB vaccination given the widespread incidence of the disease. Enhancing BCG's effectiveness is also important due to the lack of other licensed vaccinations. Recently, fascinating research into BCG revaccination techniques by modulating its mode of action i.e., intravenous (IV) BCG delivery has yielded good clinical outcomes showing it still has a place in current vaccination regimens. We must thus go over the recent evidence that suggests trained immunity, and BCG vaccination techniques and describe how the vaccination confers protection against bacteria that cause both TB and non-tuberculosis. This review of the literature offers an updated summary and viewpoints on BCG-based TB immunization regimens (how it affects granulocytes at the epigenetic and hematopoietic stem cell levels which may be related to its efficacy), and also examines how the existing vaccine is being modified to be more effective, which may serve as an inspiration for future studies on the development of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Khandelia
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratichi Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Witt KD. Role of MHC class I pathways in Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen presentation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1107884. [PMID: 37009503 PMCID: PMC10050577 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC class I antigen processing is an underappreciated area of nonviral host–pathogen interactions, bridging both immunology and cell biology, where the pathogen’s natural life cycle involves little presence in the cytoplasm. The effective response to MHC-I foreign antigen presentation is not only cell death but also phenotypic changes in other cells and stimulation of the memory cells ready for the next antigen reoccurrence. This review looks at the MHC-I antigen processing pathway and potential alternative sources of the antigens, focusing on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as an intracellular pathogen that co-evolved with humans and developed an array of decoy strategies to survive in a hostile environment by manipulating host immunity to its own advantage. As that happens via the selective antigen presentation process, reinforcement of the effective antigen recognition on MHC-I molecules may stimulate subsets of effector cells that act earlier and more locally. Vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) could potentially eliminate this disease, yet their development has been slow, and success is limited in the context of this global disease’s spread. This review’s conclusions set out potential directions for MHC-I-focused approaches for the next generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina D. Witt
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Karolina D. Witt,
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A Multistage Antigen Complex Epera013 Promotes Efficient and Comprehensive Immune Responses in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030609. [PMID: 36992193 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious global health problem. Despite the widespread use of the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, the primary factor for the TB pandemic and deaths is adult TB, which mainly result from endogenous reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Improved new TB vaccines with eligible safety and long-lasting protective efficacy remains a crucial step toward the prevention and control of TB. In this study, five immunodominant antigens, including three early secreted antigens and two latency associated antigens, were used to construct a single recombinant fusion protein (Epera013f) and a protein mixture (Epera013m). When formulated with aluminum adjuvant, the two subunit vaccines Epera013m and Epera013f were administered to BALB/c mice. The humoral immune responses, cellular responses and MTB growth inhibiting capacity elicited after Epera013m and Epera013f immunization were analyzed. In the present study, we demonstrated that both the Epera013f and Epera013m were capable of inducing a considerable immune response and protective efficacy against H37Rv infection compared with BCG groups. In addition, Epera013f generated a more comprehensive and balanced immune status, including Th1, Th2 and innate immune response, over Epera013f and BCG. The multistage antigen complex Epera013f possesses considerable immunogenicity and protective efficacy against MTB infection ex vivo indicating its potential and promising applications in further TB vaccine development.
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D'Souza C, Kishore U, Tsolaki AG. The PE-PPE Family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Proteins in Disguise. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152321. [PMID: 36805109 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has thrived in parallel with humans for millennia, and despite our efforts, M. tuberculosis continues to plague us, currently infecting a third of the world's population. The success of M. tuberculosis has recently been attributed, in part, to the PE-PPE family; a unique collection of 168 proteins fundamentally involved in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. The PE-PPE family proteins have been at the forefront of intense research efforts since their discovery in 1998 and whilst our knowledge and understanding has significantly advanced over the last two decades, many important questions remain to be elucidated. This review consolidates and examines the vast body of existing literature regarding the PE-PPE family proteins, with respect to the latest developments in elucidating their evolution, structure, subcellular localisation, function, and immunogenicity. This review also highlights significant inconsistencies and contradictions within the field. Additionally, possible explanations for these knowledge gaps are explored. Lastly, this review poses many important questions, which need to be addressed to complete our understanding of the PE-PPE family, as well as highlighting the challenges associated with studying this enigmatic family of proteins. Further research into the PE-PPE family, together with technological advancements in genomics and proteomics, will undoubtedly improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, as well as identify key targets/candidates for the development of novel drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D'Souza
- Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anthony G Tsolaki
- Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Matarazzo L, Bettencourt PJG. mRNA vaccines: a new opportunity for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172691. [PMID: 37168860 PMCID: PMC10166207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the first licensed mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 has created a widespread interest on mRNA technology for vaccinology. As expected, the number of mRNA vaccines in preclinical and clinical development increased exponentially since 2020, including numerous improvements in mRNA formulation design, delivery methods and manufacturing processes. However, the technology faces challenges such as the cost of raw materials, the lack of standardization, and delivery optimization. MRNA technology may provide a solution to some of the emerging infectious diseases as well as the deadliest hard-to-treat infectious diseases malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), for which an effective vaccine, easily deployable to endemic areas is urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the functional structure, design, manufacturing processes and delivery methods of mRNA vaccines. We provide an up-to-date overview of the preclinical and clinical development of mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases, and discuss the immunogenicity, efficacy and correlates of protection of mRNA vaccines, with particular focus on research and development of mRNA vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matarazzo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Bettencourt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Paulo J. G. Bettencourt,
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Proteome Profile Changes Induced by Heterologous Overexpression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Derived Antigens PstS-1 (Rv0934) and Ag85B (Rv1886c) in Mycobacterium microti. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121836. [PMID: 36551264 PMCID: PMC9775975 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new tuberculosis vaccines remains a global priority, and recombinant vaccines are a frequently investigated option. These vaccines follow a molecular strategy that may enhance protective efficacy. However, their functional differences, particularly with respect to glycosylation, remain unknown. Recent studies have shown that glycosylation plays a key role in the host-pathogen interactions during immune recognition. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the glycosylation profiles of two recombinant strains of Mycobacterium microti, overexpressing Ag85B (Rv1886c) and PstS-1 (Rv0934) antigens of M. tuberculosis. For each strain, the glycosylation profile was determined by Western blotting with lectins. The results showed the presence of mannosylated proteins and evidence of linked sialic acid proteins. Interestingly, different proteome and glycoproteome profiles were observed between the two recombinant strains and the wild-type strain. We have shown here that the construction of the recombinant strains of M. microti has altered the proteome and glycosylation profiles of these strains, leading us to ask what impact these changes might have on the immune response.
