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Zhou P, Zhou Z, Huayu M, Wang L, Feng L, Xiao Y, Dai Y, Xin M, Tang F, Li R. A multi-epitope vaccine GILE against Echinococcus Multilocularis infection in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1091004. [PMID: 36733393 PMCID: PMC9887108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this study is to construct a multi-epitope vaccine GILE containing B-cell and T-cell epitopes against Echinococcus Multilocularis (E. multilocularis) infection based on the dominant epitopes of E. multilocularis EMY162, LAP, and GLUT1. Methods The structure and hydrophobicity of GILE were predicted by SWISSMODEL, pyMOL, SOPMA and VMD, and its sequence was optimized by Optimum™ Codon. The GILE gene was inserted into pCzn1 and transformed into Escherichia coli Arctic express competent cells. IPTG was added to induce the expression of recombinant proteins. High-purity GILE recombinant protein was obtained by Ni-NTA Resin. BALB/c mice were immunized with GILE mixed with Freund's adjuvant, and the antibody levels and dynamic changes in the serum were detected by ELISA. Lymphocyte proliferation was detected by MTS. The levels of IFN-g and IL-4 were detected by ELISpot and flow cytometry (FCM). T cells were detected by FCM. The growth of hepatic cysts was evaluated by Ultrasound and their weights were measured to evaluate the immune protective effect of GILE. Results The SWISS-MODEL analysis showed that the optimal model was EMY162 95-104-LAP464-479-LAP495-510-LAP396-410-LAP504-518-EMY162112-126. The SOPMA results showed that there were Alpha helix (14.88%), Extended strand (26.25%), Beta turn (3.73%) and Random coil (45.82%) in the secondary structure of GILE. The restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing results suggested that the plasmid pCzn1-GILE was successfully constructed. The SDSPAGE results indicated that the recombinant protein was 44.68 KD. The ELISA results indicated that mice immunized with GILE showed higher levels of serum antibodies compared to the PBS group. The FCM and ELISpot results indicated that mice immunized with GILE secreted more IFN-g and IL-4. Immunization with GILE also led to a significant decrease in the maximum diameter and weight of cysts and stimulated the production of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell. Discussion A multi-epitope vaccine GILE with good immunogenicity and antigenicity has been successfully constructed in this study, which may provide important theoretical and experimental bases for the prevention and treatment of E. multilocularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Meiduo Huayu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital DE Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yao Dai
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Xin
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China,*Correspondence: Feng Tang, ; Runle Li,
| | - Runle Li
- Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, Qinghai, China,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Medical Application, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China,*Correspondence: Feng Tang, ; Runle Li,
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Mathematical Modeling to Guide Experimental Design: T Cell Clustering as a Case Study. Bull Math Biol 2022; 84:103. [PMID: 35978047 PMCID: PMC9548402 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-022-01063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling provides a rigorous way to quantify immunological processes and discriminate between alternative mechanisms driving specific biological phenomena. It is typical that mathematical models of immunological phenomena are developed by modelers to explain specific sets of experimental data after the data have been collected by experimental collaborators. Whether the available data are sufficient to accurately estimate model parameters or to discriminate between alternative models is not typically investigated. While previously collected data may be sufficient to guide development of alternative models and help estimating model parameters, such data often do not allow to discriminate between alternative models. As a case study, we develop a series of power analyses to determine optimal sample sizes that allow for accurate estimation of model parameters and for discrimination between alternative models describing clustering of CD8 T cells around Plasmodium liver stages. In our typical experiments, mice are infected intravenously with Plasmodium sporozoites that invade hepatocytes (liver cells), and then activated CD8 T cells are transferred into the infected mice. The number of T cells found in the vicinity of individual infected hepatocytes at different times after T cell transfer is counted using intravital microscopy. We previously developed a series of mathematical models aimed to explain highly variable number of T cells per parasite; one of such models, the density-dependent recruitment (DDR) model, fitted the data from preliminary experiments better than the alternative models, such as the density-independent exit (DIE) model. Here, we show that the ability to discriminate between these alternative models depends on the number of parasites imaged in the analysis; analysis of about [Formula: see text] parasites at 2, 4, and 8 h after T cell transfer will allow for over 95% probability to select the correct model. The type of data collected also has an impact; following T cell clustering around individual parasites over time (called as longitudinal (LT) data) allows for a more precise and less biased estimates of the parameters of the DDR model than that generated from a more traditional way of imaging individual parasites in different liver areas/mice (cross-sectional (CS) data). However, LT imaging comes at a cost of a need to keep the mice alive under the microscope for hours which may be ethically unacceptable. We finally show that the number of time points at which the measurements are taken also impacts the precision of estimation of DDR model parameters; in particular, measuring T cell clustering at one time point does not allow accurately estimating all parameters of the DDR model. Using our case study, we propose a general framework on how mathematical modeling can be used to guide experimental designs and power analyses of complex biological processes.
