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Waszczuk W, Czajkowska J, Dutkiewicz A, Klasa B, Carolak E, Aleksandrowicz A, Grzymajlo K. It takes two to attach - endo-1,3-β-d-glucanase as a potential receptor of mannose-independent, FimH-dependent Salmonella Typhimurium binding to spinach leaves. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104519. [PMID: 38637081 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Currently, fresh, unprocessed food has become a relevant element of the chain of transmission of enteropathogenic infections. To survive on a plant surface and further spread the infections, pathogens like Salmonella have to attach stably to the leaf surface. Adhesion, driven by various virulence factors, including the most abundant fim operon encoding type 1 fimbriae, is usually an initial step of infection, preventing physical removal of the pathogen. Adhesion properties of Salmonella's type 1 fimbriae and its FimH adhesin were investigated intensively in the past. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding its role in interaction with plant cells. Understanding the mechanisms and structures involved in such interaction may facilitate efforts to decrease the risk of contamination and increase fresh food safety. Here, we applied Salmonella genome site-directed mutagenesis, adhesion assays, protein-protein interactions, and biophysics methods based on surface plasmon resonance to unravel the role of FimH adhesin in interaction with spinach leaves. We show that FimH is at least partially responsible for Salmonella binding to spinach leaves, and this interaction occurs in a mannose-independent manner. Importantly, we identified a potential FimH receptor as endo-1,3-β-d-Glucanase and found that this interaction is strong and specific, with a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range. This research advances our comprehension of Salmonella's interactions with plant surfaces, offering insights that can aid in minimizing contamination risks and improving the safety of fresh, unprocessed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Waszczuk
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Joanna Czajkowska
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Beata Klasa
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Ewa Carolak
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Aleksandrowicz
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Grzymajlo
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
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2
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Shen Y, Zhou Y, Gong J, Li G, Liu Y, Xu X, Chen M. Genomic investigation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Welikade from a pediatric diarrhea case first time in Shanghai, China. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:604. [PMID: 38886668 PMCID: PMC11181664 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella, an important foodborne pathogen, was estimated to be responsible for 95.1 million cases and 50,771 deaths worldwide. Sixteen serovars were responsible for approximately 80% of Salmonella infections in humans in China, and infections caused by a few uncommon serovars have been reported in recent years, though not with S. Welikade. This study reports the first clinical case caused by S. Welikade in China and places Chinese S. Welikade isolates in the context of global isolates via genomic analysis. For comparison, S. Welikade isolates were also screened in the Chinese Local Surveillance System for Salmonella (CLSSS). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 28 antimicrobial agents were determined using the broth microdilution method. The isolates were sequenced on an Illumina platform to identify antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes, and phylogenetic relationships. RESULTS The S. Welikade isolate (Sal097) was isolated from a two-year-old boy with acute gastroenteritis in 2021. Along with the other two isolates found in CLSSS, the three Chinese isolates were susceptible to all the examined antimicrobial agents, and their sequence types (STs) were ST5123 (n = 2) and ST3774 (n = 1). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that global S. Welikade strains can be divided into four groups, and these three Chinese isolates were assigned to B (n = 2; Sal097 and XXB1016) and C (n = 1; XXB700). In Group B, the two Chinese ST5123 isolates were closely clustered with three UK ST5123 isolates. In Group C, the Chinese isolate was closely related to the other 12 ST3774 isolates. The number of virulence genes in the S. Welikade isolates ranged from 59 to 152. The galF gene was only present in Group A, the pipB2 gene was only absent from Group A, the avrA gene was only absent from Group B, and the allB, sseK1, sspH2, STM0287, and tlde1 were found only within Group C and D isolates. There were 15 loci unique to the Sal097 isolate. CONCLUSION This study is the first to characterize and investigate clinical S. Welikade isolates in China. Responsible for a pediatric case of gastroenteritis in 2021, the clinical isolate harbored no antimicrobial resistance and belonged to phylogenetic Group B of global S. Welikade genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfang Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Meilong Community Health Center of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibin Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Gong
- Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Research and Translational Laboratory of Acute Injury and Secondary Infection, and, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Tan Y, Zhao K, Yang S, Chen S, Li C, Han X, Li J, Hu K, Liu S, Ma M, Yu X, Zou L. Insights into antibiotic and heavy metal resistance interactions in Escherichia coli isolated from livestock manure and fertilized soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119935. [PMID: 38154221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from livestock feces are ecological and public health problems. However, the distribution and relationships of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs), and virulence factors (VFs) and their transmission mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the resistance of Escherichia coli, the prevalence of its ARGs, HMRGs, and VFs, and their transmission mechanisms in livestock fresh feces (FF), composted feces (CF), and fertilized soil (FS). In total, 99.54% (n = 221) and 91.44% (n = 203) of E. coli were resistant to at least one antibiotic and one heavy metal, respectively. Additionally, 72.52% (n = 161) were multi-drug resistant (MDR), of which Cu-resistant E. coli accounted for 72.67% (117/161). More than 99.34% (88/89) of E. coli carried multidrug ARGs, VFs, and the Cu resistance genes cueO and cusABCRFS. The Cu resistance genes cueO and cusABCRFS were mainly located on chromosomes, and cueO and cusF were positively associated with HMRGs, ARGs, and VFs. The Cu resistance genes pcoABCDRS were located on the plasmid pLKYL-P02 flanked by ARGs in PF18C from FF group and on chromosomes flanked by HMRGs in SAXZ1-1 from FS group. These results improved our understanding of bacterial multidrug and heavy metal resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Tan
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Shengzhi Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China.
| | - Shujuan Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China.
| | - Chun Li
- Sichuan Province Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xinfeng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Jianlong Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China.
| | - Kaidi Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China.
| | - Shuliang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China.
| | - Menggen Ma
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Likou Zou
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Mora JFB, Meclat VYB, Calayag AMB, Campino S, Hafalla JCR, Hibberd ML, Phelan JE, Clark TG, Rivera WL. Genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica from Metropolitan Manila abattoirs and markets reveals insights into circulating virulence and antimicrobial resistance genotypes. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1304283. [PMID: 38312499 PMCID: PMC10835624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1304283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of next-generation sequencing into the identification and characterization of resistant and virulent strains as well as the routine surveillance of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica have not yet been accomplished in the Philippines. This study investigated the antimicrobial profiles, virulence, and susceptibility of the 105 S. enterica isolates from swine and chicken samples obtained from slaughterhouses and public wet markets in Metropolitan Manila using whole-genome sequence analysis. Four predominant serovars were identified in genotypic serotyping, namely, Infantis (26.7%), Anatum (19.1%), Rissen (18.1%), and London (13.3%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling revealed that 65% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 37% were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 57% were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that isolates had resistance genes and plasmids belonging to the Col and Inc plasmid families that confer resistance against tetracycline (64%), sulfonamide (56%), and streptomycin (56%). Further analyses revealed the presence of 155 virulence genes, 42 of which were serovar-specific. The virulence genes primarily code for host immune system modulators, iron acquisition enzyme complexes, host cell invasion proteins, as well as proteins that allow intracellular and intramacrophage survival. This study showed that virulent MDR S. enterica and several phenotypic and genotypic AMR patterns were present in the food chain. It serves as a foundation to understand the current AMR status in the Philippines food chain and to prompt the creation of preventative measures and efficient treatments against foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Feliza B Mora
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Vanessa Yvonne B Meclat
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Alyzza Marie B Calayag
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julius C R Hafalla
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jody E Phelan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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5
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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6
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Zhang Z, Tanaka I, Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Ernst PB, Kiyono H, Kurashima Y. Glycoprotein 2 as a gut gate keeper for mucosal equilibrium between inflammation and immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 45:493-507. [PMID: 38170255 PMCID: PMC11136868 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-023-00999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Glycoprotein 2 (GP2) is a widely distributed protein in the digestive tract, contributing to mucosal barrier maintenance, immune homeostasis, and antigen-specific immune response, while also being linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. This review sheds light on the extensive distribution of GP2 within the gastrointestinal tract and its intricate interplay with the immune system. Furthermore, the significance of GP2 autoantibodies in diagnosing and categorizing IBD is underscored, alongside the promising therapeutic avenues for modulating GP2 to regulate immunity and maintain mucosal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Chiba University Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute (cSIMVa), Chiba, Japan
| | - Izumi Tanaka
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Chiba University Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute (cSIMVa), Chiba, Japan
| | - Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- Chiba University Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute (cSIMVa), Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD cMAV), San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Chiba University Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute (cSIMVa), Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD cMAV), San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- HanaVax Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
- Chiba University Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development Synergy Institute (cSIMVa), Chiba, Japan.