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22
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Qu W, Guo Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ding C, Pan Y. Advance in strategies to build efficient vaccines against tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:955204. [PMID: 36504851 PMCID: PMC9731747 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.955204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic consumptive infectious disease, which can cause great damage to human and animal health all over the world. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, the unstable protective effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on adults, and the mixed infection with HIV all warn people to exploit new approaches for conquering tuberculosis. At present, there has been significant progress in developing tuberculosis vaccines, such as improved BCG vaccine, subunit vaccine, DNA vaccine, live attenuated vaccine and inactivated vaccine. Among these candidate vaccines, there are some promising vaccines to improve or replace BCG vaccine effect. Meanwhile, the application of adjuvants, prime-boost strategy, immunoinformatic tools and targeting components have been studied concentratedly, and verified as valid means of raising the efficiency of tuberculosis vaccines as well. In this paper, the latest advance in tuberculosis vaccines in recent years is reviewed to provide reliable information for future tuberculosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinhui Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongchao Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyue Ding
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Yuanhu Pan
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Abstract
Lassa Fever (LF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa. LF begins with flu-like symptoms that are difficult to distinguish from other common endemic diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever making it hard to diagnose clinically. Availability of a rapid diagnostic test and other serological and molecular assays facilitates accurate diagnosis of LF. Lassa virus therapeutics are currently in different stages of preclinical development. Arevirumab, a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies, demonstrates a great safety and efficacy profile in non-human primates. Major efforts have been made in the development of a Lassa virus vaccine. Two vaccine candidates, MeV-NP and pLASV-GPC are undergoing evaluation in phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia I Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
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Tariq M, Tabassum B, Bakhsh A, Farooq AM, Qamar Z, Akram F, Naz F, Rao AQ, Malik K, Nasir IA. Heterologous expression of cry1Ia12 insecticidal gene in cotton encodes resistance against pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae); an alternate insecticidal gene for insect pest management. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10557-10564. [PMID: 36169899 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton is continuously exposed to sucking and chewing insect pest pressure since emergence to harvesting. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) has become major chewing insect pest to reduce the cotton yield and results in bad lint quality even in transgenic crops. The efficiency of insecticidal genes has been compromised due to extensive utilization of transgenic crops. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an alternate cry1Ia12 insecticidal gene against pink bollworm (PBW) in cotton. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring pCAMBIA2300 expression vector containing cry1Ia12 gene under the control of 35S CaMV was used to transform a local cotton cultivar GS-01. The various molecular analyses revealed the transgene integration and expression in primary transformants. Among five selected transgenic plants, tcL-08 showed maximum (16.06-fold) mRNA expression of cry1Ia12 gene whereas tcL-03 showed minimum (2.33-fold) expression. Feeding bioassays of 2nd and 3rd instar pink bollworm (PBW) larvae on immature cotton bolls, flowers and cotton squares revealed up to 33.33% mortality on tcL-08 while lowest mortality (13.33%) was observed in tcL-03 and tcL-15. Furthermore, the average weight and size of survived larvae fed on transgenic plants was significantly lesser than the average weight of larvae survived on non-transgenic plants. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests the cry1Ia12 gene as an alternate insecticidal gene for the resistance management of cotton bollworms, especially PBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariq
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Bushra Tabassum
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Munim Farooq
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Qamar
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Akram
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Paliwal D, Thom M, Hussein A, Ravishankar D, Wilkes A, Charleston B, Jones IM. Towards Reverse Vaccinology for Bovine TB: High Throughput Expression of Full Length Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:889667. [PMID: 36032666 PMCID: PMC9402895 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.889667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a significant global pathogen causing economic loss in livestock and zoonotic TB in man. Several vaccine approaches are in development including reverse vaccinology which uses an unbiased approach to select open reading frames (ORF) of potential vaccine candidates, produce them as recombinant proteins and assesses their immunogenicity by direct immunization. To provide feasibility data for this approach we have cloned and expressed 123 ORFs from the M. bovis genome, using a mixture of E. coli and insect cell expression. We used a concatenated open reading frames design to reduce the number of clones required and single chain fusion proteins for protein pairs known to interact, such as the members of the PPE-PE family. Over 60% of clones showed soluble expression in one or the other host and most allowed rapid purification of the tagged bTB protein from the host cell background. The catalogue of recombinant proteins represents a resource that may be suitable for test immunisations in the development of an effective bTB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Paliwal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Areej Hussein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Wilkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ian M. Jones,
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE51 Inhibits Autophagy by Suppressing Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Signaling. mBio 2022; 13:e0297421. [PMID: 35467412 PMCID: PMC9239179 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02974-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an ubiquitous homeostatic pathway in mammalian cells and plays a significant role in host immunity. Substantial evidence indicates that the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to successfully evade immune responses is partially due to inhibition of autophagic pathways. Our previous screening of Mtb transposon mutants identified the PPE51 protein as an important autophagy-inhibiting effector. We found that expression of PPE51, either by infecting bacteria or by direct expression in host cells, suppressed responses to potent autophagy-inducing stimuli and interfered with bacterial phagocytosis. This phenotype was associated with reduced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), a key component of signaling pathways that stimulate autophagy. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrated that the effects of PPE51 are attributable to signal blocking by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a receptor with known involvement of activation of ERK1/2 and autophagy. Consistent with these results, mice with intact TLR2 signaling showed striking virulence attenuation for an Mtb ppe51 deletion mutant (Δ51) compared to wild-type Mtb, whereas infection of TLR2-deficient mice showed no such attenuation. Mice infected with Δ51 also displayed increased T cell responses to Mtb antigens and increased autophagy in infected lung tissues. Together, these results suggest that TLR2 activates relevant host immune functions during mycobacterial infection, which Mtb then evades through suppression of TLR2 signaling by PPE51. In addition to its previously identified function transporting substrates across the bacterial cell wall, our results demonstrate a direct role of PPE51 for evasion of both innate and adaptive immunity to Mtb.
