1
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Payen S, Giroux MC, Gisch N, Schombel U, Fittipaldi N, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Lipoteichoic acids influence cell shape and bacterial division of Streptococcus suis serotype 2, but play a limited role in the pathogenesis of the infection. Vet Res 2024; 55:34. [PMID: 38504299 PMCID: PMC10953176 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major swine pathogen and a zoonotic agent, causing meningitis in both swine and humans, responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The pathogenesis of infection and the role of bacterial cell wall components in virulence have not been fully elucidated. Lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, as well as lipoteichoic acids (LTA) have all been proposed to contribute to virulence. In the present study, the role of the LTA in the pathogenesis of the infection was evaluated through the characterisation of a mutant of the S. suis serotype 2 strain P1/7 lacking the LtaS enzyme, which mediates the polymerization of the LTA poly-glycerolphosphate chain. The ltaS mutant was confirmed to completely lack LTA and displayed significant morphological defects. Although the bacterial growth of this mutant was not affected, further results showed that LTA is involved in maintaining S. suis bacterial fitness. However, its role in the pathogenesis of the infection appears limited. Indeed, LTA presence reduces self-agglutination, biofilm formation and even dendritic cell activation, which are important aspects of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by S. suis. In addition, it does not seem to play a critical role in virulence using a systemic mouse model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Payen
- Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Giroux
- Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ursula Schombel
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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2
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Payen S, Roy D, Okura M, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Study of the Role of Lipoprotein Maturation Enzymes in the Pathogenesis of the Infection Caused by the Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Sequence Type 25 North American Prototype Strain. Pathogens 2023; 12:1325. [PMID: 38003790 PMCID: PMC10675726 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine bacterial pathogen causing sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis. However, serotype 2 strains are phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous and composed of a multitude of sequence types (STs) whose distributions greatly vary worldwide. It has been previously shown that the lipoprotein (LPP) maturation enzymes diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) and signal peptidase (Lsp) significantly modulate the inflammatory host response and play a differential role in virulence depending on the genetic background of the strain. Differently from Eurasian ST1/ST7 strains, the capsular polysaccharide of a North American S. suis serotype 2 ST25 representative strain only partially masks sub-capsular domains and bacterial wall components. Thus, our hypothesis is that since LPPs would be more surface exposed in ST25 strains than in their ST1 or ST7 counterparts, the maturation enzymes would play a more important role in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by the North American strain. Using isogenic Δlgt and Δlsp mutants derived from the wild-type ST25 strain, our studies suggest that these enzymes do not seem to play a role in the interaction between S. suis and epithelial and endothelial cells, regardless of the genetics background of the strain used. However, a role in the formation of biofilms (also independently of the STs) has been demonstrated. Moreover, the involvement of LPP dendritic cell activation in vitro seems to be somehow more pronounced with the ST25 strain. Finally, the Lgt enzyme seems to play a more important role in the virulence of the ST25 strain. Although some differences between STs could be observed, our original hypothesis that LPPs would be significantly more important in ST25 strains due to a better bacterial surface exposition could not be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Payen
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (M.S.)
| | - David Roy
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima 891-0105, Japan;
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (M.S.)
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3
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Li X, Li Q, Zhang Z, Wang C, Huo X, Lai H, Lu H, Lu W, Qian Y, Dong W, Tan C, Liu M. Canagliflozin Inhibited the Activity of Hemolysin and Reduced the Inflammatory Response Caused by Streptococcus suis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13074. [PMID: 37685881 PMCID: PMC10487456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly virulent Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infections can cause Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) in pigs and humans, in which an excessive inflammatory response causes severe damage. Hemolysin (SLY) is a major virulence factor of S. suis serotype 2 that produces pores in the target cell membrane, leading to cytoplasmic K+ efflux and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, ultimately causing STSLS. The critical aspect of hemolysin in the pathogenesis of S. suis type 2 makes it an attractive target for the development of innovative anti-virulence drugs. Here, we use the S. suis toxin protein (SLY) as a target for virtual screening. A compound called canagliflozin, a hypoglycemic agent, was identified through screening. Canagliflozin significantly inhibits the hemolytic activity of hemolysin. The results combined with molecular dynamics simulation, surface plasmon resonance, and nano differential scanning fluorimetry show that canagliflozin inhibits the hemolytic activity of SLY by binding to SLY. In addition, canagliflozin markedly reduced the release of SC19-induced inflammatory factors at the cellular level and in mice. Importantly, the combination of canagliflozin and ampicillin had a 90% success rate in mice, significantly greater than the therapeutic effect of ampicillin. The findings suggest that canagliflozin may be a promising new drug candidate for S. suis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Li
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Wuhan 430000, China;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Qingyuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Zhaoran Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Chenchen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Xinyu Huo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Hongjiang Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Hao Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Wenjia Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Yulin Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Wenqi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Chen Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (Q.L.); (Z.Z.); (C.W.); (X.H.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Y.Q.); (W.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Manli Liu
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Wuhan 430000, China;
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Payen S, Rrodriguez JA, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Laminin-binding protein of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 influences zinc acquisition and cytokine responses. Vet Res 2023; 54:1. [PMID: 36604750 PMCID: PMC9817373 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important bacterial pathogen of swine, responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The knowledge on the pathogenesis of the infection caused by S. suis is still poorly known. It has been previously described that S. suis possesses at least one lipoprotein with double laminin and zinc (Zn)-binding properties, which was described in the literature as either laminin-binding protein (Lmb, as in the current study), lipoprotein 103, CDS 0330 or AdcAII. In the present study, the role of the Lmb in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by S. suis serotype 2 was dissected. Using isogenic mutants, results showed that Lmb does not play an important role in the laminin-binding activity of S. suis, even when clearly exposed at the bacterial surface. In addition, the presence of this lipoprotein does not influence bacterial adhesion to and invasion of porcine respiratory epithelial and brain endothelial cells and it does not increase the susceptibility of S. suis to phagocytosis. On the other hand, the Lmb was shown to play an important role as cytokine activator when tested in vitro with dendritic cells. Finally, this lipoprotein plays a critical role in Zn acquisition from the host environment allowing bacteria to grow in vivo. The significant lower virulence of the Lmb defective mutant may be related to a combination of a lower bacterial survival due to the incapacity to acquire Zn from their surrounding milieu and a reduced cytokine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Payen
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Jesús Aranda Rrodriguez
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department de Genètica I Microbiologia, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariela Segura
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2 Canada
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5
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IL-18 Signaling Is Essential for Causing Streptococcal Toxic Shock-like Syndrome (STSLS). Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091324. [PMID: 36143361 PMCID: PMC9503922 DOI: 10.3390/life12091324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that can cause multiple diseases, including streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). The S. suis SC-19 strain could cause NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome hyperactivation, then induce a cytokine storm and STSLS. Although IL-18 is the downstream effector of NLRP3 signaling, the role of IL-18 signaling on STSLS remains to be elucidated. Thus, il18r1 gene knockout mice were constructed and challenged with the SC-19 strain. Alleviated clinical signs and tissue damages, as well as improved survival were observed in il18r−/− mice compared with the WT mice post-SC-19 challenge. Meanwhile, an obvious decrease in the inflammatory cytokine levels in blood was observed in the il18r-/- mice infected with SC-19. Therefore, IL-18, the downstream effector of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, was responsible for the cytokine storm and STSLS development caused by S. suis, suggesting that IL-18/IL-18Rα signaling could serve as a new target for STSLS.