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD cMAV), San Diego, CA, USA.
- Division of Clinical Vaccinology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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7
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Ahmad I, Nadeem A, Mushtaq F, Zlatkov N, Shahzad M, Zavialov AV, Wai SN, Uhlin BE. Csu pili dependent biofilm formation and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:101. [PMID: 38097635 PMCID: PMC10721868 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the most common extensive drug-resistant nosocomial bacterial pathogens. Not only can the bacteria survive in hospital settings for long periods, but they are also able to resist adverse conditions. However, underlying regulatory mechanisms that allow A. baumannii to cope with these conditions and mediate its virulence are poorly understood. Here, we show that bi-stable expression of the Csu pili, along with the production of poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, regulates the formation of Mountain-like biofilm-patches on glass surfaces to protect bacteria from the bactericidal effect of colistin. Csu pilus assembly is found to be an essential component of mature biofilms formed on glass surfaces and of pellicles. By using several microscopic techniques, we show that clinical isolates of A. baumannii carrying abundant Csu pili mediate adherence to epithelial cells. In addition, Csu pili suppressed surface-associated motility but enhanced colonization of bacteria into the lungs, spleen, and liver in a mouse model of systemic infection. The screening of c-di-GMP metabolizing protein mutants of A. baumannii 17978 for the capability to adhere to epithelial cells led us to identify GGDEF/EAL protein AIS_2337, here denoted PdeB, as a major regulator of Csu pili-mediated virulence and biofilm formation. Moreover, PdeB was found to be involved in the type IV pili-regulated robustness of surface-associated motility. Our findings suggest that the Csu pilus is not only a functional component of mature A. baumannii biofilms but also a major virulence factor promoting the initiation of disease progression by mediating bacterial adherence to epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Aftab Nadeem
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fizza Mushtaq
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nikola Zlatkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anton V Zavialov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Giese C, Puorger C, Ignatov O, Bečárová Z, Weber ME, Schärer MA, Capitani G, Glockshuber R. Stochastic chain termination in bacterial pilus assembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7718. [PMID: 38001074 PMCID: PMC10673952 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesive type 1 pili from uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are filamentous, supramolecular protein complexes consisting of a short tip fibrillum and a long, helical rod formed by up to several thousand copies of the major pilus subunit FimA. Here, we reconstituted the entire type 1 pilus rod assembly reaction in vitro, using all constituent protein subunits in the presence of the assembly platform FimD, and identified the so-far uncharacterized subunit FimI as an irreversible assembly terminator. We provide a complete, quantitative model of pilus rod assembly kinetics based on the measured rate constants of FimD-catalyzed subunit incorporation. The model reliably predicts the length distribution of assembled pilus rods as a function of the ratio between FimI and the main pilus subunit FimA and is fully consistent with the length distribution of membrane-anchored pili assembled in vivo. The results show that the natural length distribution of adhesive pili formed via the chaperone-usher pathway results from a stochastic chain termination reaction. In addition, we demonstrate that FimI contributes to anchoring the pilus to the outer membrane and report the crystal structures of (i) FimI in complex with the assembly chaperone FimC, (ii) the FimI-FimC complex bound to the N-terminal domain of FimD, and (iii) a ternary complex between FimI, FimA and FimC that provides structural insights on pilus assembly termination and pilus anchoring by FimI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Giese
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Chasper Puorger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Oleksandr Ignatov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- V.I. Grishchenko Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Blahovishchenska st.25, 61052, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Zuzana Bečárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco E Weber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin A Schärer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Guido Capitani
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Rudi Glockshuber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Edison LK, Kudva IT, Kariyawasam S. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Bovine Rectoanal Junction Cells and Human Colonic Epithelial Cells during Initial Adherence. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2562. [PMID: 37894220 PMCID: PMC10609592 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are notorious foodborne pathogens, capable of causing severe diarrhea and life-threatening complications in humans. Cattle, acting as both primary reservoirs and asymptomatic carriers of STEC, predominantly harbor the pathogen in their rectoanal junction (RAJ), facilitating its transmission to humans through contaminated food sources. Despite the central role of cattle in STEC transmission, the molecular mechanisms governing STEC's adaptation in the RAJ of the asymptomatic reservoir host and its subsequent infection of human colonic epithelial cells, resulting in diarrhea, remain largely unexplored. This study aims to uncover these complicated dynamics by focusing on the STEC O157:H7 serotype within two distinct host environments, bovine RAJ cells and human colonic epithelial cells, during initial colonization. We employed comparative transcriptomics analysis to investigate differential gene expression profiles of STEC O157:H7 during interactions with these cell types. STEC O157:H7 was cultured either with bovine RAJ cells or the human colonic epithelial cell line CCD CoN 841 to simulate STEC-epithelial cell interactions within these two host species. High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed 829 and 1939 bacterial genes expressed in RAJ and CCD CoN 841, respectively. After gene filtering, 221 E. coli O157:H7 genes were upregulated during initial adherence to CCD CoN cells and 436 with RAJ cells. Furthermore, 22 genes were uniquely expressed with human cells and 155 genes with bovine cells. Our findings revealed distinct expression patterns of STEC O157:H7 genes involved in virulence, including adherence, metal iron homeostasis, and stress response during its initial adherence (i.e., six hours post-infection) to bovine RAJ cells, as opposed to human colonic epithelial cells. Additionally, the comparative analysis highlighted the potential role of some genes in host adaptation and tissue-specific pathogenicity. These findings shed new light on the potential mechanisms of STEC O157:H7 contributing to colonize the intestinal epithelium during the first six hours of infection, leading to survival and persistence in the bovine reservoir and causing disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi K. Edison
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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10
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Desdouits M, Reynaud Y, Philippe C, Guyader FSL. A Comprehensive Review for the Surveillance of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms in Shellfish. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2218. [PMID: 37764063 PMCID: PMC10537662 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish have been consumed for centuries. Being filter feeders, they may bioaccumulate some microorganisms present in coastal water, either naturally or through the discharge of human or animal sewage. Despite regulations set up to avoid microbiological contamination in shellfish, human outbreaks still occur. After providing an overview showing their implication in disease, this review aims to highlight the diversity of the bacteria or enteric viruses detected in shellfish species, including emerging pathogens. After a critical discussion of the available methods and their limitations, we address the interest of technological developments using genomics to anticipate the emergence of pathogens. In the coming years, further research needs to be performed and methods need to be developed in order to design the future of surveillance and to help risk assessment studies, with the ultimate objective of protecting consumers and enhancing the microbial safety of bivalve molluscan shellfish as a healthy food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Françoise S. Le Guyader
- Ifremer, Unité Microbiologie Aliment Santé et Environnement, RBE/LSEM, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (Y.R.); (C.P.)