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Hu Z, Lu SH, Lowrie DB, Fan XY. Research Advances for Virus-vectored Tuberculosis Vaccines and Latest Findings on Tuberculosis Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895020. [PMID: 35812383 PMCID: PMC9259874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by respiratory infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major global health threat. The only licensed TB vaccine, the one-hundred-year-old Bacille Calmette-Guérin has variable efficacy and often provides poor protection against adult pulmonary TB, the transmissible form of the disease. Thus, the lack of an optimal TB vaccine is one of the key barriers to TB control. Recently, the development of highly efficacious COVID-19 vaccines within one year accelerated the vaccine development process in human use, with the notable example of mRNA vaccines and adenovirus-vectored vaccines, and increased the public acceptance of the concept of the controlled human challenge model. In the TB vaccine field, recent progress also facilitated the deployment of an effective TB vaccine. In this review, we provide an update on the current virus-vectored TB vaccine pipeline and summarize the latest findings that might facilitate TB vaccine development. In detail, on the one hand, we provide a systematic literature review of the virus-vectored TB vaccines are in clinical trials, and other promising candidate vaccines at an earlier stage of development are being evaluated in preclinical animal models. These research sharply increase the likelihood of finding a more effective TB vaccine in the near future. On the other hand, we provide an update on the latest tools and concept that facilitating TB vaccine research development. We propose that a pre-requisite for successful development may be a better understanding of both the lung-resident memory T cell-mediated mucosal immunity and the trained immunity of phagocytic cells. Such knowledge could reveal novel targets and result in the innovative vaccine designs that may be needed for a quantum leap forward in vaccine efficacy. We also summarized the research on controlled human infection and ultra-low-dose aerosol infection murine models, which may provide more realistic assessments of vaccine utility at earlier stages. In addition, we believe that the success in the ongoing efforts to identify correlates of protection would be a game-changer for streamlining the triage of multiple next-generation TB vaccine candidates. Thus, with more advanced knowledge of TB vaccine research, we remain hopeful that a more effective TB vaccine will eventually be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education (MOE)/Ministry of Health (MOH), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhidong Hu, ; Xiao-Yong Fan,
| | - Shui-Hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education (MOE)/Ministry of Health (MOH), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases of China, Shenzhen Third People Hospital, South Science & Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases of China, Shenzhen Third People Hospital, South Science & Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education (MOE)/Ministry of Health (MOH), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhidong Hu, ; Xiao-Yong Fan,
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28
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Pinpathomrat N, Intapiboon P, Seepathomnarong P, Ongarj J, Sophonmanee R, Hengprakop J, Surasombatpattana S, Uppanisakorn S, Mahasirimongkol S, Sawaengdee W, Phumiamorn S, Sapsutthipas S, Kongkamol C, Ingviya T, Sangsupawanich P, Chusri S. Immunogenicity and safety of an intradermal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 boost in a healthy population. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:52. [PMID: 35562372 PMCID: PMC9106663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. Two doses of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) have been shown to be insufficient to protect against variants of concern (VOCs), while viral vector vaccines remain protective against the infection. Herein, we conducted a preliminary study to evaluate the safety and immunity in an adult population who received the conventional 2 dosage-regimen of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; with an additional intradermal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reciprocal dosage (1:5). An Intramuscular ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 booster was also included as a control. Immediate and delayed local reactions were frequently observed in the fractional intradermal boost, but systemic side effects were significantly decreased compared to the conventional intramuscular boost. The anti-RBD-IgG levels, the neutralising function against delta variants, and T cell responses were significantly increased after boosting via both routes. Interestingly, the shorter interval elicited higher immunogenicity compared to the extended interval. Taken together, a reciprocal dosage of intradermal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 booster reduces systemic adverse reactions and enhances non inferiority humoral and cellular immune responses compared to a full dose of intramuscular boosting. These findings provide for an effective vaccine management during the shortages of vaccine supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawamin Pinpathomrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Porntip Intapiboon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Purilap Seepathomnarong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jomkwan Ongarj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ratchanon Sophonmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jariya Hengprakop
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Supattra Uppanisakorn
- Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Waritta Sawaengdee
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Phumiamorn
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sompong Sapsutthipas
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Chanon Kongkamol
- Division of Digital Innovation and Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thammasin Ingviya
- Division of Digital Innovation and Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Pasuree Sangsupawanich
- Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Sarunyou Chusri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
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A century of attempts to develop an effective tuberculosis vaccine: Why they failed? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108791. [PMID: 35487086 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem despite widespread use of the Bacillus BCG vaccine. This situation is worsened by co-infection with HIV, and the development of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Thus, novel vaccine candidates and improved vaccination strategies are urgently needed in order to reduce the incidence of TB and even to eradicate TB by 2050. Over the last few decades, 23 novel TB vaccines have entered into clinical trials, more than 13 new vaccines have reached various stages of preclinical development, and more than 50 potential candidates are in the discovery stage as next-generation vaccines. Nevertheless, why has a century of attempts to introduce an effective TB vaccine failed? Who should be blamed -scientists, human response, or Mtb strategies? Literature review reveals that the elimination of latent or active Mtb infections in a given population seems to be an epigenetic process. With a better understanding of the connections between bacterial infections and gene expression conditions in epigenetic events, opportunities arise in designing protective vaccines or therapeutic agents, particularly as epigenetic processes can be reversed. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of different approaches towards novel vaccination strategies and the mechanisms underlying these approaches.