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6
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Neila-Ibáñez C, Brogaard L, Pailler-García L, Martínez J, Segalés J, Segura M, Heegaard PMH, Aragon V. Piglet innate immune response to Streptococcus suis colonization is modulated by the virulence of the strain. Vet Res 2021; 52:145. [PMID: 34924012 PMCID: PMC8684544 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01013-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen of swine involved in arthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis. Colonization of piglets by S. suis is very common and occurs early in life. The clinical outcome of infection is influenced by the virulence of the S. suis strains and the immunity of the animals. Here, the role of innate immunity was studied in cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets inoculated intranasally with either virulent S. suis strain 10 (S10) or non-virulent S. suis strain T15. Colonization of the inoculated piglets was confirmed at the end of the study by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Fever (≥40.5 °C) was more prevalent in piglets inoculated with S10 compared to T15 at 4 h after inoculation. During the 3 days of monitoring, no other major clinical signs were detected. Accordingly, only small changes in transcription of genes associated with the antibacterial innate immune response were observed at systemic sites, with S10 inducing an earlier response than T15 in blood. Local inflammatory response to the inoculation, evaluated by transcriptional analysis of selected genes in nasal swabs, was more sustained in piglets inoculated with the virulent S10, as demonstrated by transcription of inflammation-related genes, such as IL1B, IL1A, and IRF7. In contrast, most of the gene expression changes in trachea, lungs, and associated lymph nodes were observed in response to the non-virulent T15 strain. Thus, S. suis colonization in the absence of systemic infection induces an innate immune response in piglets that appears to be related to the virulence potential of the colonizing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neila-Ibáñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Section for Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Current Affiliation: Section for Animal Genetics, Bioinformatics and Breeding, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lola Pailler-García
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group On Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Innate Immunology Group, Center for Diagnostics, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Liang P, Wang M, Gottschalk M, Vela AI, Estrada AA, Wang J, Du P, Luo M, Zheng H, Wu Z. Genomic and pathogenic investigations of Streptococcus suis serotype 7 population derived from a human patient and pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1960-1974. [PMID: 34635002 PMCID: PMC8525962 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1988725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the important emerging zoonotic pathogens. Serotype 2 is most prevalent in patients worldwide. In the present study, we first isolated one S. suis serotype 7 strain GX69 from the blood culture of a patient with septicemia complicated with pneumonia in China. In order to deepen the understanding of S. suis serotype 7 population characteristics, we investigated the phylogenetic structure, genomic features, and virulence of S. suis serotype 7 population, including 35 strains and 79 genomes. Significant diversities were revealed in S. suis serotype 7 population, which were clustered into 22 sequence types (STs), five minimum core genome (MCG) groups, and six lineages. Lineages 1, 3a, and 6 were mainly constituted by genomes from Asia. Genomes of Lineages 2, 3b, and 5a were mainly from Northern America. Most of genomes from Europe (41/48) were clustered into Lineage 5b. In addition to strain GX69, 13 of 21 S. suis serotype 7 representative strains were classified as virulent strains using the C57BL/6 mouse model. Virulence-associated genes preferentially present in highly pathogenic S. suis serotype 2 strains were not suitable as virulence indicators for S. suis serotype 7 strains. Integrative mobilizable elements were widespread and may play a critical role in disseminating antibiotic resistance genes of S. suis serotype 7 strains. Our study confirmed S. suis serotype 7 is a non-negligible pathotype and deepened the understanding of the population structure of S. suis serotype 7, which provided valuable information for the improved surveillance of this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliu Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Ana I. Vela
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria and Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - April A. Estrada
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Yulin Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yulin, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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8
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Payen S, Roy D, Boa A, Okura M, Auger JP, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Role of Maturation of Lipoproteins in the Pathogenesis of the Infection Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112386. [PMID: 34835511 PMCID: PMC8621357 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen associated with multiple pathologies in piglets. Bacterial lipoproteins (LPPs) have been described as playing important roles in the pathogenesis of the infection of other Gram-positive bacteria as adhesins, pro-inflammatory cell activators and/or virulence factors. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the role of the prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) and lipoprotein signal peptidase (Lsp) enzymes, which are responsible for LPP maturation, on the pathogenesis of the infection caused by two different sequence types (STs) of S. suis serotype 2 strains (virulent ST1 and highly virulent ST7). Through the use of isogenic Δlgt, Δlsp and double Δlgt/Δlsp mutants, it was shown that lack of these enzymes did not influence S. suis adhesion/invasion to porcine respiratory epithelial cells. However, in the absence of the Lsp and/or Lgt, a significant reduction in the capacity of S. suis to activate phagocytic cells and induce pro-inflammatory mediators (in vitro and in vivo) was observed. In general, results obtained with the double mutant did not differ in comparison to single mutants, indicating lack of an additive effect. Finally, our data suggest that these enzymes play a differential role in virulence, depending on the genetic background of the strain and being more important for the highly virulent ST7 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Payen
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (J.-P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - David Roy
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (J.-P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Anaïs Boa
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (J.-P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan;
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (J.-P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (J.-P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA) and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.P.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (J.-P.A.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Wang J, Yi X, Liang P, Tao Y, Wang Y, Jin D, Luo B, Yang J, Zheng H. Investigation of the Genomic and Pathogenic Features of the Potentially Zoonotic Streptococcus parasuis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070834. [PMID: 34357984 PMCID: PMC8308872 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Streptococcus suis reference strains of serotype 20, 22, and 26 were reclassified as Streptococcus parasuis. The public health significance of S. parasuis is underestimated due to the lack of clinical isolates. In the present study, we first reported two sporadic S. parasuis infections in humans, after using full-length 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes' phylogeny and ANI values of genome sequence comparisons to determine the species of their isolates BS26 and BS27. Compared to highly pathogenic S. suis strain P1/7, S. parasuis strains BS26 and BS27 possessed a delayed capacity to initiate lethal infection, which may attribute to the later production of higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Differed to S. suis strain P1/7, S. parasuis strains did not induce significant inflammatory response in the brain of mice. Histopathological changes in liver and lungs were widely present in mice infected with S. parasuis strains. Our data indicated that the pathogenic mechanism of S. parasuis may be different from that of S. suis. Three lineages in the core-genome phylogenetic tree and ten types of cps gene cluster were found in 13 S. parasuis genomes, indicating high heterogeneity of this species. The similarity of CPS structure and antibiotic-resistant genes relative to S. suis indicated the evolutionary affinity between the two species. Our data suggested S. parasuis is a potential zoonotic pathogen and poses severe threat to health of susceptible people. Further study on the epidemiology and public health significance of S. parasuis is urgently necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xueli Yi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Youjiang 533000, China; (X.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuanmeihui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Bin Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Youjiang 533000, China; (X.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Apigenin and Ampicillin as Combined Strategy to Treat Severe Streptococcus suis Infection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071980. [PMID: 33915741 PMCID: PMC8037323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important zoonotic pathogen, Streptococcus suis (S. suis) can cause a variety of diseases both in human and animals, especially Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS), which commonly appears in severe S. suis infection. STSLS is often accompanied by excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, which is the main cause of host death. Therefore, it is urgent to find a new strategy to relieve the damage caused by STSLS. In this study, we found, for the first time, that apigenin, as a flavonoid compound, could combine with ampicillin to treat severe S. suis infection. Studies found that apigenin did not affect the growth of S. suis and the secretion of suilysin (SLY), but it could significantly inhibit the hemolytic activity of SLY by directly binding to SLY and destroying its secondary structure. In cell assays, apigenin was found to have no significant toxic effects on effective concentrations, and have a good protective effect on S. suis-infected cells. More importantly, compared with the survival rate of S. suis-infected mice treated with only ampicillin, the survival rate of apigenin combined with an ampicillin-treated group significantly increased to 80%. In conclusion, all results indicate that apigenin in combination with conventional antibiotics can be a potential strategy for treating severe S. suis infection.