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11
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Zhai YJ, Liu PY, Luo XW, Liang J, Sun YW, Cui XD, He DD, Pan YS, Wu H, Hu GZ. Analysis of Regulatory Mechanism of AcrB and CpxR on Colistin Susceptibility Based on Transcriptome and Metabolome of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0053023. [PMID: 37358428 PMCID: PMC10434024 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00530-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing and inappropriate use of colistin, the emerging colistin-resistant isolates have been frequently reported during the last few decades. Therefore, new potential targets and adjuvants to reverse colistin resistance are urgently needed. Our previous study has confirmed a marked increase of colistin susceptibility (16-fold compared to the wild-type Salmonella strain) of cpxR overexpression strain JSΔacrBΔcpxR::kan/pcpxR (simplified as JSΔΔ/pR). To searching for potential new drug targets, the transcriptome and metabolome analysis were carried out in this study. We found that the more susceptible strain JSΔΔ/pR displayed striking perturbations at both the transcriptomics and metabolomics levels. The virulence-related genes and colistin resistance-related genes (CRRGs) were significantly downregulated in JSΔΔ/pR. There were significant accumulation of citrate, α-ketoglutaric acid, and agmatine sulfate in JSΔΔ/pR, and exogenous supplement of them could synergistically enhance the bactericidal effect of colistin, indicating that these metabolites may serve as potential adjuvants for colistin therapy. Additionally, we also demonstrated that AcrB and CpxR could target the ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, but not proton motive force (PMF) production pathway to potentiate antibacterial activity of colistin. Collectively, these findings have revealed several previously unknown mechanisms contributing to increased colistin susceptibility and identified potential targets and adjuvants for potentiating colistin treatment of Salmonella infections. IMPORTANCE Emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative (G-) bacteria have led to the reconsideration of colistin as the last-resort therapeutic option for health care-associated infections. Finding new drug targets and strategies against the spread of MDR G- bacteria are global challenges for the life sciences community and public health. In this paper, we demonstrated the more susceptibility strain JSΔΔ/pR displayed striking perturbations at both the transcriptomics and metabolomics levels and revealed several previously unknown regulatory mechanisms of AcrB and CpxR on the colistin susceptibility. Importantly, we found that exogenous supplement of citrate, α-ketoglutaric acid, and agmatine sulfate could synergistically enhance the bactericidal effect of colistin, indicating that these metabolites may serve as potential adjuvants for colistin therapy. These results provide a theoretical basis for finding potential new drug targets and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pei-Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing-Wei Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Zhengzhou Animal Husbandry Bureau, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Wei Sun
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Die Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gong-Zheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Kharga K, Dhar I, Kashyap S, Sengupta S, Kumar D, Kumar L. Zingerone inhibits biofilm formation and enhances antibiotic efficacy against Salmonella biofilm. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:268. [PMID: 37528258 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a significant cause of typhoid fever and a major public health problem. The ability of S. Typhi to form biofilms on living and non-living surfaces results in antibiotic resistance and poses a major challenge in health care. In this study, we assessed the ability of zingerone alone and in combination with antibiotics against the motility phenotypes and biofilm-forming ability of S. Typhi. Results showed that zingerone effectively reduced the swimming, swarming, and twitching phenotypes and exhibited biofilm inhibition potential. Moreover, zingerone enhanced the antibiofilm activity of ciprofloxacin and kanamycin. Microscopic analysis revealed a thinner biofilm in the presence of zingerone, which may have enhanced the antibiofilm efficacy of the antibiotics. The microscopic analysis showed that the presence of zingerone resulted in a reduction in the thickness of the biofilm, potentially increasing the antibiofilm efficacy of the antibiotics. In silico molecular docking and simulation studies further indicated that zingerone may bind to the fimbriae subunits (FimA, FimC, FimH, and FimY) of S. Typhi and form stable interactions. These findings provide important insights into the potential of zingerone to target biofilm-associated Salmonella infections. Further research is considered a promising option for designing innovative approaches to prevent infections associated with biofilms. Schematic representation of the role of zingerone in biofilm, motility inhibition and molecular interactions with biofilm associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kharga
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Irra Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Shashank Kashyap
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Sounok Sengupta
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Raj Khosla Centre for Cancer Research, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Raj Khosla Centre for Cancer Research, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
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13
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Mikolajczyk-Martinez A, Ugorski M. Unraveling the role of type 1 fimbriae in Salmonella pathogenesis: insights from a comparative analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102833. [PMID: 37356296 PMCID: PMC10404763 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S. Enteritidis. It was hypothesized that such various properties may be in part the result of differences in structure and functions of type 1 fimbriae (T1Fs). In S. Enteritidis, T1Fs bind to oligomannosidic structures carried by host cell glycoproteins and are called mannose-sensitive T1Fs (MST1F). In S. Gallinarum, T1Fs lost ability to bind such carbohydrate chains, and were named mannose-resistant MRT1Fs (MRT1F). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of MST1Fs and MRT1Fs in the adhesion, invasion, intracellular survival and cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum toward chicken intestinal CHIC8-E11cells and macrophage-like HD11 cells. Using mutant strains: S. Enteritidis fimH::kan and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan devoid of T1Fs and in vitro assays the following observations were made. MST1Fs have a significant impact on the chicken cell invasion by S. Enteritidis as MST1F-mediated adhesion facilitates direct and stable contact of bacteria with host cells, in contrast to MRT1Fs expressed by S. Gallinarum. MST1Fs as well as MRT1Fs did not affected intracellular viability of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum. However, absolute numbers of intracellular viable wild-type S. Enteritidis were significantly higher than S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant and wild-type S. Gallinarum and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan mutant. These differences, reflecting the numbers of adherent and invading bacteria, underline the importance of MST1Fs in the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis infections. The cytotoxicity of wild-type S. Enteritidis and its mutant devoid of MST1Fs to HD11 cells was essentially the same, despite the fact that the number of viable intracellular bacteria was significantly lower in the mutated strain. Using HD11 cells with similar number of intracellular wild-type S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant, it was found that the lack of MST1Fs did not affect directly the cytotoxicity, suggesting that the increase in cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis devoid of MST1Fs may be associated with crosstalk between T1Fs and other virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Mikolajczyk-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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14
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Dinesh R, Sreena CP, Sheeja TE, Charles S, Srinivasan V, Sajith V, Subila KP, Haritha P. Metagenomics indicates abundance of biofilm related genes and horizontal transfer of multidrug resistant genes among bacterial communities in nano zinc oxide polluted soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160032. [PMID: 36370776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The unsafe and reckless disposal of metal oxide nanoparticles like ZnO (nZnO) into the soil could seriously impact bacterial behavioural responses and functions. Under such stress, biofilm formation is considered to be a robust mechanism for bacterial survival in soil. We examined the response of bacterial metagenomes in soils exposed to varying levels of Zn (50, 200, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1) as nano Zn oxide (nZnO) in terms of biofilm genesis and regulation and their co-occurrences with multidrug resistance genes (MDRGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). The size-specific effects of nZnO were verified using its bulk counterpart (bZnO). Both nZnO and bZnO facilitated profusion of biofilm related genes (BGs) especially at higher Zn levels (500 and 1000 mg kg-1 Zn), though maximum abundance was registered at a comparatively lower level under nZnO. In general, nZnO favoured an enhancement of genes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and attachment, while bZnO favoured genes related to capsule formation, chemotaxis and biofilm dispersion. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed significant positive correlations between abundances of BGs, MDRGs and MGEs, indicating an enhanced probability for horizontal gene transfer of MDRGs in nZnO polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dinesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
| | - C P Sreena
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
| | - T E Sheeja
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India.