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30
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Pham TH, Rao S, Cheng TC, Wang PC, Chen SC. The moonlighting protein fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase as a potential vaccine candidate against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104187. [PMID: 34186149 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective, safe, and environmentally friendly method to prevent the outbreak of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp), a dangerous pathogen in aquaculture worldwide. Here, recombinant proteins of catalase, superoxide dismutase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba), and a mixture of all four proteins were investigated for their immunoprotective effects against photobacteriosis in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). After immunization, experimental fish showed an increase in specific antibody levels and lysozyme activities, especially the Fba group. After a lethal challenge with Phdp strain AOD105021, the Fba group achieved the highest relative percentage of survival rate (70.21%) and a significantly lower bacterial load in the spleens than other groups 3 days after infection. The results suggest that Fba is a good candidate for subunit vaccine development against photobacteriosis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Hieu Pham
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Shreesha Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Chih Cheng
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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31
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Cho T, Khatchadourian C, Nguyen H, Dara Y, Jung S, Venketaraman V. A review of the BCG vaccine and other approaches toward tuberculosis eradication. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2454-2470. [PMID: 33769193 PMCID: PMC8475575 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1885280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive eradication efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health burden, one that disproportionally affects poorer, less developed nations. The only vaccine approved for TB, the Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) vaccine remains controversial because it's stated efficacy has been cited as anywhere from 0 to 80%. Nevertheless, there have been exciting discoveries about the mechanism of action of the BCG vaccine that suggests it has a role in immunization schedules today. We review recent data suggesting the vaccine imparts protection against both tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis pathogens via a newly discovered immune system called trained immunity. BCG's efficacy also appears to be tied to its affect on granulocytes at the epigenetic and hematopoietic stem cell levels, which we discuss in this article at length. We also write about how the different strains of the BCG vaccine elicit different immune responses, suggesting that certain BCG strains are more immunogenic than others. Finally, our review delves into how the current vaccine is being reformulated to be more efficacious, and track the development of the next generation vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cho
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yash Dara
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Shuna Jung
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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32
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DIC-Like Syndrome Following Administration of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061046. [PMID: 34205940 PMCID: PMC8226681 DOI: 10.3390/v13061046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent weeks, adverse reactions have been reported after administration of Oxford–AstraZeneca chimpanzee adenovirus vectored vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222), in particular thrombus formation, which has led several European Countries to discontinue administration of this vaccine. On March 8, 2021, the European Medicines Agency Safety Committee did not confirm this probable association. We report the case of a patient who developed disseminated intravascular coagulation after the first dose of Oxford-Astra Zeneca vaccine, which resolved in a few days with the administration of dexamethasone and enoxaparin. This work demonstrates the safety of the Oxford-Astra Zeneca vaccine and that any development of side effects can be easily managed with a prompt diagnosis and in a short time with a few commonly used drugs.
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Mayer RL, Impens F. Immunopeptidomics for next-generation bacterial vaccine development. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:1034-1045. [PMID: 34030969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing global threat and alternative treatments substituting failing antibiotics are urgently needed. Vaccines are recognized as highly effective tools to mitigate antimicrobial resistance; however, the selection of bacterial antigens as vaccine candidates remains challenging. In recent years, advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have led to the development of so-called immunopeptidomics approaches that allow the untargeted discovery of bacterial epitopes that are presented on the surface of infected cells. Especially for intracellular bacterial pathogens, immunopeptidomics holds great promise to uncover antigens that can be encoded in viral vector- or nucleic acid-based vaccines. This review provides an overview of immunopeptidomics studies on intracellular bacterial pathogens and considers future directions and challenges in advancing towards next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert L Mayer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
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34
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Morrison H, McShane H. Local Pulmonary Immunological Biomarkers in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640916. [PMID: 33746984 PMCID: PMC7973084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the eventual site of disease, the point of entry for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is via the respiratory tract and tuberculosis (TB) remains primarily a disease of the lungs. Immunological biomarkers detected from the respiratory compartment may be of particular interest in understanding the complex immune response to M.tb infection and may more accurately reflect disease activity than those seen in peripheral samples. Studies in humans and a variety of animal models have shown that biomarkers detected in response to mycobacterial challenge are highly localized, with signals seen in respiratory samples that are absent from the peripheral blood. Increased understanding of the role of pulmonary specific biomarkers may prove particularly valuable in the field of TB vaccines. Here, development of vaccine candidates is hampered by the lack of defined correlates of protection (COPs). Assessing vaccine immunogenicity in humans has primarily focussed on detecting these potential markers of protection in peripheral blood. However, further understanding of the importance of local pulmonary immune responses suggests alternative approaches may be necessary. For example, non-circulating tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) play a key role in host mycobacterial defenses and detecting their associated biomarkers can only be achieved by interrogating respiratory samples such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or tissue biopsies. Here, we review what is known about pulmonary specific immunological biomarkers and discuss potential applications and further research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Morrison
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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35