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11
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Xu L, Lin L, Lu X, Xiao P, Liu R, Wu M, Jin M, Zhang A. Acquiring high expression of suilysin enable non-epidemic Streptococccus suis to cause streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) through NLRP3 inflammasome hyperactivation. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1309-1319. [PMID: 33792531 PMCID: PMC8253218 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1908098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic Streptococcus suis (S. suis) strain [Sequence type (ST) 7] was gradually evolving from the non-epidemic ST1 strain and got the ability for high expressing of suilysin (SLY). And the high expression of SLY was required for the epidemic strain to cause NLRP3 hyperactivation, which is essential for the induction of cytokines storm, dysfunction of multiple organs, and a high incidence of mortality, the characters of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). However, it remains to be elucidated whether acquiring high SLY expression due to genome evolution was sufficient for the non-epidemic strain to cause STSLS. Here, we found that the overexpression of SLY in ST1 strain (P1/7-SLY) could obviously increase the inflammasome activation, which was dependent on NLRP3 signalling. In contrast, the strain (P1/7-mSLY) overexpressing the mutant SLY (protein without hemolytic activity) could not significantly increase the inflammasome activation. Furthermore, similar to the epidemic strain, P1/7-SLY could cause STSLS in nlrp3+/+ mice but not in nlrp3−/− mice. In contrast, P1/7-mSLY could not cause STSLS in both nlrp3+/+ mice and nlrp3−/− mice. In summary, we demonstrate that genetic evolution enabling S. suis strain to express high level of SLY may be an essential and sufficient condition for NLRP3 inflammasome hyperactivation, which could further cause cytokines storm and STSLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meizhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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12
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Obradovic MR, Segura M, Segalés J, Gottschalk M. Review of the speculative role of co-infections in Streptococcus suis-associated diseases in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:49. [PMID: 33743838 PMCID: PMC7980725 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial swine pathogens affecting post-weaned piglets, causing mainly meningitis, arthritis and sudden death. It not only results in severe economic losses but also raises concerns over animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance and remains an important zoonotic agent in some countries. The definition and diagnosis of S. suis-associated diseases can be complex. Should S. suis be considered a primary or secondary pathogen? The situation is further complicated when referring to respiratory disease, since the pathogen has historically been considered as a secondary pathogen within the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Is S. suis a respiratory or strictly systemic pathogen? S. suis is a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, and the presence of potentially virulent strains alone does not guarantee the appearance of clinical signs. Within this unclear context, it has been largely proposed that co-infection with some viral and bacterial pathogens can significantly influence the severity of S. suis-associated diseases and may be the key to understanding how the infection behaves in the field. In this review, we critically addressed studies reporting an epidemiological link (mixed infections or presence of more than one pathogen at the same time), as well as in vitro and in vivo studies of co-infection of S. suis with other pathogens and discussed their limitations and possibilities for improvement and proposed recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan R Obradovic
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Aviaire (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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13
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Annexin A1 Attenuates Neutrophil Migration and IL-6 Expression through Fpr2 in a Mouse Model of Streptococcus suis-Induced Meningitis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00680-20. [PMID: 33318141 PMCID: PMC8097268 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00680-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a crucial pathogenic cause of bacterial meningitis, a life-threatening disease with neurological sequelae and high rates of mortality. Inflammation triggered by S. suis infection must be precisely regulated to prevent further tissue damage. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a crucial pathogenic cause of bacterial meningitis, a life-threatening disease with neurological sequelae and high rates of mortality. Inflammation triggered by S. suis infection must be precisely regulated to prevent further tissue damage. As a glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory mediator, annexin A1 (AnxA1) mainly acts through formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) to alleviate inflammation in the peripheral system. In this study, we evaluated the roles of AnxA1 and Fpr2 in a mouse model of S. suis meningitis created via intracisternal infection in Fpr2-deficient (Fpr2−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice. We revealed that Fpr2−/− mice were highly susceptible to S. suis meningitis, displaying increased inflammatory cytokine levels, bacterial dissemination, and neutrophil migration compared with WT mice. Additionally, AnxA1 exerted anti-inflammatory effects through Fpr2, such as attenuation of leukocyte infiltration, inflammatory mediator production, and astrocyte or microglial activation in the brain. Importantly, we found that the antimigratory function of AnxA1 decreases neutrophil adherence to the endothelium through Fpr2. Finally, an in vitro study revealed that AnxA1 potentially suppresses interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression through the Fpr2/p38/COX-2 pathway. These data demonstrated that Fpr2 is an anti-inflammatory receptor that regulates neutrophil migration in mice with S. suis meningitis and identified AnxA1 as a potential therapeutic option.