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O'Connor JH, McNamara HA, Cai Y, Coupland LA, Gardiner EE, Parish CR, McMorran BJ, Ganusov VV, Cockburn IA. Interactions with Asialo-Glycoprotein Receptors and Platelets Are Dispensable for CD8 + T Cell Localization in the Murine Liver. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2738-2748. [PMID: 35649630 PMCID: PMC9308657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver-resident CD8+ T cells can play critical roles in the control of pathogens, including Plasmodium and hepatitis B virus. Paradoxically, it has also been proposed that the liver may act as the main place for the elimination of CD8+ T cells at the resolution of immune responses. We hypothesized that different adhesion processes may drive residence versus elimination of T cells in the liver. Specifically, we investigated whether the expression of asialo-glycoproteins (ASGPs) drives the localization and elimination of effector CD8+ T cells in the liver, while interactions with platelets facilitate liver residence and protective function. Using murine CD8+ T cells activated in vitro, or in vivo by immunization with Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, we found that, unexpectedly, inhibition of ASGP receptors did not inhibit the accumulation of effector cells in the liver, but instead prevented these cells from accumulating in the spleen. In addition, enforced expression of ASGP on effector CD8+ T cells using St3GalI-deficient cells lead to their loss from the spleen. We also found, using different mouse models of thrombocytopenia, that severe reduction in platelet concentration in circulation did not strongly influence the residence and protective function of CD8+ T cells in the liver. These data suggest that platelets play a marginal role in CD8+ T cell function in the liver. Furthermore, ASGP-expressing effector CD8+ T cells accumulate in the spleen, not the liver, prior to their destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H O'Connor
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hayley A McNamara
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yeping Cai
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lucy A Coupland
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; and
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; and
| | - Christopher R Parish
- Division of Genome Science and Cancer, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; and
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia;
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Xie H, Xie S, Wang M, Wei H, Huang H, Xie A, Li J, Fang C, Shi F, Yang Q, Qi Y, Yin Z, Wang X, Huang J. Properties and Roles of γδT Cells in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis NSM Infected C57BL/6 Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:788546. [PMID: 35127555 PMCID: PMC8811364 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.788546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many kinds of immune cells are involved in malaria infection. γδT cells represent a special type of immune cell between natural and adaptive immune cells that play critical roles in anti-parasite infection. Methods In this study, malaria infection model was constructed. Distribution of γδT cells in various immune organs and dynamic changes of γδT cells in the spleens of C57BL/6 mice after infection were detected by flow cytometry. And activation status of γδT cells was detected by flow cytometry. Then γδT cells in naive and infected mice were sorted and performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Finally, γδTCR KO mice model was constructed and the effect of γδT cell depletion on mouse T and B cell immunity against Plasmodium infection was explored. Results Here, splenic γδT cells were found to increase significantly on day 14 after Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis NSM infection in C57BL/6 mice. Higher level of CD69, ICOS and PD-1, lower level of CD62L, and decreased IFN-γ producing after stimulation by PMA and ionomycin were found in γδT cells from infected mice, compared with naive mice. Moreover, 11 clusters were identified in γδT cells by scRNA-seq based t-SNE analysis. Cluster 4, 5, and 7 in γδT cells from infected mice were found the expression of numerous genes involved in immune response. In the same time, the GO enrichment analysis revealed that the marker genes in the infection group were involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pathway enrichment analysis identified the marker genes in the infected group shared many key signalling molecules with other cells or against pathogen infection. Furthermore, increased parasitaemia, decreased numbers of RBC and PLT, and increased numbers of WBC were found in the peripheral blood from γδTCR KO mice. Finally, lower IFN-γ and CD69 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, lower B cell percentage and numbers, and less CD69 expressing B cells were found in the spleen from γδTCR KO infected mice, and lower levels of IgG and IgM antibodies in the serum were also observed than WT mice. Conclusions Overall, this study demonstrates the diversity of γδT cells in the spleen of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis NSM infected C57BL/6 mice at both the protein and RNA levels, and suggests that the expansion of γδT cells in cluster 4, 5 and 7 could promote both cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feihu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Wang, ; Jun Huang,
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Wang, ; Jun Huang,
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5