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Fischer RJ, Purushotham JN, van Doremalen N, Sebastian S, Meade-White K, Cordova K, Letko M, Jeremiah Matson M, Feldmann F, Haddock E, LaCasse R, Saturday G, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Munster VJ. ChAdOx1-vectored Lassa fever vaccine elicits a robust cellular and humoral immune response and protects guinea pigs against lethal Lassa virus challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:32. [PMID: 33654106 PMCID: PMC7925663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) infects hundreds of thousands of individuals each year, highlighting the need for the accelerated development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions. To date, no vaccine has been licensed for LASV. ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC is a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding the Josiah strain LASV glycoprotein precursor (GPC) gene. In the following study, we show that ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC is immunogenic, inducing robust T-cell and antibody responses in mice. Furthermore, a single dose of ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC fully protects Hartley guinea pigs against morbidity and mortality following lethal challenge with a guinea pig-adapted LASV (strain Josiah). By contrast, control vaccinated animals reached euthanasia criteria 10-12 days after infection. Limited amounts of LASV RNA were detected in the tissues of vaccinated animals. Viable LASV was detected in only one animal receiving a single dose of the vaccine. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC in guinea pigs significantly increased antigen-specific antibody titers and cleared viable LASV from the tissues. These data support further development of ChAdOx1-Lassa-GPC and testing in non-human primate models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Fischer
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Jyothi N. Purushotham
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Sarah Sebastian
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,Present Address: Vaccitech Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Kathleen Cordova
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Michael Letko
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA ,grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - M. Jeremiah Matson
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA ,grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Rachel LaCasse
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Teresa Lambe
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT USA
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Systematic Evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteins for Antigenic Properties Identifies Rv1485 and Rv1705c as Potential Protective Subunit Vaccine Candidates. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00585-20. [PMID: 33318140 PMCID: PMC8097267 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00585-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of efficacious vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is a limiting factor in the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death from an infectious agent. Improvement or replacement of the BCG vaccine with one that reliably protects all age groups is urgent. The lack of efficacious vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is a limiting factor in the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death from an infectious agent. Improvement or replacement of the BCG vaccine with one that reliably protects all age groups is urgent. Concerns exist that antigens currently being evaluated are too homogeneous. To identify new protective antigens, we screened 1,781 proteins from a high-throughput proteome-wide protein purification study for antigenic activity. Forty-nine antigens (34 previously unreported) induced antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from 4,452 TB and suspected TB patients and 167 healthy donors. Three (Rv1485, Rv1705c, and Rv1802) of the 20 antigens evaluated in a BALB/c mouse challenge model showed protective efficacy, reducing lung CFU counts by 66.2%, 75.8%, and 60%, respectively. Evaluation of IgG2a/IgG1 ratios and cytokine release indicated that Rv1485 and Rv1705c induce a protective Th1 immune response. Epitope analysis of PE/PPE protein Rv1705c, the strongest candidate, identified a dominant epitope in its extreme N-terminal domain accounting for 90% of its immune response. Systematic preclinical assessment of antigens Rv1485 and Rv1705c is warranted.
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Pinpathomrat N, Bull N, Pasricha J, Harrington-Kandt R, McShane H, Stylianou E. Using an effective TB vaccination regimen to identify immune responses associated with protection in the murine model. Vaccine 2021; 39:1452-1462. [PMID: 33549390 PMCID: PMC7903242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Boosting BCG with ChAdOx1.85A and MVA85A (B-C-M) improves its protective efficacy. B-C-M induces pulmonary and systemic Ag85A-specific cytokine and antibody responses. B-C-M enhances resident memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lung parenchyma. Protection associated with lung parenchymal Ag85A-specific CD4+ CXCR3+ KLRG1- T cells.
A vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), a disease resulting from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is urgently needed to prevent more than a million deaths per year. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine against TB but its efficacy varies throughout the world. Subunit vaccine candidates, based on recombinant viral vectors expressing mycobacterial antigens, are one of the strategies being developed to boost BCG-primed host immune responses and efficacy. A promising vaccination regimen composed of intradermal (i.d.) BCG prime, followed by intranasally (i.n.) administered chimpanzee adenoviral vector (ChAdOx1) and i.n. or i.d. modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA), both expressing Ag85A, has been previously reported to significantly improve BCG efficacy in mice. Effector and memory immune responses induced by BCG-ChAdOx1.85A-MVA85A (B-C-M), were evaluated to identify immune correlates of protection in mice. This protective regime induced strong Ag85A-specific cytokine responses in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, both in the systemic and pulmonary compartments. Lung parenchymal CXCR3+ KLRG1- Ag85A-specific memory CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in B-C-M compared to BCG immunised mice at 4, 8 and 20 weeks post vaccination, but the number of these cells decreased at the latter time point. This cell population was associated with the protective efficacy of this regime and may have an important protective role against M.tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawamin Pinpathomrat
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Bull
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Pasricha
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Harrington-Kandt
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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38
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Martínez-Pérez A, Igea A, Estévez O, Ferreira CM, Torrado E, Castro AG, Fernández C, Spetz AL, Adam L, López González M, Singh M, Reljic R, González-Fernández Á. Changes in the Immune Phenotype and Gene Expression Profile Driven by a Novel Tuberculosis Nanovaccine: Short and Long-Term Post-immunization. Front Immunol 2021; 11:589863. [PMID: 33584654 PMCID: PMC7876410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering protection mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a critical challenge for the development of new vaccines and therapies. We analyze the phenotypic and transcriptomic profile in lung of a novel tuberculosis (TB) nanoparticle-based boosting mucosal vaccine Nano-FP1, which combined to BCG priming conferred enhanced protection in mice challenged with low-dose Mtb. We analyzed the vaccine profile and efficacy at short (2 weeks), medium (7 weeks) and long term (11 weeks) post-vaccination, and compared it to ineffective Nano-FP2 vaccine. We observed several changes in the mouse lung environment by both nanovaccines, which are lost shortly after boosting. Additional boosting at long-term (14 weeks) recovered partially cell populations and transcriptomic profile, but not enough to enhance protection to infection. An increase in both total and resident memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, but no pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, were correlated with better protection. A unique gene expression pattern with differentially expressed genes revealed potential pathways associated to the immune defense against Mtb. Our findings provide an insight into the critical immune responses that need to be considered when assessing the effectiveness of a novel TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Martínez-Pérez