| | - Sona Charles
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
| | - V Srinivasan
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
| | - V Sajith
- National Institute of Technology, NIT Campus PO, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
| | - K P Subila
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
| | - P Haritha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu PO, Kozhikode, Kerala 673012, India
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15
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Silva SMDA, Ramos BA, Sá RAQCDE, Silva MVDA, Correia MTS, Oliveira MBMDE. Investigation of factors related to biofilm formation in Providencia stuartii. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210765. [PMID: 36074405 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Providencia stuartii is one of the Enterobacteriaceae species of medical importance commonly associated with urinary infections, which can also cause other ones, including uncommon ones, such as liver abscess and septic vasculitis. This bacterium stands out in the expression of intrinsic and acquired resistance to antimicrobials. Besides, it uses mechanisms such as biofilm for its persistence in biotic and abiotic environments. This study investigated the cellular hydrophobicity profile of clinical isolates of P. stuartii. It also analyzed genes related to the fimbrial adhesin in this species comparing with other reports described for other bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae family. The investigated isolates to form biofilm and had a practically hydrophilic cell surface profile. However, fimH and mrkD genes were not found in P. stuartii, unlike observed in other species of Enterobacteriaceae. These results show that P. stuartii has specificities regarding its potential for biofilm formation, which makes it difficult to destabilize the infectious process and increases the permanence of this pathogen in hospital units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivoneide M DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara A Ramos
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Q C DE Sá
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Márcia V DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria T S Correia
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria B M DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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16
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Using Genomes and Evolutionary Analyses to Screen for Host-Specificity and Positive Selection in the Plant Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0122022. [PMID: 36094203 PMCID: PMC9499020 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01220-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa infects several economically important crops in the Americas, and it also recently emerged in Europe. Here, using a set of Xylella genomes reflective of the genus-wide diversity, we performed a pan-genome analysis based on both core and accessory genes for two purposes: (i) to test associations between genetic divergence and plant host species and (ii) to identify positively selected genes that are potentially involved in arms-race dynamics. For the former, tests yielded significant evidence for the specialization of X. fastidiosa to plant host species. This observation contributes to a growing literature suggesting that the phylogenetic history of X. fastidiosa lineages affects the host range. For the latter, our analyses uncovered evidence of positive selection across codons for 5.3% (67 of 1,257) of the core genes and 5.4% (201 of 3,691) of the accessory genes. These genes are candidates to encode interacting factors with plant and insect hosts. Most of these genes had unknown functions, but we did identify some tractable candidates, including nagZ_2, which encodes a beta-glucosidase that is important for Neisseria gonorrhoeae biofilm formation; cya, which modulates gene expression in pathogenic bacteria, and barA, a membrane associated histidine kinase that has roles in cell division, metabolism, and pili formation. IMPORTANCEXylella fastidiosa causes devasting diseases to several critical crops. Because X. fastidiosa colonizes and infects many plant species, it is important to understand whether the genome of X. fastidiosa has genetic determinants that underlie specialization to specific host plants. We analyzed genome sequences of X. fastidiosa to investigate evolutionary relationships and to test for evidence of positive selection on specific genes. We found a significant signal between genome diversity and host plants, consistent with bacterial specialization to specific plant hosts. By screening for positive selection, we identified both core and accessory genes that may affect pathogenicity, including genes involved in biofilm formation.
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17
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Tomasek K, Leithner A, Glatzova I, Lukesch MS, Guet CC, Sixt M. Type 1 piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli hijack the host immune response by binding to CD14. eLife 2022; 11:78995. [PMID: 35881547 PMCID: PMC9359703 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key attribute of persistent or recurring bacterial infections is the ability of the pathogen to evade the host’s immune response. Many Enterobacteriaceae express type 1 pili, a pre-adapted virulence trait, to invade host epithelial cells and establish persistent infections. However, the molecular mechanisms and strategies by which bacteria actively circumvent the immune response of the host remain poorly understood. Here, we identified CD14, the major co-receptor for lipopolysaccharide detection, on mouse dendritic cells (DCs) as a binding partner of FimH, the protein located at the tip of the type 1 pilus of Escherichia coli. The FimH amino acids involved in CD14 binding are highly conserved across pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. Binding of the pathogenic strain CFT073 to CD14 reduced DC migration by overactivation of integrins and blunted expression of co-stimulatory molecules by overactivating the NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) pathway, both rate-limiting factors of T cell activation. This response was binary at the single-cell level, but averaged in larger populations exposed to both piliated and non-piliated pathogens, presumably via the exchange of immunomodulatory cytokines. While defining an active molecular mechanism of immune evasion by pathogens, the interaction between FimH and CD14 represents a potential target to interfere with persistent and recurrent infections, such as urinary tract infections or Crohn’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Tomasek
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Ivana Glatzova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Calin C Guet
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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18
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Increased Prevalence of Salmonella Infantis Isolated from Raw Chicken and Turkey Products in the United States Is Due to a Single Clonal Lineage Carrying the pESI Plasmid. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071478. [PMID: 35889197 PMCID: PMC9318337 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantis has recently become one of the most common serotypes of Salmonella isolated in the U.S. from raw meat samples collected in processing facilities and in retail stores. Investigations have determined that the majority of these isolates contain the pESI plasmid, but there has not been a large-scale investigation of the chromosome of these isolates. Here, we investigated 3276 whole-genome sequences of Salmonella Infantis with and without the pESI plasmid to understand chromosomal differences between plasmid carriage groups. S. Infantis genomes arranged into multiple clades with a single clade containing the isolates carrying the plasmid. Fifty-eight SNPs were identified in complete linkage disequilibrium between isolates that did and did not carry the plasmid. However, there were no unique genes present only in the genomes of isolates containing the plasmid. On average, isolates with the plasmid did contain more insertion sequences than those without (p < 0.05). Given that S. Infantis isolates carrying pESI form a single clade, it can be inferred that the increase in carriage of this plasmid in the U.S. is due to rapid clonal expansion of a single strain rather than as a result of multiple transfer events. As this S. Infantis clone does not contain any unique chromosomal genes, its proliferation appears to be due to pESI plasmid-encoded genes that may be advantageous in the chickens and turkeys or in their environment.