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Fernandez-Ruiz D, de Menezes MN, Holz LE, Ghilas S, Heath WR, Beattie L. Harnessing liver-resident memory T cells for protection against malaria. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:127-141. [PMID: 33501877 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1881485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are powerful mediators of protracted adaptive immunity to infection in peripheral organs. Harnessing TRM cells through vaccination hence promises unprecedented potential for protection against infection. A paramount example of this is malaria, a major infectious disease for which immunity through traditional vaccination strategies remains challenging. Liver TRM cells appear to be highly protective against malaria, and recent developments in our knowledge of the biology of these cells have defined promising, novel strategies for their induction. AREAS COVERED Here, we describe the path that led to the discovery of TRM cells and discuss the importance of liver TRM cells in immunity against Plasmodium spp. infection; we summarize current knowledge on TRM cell biology and discuss the current state and potential of TRM-based vaccination against malaria. EXPERT OPINION TRM based vaccination has emerged as a promising means to achieve efficient protection against malaria. Recent advances provide a solid basis for continuing the development of this area of research. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms that mediate TRM formation and maintenance and identification of immunogenic and protective target epitopes suitable for human vaccination remain the main challenges for translation of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Maria N de Menezes
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Sonia Ghilas
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Vic, Australia
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6
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Ficht X, Iannacone M. Immune surveillance of the liver by T cells. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/51/eaba2351. [PMID: 32887842 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the target of several infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases, which affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide and cause an estimated death toll of more than 2 million people each year. Dysregulation of T cell responses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases; hence, it is critically important to understand the function and fate of T cells in the liver. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on liver immune surveillance by conventional and invariant T cells and explore the complex cross-talk between immune cell subsets that determines the balance between hepatic immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Ficht
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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7
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Phares TW, Kotraiah V, Karunarathne DS, Huang J, Browne CD, Buontempo P, Mansour M, Noe AR, Wykes MN, Pannucci J, Tsuji M, Gutierrez GM. A Peptide-Based PD1 Antagonist Enhances T-Cell Priming and Efficacy of a Prophylactic Malaria Vaccine and Promotes Survival in a Lethal Malaria Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1377. [PMID: 32733457 PMCID: PMC7363839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blockade of programmed cell death-1 (PD1) and its ligand PDL1 has been proven to be a successful immunotherapy against several cancers. Similar to cancer, PD1 contributes to the establishment of several chronic infectious diseases, including malaria. While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting checkpoint receptors are revolutionary in cancer treatment, the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may prevent their utilization in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments of infectious diseases. The irAEs are, in part, due to the prolonged half-life of mAbs resulting in prolonged activation of the immune system. As an alternative modality to mAbs, peptides represent a viable option because they possess a shorter pharmacokinetic half-life and offer more formulation and delivery options. Here, we report on a 22-amino acid immunomodulatory peptide, LD01, derived from a Bacillus bacteria. When combined prophylactically with an adenovirus-based or irradiated sporozoite-based malaria vaccine, LD01 significantly enhanced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion. Therapeutically, LD01 treatment of mice infected with a lethal malaria strain resulted in survival that was associated with lower numbers of FOXP3+Tbet+CD4+ regulatory T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that LD01 is a potent immunomodulator that acts upon the adaptive immune system to stimulate T cell responses both prophylactically and therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Phares
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Vinayaka Kotraiah
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Jing Huang
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Peter Buontempo
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Marc Mansour
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Amy R Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - James Pannucci
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriel M Gutierrez
- Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH), Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
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8