- Immunology Group, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Igea
- Immunology Group, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Olivia Estévez
- Immunology Group, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | - Catarina M Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carmen Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucille Adam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moisés López González
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Rajko Reljic
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology Group, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
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39
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Bellini C, Horváti K. Recent Advances in the Development of Protein- and Peptide-Based Subunit Vaccines against Tuberculosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122673. [PMID: 33333744 PMCID: PMC7765234 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) herald of the “End TB Strategy” has defined goals and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care, and control to end the global tuberculosis endemic. The emergence of drug resistance and the relative dreadful consequences in treatment outcome has led to increased awareness on immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the proven limited efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against Mtb, has highlighted the need for alternative vaccines. In this review, we seek to give an overview of Mtb infection and failure of BCG to control it. Afterward, we focus on the protein- and peptide-based subunit vaccine subtype, examining the advantages and drawbacks of using this design approach. Finally, we explore the features of subunit vaccine candidates currently in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation, including the antigen repertoire, the exploited adjuvanted delivery systems, as well as the spawned immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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40
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Safar HA, Mustafa AS, McHugh TD. COVID-19 vaccine development: What lessons can we learn from TB? Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:56. [PMID: 33256750 PMCID: PMC7702199 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At the time of writing, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 49 million people causing more than 1.2 million deaths worldwide since its emergence from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has drawn the global attention in order to stop the spread of the virus, with more than 10 vaccines being tested in phase III clinical trials, as of November 2020. However, critical to vaccine development is consideration of the immunological response elicited as well as biological features of the vaccine and both need to be evaluated thoroughly. Tuberculosis is also a major infectious respiratory disease of worldwide prevalence and the vaccine development for tuberculosis has been ongoing for decades. In this review, we highlight some of the common features, challenges and complications in tuberculosis vaccine development, which may also be relevant for, and inform, COVID-19 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain A Safar
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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41
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Arora SK, Naqvi N, Alam A, Ahmad J, Alsati BS, Sheikh JA, Kumar P, Mitra DK, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Mycobacterium smegmatis Bacteria Expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Rv1954A Induce Macrophage Activation and Modulate the Immune Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:564565. [PMID: 33163415 PMCID: PMC7583720 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.564565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the intracellular pathogen causing tuberculosis, has developed mechanisms that endow infectivity and allow it to modulate host immune response for its survival. Genomic and proteomic analyses of non-pathogenic and pathogenic mycobacteria showed presence of genes and proteins that are specific to M. tb. In silico studies predicted that M.tb Rv1954A is a hypothetical secretory protein that exhibits intrinsically disordered regions and possess B cell/T cell epitopes. Treatment of macrophages with Rv1954A led to TLR4-mediated activation with concomitant increase in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-12 and TNF-α. In vitro studies showed that rRv1954A protein or Rv1954A knock-in M. smegmatis (Ms_Rv1954A) activates macrophages by enhancing the expression of CD80 and CD86. An upregulation in the expression of CD40 and MHC I/II was noted in the presence of Rv1954A, pointing to its role in enhancing the association of APCs with T cells and in the modulation of antigen presentation, respectively. Ms_Rv1954A showed increased infectivity, induction of ROS and RNS, and apoptosis in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Rv1954A imparted protection against oxidative and nitrosative stress, thereby enhancing the survival of Ms_Rv1954A inside macrophages. Mice immunized with Ms_Rv1954A showed that splenomegaly and primed splenocytes restimulated with Rv1954A elicited a Th1 response. Infection of Ms_Rv1954A in mice through intratracheal instillation leads to enhanced infiltration of lymphocytes in the lungs without formation of granuloma. While Rv1954A is immunogenic, it did not cause adverse pathology. Purified Rv1954A or Rv1954A knock-in M. smegmatis (Ms_Rv1954A) elicited a nearly two-fold higher titer of IgG response in mice, and PTB patients possess a higher IgG titer against Rv1954A, also pointing to its utility as a diagnostic marker for TB. The observed modulation of innate and adaptive immunity renders Rv1954A a vital protein in the pathophysiology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Arora
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilofer Naqvi
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Basma Saud Alsati
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Prabin Kumar
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nasreen Zafar Ehtesham
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Preclinical Progress of Subunit and Live Attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis Vaccines: A Review following the First in Human Efficacy Trial. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090848. [PMID: 32899930 PMCID: PMC7559421 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the global leading cause of death from an infectious agent with approximately 10 million new cases of TB and 1.45 million deaths in 2018. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the only approved vaccine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb, causative agent of TB), however clinical studies have shown BCG has variable effectiveness ranging from 0–80% in adults. With 1.7 billion people latently infected, it is becoming clear that vaccine regimens aimed at both post-exposure and pre-exposure to M. tb will be crucial to end the TB epidemic. The two main strategies to improve or replace BCG are subunit and live attenuated vaccines. However, following the failure of the MVA85A phase IIb trial in 2013, more varied and innovative approaches are being developed. These include recombinant BCG strains, genetically attenuated M. tb and naturally attenuated mycobacteria strains, novel methods of immunogenic antigen discovery including for hypervirulent M. tb strains, improved antigen recognition and delivery strategies, and broader selection of viral vectors. This article reviews preclinical vaccine work in the last 5 years with focus on those tested against M. tb challenge in relevant animal models.