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19
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Li J, Li N, Ning C, Guo Y, Ji C, Zhu X, Zhang X, Meng Q, Shang Y, Xiao C, Xia X, Cai X, Qiao J. sRNA STnc150 is involved in virulence regulation of Salmonella Typhimurium by targeting fimA mRNA. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6372905. [PMID: 34543394 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) are essential virulent regulators in Salmonella typhimurium (STM). To explore the role of sRNA STnc150 in regulating STM virulence, we constructed a STnc150 deletion strain (ΔSTnc150) and its complementary strain (ΔSTnc150/C). Then, we compared their characteristics to their original parent strain experimentally, identified the target genes of STnc150 and determined the expression levels of target genes. The results showed that the ΔSTnc150 strain exhibited delayed biofilm formation, enhanced adhesion to macrophages, significantly reduced LD50, increased liver and spleen viral loads and more vital pathological damaging ability than its parent and complementary strains. Further, bioinformatics combined with the bacterial dual plasmid reporter system confirmed that the bases 72-88 of STnc150 locating at the secondary stem-loop structure of the STnc150 are complementary with the bases 1-19 in the 5'-terminal of fimA mRNA of the type 1 fimbriae subunit. Western blot analysis showed that fimA protein level was increased in STnc150 strain compared with its parent and complementary strains. Together, this study suggested that STnc150 can down-regulate STM fimA expression at the translation level, which provided insights into the regulatory mechanisms of sRNAs in virulence of STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Chengcheng Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Yun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Chunhui Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Yunxia Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Chencheng Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Street No. 4, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
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20
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Abdul Raheem Hasan S, Sajid Al-Jubori S, Abdul Sattar Salman J. Molecular Analysis of fimA Operon Genes among UPEC Local Isolates in Baghdad City. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:829-840. [PMID: 35096318 PMCID: PMC8790995 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.355465.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Specialized Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates, called uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), cause most of urinary tract infections (UITs). Once bacteria reached the urinary tract of the host, they have to adhere to the host cell for the colonization. For this purpose, bacteria have different structures including fimbrial adhesins. Most of the UPECs contain type 1 fimbriae encoded by fim operon (fimB, E, A, I, C, D, F, G, H) which is responsible for the adhesive ability in these isolates. Ninety-four isolates of UPEC were obtained from UTI patients in Baghdad hospitals and their diagnosis were confirmed by the PCR method using 16srDNA as a housekeeping gene. The UPEC isolates were tested for their ability of adherence to the urothelial cells obtained from the mid-stream urine from healthy women. Fifty isolates were subjected to detect type1 fimbriae genes (fimA operon) using specific primers followed by sequencing the amplified fragment which they were analyzed by Geneious software. The results confirm that all the isolates were E. coli according to the genetic analysis by the PCR test, and also, the ability of attachment for all isolates were approved (100%). For type 1 fimbriae, the findings figured out that 100% of the isolates harbored fimA,fimI, fimC, fimD, fimG and fimH genes; while 96% of them were positive for fimB, fimF,and 82% of the isolates were positive for fimE. This result exhibited a higher prevalence of fim genes, as the attachment ability was 100%. Approximately, all UPEC have type 1fimbrial genes, so it could be used as a genetic marker in the investigation of E. coli adhesion ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abdul Raheem Hasan
- Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn al-Haitham), Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - S Sajid Al-Jubori
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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21
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Genomic and phenotypic comparison of two Salmonella Typhimurium strains responsible for consecutive salmonellosis outbreaks in New Zealand. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151534. [PMID: 34564018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT160 was the predominant cause of notified human salmonellosis cases in New Zealand from 2000 to 2010, before it was superseded by another S. Typhimurium strain, DT56 variant (DT56v). Whole genome sequencing and phenotypic testing were used to compare 109 DT160 isolates with eight DT56v isolates from New Zealand animal and human sources. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that DT160 and DT56v strains were distantly related with an estimated date of common ancestor between 1769 and 1821. The strains replicated at different rates but had similar antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Both strains were resistant to the phage expressed from the chromosome of the other strain, which may have contributed to the emergence of DT56v. DT160 contained the pSLT virulence plasmid, and the sseJ and sseK2 genes that may have contributed to the higher reported prevalence compared to DT56v. A linear pBSSB1-family plasmid was also found in one of the DT56v isolates, but there was no evidence that this plasmid affected bacterial replication or antimicrobial susceptibility. One of the DT56v isolates was also sequenced using long-read technology and found to contain an uncommon chromosome arrangement for a Typhimurium isolate. This study demonstrates how comparative genomics and phenotypic testing can help identify strain-specific elements and factors that may have influenced the emergence and supersession of bacterial strains of public health importance.
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22
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Simões LA, Cristina de Souza A, Ferreira I, Melo DS, Lopes LAA, Magnani M, Schwan RF, Dias DR. Probiotic properties of yeasts isolated from Brazilian fermented table olives. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1983-1997. [PMID: 33704882 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the probiotic potential of yeasts isolated from naturally fermented Brazilian table olives. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen yeast strains were tested in terms of: safety; survival of gastrointestinal and digestion conditions; antimicrobial activity; cellular hydrophobicity; autoaggregation ability and adhesion to epithelial cells; coaggregation and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria adhesion. Six yeasts showed favourable results for all probiotic attributes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA 1746, Pichia guilliermondii CCMA 1753, Candida orthopsilosis CCMA 1748, Candida tropicalis CCMA 1751, Meyerozyma caribbica CCMA 1758 and Debaryomyces hansenii CCMA 1761. These yeasts demonstrated resistance to 37°C, pH 2·0 and bile salts, and survived in vitro digestion (≥106 CFU per ml). Furthermore, the yeasts exhibited a hydrophobic cell surface (42·5-92·2%), autoaggregation capacity (41·0-91·0%) and adhesion to Caco-2 (62·0-82·8%) and HT-29 (57·6-87·3%) epithelial cell lines. Also, the strains showed antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Enteritidis as well as the ability to coaggregate and reduce the adhesion of this pathogen to intestinal cells. CONCLUSIONS Autochthonous yeasts from naturally fermented Brazilian table olives have probiotic properties, with potential for development of new probiotic food products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY These data are important and contribute to the knowledge of new potential probiotic yeasts capable of surviving gastrointestinal tract conditions and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Simões
- Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A Cristina de Souza
- Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I Ferreira
- Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D S Melo
- Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L A A Lopes
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - M Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - R F Schwan
- Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D R Dias
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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23
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Genomic investigation of antimicrobial resistance determinants and virulence factors in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from contaminated food and human stool samples in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 343:109091. [PMID: 33639477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance determinants, virulence factors and identified serovars in 37 Salmonella enterica strains isolated from human stool and contaminated foods linked to outbreaks that occurred in Brazil over 7 years using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Phylogenetic analysis of selected serovars (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. London, and S. Johannesburg) was performed. Ten distinct serovars were identified and, 51% of the tested strains (n = 19) showed disagreement with the previous conventional serotyping. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants or plasmids varied among the strains. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides [aac (6')-laa, aph (3″)-lb, aph (6)-ld, aadA1 and aadA2], sulfonamides (sul1), trimethoprin (dfrA8), fosfomycin (fosA7) and tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetC), as well as point mutations in parC (T57S) and gyrA (S83F). Plasmidome showed the presence of IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncFIB (S), IncFII (S), IncI1 and p0111 plasmids. Eight Salmonella pathogenicity islands and up to 102 stress and/or virulence genes were identified in the evaluated genomes. Virulence genes of K88 fimbrial adhesin were first reported in S. enterica (S. Pomona, S. Bredeney and S. Mbandaka strains). pilW gene was first identified in S. Pomona. Phylogenetic analysis showed that some serovars circulated in Brazil for decades, primarily within the poultry production chain. Findings highlighted the virulence and AMR determinants in strains that may lead to recurring food outbreaks.