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14
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Tram G, Jennings MP, Blackall PJ, Atack JM. Streptococcus suis pathogenesis-A diverse array of virulence factors for a zoonotic lifestyle. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:217-257. [PMID: 34147186 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major cause of respiratory tract and invasive infections in pigs and is responsible for a substantial disease burden in the pig industry. S. suis is also a significant cause of bacterial meningitis in humans, particularly in South East Asia. S. suis expresses a wide array of virulence factors, and although many are described as being required for disease, no single factor has been demonstrated to be absolutely required. The lack of uniform distribution of known virulence factors among individual strains and lack of evidence that any particular virulence factor is essential for disease makes the development of vaccines and treatments challenging. Here we review the current understanding of S. suis virulence factors and their role in the pathogenesis of this important zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Tram
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael P Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John M Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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15
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Auranofin Has Advantages over First-Line Drugs in the Treatment of Severe Streptococcus suis Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010026. [PMID: 33396878 PMCID: PMC7823847 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) likely occurs when an individual is infected with the Streptococcus suis (S. suis) epidemic strain and is characterized by a cytokine storm, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and a high incidence of mortality despite adequate treatment. A number of antibiotics exhibit excellent bactericidal effects in vivo, such as fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides (gentamicin) and β-lactams (penicillin G, ceftiofur, or amoxicillin), but are less effective for treating STSLS. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new compounds that can reduce the damage caused by STSLS. In the present study, we identified auranofin, an orally bioavailable FDA-approved anti-rheumatic drug as a candidate repurposed drug to treat severe S. suis infections. Our results showed that auranofin can bind to the functional domain of bacterial thioredoxin reductase, decreasing the reducing redox-responsive capacity of target bacteria and allowing for the killing of S. suis cells. We also observed that auranofin has antibacterial activity against other gram-positive bacteria, such as multidrug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP), Streptococcus agalactiae, and vancomycin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, auranofin is capable of eradicating intracellular S.suis present inside infected macrophage cells. Mouse model experimental results showed that auranofin could effectively reduce the mortality of mice infected with S. suis. Compared to the ampicillin treatment group, the survival rate of mice in the auranofin treatment group in severely infected model mice was significantly improved. These results suggest that auranofin has the potential for use as an effective antibiotic against S. suis.
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16
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Gajdács M, Németh A, Knausz M, Barrak I, Stájer A, Mestyán G, Melegh S, Nyul A, Tóth Á, Ágoston Z, Urbán E. Streptococcus suis: An Underestimated Emerging Pathogen in Hungary? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091292. [PMID: 32847011 PMCID: PMC7570012 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, demonstrated as an etiological agent in human infections in increasing frequency, including diseases like purulent meningitis, sepsis, uveitis-endophtalmitis and arthritis. Due to the increased availability and utility of novel diagnostic technologies in clinical microbiology, more studies have been published on the epidemiology of S. suis, both in veterinary and human medicine; however, there are no comprehensive data available regarding human S. suis infections from East-Central European countries. As a part of our study, data were collected from the National Bacteriological Surveillance (NBS) system on patients who had at least one positive microbiological result for S. suis, corresponding to an 18-year study period (2002-2019). n = 74 S. suis strains were isolated from invasive human infections, corresponding to 34 patients. The number of affected patients was 1.89 ± 1.53/year (range: 0-5). Most isolates originated from blood culture (63.5%) and cerebrospinal fluid (18.9%) samples. Additionally, we present detailed documentation of three instructive cases from three regions of the country and with three distinctly different outcomes. Hungary has traditional agriculture, the significant portion of which includes the production and consumption of pork meat, with characteristic preparation and consumption customs and unfavorable epidemiological characteristics (alcohol consumption, prevalence of malignant diseases or diabetes), which have all been described as important predisposing factors for the development of serious infections. Clinicians and microbiologist need to be vigilant even in nonendemic areas, especially if the patients have a history of occupational hazards or having close contact with infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márió Gajdács
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +36-62-341-330
| | - Anita Németh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Vasvári Pál utca 2–4., 9023 Győr, Hungary; (A.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Márta Knausz
- Microbiology Laboratory, Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Vasvári Pál utca 2–4., 9023 Győr, Hungary; (A.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Ibrahim Barrak
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62–64., 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Anette Stájer
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62–64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gyula Mestyán
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Szilvia Melegh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Adrienn Nyul
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Ákos Tóth
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2–6., 1097 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Ágoston
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6., 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Edit Urbán
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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Bleuzé M, Auger JP, Lavagna A, Gisch N, Gottschalk M, Segura M. In vitro characterization of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) production by dendritic cells and macrophages during Streptococcus suis infection. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151979. [PMID: 32747024 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent. Infections induce an exacerbated inflammation that can result in sudden death (septic shock) and meningitis. Though neutrophilic leukocytosis characterizes S. suis infection, the mediators involved are poorly understood. Among them, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, triggers proliferation of neutrophil progenitors and neutrophil mobilization. However, the systemic production of G-CSF induced during S. suis infection, the cell types involved, and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In a S. suis serotype 2 mouse model of systemic infection, plasma levels of G-CSF rapidly increased after infection. S. suis activation of DCs and macrophages resulted in high (> 1000 pg/mL) and comparable production levels of G-CSF, as measured by ELISA. By using mutant strains deficient in capsular polysaccharide (CPS) or lipoprotein maturation in combination with purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from the latter mutant strain, it was showed that G-CSF production is mainly mediated by S. suis lipoproteins. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway via myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) is required for G-CSF production by DCs and macrophages following S. suis activation, with a partial involvement of TLR2. On the other hand, TLR2-independant G-CSF production induced by S. suis requires internalization and bacterial DNA might play a role in this pathway. Finally, these signals activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways leading to G-CSF production. In conclusion, this study demonstrated for the first time that S. suis induces G-CSF production in vivo and DCs and macrophages are key cellular sources of this cytokine mediator, mainly via the binding of lipoproteins to TLR2. The CPS significantly reduced this activation, confirming the powerful role of this component in S. suis virulence. As such, this study contributes to better understand how DCs and macrophages produce G-CSF in response to S. suis, and potentially to other streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marêva Bleuzé
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Agustina Lavagna
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) & Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, QC, Canada.
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18
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Auger JP, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Bédard C, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Differential role of MyD88 signaling in Streptococcus suis serotype 2-induced systemic and central nervous system diseases. Int Immunol 2020; 31:697-714. [PMID: 30944920 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and a zoonotic agent responsible for sudden death, septic shock and meningitis, with exacerbated inflammation being a hallmark of the systemic and central nervous system (CNS) infections. However, S. suis serotype 2 strains are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, being composed of a multitude of sequence types (STs) whose virulence greatly varies. Yet, most studies have used 'classical' virulent Eurasian ST1 or ST7 strains, even though ST25 and ST28 strains account for most isolates in North America. While recognition of S. suis by innate immune cells has been associated with the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway in vitro, particularly surface-associated TLR2, little information is available regarding its role in vivo. This study demonstrates for the first time a differential role of MyD88 signaling in S. suis-induced systemic and CNS diseases, regardless of strain background diversity. The MyD88-dependent pathway is critical for the development of systemic disease via its role in inflammation, which subsequently controls bacterial burden. However, and differently from what has been described in vitro, TLR2 and TLR4 individually do not contribute to systemic disease, suggesting possible compensation in their absence and/or a collaborative role with other MyD88-dependent TLRs. On the other hand, CNS disease does not necessarily require MyD88 signaling and, consequently, neither TLR2 nor TLR4, suggesting a partial implication of other pathways. Finally, regardless of its notable heterogeneity, recognition of S. suis serotype 2 appears to be similar, indicating that recognized components are conserved motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Bédard
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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TRIM32 Drives Pathogenesis in Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome and Streptococcus suis Meningitis by Regulating Innate Immune Responses. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00957-19. [PMID: 31988176 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00957-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent that causes streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) and meningitis in humans, with high mortality and morbidity. The pathogenesis of both STSLS and central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by S. suis is not well understood. TRIM32, a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family, has been reported to regulate host inflammatory responses. In this study, we showed that TRIM32 deficiency significantly reduced the level of bacteremia and the production of proinflammatory cytokines following severe S. suis infection, protecting infected mice from STSLS. The influence of TRIM32 gene deletion on a range of processes known to be involved in S. suis meningitis was also examined. Both levels of bacterial loads and indications of brain hemorrhage were reduced in infected Trim32- / - mice compared with infected wild-type (WT) controls. We also found that TRIM32 deficiency increased the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes during the early course of S. suis infection, potentially limiting the development of S. suis meningitis. Our results suggest that TRIM32 sensitizes S. suis-induced infection via innate immune response regulation.