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43
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Saralahti AK, Uusi-Mäkelä MIE, Niskanen MT, Rämet M. Integrating fish models in tuberculosis vaccine development. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/8/dmm045716. [PMID: 32859577 PMCID: PMC7473647 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a chronic infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that results in over 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. Currently, there is only one vaccine against tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Despite widespread vaccination programmes, over 10 million new M. tuberculosis infections are diagnosed yearly, with almost half a million cases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Novel vaccination strategies concentrate mainly on replacing BCG or boosting its efficacy and depend on animal models that accurately recapitulate the human disease. However, efforts to produce new vaccines against an M. tuberculosis infection have encountered several challenges, including the complexity of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and limited knowledge of the protective immune responses. The preclinical evaluation of novel tuberculosis vaccine candidates is also hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model that could accurately predict the protective effect of vaccines in humans. Here, we review the role of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis and discuss how these models complement the more traditional mammalian models of tuberculosis. Summary: In this Review, we discuss how zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models can complement the more traditional mammalian models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni K Saralahti
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Meri I E Uusi-Mäkelä
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mirja T Niskanen
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland .,Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90029, Finland
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44
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Arora SK, Alam A, Naqvi N, Ahmad J, Sheikh JA, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Rv1507A Elicits Th1 Response and Modulates Host Macrophage Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1199. [PMID: 32793184 PMCID: PMC7385400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) persists as latent infection in nearly a quarter of the global population and remains the leading cause of death among infectious diseases. While BCG is the only vaccine for TB, its inability to provide complete protection makes it imperative to engineer BCG such that it expresses immunodominant antigens that can enhance its protective potential. In-silico comparative genomic analysis of Mycobacterium species identified M. tb Rv1507A as a “signature protein” found exclusively in M. tb. In-vitro (cell lines) and in-vivo experiments carried out in mice, using purified recombinant Rv1507A revealed it to be a pro-inflammatory molecule, eliciting significantly high levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12. There was increased expression of activation markers CD69, CD80, CD86, antigen presentation molecules (MHC I/MHCII), and associated Th1 type of immune response. Rv1507A knocked-in M. smegmatis also induced significantly higher pro-inflammatory Th1 response and higher survivability under stress conditions, both in-vitro (macrophage RAW264.7 cells) and in-vivo (mice). Sera derived from human TB patients showed significantly enhanced B-cell response against M. tb Rv1507A. The ability of M. tb Rv1507A to induce immuno-modulatory effect, B cell response, and significant memory response, renders it a putative vaccine candidate that demands further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Arora
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilofer Naqvi
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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A Combinational Approach of Enhanced Methanol Production and Double Bt Genes for Broad Spectrum Insect Resistance in Transgenic Cotton. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 61:663-673. [PMID: 31228008 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of insect resistance against Bt toxins has led to the idea of enhancing demethylation from cell wall pectin by pectin methylesterase enzyme for overproduction of methanol which is toxic to insects pests. The AtPME and AnPME fragments ligated into pCAMBIA1301 vector were confirmed through restriction digestion with EcoR1 and BamH1. Excision of 3363 bp fragment from 11,850 bp vector confirmed the ligation of both fragments into pCAMBIA1301 vector. Transformation of pectin methylesterase-producing genes, i.e., AtPME and AnPME from Arabidopsis thaliana and Aspergillus niger cloned in plant expression vector pCAMBIA1301 under 35S promoter into cotton variety CEMB-33 harboring two Bt genes Cry1Ac and Cry2A, respectively, was done by using shoot apex-cut Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. The plantlets were screened on MS medium supplemented with hygromycin on initial basis. Amplification of 412 and 543 bp, respectively, through gene-specific primer has been obtained which confirmed the successful introduction of pCAMBIA AtPME and AnPME genes into cotton variety CEMB 33. Relative expression of AtPME and AnPME genes through real-time PCR determined the expression level of both gene ranges between 3- and 3.5-fold in different transgenic cotton lines along with quantity of methanol ranging from 0.8 to 0.9% of maximum while 0.5% to 0.6% of minimum but no expression was obtained in negative non-transgenic control cotton plant with least quantity of methanol, i.e., 0.1%. Almost 100% mortality was observed in insect bioassay for Helicoverpa armigera on detached leaves bioassay and 63% for Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) on growing transgenic cotton bolls as compared to positive control transgenic cotton with double Bt genes where mortality was found to be 82% for H. armigera and 50% for P. gossypiella while 0% in negative control non-transgenic plants.
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46
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Bettencourt P, Müller J, Nicastri A, Cantillon D, Madhavan M, Charles PD, Fotso CB, Wittenberg R, Bull N, Pinpathomrat N, Waddell SJ, Stylianou E, Hill AVS, Ternette N, McShane H. Identification of antigens presented by MHC for vaccines against tuberculosis. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:2. [PMID: 31908851 PMCID: PMC6941960 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is responsible for more deaths globally than any other pathogen. The only available vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has variable efficacy throughout the world. A more effective vaccine is urgently needed. The immune response against tuberculosis relies, at least in part, on CD4+ T cells. Protective vaccines require the induction of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells via mycobacterial peptides presented by MHC class-II in infected macrophages. In order to identify mycobacterial antigens bound to MHC, we have immunoprecipitated MHC class-I and class-II complexes from THP-1 macrophages infected with BCG, purified MHC class-I and MHC class-II peptides and analysed them by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We have successfully identified 94 mycobacterial peptides presented by MHC-II and 43 presented by MHC-I, from 76 and 41 antigens, respectively. These antigens were found to be highly expressed in infected macrophages. Gene ontology analysis suggests most of these antigens are associated with membranes and involved in lipid biosynthesis and transport. The sequences of selected peptides were confirmed by spectral match validation and immunogenicity evaluated by IFN-gamma ELISpot against peripheral blood mononuclear cell from volunteers vaccinated with BCG, M.tb latently infected subjects or patients with tuberculosis disease. Three antigens were expressed in viral vectors, and evaluated as vaccine candidates alone or in combination in a murine aerosol M.tb challenge model. When delivered in combination, the three candidate vaccines conferred significant protection in the lungs and spleen compared with BCG alone, demonstrating proof-of-concept for this unbiased approach to identifying new candidate antigens. Protective vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), such as bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), trigger strong CD4 T-cell responses specific to mycobacterium peptides, but their efficacy is variable. Paulo Bettencourt and colleagues now identify a set of mycobacterium peptides presented by BCG-infected macrophages via major compatibility complexes (MHC), and show that three of these antigens can be combined to formulate a vaccine that confers improved protection to Mtb infection in mice. After identifying 94 MHC-II-associated and 43 MHC-I-associated mycobacterium peptides, the researchers performed immunogenicity assays with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BCG-vaccinated donors, latent Mtb-infected patients and patients with tuberculosis, and show that a set of these peptides was recognised by the immune cells, validating their potential as possible components for new Mtb vaccine formulations. These findings further support the value of immunopeptidomics for the identification of new antigens for effective vaccine alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julius Müller
- 1Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- 2Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Daire Cantillon
- 3Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX UK
| | - Meera Madhavan
- 1Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Philip D Charles
- 2Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Carine B Fotso
- 1Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | | | - Naomi Bull
- 1Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | | | - Simon J Waddell
- 3Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX UK
| | | | | | - Nicola Ternette
- 1Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK.,2Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Helen McShane
- 1Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
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47
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Animal Models of Tuberculosis Vaccine Research: An Important Component in the Fight against Tuberculosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4263079. [PMID: 32025519 PMCID: PMC6984742 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4263079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the top ten infectious diseases worldwide, and is the leading cause of morbidity from a single infectious agent. M. tuberculosis can cause infection in several species of animals in addition to humans as the natural hosts. Although animal models of TB disease cannot completely simulate the occurrence and development of human TB, they play an important role in studying the pathogenesis, immune responses, and pathological changes as well as for vaccine research. This review summarizes the commonly employed animal models, including mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, goat, cattle, and nonhuman primates, and their characteristics as used in TB vaccine research, and provides a basis for selecting appropriate animal models according to specific research needs. Furthermore, some of the newest animal models used for TB vaccine research (such as humanized animal models, zebrafish, Drosophila, and amoeba) are introduced, and their characteristics and research progress are discussed.