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Kuehlwein JM, Borsche M, Korir PJ, Risch F, Mueller A, Hübner MP, Hildner K, Hoerauf A, Dunay IR, Schumak B. Protection of Batf3-deficient mice from experimental cerebral malaria correlates with impaired cytotoxic T-cell responses and immune regulation. Immunology 2020; 159:193-204. [PMID: 31631339 PMCID: PMC6954726 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory immune responses during infections with Plasmodium parasites are responsible for severe complications such as cerebral malaria (CM) that can be studied experimentally in mice. Dendritic cells (DCs) activate cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells and initiate immune responses against the parasites. Batf3-/- mice lack a DC subset, which efficiently induces strong CD8 T-cell responses by cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. Here we show that Batf3-/- mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) were protected from experimental CM (ECM), characterized by a stable blood-brain barrier (BBB) and significantly less infiltrated peripheral immune cells in the brain. Importantly, the absence of ECM in Batf3-/- mice correlated with attenuated responses of cytotoxic T-cells, as their parasite-specific lytic activity as well as the production of interferon gamma and granzyme B were significantly decreased. Remarkably, spleens of ECM-protected Batf3-/- mice had elevated levels of regulatory immune cells and interleukin 10. Thus, protection from ECM in PbA-infected Batf3-/- mice was associated with the absence of strong CD8+ T-cell activity and induction of immunoregulatory mediators and cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics
- Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/parasitology
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/parasitology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/parasitology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Granzymes/immunology
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Malaria, Cerebral/immunology
- Malaria, Cerebral/metabolism
- Malaria, Cerebral/parasitology
- Malaria, Cerebral/prevention & control
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Plasmodium berghei/immunology
- Plasmodium berghei/pathogenicity
- Repressor Proteins/deficiency
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/parasitology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina M. Kuehlwein
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Max Borsche
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Patricia J. Korir
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Frederic Risch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Ann‐Kristin Mueller
- Parasitology UnitCentre for Infectious DiseasesHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- DZIF German Center for Infection ResearchPartner Site HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Kai Hildner
- Medical Department 1University Hospital ErlangenErlangenGermany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- DZIF German Center for Infection ResearchPartner Site Bonn‐CologneBonnGermany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- Institute of Inflammation and NeurodegenerationUniversity of MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
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9
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Handschuh J, Amore J, Müller AJ. From the Cradle to the Grave of an Infection: Host-Pathogen Interaction Visualized by Intravital Microscopy. Cytometry A 2019; 97:458-470. [PMID: 31777152 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During infections, interactions between host immune cells and the pathogen occur in distinct anatomical locations and along defined time scales. This can best be assessed in the physiological context of an infection in the living tissue. Consequently, intravital imaging has enabled us to dissect the critical phases and events throughout an infection in real time in living tissues. Specifically, advances in visualizing specific cell types and individual pathogens permitted tracking the early events of tissue invasion of the pathogen, cellular interactions involved in the induction of the immune response as well the events implicated in clearance of the infection. In this respect, two vantage points have evolved since the initial employment of this technique in the field of infection biology. On the one hand, strategies acquired by the pathogen to establish within the host and circumvent or evade the immune defenses have been elucidated. On the other hand, analyzing infections from the immune system's perspective has led to insights into the dynamic cellular interactions that are involved in the initial recognition of the pathogen, immune induction as well as effector function delivery and immunopathology. Furthermore, an increasing interest in probing functional parameters in vivo has emerged, such as the analysis of pathogen reactivity to stress conditions imposed by the host organism in order to mediate clearance upon pathogen encounter. Here, we give an overview on recent intravital microscopy findings of host-pathogen interactions along the course of an infection, from both the immune system's and pathogen's perspectives. We also discuss recent developments and future perspectives in extracting intravital information beyond the localization of pathogens and their interaction with immune cells. Such reporter systems on the pathogen's physiological state and immune cell functions may prove useful in dissecting the functional dynamics of host-pathogen interactions. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Handschuh
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Amore
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas J Müller
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Intravital Microscopy of Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