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Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection Causes Host Immunomodulation through Induction of Thymic Atrophy. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00950-19. [PMID: 31932328 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00950-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important bacterial pathogen of swine and is also an emerging zoonotic agent that may be harmful to human health. Although the virulence genes of S. suis have been extensively studied, the mechanisms by which they damage the central immune organs have rarely been studied. In the current work, we wanted to uncover more details about the impact and mechanisms of S. suis on specific populations of thymic and immune cells in infected mice. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays revealed that S. suis infection induced apoptosis in CD3+, CD14+, and epithelial cells from the thymus. S. suis infection resulted in a rapid depletion of mitochondrial permeability and release of cytochrome c (CytC) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) through upregulation of Bax expression and downregulation of Bcl-xl and Bcl2 expression in thymocytes. Moreover, S. suis infection increased cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. Thus, S. suis induced thymocyte apoptosis through a p53- and caspase-dependent pathway, which led to a decrease of CD3+ cells in the thymus, subsequently decreasing the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the peripheral blood. Finally, expression dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum, including interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-12 (p70), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-10, was observed in mice after S. suis type 2 infection. Taken together, these results suggest that S. suis infection can cause atrophy of the thymus and induce apoptosis of thymocytes in mice, thus likely suppressing host immunity.
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Recognition of Lipoproteins by Toll-like Receptor 2 and DNA by the AIM2 Inflammasome Is Responsible for Production of Interleukin-1β by Virulent Suilysin-negative Streptococcus suis Serotype 2. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020147. [PMID: 32098284 PMCID: PMC7168628 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and zoonotic agent causing sudden death, septic shock and meningitis. These pathologies are the consequence of an exacerbated inflammatory response composed of various mediators including interleukin (IL)-1β. Elevated levels of the toxin suilysin (SLY) were demonstrated to play a key role in S. suis-induced IL-1β production. However, 95% of serotype 2 strains isolated from diseased pigs in North America, many of which are virulent, do not produce SLY. In this study, we demonstrated that SLY-negative S. suis induces elevated levels of IL-1β in systemic organs, with dendritic cells contributing to this production. SLY-negative S. suis-induced IL-1β production requires MyD88 and TLR2 following recognition of lipoproteins. However, the higher internalization rate of the SLY-negative strain results in intracellularly located DNA being recognized by the AIM2 inflammasome, which promotes IL-1β production. Finally, the role of IL-1 in host survival during the S. suis systemic infection is beneficial and conserved, regardless of SLY production, via modulation of the inflammation required to control bacterial burden. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that SLY is not required for S. suis-induced IL-1β production.
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Inflammatory Monocytes and Neutrophils Regulate Streptococcus suis-Induced Systemic Inflammation and Disease but Are Not Critical for the Development of Central Nervous System Disease in a Mouse Model of Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00787-19. [PMID: 31818962 PMCID: PMC7035915 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00787-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and zoonotic agent responsible for sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis. These pathologies are a consequence of elevated bacterial replication leading to exacerbated and uncontrolled inflammation, a hallmark of the S. suis systemic and central nervous system (CNS) infections. Monocytes and neutrophils are immune cells involved in various functions, including proinflammatory mediator production. Streptococcus suis is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and zoonotic agent responsible for sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis. These pathologies are a consequence of elevated bacterial replication leading to exacerbated and uncontrolled inflammation, a hallmark of the S. suis systemic and central nervous system (CNS) infections. Monocytes and neutrophils are immune cells involved in various functions, including proinflammatory mediator production. Moreover, monocytes are composed of two main subsets: shorter-lived inflammatory monocytes and longer-lived patrolling monocytes. However, regardless of their presence in blood and the fact that S. suis-induced meningitis is characterized by infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils into the CNS, their role during the S. suis systemic and CNS diseases remains unknown. Consequently, we hypothesized that monocytes and neutrophils participate in S. suis infection via bacterial clearance and inflammation. Results demonstrated that inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils regulate S. suis-induced systemic disease via their role in inflammation required for bacterial burden control. In the CNS, inflammatory monocytes contributed to exacerbation of S. suis-induced local inflammation, while neutrophils participated in bacterial burden control. However, development of clinical CNS disease was independent of both cell types, indicating that resident immune cells are mostly responsible for S. suis-induced CNS inflammation and clinical disease and that inflammatory monocyte and neutrophil infiltration is a consequence of the induced inflammation. In contrast, the implication of patrolling monocytes was minimal throughout the S. suis infection. Consequently, this study demonstrates that while inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils modulate S. suis-induced systemic inflammation and disease, they are not critical for CNS disease development.
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Zhao Y, Li G, Yao XY, Lu SG, Wang J, Shen XD, Li M. The Impact of SsPI-1 Deletion on Streptococcus suis Virulence. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040287. [PMID: 31817637 PMCID: PMC6963714 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects pigs and can occasionally cause life-threatening systemic infections in humans. Two large-scale outbreaks of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in China suggest that the pathogenicity of S. suis has been changing in recent years. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of a chromosomal pathogenicity island (PAI) designated SsPI-1 in Chinese epidemic S. suis strains. The purpose of this study is to define the role of SsPI-1 in the virulence of S. suis. (2) Methods: A SsPI-1 deletion mutant was compared to the wild-type strain regarding the ability to attach to epithelial cells, to cause host disease and mortality, and to stimulate host immune response in experimental infection of piglets. (3) Results: Deletion of SsPI-1 significantly reduces adherence of S. suis to epithelial cells and abolishes the lethality of the wild-type strain in piglets. The SsPI-1 mutant causes no significant pathological lesions and exhibits an impaired ability to induce proinflammatory cytokine production. (4) Conclusions: Deletion of the SsPI-1 PAI attenuates the virulence of this pathogen. We conclude that SsPI-1 is a critical contributor to the evolution of virulence in epidemic S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China; (Y.Z.); (G.L.); (S.-G.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China; (Y.Z.); (G.L.); (S.-G.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Xin-Yue Yao
- Jinling Hospital Research Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China;
| | - Shu-Guang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China; (Y.Z.); (G.L.); (S.-G.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China; (Y.Z.); (G.L.); (S.-G.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (X.-D.S.); Tel.: +86-23-68772241 (M.L.)