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48
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Stylianou E, Paul MJ, Reljic R, McShane H. Mucosal delivery of tuberculosis vaccines: a review of current approaches and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1271-1284. [PMID: 31876199 PMCID: PMC6961305 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1692657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat and it is now clear that the current vaccine, BCG, is unable to arrest the global TB epidemic. A new vaccine is needed to either replace or boost BCG so that a better level of protection could be achieved. The route of entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism, is via inhalation making TB primarily a respiratory disease. There is therefore good reason to hypothesize that a mucosally delivered vaccine against TB could be more effective than one delivered via the systemic route. Areas covered: This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the area of TB mucosal vaccines in the last few years. It highlights some of the strengths and shortcomings of the published evidence and aims to discuss immunological and practical considerations in the development of mucosal vaccines. Expert opinion: There is a growing body of evidence that the mucosal approach to vaccination against TB is feasible and should be pursued. However, further key studies are necessary to both improve our understanding of the protective immune mechanisms operating in the mucosa and the technical aspects of aerosolized delivery, before such a vaccine could become a feasible, deployable strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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49
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Kroesen VM, Madacki J, Frigui W, Sayes F, Brosch R. Mycobacterial virulence: impact on immunogenicity and vaccine research. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 32047597 PMCID: PMC6979476 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20572.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The borderline between virulence and efficacy in live attenuated vaccine strains is often blurred and this is also the case for the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the only currently licensed anti-tuberculosis vaccine used on a large, global scale, which was obtained almost 100 years ago. While BCG is more than 99% identical at the genome level to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative pathogen of human tuberculosis, some important differences in virulence factors cause naturally irreversible attenuation and safety of this vaccine in the immunocompetent host. Some of these virulence factors are involved in persistence capacities of the vaccine strains and also represent strong immunogens, responsible for inducing different host signaling pathways, which have to be taken into consideration for the development of revised and new vaccine strains. Here we discuss a number of selected mycobacterial features in relation to their biological functions and potential impact on virulence and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera M Kroesen
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Faculty VI, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jan Madacki
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Wafa Frigui
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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50
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Campos RK, Preciado-Llanes L, Azar SR, Lopez-Camacho C, Reyes-Sandoval A, Rossi SL. A Single and Un-Adjuvanted Dose of a Chimpanzee Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine against Chikungunya Virus Fully Protects Mice from Lethal Disease. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040231. [PMID: 31718104 PMCID: PMC6963200 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has become a major global health problem. Upon infection, chikungunya fever (CHIKF) can result in long-term joint pain and arthritis, and despite intense research, no licensed vaccine for CHIKV is available. We have developed two recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccines (ChAdOx1) that induce swift and robust anti-CHIKV immune responses with a single dose, without the need for adjuvants or booster vaccines. Here, we report the vaccines’ protective efficacies against CHIKV infection in a lethal A129 mouse model. Our results indicate that a single, un-adjuvanted ChAdOx1 Chik or ChAdOx1 Chik ΔCap dose provided complete protection against a lethal virus challenge and prevented CHIKV-associated severe inflammation. These candidate vaccines supported survival equal to the attenuated 181/25 CHIKV reference vaccine but without the vaccine-related side effects, such as weight loss. Vaccination with either ChAdOx1 Chik or ChAdOx1 Chik ΔCap resulted in high titers of neutralizing antibodies that are associated with protection, indicating that the presence of the capsid within the vaccine construct may not be essential to afford protection under the conditions tested. We conclude that both replication-deficient ChAdOx1 Chik vaccines are safe even when used in A129 mice and afford complete protection from a lethal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kroon Campos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (R.K.C.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (L.P.-L.); (C.L.-C.)
| | - Sasha R. Azar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (R.K.C.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Cesar Lopez-Camacho
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (L.P.-L.); (C.L.-C.)
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (L.P.-L.); (C.L.-C.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.-S.); (S.L.R.); Tel.: +44(186)-528-7811 (A.R.-S.); +1(409)-772-9033 (S.L.R.)
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: (A.R.-S.); (S.L.R.); Tel.: +44(186)-528-7811 (A.R.-S.); +1(409)-772-9033 (S.L.R.)
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