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Kelemen RK, Rajakaruna H, Cockburn IA, Ganusov VV. Clustering of Activated CD8 T Cells Around Malaria-Infected Hepatocytes Is Rapid and Is Driven by Antigen-Specific Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2153. [PMID: 31616407 PMCID: PMC6764016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, begins when Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes inject malaria sporozoites while searching for blood. Sporozoites migrate from the skin via blood to the liver, infect hepatocytes, and form liver stages which in mice 48 h later escape into blood and cause clinical malaria. Vaccine-induced activated or memory CD8 T cells are capable of locating and eliminating all liver stages in 48 h, thus preventing the blood-stage disease. However, the rules of how CD8 T cells are able to locate all liver stages within a relatively short time period remains poorly understood. We recently reported formation of clusters consisting of variable numbers of activated CD8 T cells around Plasmodium yoelii (Py)-infected hepatocytes. Using a combination of experimental data and mathematical models we now provide additional insights into mechanisms of formation of these clusters. First, we show that a model in which cluster formation is driven exclusively by T-cell-extrinsic factors, such as variability in "attractiveness" of different liver stages, cannot explain distribution of cluster sizes in different experimental conditions. In contrast, the model in which cluster formation is driven by the positive feedback loop (i.e., larger clusters attract more CD8 T cells) can accurately explain the available data. Second, while both Py-specific CD8 T cells and T cells of irrelevant specificity (non-specific CD8 T cells) are attracted to the clusters, we found no evidence that non-specific CD8 T cells play a role in cluster formation. Third and finally, mathematical modeling suggested that formation of clusters occurs rapidly, within few hours after adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells, thus illustrating high efficiency of CD8 T cells in locating their targets in complex peripheral organs, such as the liver. Taken together, our analysis provides novel insights into and attempts to discriminate between alternative mechanisms driving the formation of clusters of antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka K. Kelemen
- Institute of Science and Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Harshana Rajakaruna
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ian A. Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Moormann AM, Nixon CE, Forconi CS. Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12628. [PMID: 30972776 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria-associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Christina E Nixon
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Catherine S Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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12
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Kurup SP, Anthony SM, Hancox LS, Vijay R, Pewe LL, Moioffer SJ, Sompallae R, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Harty JT. Monocyte-Derived CD11c + Cells Acquire Plasmodium from Hepatocytes to Prime CD8 T Cell Immunity to Liver-Stage Malaria. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:565-577.e6. [PMID: 30905437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites inoculated by mosquitoes migrate to the liver and infect hepatocytes prior to release of merozoites that initiate symptomatic blood-stage malaria. Plasmodium parasites are thought to be restricted to hepatocytes throughout this obligate liver stage of development, and how liver-stage-expressed antigens prime productive CD8 T cell responses remains unknown. We found that a subset of liver-infiltrating monocyte-derived CD11c+ cells co-expressing F4/80, CD103, CD207, and CSF1R acquired parasites during the liver stage of malaria, but only after initial hepatocyte infection. These CD11c+ cells found in the infected liver and liver-draining lymph nodes exhibited transcriptionally and phenotypically enhanced antigen-presentation functions and primed protective CD8 T cell responses against Plasmodium liver-stage-restricted antigens. Our findings highlight a previously unrecognized aspect of Plasmodium biology and uncover the fundamental mechanism by which CD8 T cell responses are primed against liver-stage malaria antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven J Moioffer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Sompallae
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shahid M Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Chattopadhyay D, Mukhopadhyay A, Ojha D, Sadhukhan P, Dutta S. Immuno-metabolic changes in herpes virus infection. Cytokine 2018; 112:52-62. [PMID: 29960669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences indicate that change in cellular metabolic pathways can alter immune response and function of the host; emphasizing the role of metabolome in health and diseases. Human Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) causes diseases from asymptomatic to highly prevalent oral and genital herpes, recurrent blisters or neurological complications. Immune responses against HSV are complex with delicate interplay between innate signaling pathways and adaptive immune responses. The innate response involves the induction of protective IFN-1; while Natural Killer (NK) cells and plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDC) confer in vivo adaptive anti-HSV response along with humoral and cellular components in controlling infection and latency. Metabolic changes lead to up-/down-regulation of several cytokines and chemokines like IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and MIP1β in HSV infection and recurrences. Recently, the viral protein ICP0 has been identified as an attenuator of TLR signaling, that inhibit innate responses to HSV. This review will summarize the role of metabolome in innate and adaptive effectors in infection, pathogenesis and immune control of HSV, highlighting the delicate interplay between the metabolic changes and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India; ICMR-Virus Unit, Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.
| | - Aparna Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Provash Sadhukhan
- ICMR-Virus Unit, Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P- C.I.T. Scheme XM, 33 CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
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