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China; (Y.Z.); (G.L.); (S.-G.L.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (X.-D.S.); Tel.: +86-23-68772241 (M.L.)
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Auger JP, Payen S, Roy D, Dumesnil A, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Interactions of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 with host cells and role of the capsular polysaccharide: Comparison with serotypes 2 and 14. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223864. [PMID: 31600314 PMCID: PMC6786723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and a zoonotic agent responsible for sudden death, septic shock and meningitis, of which serotype 2 is the most widespread, with serotype 14 also causing infections in humans in South-East Asia. Knowledge of its pathogenesis and virulence are almost exclusively based on these two serotypes. Though serotype 9 is responsible for the greatest number of porcine cases in Spain, the Netherlands and Germany, very little information is currently available regarding this serotype. Of the different virulence factors, the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is required for S. suis virulence as it promotes resistance to phagocytosis and killing and masks surface components responsible for host cell activation. However, these roles have been described for serotypes 2 and 14, whose CPSs are structurally and compositionally similar, both containing sialic acid. Consequently, we evaluated herein the interactions of serotype 9 with host cells and the role of its CPS, which greatly differs from those of serotypes 2 and 14. Results demonstrated that serotype 9 adhesion to but not invasion of respiratory epithelial cells was greater than that of serotypes 2 and 14. Furthermore serotype 9 was more internalized by macrophages but equally resistant to whole blood killing. Though recognition of serotypes 2, 9 and 14 by DCs required MyD88-dependent signaling, in vitro pro-inflammatory mediator production induced by serotype 9 was much lower. In vivo, however, serotype 9 causes an exacerbated inflammatory response, which combined with persistent bacterial presence, is probably responsible for host death during the systemic infection. Though presence of the serotype 9 CPS masks surface components less efficiently than those of serotypes 2 and 14, the serotype 9 CPS remains critical for virulence as it is required for survival in blood and development of clinical disease, and this regardless of its unique composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Servane Payen
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Dumesnil
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Lavagna A, Auger JP, Dumesnil A, Roy D, Girardin SE, Gisch N, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Interleukin-1 signaling induced by Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is strain-dependent and contributes to bacterial clearance and inflammation during systemic disease in a mouse model of infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:52. [PMID: 31262357 PMCID: PMC6604435 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine pathogen and zoonotic agent causing sudden death, septic shock and meningitis, with exacerbated inflammation being a hallmark of the infection. A rapid, effective and balanced innate immune response against S. suis is critical to control bacterial growth without causing excessive inflammation. Even though interleukin (IL)-1 is one of the most potent and earliest pro-inflammatory mediators produced, its role in the S. suis pathogenesis has not been studied. We demonstrated that a classical virulent European sequence type (ST) 1 strain and the highly virulent ST7 strain induce important levels of IL-1 in systemic organs. Moreover, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages contribute to its production, with the ST7 strain inducing higher levels. To better understand the underlying mechanisms involved, different cellular pathways were studied. Independently of the strain, IL-1β production required MyD88 and involved recognition via TLR2 and possibly TLR7 and TLR9. This suggests that the recognized bacterial components are similar and conserved between strains. However, very high levels of the pore-forming toxin suilysin, produced only by the ST7 strain, are required for efficient maturation of pro-IL-1β via activation of different inflammasomes resulting from pore formation and ion efflux. Using IL-1R−/− mice, we demonstrated that IL-1 signaling plays a beneficial role during S. suis systemic infection by modulating the inflammation required to control and clear bacterial burden, thus promoting host survival. Beyond a certain threshold, however, S. suis-induced inflammation cannot be counterbalanced by this signaling, making it difficult to discriminate its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Lavagna
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Dumesnil
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Lin L, Xu L, Lv W, Han L, Xiang Y, Fu L, Jin M, Zhou R, Chen H, Zhang A. An NLRP3 inflammasome-triggered cytokine storm contributes to Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007795. [PMID: 31170267 PMCID: PMC6553798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the Streptococcus suis (S. suis) epidemic strain can cause Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS), which is characterized by a cytokine storm, dysfunction of multiple organs and a high incidence of mortality despite adequate treatment. Despite some progress concerning the contribution of the inflammatory response to STSLS, the precise mechanism underlying STSLS development remains elusive. Here, we use a murine model to demonstrate that caspase-1 activity is critical for STSLS development. Furthermore, we show that inflammasome activation by S. suis is mainly dependent on NLRP3 but not on NLRP1, AIM2 or NLRC4. The important role of NLRP3 activation in STSLS is further confirmed in vivo with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and nlrp3-knockout mice. By comparison of WT strain with isogenic strains with mutation of various virulence genes for inflammasome activation, Suilysin is essential for inflammasome activation, which is dependent on the membrane perforation activity to cause cytosolic K+ efflux. Moreover, the mutant strain msly (P353L) expressing mutagenic SLY without hemolytic activity was unable to activate the inflammasome and does not cause STSLS. In summary, we demonstrate that the high membrane perforation activity of the epidemic strain induces a high level of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which is essential for the development of the cytokine storm and multi-organ dysfunction in STSLS and suggests NLRP3 inflammasome as an attractive target for the treatment of STSLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weihua Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaozu Xiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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27
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Auger JP, Boa AC, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Antigen I/II Participates in the Interactions of Streptococcus suis Serotype 9 With Phagocytes and the Development of Systemic Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:124. [PMID: 31069179 PMCID: PMC6491464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and a zoonotic agent causing a variety of pathologies including sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis. Though serotype 2 is the most studied serotype due to its presence worldwide, serotype 9 is responsible for the greatest number of porcine cases in Spain, the Netherlands, and Germany. Regardless of its increasing importance, very few studies have investigated S. suis serotype 9 virulence factors and pathogenesis. Antigens I/II (AgI/II) are multimodal adhesion proteins implicated in host respiratory tract and oral cavity persistence of various pathogenic human streptococci. It was recently demonstrated that AgI/II is involved in various bacterial functions for serotype 9, participating in the initial steps of the pathogenesis of the infection. However, its contribution to the systemic infection remains unknown. As such, we evaluated herein the role of the S. suis serotype 9 AgI/II in the interactions with phagocytes and the development of systemic disease in a mouse model of infection. Results demonstrated that the presence of AgI/II is important for the development of clinical systemic disease by promoting bacterial survival in blood possibly due to its effect on S. suis phagocytosis, as shown with macrophages and dendritic cells. Furthermore, AgI/II directly participates in dendritic cell activation and pro-inflammatory mediator production following recognition by the Toll-like receptor pathway, which may contribute to the exacerbated systemic inflammation responsible for host death. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the S. suis serotype 9 AgI/II is important for virulence during systemic infection and development of disease. In fact, this is the first study to describe a role of an AgI/II family member in systemic bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Anaïs-Christelle Boa