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24
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Targeting effect of berberine on type I fimbriae of Salmonella Typhimurium and its effective inhibition of biofilm. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1563-1573. [PMID: 33496815 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As a primary cause of food contamination and human diseases, Salmonella Typhimurium can easily form a biofilm that is difficult to remove from food surfaces, and often causes significant invisible threats to food safety. Although berberine has been widely used as an anti-infective drug in traditional medicine, some basic principles underlying its mechanism, especially the interaction between berberine and type I fimbriae genes, has not been verified yet. In this study, two strains of major fimbrial gene mutants (ΔfimA and ΔfimH) were constructed to demonstrate the possible action of berberine on type I fimbriae genes. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of berberine against selected strains (WT, ΔfimA, and ΔfimH). Cell agglutination experiments revealed that the number of S. Typhimurium type I fimbriae reduced after berberine treatment, which was consistent with transmission electron microscopy results. Quantitative real-time PCR experiments also confirmed that berberine reduced fimA gene expression, indicating a certain interaction between berberine and fimA gene. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging of biofilm clearly revealed that berberine prevents biofilm formation by reducing the number of type I fimbriae. Overall, it is well speculated for us that berberine could be an excellent combating-biofilm drug in clinical microbiology and food preservation. KEY POINTS: • Reduce the number of fimbriae. • Berberine targeting fimA. • Effective biofilm inhibitor.
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25
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Burin R, Shah DH. Global transcriptional profiling of tyramine and d-glucuronic acid catabolism in Salmonella. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151452. [PMID: 33091748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella has evolved various metabolic pathways to scavenge energy from the metabolic byproducts of the host gut microbiota, however, the precise metabolic byproducts and pathways utilized by Salmonella remain elusive. Previously we reported that Salmonella can proliferate by deriving energy from two metabolites that naturally occur in the host as gut microbial metabolic byproducts, namely, tyramine (TYR, an aromatic amine) and d-glucuronic acid (DGA, a hexuronic acid). Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 13 (SPI-13) plays a critical role in the ability of Salmonella to derive energy from TYR and DGA, however the catabolic pathways of these two micronutrients in Salmonella are poorly defined. The objective of this study was to identify the specific genetic components and construct the regulatory circuits for the TYR and DGA catabolic pathways in Salmonella. To accomplish this, we employed TYR and DGA-induced global transcriptional profiling and gene functional network analysis approaches. We report that TYR induced differential expression of 319 genes (172 up-regulated and 157 down-regulated) when Salmonella was grown in the presence of TYR as a sole energy source. These included the genes originally predicted to be involved in the classical TYR catabolic pathway. TYR also induced expression of majority of genes involved in the acetaldehyde degradation pathway and aided identification of a few new genes that are likely involved in alternative pathway for TYR catabolism. In contrast, DGA induced differential expression of 71 genes (58 up-regulated and 13 down-regulated) when Salmonella was grown in the presence of DGA as a sole energy source. These included the genes originally predicted to be involved in the classical pathway and a few new genes likely involved in the alternative pathway for DGA catabolism. Interestingly, DGA also induced expression of SPI-2 T3SS, suggesting that DGA may also influence nutritional virulence of Salmonella. In summary, this is the first report describing the global transcriptional profiling of TYR and DGA catabolic pathways of Salmonella. This study will contribute to the better understanding of the role of TYR and DGA in metabolic adaptation and virulence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Burin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, United States; Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, United States.
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26
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Gao R, Wang L, Ogunremi D. Virulence Determinants of Non-typhoidal Salmonellae. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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27
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Pre-Growth Culture Conditions Affect Type 1 Fimbriae-Dependent Adhesion of Salmonella. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124206. [PMID: 32545652 PMCID: PMC7352897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among various fimbrial structures used by Salmonella enterica to colonize host tissues, type 1 fimbriae (T1F) are among the most extensively studied. Although some experiments have shown the importance of T1F in the initial stages of Salmonella infection, their exact role in the infection process is not fully known. We suggested that different outcomes of T1F investigations were due to the use of different pre-infection growth conditions for the induction of the T1F. We utilized qPCR, flow cytometry, and a wide range of adhesion assays to investigate Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium adhesion in the context of T1F expression. We demonstrated that T1F expression was highly dependent on the pre-infection growth conditions. These growth conditions yielded T1F+ and T1F- populations of Salmonella and, therefore, could be a factor influencing Salmonella-host cell interactions. We supported this conclusion by showing that increased levels of T1F expression directly correlated with higher levels of Salmonella adherence to the intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cell line.
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28
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Eran Z, Akçelik M, Yazıcı BC, Özcengiz G, Akçelik N. Regulation of biofilm formation by marT in Salmonella Typhimurium. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5041-5050. [PMID: 32529277 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed at identifying the regulatory role of marT gene, known as the regulator of misL, on 15 different biofilm-related genes in S. Typhimurium 14028 strain. We also tested the strains for their ability to form biofilm and determined the adherence characteristics of the wild type and the mutant strains of the organism on Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells. For comparative analyses of the candidate genes, individual gene mutations were created via antibiotic gene cassette insertion into each gene of interest. marT gene was cloned behind an arabinose inducible BAD promoter in order to control marT expression. This recombinant plasmid was transfer into each of the 15 mutant strains to investigate the level of expression of each single gene in the presence and absence of marT induction. Besides determination of variations in biofilm formation by each mutant strain, the attachment characteristics of them onto Caco-2 and HEp-2 cell lines were also reported. As a result of attachments experiments on polystyrene surfaces, it was determined that the biofilm production capacity of each mutant strain decreased in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05). QRT-PCR trials indicated that the marT gene regulates the expression of 14 genes, namely fimA, fimD, fimF, fimH, stjB, stjC, csgA, csgD, ompC, sthB, sthE, rmbA, fliZ and yaiC, in a positive manner. QRT-PCR studies were also revealed that the MarT protein positively regulates its own promoter. When the adherence characteristics of the mutant strains and the wild-type were investigated by using Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells, it was determined that the single gene mutations did have no effect on bacterial adhesion. In view of our mutational analyses and biofilm formation studies, it was concluded that fliZ, ompC, rmbA, stjB and stjC genes are related with biofilm formation in Salmonella, besides other cellular functions of them. Taken together, our data suggested that the regulatory role of MarT protein is not only restricted to the regulation of misL gene expression, but it rather acts as a general regulator on the biofilm-related genes in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Eran
- Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Gülay Özcengiz
- Department of Biology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nefise Akçelik
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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29
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Zarkani AA, López-Pagán N, Grimm M, Sánchez-Romero MA, Ruiz-Albert J, Beuzón CR, Schikora A. Salmonella Heterogeneously Expresses Flagellin during Colonization of Plants. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060815. [PMID: 32485895 PMCID: PMC7355505 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed or fresh fruits and vegetables are unfortunately linked to an increasing number of food-borne diseases, such as salmonellosis. One of the relevant virulence factors during the initial phases of the infection process is the bacterial flagellum. Although its function is well studied in animal systems, contradictory results have been published regarding its role during plant colonization. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Salmonella's flagellin plays a versatile function during the colonization of tomato plants. We have assessed the persistence in plant tissues of a Salmonella enterica wild type strain, and of a strain lacking the two flagellins, FljB and FliC. We detected no differences between these strains concerning their respective abilities to reach distal, non-inoculated parts of the plant. Analysis of flagellin expression inside the plant, at both the population and single cell levels, shows that the majority of bacteria down-regulate flagellin production, however, a small fraction of the population continues to express flagellin at a very high level inside the plant. This heterogeneous expression of flagellin might be an adaptive strategy to the plant environment. In summary, our study provides new insights on Salmonella adaption to the plant environment through the regulation of flagellin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar A. Zarkani