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Gisch N, Auger JP, Thomsen S, Roy D, Xu J, Schwudke D, Gottschalk M. Structural analysis and immunostimulatory potency of lipoteichoic acids isolated from three Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12011-12025. [PMID: 29884769 PMCID: PMC6078451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine and human pathogen. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from S. suis has been suggested to contribute to its virulence, and absence of d-alanylation from the S. suis LTA is associated with increased susceptibility to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Here, using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and MS analyses, we characterized the LTA structures from three S. suis serotype 2 strains differing in virulence, sequence type (ST), and geographical origin. Our analyses revealed that these strains possess-in addition to the typical type I LTA present in other streptococci-a second, mixed-type series of LTA molecules of high complexity. We observed a ST-specific difference in the incorporation of glycosyl residues into these mixed-type LTAs. We found that strains P1/7 (ST1, high virulence) and SC84 (ST7, very high virulence) can attach a 1,2-linked α-d-Glcp residue as branching substituent to an α-d-Glcp that is 1,3-linked to glycerol phosphate moieties and that is not present in strain 89-1591 (ST25, intermediate virulence). In contrast, the latter strain could glycosylate its LTA at the glycerol O-2 position, which was not observed in the other two strains. Using LTA preparations from WT strains and from mutants with an inactivated prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase, resulting in deficient lipoprotein acylation, we show that S. suis LTAs alone do not induce Toll-like receptor 2-dependent pro-inflammatory mediator production from dendritic cells. In summary, our study reveals an unexpected complexity of LTAs present in three S. suis serotype 2 strains differing in genetic background and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Simone Thomsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - David Roy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
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Auger JP, Dolbec D, Roy D, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Role of the Streptococcus suis serotype 2 capsular polysaccharide in the interactions with dendritic cells is strain-dependent but remains critical for virulence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200453. [PMID: 30001363 PMCID: PMC6042740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and zoonotic agent responsible for sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis. However, serotype 2 strains are heterogeneous, composed of a multitude of sequence types (STs) whose distribution greatly varies worldwide. Of the virulence factors presently described for S. suis, the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is a critical factor implicated in a multitude of functions, including in impairment of phagocytosis and innate immune cell activation by masking underlying bacterial components. However, these roles have been described using Eurasian ST1 and ST7 strains, which greatly differ from North American ST25 strains. Consequently, the capacity of the CPS to mask surface antigens and putative virulence factors in non-Eurasian strains remains unknown. Herein, the role of the S. suis serotype 2 CPS of a prototype intermediate virulent North American ST25 strain, in comparison with that of a virulent European ST1 strain, with regards to interactions with dendritic cells, as well as virulence during the systemic phase of infection, was evaluated. Results demonstrated that the CPS remains critical for virulence and development of clinical disease regardless of strain background, due to its requirement for survival in blood. However, its role in the interactions with dendritic cells is strain-dependent. Consequently, certain key characteristics associated with the CPS are not necessarily applicable to all S. suis serotype 2 strains. This indicates that though certain factors may be important for S. suis serotype 2 virulence, strain background could be as determining, reiterating the need in using strains from varying backgrounds in order to better characterize the S. suis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominic Dolbec
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Letendre C, Auger JP, Lemire P, Galbas T, Gottschalk M, Thibodeau J, Segura M. Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection Impairs Interleukin-12 Production and the MHC-II-Restricted Antigen Presentation Capacity of Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1199. [PMID: 29899744 PMCID: PMC5988873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent. Encapsulated strains of S. suis modulate dendritic cell (DC) functions, leading to poorly activated CD4+ T cells. However, the antigen presentation ability of S. suis-stimulated DCs has not been investigated yet. In this work, we aimed to characterize the antigen presentation profiles of S. suis-stimulated DCs, both in vitro and in vivo. Upon direct activation in vitro, S. suis-stimulated murine bone marrow-derived DCs (bmDCs) preserved their antigen capture/processing capacities. However, they showed delayed kinetics of MHC-II expression compared to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bmDCs. Meanwhile, splenic DCs from infected mice exhibited a compromised MHC-II expression, despite an appropriate expression of maturation markers. To identify potential interfering mechanisms, Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Transactivator (CIITA) and membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH)1/8 transcription were studied. S. suis-stimulated DCs maintained low levels of CIITA at early time points, both in vitro and in vivo, which could limit their ability to increase MHC-II synthesis. S. suis-stimulated DCs also displayed sustained/upregulated levels of MARCH1/8, thus possibly leading to MHC-II lysosomal degradation. The bacterial capsular polysaccharide played a partial role in this modulation. Finally, interleukin (IL)-12p70 production was inhibited in splenic DCs from infected mice, a profile compatible with DC indirect activation by pro-inflammatory compounds. Consequently, these cells induced lower levels of IL-2 and TNF-α in an antigen-specific CD4+ T cell presentation assay and blunted T cell CD25 expression. It remains unclear at this stage whether these phenotypical and transcriptional modulations observed in response to S. suis in in vivo infections are part of a bacterial immune evasion strategy or rather a feature common to systemic inflammatory response-inducing agents. However, it appears that the MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation and Th1-polarizing cytokine production capacities of DCs are impaired during S. suis infection. This study highlights the potential consequences of inflammation on the type and magnitude of the immune response elicited by a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Letendre
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Laboratory of Research on Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Lemire
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Tristan Galbas
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Laboratory of Research on Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Han L, Fu L, Peng Y, Zhang A. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 Signaling: Protective and Pathogenic Roles on Streptococcal Toxic-Shock-Like Syndrome Caused by Streptococcus suis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:577. [PMID: 29619033 PMCID: PMC5871666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis infections can cause septic shock, which is referred to as streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome (STSLS). The disease is characterized by a severe inflammatory response, multiple organ failure, and high mortality. However, no superantigen that is responsible for toxic shock syndrome was detected in S. suis, indicating that the mechanism underlying STSLS is different and remains to be elucidated. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1), belonging to the Ig superfamily, is an activating receptor expressed on myeloid cells, and has been recognized as a critical immunomodulator in several inflammatory diseases of both infectious and non-infectious etiologies. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of TREM-1 on acute infectious diseases and then highlight the crucial roles of TREM-1 on the development of STSLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongbo Peng