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, 10071 Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nieves López-Pagán
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Maja Grimm
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
| | - María Antonia Sánchez-Romero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080 Seville, Spain;
- Current address: Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Carmen R. Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (N.L.-P.); (J.R.-A.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Adam Schikora
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; (A.A.Z.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Wen J, Gou H, Zhan Z, Gao Y, Chen Z, Bai J, Wang S, Chen K, Lin Q, Liao M, Zhang J. A rapid novel visualized loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for Salmonella detection targeting at fimW gene. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3637-3642. [PMID: 32616260 PMCID: PMC7597837 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection causes huge losses in the poultry industry worldwide. With the aim to prevent infectious diseases caused by Salmonella and to achieve rapid visualized Salmonella detection in poultry production, we used cresol red as an indicator to develop a novel visualized loop-mediated isothermal amplification method that targets the Salmonella fimW gene firstly in related field. The detection limit was 7.3 × 101 CFU/mL, and the method was highly specific and showed a high clinical detection rate. The entire reaction can be completed in about 40 min and only requires a water bath at 62°C, which makes the method extremely suitable for application to poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Wen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqiang Zhan
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhengquan Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Bai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaojun Wang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kaifeng Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qijie Lin
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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31
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Hu H, Jia K, Wang H, Xu X, Zhou G, He S. Novel sRNA and regulatory genes repressing the adhesion of Salmonella enteritidis exposed to meat-related environment. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Kolenda R, Ugorski M, Grzymajlo K. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Salmonella Type 1 Fimbriae, but Were Afraid to Ask. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1017. [PMID: 31139165 PMCID: PMC6527747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial attachment to host intestinal mucosa after oral infection is one of the most important stages during bacterial pathogenesis. Adhesive structures, widely present on the bacterial surface, are mainly responsible for the first contact with host cells and of host-pathogen interactions. Among dozens of different bacterial adhesins, type 1 fimbriae (T1F) are one of the most common adhesive organelles in the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Salmonella spp., and are important virulence factors. Those long, thin structures, composed mainly of FimA proteins, are responsible for recognizing and binding high-mannose oligosaccharides, which are carried by various glycoproteins and expressed at the host cell surface, via FimH adhesin, which is presented at the top of T1F. In this review, we discuss investigations into the functions of T1F, from the earliest work published in 1958 to operon organization, organelle structure, T1F biogenesis, and the various functions of T1F in Salmonella-host interactions. We give special attention to regulation of T1F expression and their role in binding of Salmonella to cells, cell lines, organ explants, and other surfaces with emphasis on biofilm formation and discuss T1F role as virulence factors based on work using animal models. We also discuss the importance of allelic variation in fimH to Salmonella pathogenesis, as well as role of FimH in Salmonella host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Kolenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Grzymajlo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Hiller CC, Lucca V, Carvalho D, Borsoi A, Borges KA, Furian TQ, do Nascimento VP. Influence of catecholamines on biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis. Microb Pathog 2019; 130:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Mkangara M, Mbega ER, Chacha M. Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhimurium from village chickens based on invA and spvC genes. Vet World 2019; 13:764-767. [PMID: 32546923 PMCID: PMC7245706 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.764-767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to identify Salmonella enterica serovars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on virulence genes invasion A (invA) and Salmonella plasmid virulence C (spvC). Materials and Methods DNA extraction of eight bacteria isolates was done using the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit. The amplification of invA and spvC genes was done using conventional PCR. The positive PCR products were purified using the GeneJET Purification Kit and then sequenced using ABI 3730 XL automated genetic analyzer. The sequences obtained were compared for similarities with other Salmonella serovars deposited on the NCBI GenBank using BLASTN. Results Four out of eight samples were amplified by primers FS139/RS141 that target invA gene with products of about 284 bp, and three out of four of the same invA positive samples were also amplified by primers FSPV-1/RSPV-2 targeting spvC with a product of about 571 bp. One sample was not amplified by primers FSPV-1/RSPV-2 as it lacked virulence plasmid. Analysis of sequences indicated 100% homology with closely related serovars of S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium. Conclusion Salmonella Typhimurium that contained invA and spvC genes are pathogenic and virulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanaisha Mkangara
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity and Ecosystems Management, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.,Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ernest R Mbega
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity and Ecosystems Management, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Musa Chacha
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity and Ecosystems Management, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
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Hossain S, De Silva B, Dahanayake P, Shin GW, Heo GJ. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE GENES, AND CLASS ONE INTEGRON GENE CASSETTES IN SALMONELLA ENTERICA SUBSP. ENTERICA ISOLATED FROM PET TURTLES IN SEOUL, KOREA. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Quan G, Xia P, Zhao J, Zhu C, Meng X, Yang Y, Wang Y, Tian Y, Ding X, Zhu G. Fimbriae and related receptors for Salmonella Enteritidis. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:357-362. [PMID: 30347261 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the main causes for food- and water-borne diseases, and is a major concern to public health for both humans and animals worldwide. Some fimbrial antigens expressed by SE strains have been described and characterized, containing SEF14, SEF17, SEF21, long polar fimbriae and plasmid-encoded fimbriae, they play a role in bacterial survival in the host or external environment. However, their functions remain to be well elucidated, with the initial attachment and binding for fimbriae-mediated SE infections only minimally understood. Meanwhile, host-pathogen interactions provide insights into receptor modulation of the host innate immune system. Therefore, to well understand the pathogenicity of SE bacteria and to comprehend the host response to infection, the host cell-SE interactions need to be characterized. This review describes SE fimbriae receptors with an emphasis on the interaction between the receptor and SE fimbriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomei Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Chunhong Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, China.
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yuqian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yiting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yan Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Genome-wide identification of genes regulated by RcsA, RcsB, and RcsAB phosphorelay regulators in Klebsiella pneumoniae NTUH-K2044. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:36-41. [PMID: 29944890 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rcs phosphorelay system is a two-component signal transduction system, which can regulate the transcription of capsule polysaccharide and biofilm related genes in Enterobacteriaceae. In this study, microarray technology was used to investigate the overall genes regulated by RcsA, RcsB, and RcsAB and the regulation mechanism in Klebsiella pneumoniae, then COG analysis was performed to explore the functions of the differentially expressed genes. According to the microarray data result, a total of 45, 223 and 217 genes regulated by RcsA, RcsB, and RcsAB were screened. The result of COG analysis suggested that inorganic ion transport and metabolism related genes have a majority in RcsA regulating genes. Most of RcsB regulated genes were showed involved in energy production and conversion process. Besides Carbohydrate transport and metabolism genes were identified as the major components of the RcsAB regulated genes. 15 differentially expressed genes were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The RT-qPCR results indicated that 13 genes consistent with microarray data. The results of this study provided important evidence for further research to investigate the influence of RcsA, RcsB, RcsAB regulators and further efforts to address the diseased caused by K.pneumoniae, such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and urinary tract infection.
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Werneburg GT, Thanassi DG. Pili Assembled by the Chaperone/Usher Pathway in Escherichia coli and Salmonella. EcoSal Plus 2018; 8:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0007-2017. [PMID: 29536829 PMCID: PMC5940347 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0007-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria assemble a variety of surface structures, including the hair-like organelles known as pili or fimbriae. Pili typically function in adhesion and mediate interactions with various surfaces, with other bacteria, and with other types of cells such as host cells. The chaperone/usher (CU) pathway assembles a widespread class of adhesive and virulence-associated pili. Pilus biogenesis by the CU pathway requires a dedicated periplasmic chaperone and integral outer membrane protein termed the usher, which forms a multifunctional assembly and secretion platform. This review addresses the molecular and biochemical aspects of the CU pathway in detail, focusing on the type 1 and P pili expressed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli as model systems. We provide an overview of representative CU pili expressed by E. coli and Salmonella, and conclude with a discussion of potential approaches to develop antivirulence therapeutics that interfere with pilus assembly or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T. Werneburg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David G. Thanassi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Thomas M, Fenske GJ, Antony L, Ghimire S, Welsh R, Ramachandran A, Scaria J. Whole genome sequencing-based detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from wildlife. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:66. [PMID: 29201148 PMCID: PMC5697165 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate a reference set of Salmonella enterica genomes isolated from wildlife from the United States and to determine the antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profile of the isolates from the genome sequence data. We sequenced the whole genomes of 103 Salmonella isolates sampled between 1988 and 2003 from wildlife and exotic pet cases that were submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Among 103 isolates, 50.48% were from wild birds, 0.9% was from fish, 24.27% each were from reptiles and mammals. 50.48% isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance against the aminoglycoside streptomycin was most common while 9 isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant having resistance against more than three antibiotics. Determination of virulence gene profile revealed that the genes belonging to csg operons, the fim genes that encode for type 1 fimbriae and the genes belonging to type III secretion system were predominant among the isolates. The universal presence of fimbrial genes and the genes encoded by pathogenicity islands 1-2 among the isolates we report here indicates that these isolates could potentially cause disease in humans. Therefore, the genomes we report here could be a valuable reference point for future traceback investigations when wildlife is considered to be the potential source of human Salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
| | - Gavin John Fenske
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
| | - Linto Antony
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
| | - Ronald Welsh
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 USA.,South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
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Lee CA, Yeh KS. The Non-Fimbriate Phenotype Is Predominant among Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis from Swine and Those Non-Fimbriate Strains Possess Distinct Amino Acid Variations in FimH. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151126. [PMID: 26974320 PMCID: PMC4790892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most Salmonella serovars are able to infect a range of animal hosts, some have acquired the ability to cause systemic infections of specific hosts. For example, Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is primarily associated with systemic infection in swine. Adherence to host epithelial cells is considered a prerequisite for initial infection, and fimbrial appendages on the outer membrane of the bacteria are implicated in this process. Although type 1 fimbriae encoded by the fim gene cluster are commonly found in Salmonella serovars, it is not known whether S. Choleraesuis produces this fimbrial type and if and how fimbriae are involved in pathogenesis. In the present study, we demonstrated that only four out of 120 S. Choleraesuis isolates from pigs with salmonellosis produced type 1 fimbriae as assayed by the yeast agglutination test and electron microscopy. One of the 116 non-type 1 fimbria-producing isolates was transformed with plasmids carrying different fim genes from S. Typhimurium LB5010, a type 1 fimbria-producing strain. Our results indicate that non-type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis required only an intact fimH to regain the ability to produce fimbrial appendages. Sequence comparison revealed six amino acid variations between the FimH of the non-type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis isolates and those of the type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis isolates. S. Choleraesuis that produced type 1 fimbriae contained FimH with an amino acid sequence identical to that of S. Typhimurium LB5010. Site-directed mutagenesis leading to the replacement of the non-conserved residues revealed that a change from glycine to valine at position of 63 (G63V) resulted in a non-type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis being able to express type 1 fimbriae on its outer membrane. It is possible that this particular amino acid change prevents this polypeptide from proper interaction with other Fim subunits required for assembly of an intact type 1 fimbrial shaft in S. Choleraesuis; however, it remains to be determined if and how the absence of type 1 fimbriae production is related to the systemic infection of the swine host by S. Choleraesuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-An Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Simple and rapid detection of Salmonella by direct PCR amplification of gene fimW. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:429-35. [PMID: 24838665 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study established a simple method of specifically detecting Salmonella species by amplifying fimW gene, which was involved in regulating Salmonella type I fimbriae expression. A pair of primers was designed to target and discriminate the 68 Salmonella strains of 23 Salmonella serovars available to us from 12 non-Salmonella strains of five different kinds of bacteria by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Results showed that specific DNA fragment with an expected size of 477 bp was successfully amplified from all Salmonella serovars, while no target band was detected in non-Salmonella species. The sensitivity of this PCR-amplifying system reached to 1 pg DNA chromosome and 10(2) cfu of Salmonella enteritis strain CMCC(B) 50336. The above results demonstrated the method as a simple, sensitive, and specific way for Salmonella detection.
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Bhuiyan S, Sayeed A, Khanam F, Leung DT, Rahman Bhuiyan T, Sheikh A, Salma U, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Pacek M, Calderwood SB, LaBaer J, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Charles RC. Cellular and cytokine responses to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi proteins in patients with typhoid fever in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:1024-1030. [PMID: 24615129 PMCID: PMC4047724 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses via enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) to a number of S. Typhi antigens in samples from humans with S. Typhi bacteremia and typhoid fever in Bangladesh. Compared with responses in healthy endemic zone controls, there were significantly increased IFN-γ responses at the time of clinical presentation (acute phase) and at convalescence 14–28 days later. The majority (80–90%) of IFN-γ expressing T cells were CD4+. We observed a significant increase in interleukin-17 (IL-17) positive CD4 + T cells at convalescent versus acute stage of infection using an intracellular cytokine staining assay. We also found that stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) produced significantly increased levels of a number of cytokines at the convalescent versus acute phase of infection, including IFN-γ, MIP-1β, sCD40L, TNF-β, IL-13, and IL-9. These results suggest that S. Typhi antigens induce a predominantly Th1 response, but that elevations in other cytokines may be modulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richelle C. Charles
- * Address correspondence Richelle C. Charles, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Jackson 504, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114. E-mail:
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FimY does not interfere with FimZ-FimW interaction during type 1 fimbria production by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4453-60. [PMID: 24042120 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00795-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of type 1 fimbriae in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is controlled, in part, by three proteins, FimZ, FimY, and FimW. Amino acid sequence analysis indicates that FimZ belongs to the family of bacterial response regulators of two-component systems. In these studies, we have demonstrated that introducing a mutation mimicking phosphorylation of FimZ is necessary for activation of its target gene, fimA. In addition, the interaction of FimZ with FimW, a repressor of fimA expression, occurs only when FimZ is phosphorylated. Consequently, the negative regulatory effect of FimW is most likely due to downmodulation of the active FimZ protein. FimY does not appear to function as a response regulator, and its activity can be lost by mimicking the phosphorylation of FimY. Overproduction of FimY cannot alleviate the nonfimbriate phenotype in a FimZ mutant, whereas high levels of FimZ can overcome the nonfimbriate phenotype of a FimY mutant. It appears that FimY acts upstream of FimZ to activate fimA expression.
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