- Institute for Medical Biology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Vötsch D, Willenborg M, Weldearegay YB, Valentin-Weigand P. Streptococcus suis - The "Two Faces" of a Pathobiont in the Porcine Respiratory Tract. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:480. [PMID: 29599763 PMCID: PMC5862822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) suis is a frequent early colonizer of the upper respiratory tract of pigs. In fact, it is difficult to find S. suis-free animals under natural conditions, showing the successful adaptation of this pathogen to its porcine reservoir host. On the other hand, S. suis can cause life-threatening diseases and represents the most important bacterial cause of meningitis in pigs worldwide. Notably, S. suis can also cause zoonotic infections, such as meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and other diseases in humans. In Asia, it is classified as an emerging zoonotic pathogen and currently considered as one of the most important causes of bacterial meningitis in adults. The “two faces” of S. suis, one of a colonizing microbe and the other of a highly invasive pathogen, have raised many questions concerning the interpretation of diagnostic detection and the definition of virulence. Thus, one major research challenge is the identification of virulence-markers which allow differentiation of commensal and virulent strains. This is complicated by the high phenotypic and genotypic diversity of S. suis, as reflected by the occurrence of (at least) 33 capsular serotypes. In this review, we present current knowledge in the context of S. suis as a highly diverse pathobiont in the porcine respiratory tract that can exploit disrupted host homeostasis to flourish and promote inflammatory processes and invasive diseases in pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Vötsch
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Willenborg
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yenehiwot B Weldearegay
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Zheng H, Du P, Qiu X, Kerdsin A, Roy D, Bai X, Xu J, Vela AI, Gottschalk M. Genomic comparisons of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 strains recovered from diseased pigs in Spain and Canada. Vet Res 2018; 49:1. [PMID: 29316972 PMCID: PMC5759227 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in the porcine industry and also a zoonotic agent. Serotype 9 is becoming one of the most prevalent serotypes within the S. suis population in certain European countries. In the present study, serotype 9 strains isolated from a country where infection due to this serotype is endemic (Spain), were compared to those recovered from Canada, where this serotype is rarely isolated from diseased pigs. For comparison purposes, strains from Brazil and the only strain isolated from a human case, in Thailand, were also incorporated. Firstly, sequence types (STs) were obtained followed by detection of putative virulence factors. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the non-recombinant single nucleotide polymorphisms from core genomes of tested strains. Most Spanish strains were either ST123 or ST125, whereas Canadian strains were highly heterogeneous. However, the distribution of putative virulence factors was similar in both groups of strains. The fact that ST16 strains harbored more putative virulence genes and shared greater similarity with the genome of human serotype 2 strains suggests that they present a higher zoonotic and virulence potential than those from Canada and Spain. More than 80% of the strains included in this study carried genes associated with resistance to tetracycline, lincosamides and macrolides. Serotype 9 strains may be nearly 400 years old and have evolved in parallel into 2 lineages. The rapid population expansion of dominant lineage 1 occurred within the last 40 years probably due to the rapid development of the porcine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Pengchen Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Bangkok, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - David Roy
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xuemei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Ana I Vela
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria and Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Auger JP, Santinón A, Roy D, Mossman K, Xu J, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Type I Interferon Induced by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 is Strain-Dependent and May Be Beneficial for Host Survival. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1039. [PMID: 28894449 PMCID: PMC5581389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent mainly responsible for sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis, with exacerbated inflammation being a hallmark of the infection. However, serotype 2 strains are genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous, being composed of a multitude of sequence types (STs) whose virulence greatly varies: the virulent ST1 (Eurasia), highly virulent ST7 (responsible for the human outbreaks in China), and intermediate virulent ST25 (North America) are the most important worldwide. Even though type I interferons (IFNs) are traditionally associated with important antiviral functions, recent studies have demonstrated that they may also play an important role during infections with extracellular bacteria. Upregulation of IFN-β levels was previously observed in mice following infection with this pathogen. Consequently, the implication of IFN-β in the S. suis serotype 2 pathogenesis, which has always been considered a strict extracellular bacterium, was evaluated using strains of varying virulence. This study demonstrates that intermediate virulent strains are significantly more susceptible to phagocytosis than virulent strains. Hence, subsequent localization of these strains within the phagosome results in recognition of bacterial nucleic acids by Toll-like receptors 7 and 9, leading to activation of the interferon regulatory factors 1, 3, and 7 and production of IFN-β. Type I IFN, whose implication depends on the virulence level of the S. suis strain, is involved in host defense by participating in the modulation of systemic inflammation, which is responsible for the clearance of blood bacterial burden. As such, when induced by intermediate, and to a lesser extent, virulent S. suis strains, type I IFN plays a beneficial role in host survival. The highly virulent ST7 strain, however, hastily induces a septic shock that cannot be controlled by type I IFN, leading to rapid death of the host. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the control of inflammation and subsequent bacterial burden could help to develop control measures for this important porcine and zoonotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Agustina Santinón
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Auger JP, Chuzeville S, Roy D, Mathieu-Denoncourt A, Xu J, Grenier D, Gottschalk M. The bias of experimental design, including strain background, in the determination of critical Streptococcus suis serotype 2 virulence factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181920. [PMID: 28753679 PMCID: PMC5533308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent mainly responsible for sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis. However, serotype 2 strains are genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous. Though a multitude of virulence factors have been described for S. suis serotype 2, the lack of a clear definition regarding which ones are truly “critical” has created inconsistencies that have only recently been highlighted. Herein, the involvement of two factors previously described as being critical for S. suis serotype 2 virulence, whether the dipeptidyl peptidase IV and autolysin, were evaluated with regards to different ascribed functions using prototype strains belonging to important sequence types. Results demonstrate a lack of reproducibility with previously published data. In fact, the role of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV and autolysin as critical virulence factors could not be confirmed. Though certain in vitro functions may be ascribed to these factors, their roles are not unique for S. suis, probably due to compensation by other factors. As such, variations and discrepancies in experimental design, including in vitro assays, cell lines, and animal models, are an important source of differences between results. Moreover, the use of different sequence types in this study demonstrates that the role attributed to a virulence factor may vary according to the S. suis serotype 2 strain background. Consequently, it is necessary to establish standard experimental designs according to the experiment and purpose in order to facilitate comparison between laboratories. Alongside, studies should include strains of diverse origins in order to prevent erroneous and biased conclusions that could affect future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Chuzeville
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annabelle Mathieu-Denoncourt
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Oral Ecology Research Group (GREB), Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lemire P, Galbas T, Thibodeau J, Segura M. Natural Killer Cell Functions during the Innate Immune Response to Pathogenic Streptococci. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1196. [PMID: 28706510 PMCID: PMC5489694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and NK cells play a crucial role in the first phase of host defense against infections. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and Streptococcus suis are encapsulated streptococci causing severe systemic inflammation, leading to septicemia and meningitis. Yet, the involvement of NK cells in the innate immune response to encapsulated bacterial infection is poorly characterized. Here, it was observed that these two streptococcal species rapidly induce the release of IFN-γ and that NK cells are the major cell type responsible for this production during the acute phase of the infection. Albeit S. suis capacity to activate NK cells was lower than that of GBS, these cells partially contribute to S. suis systemic infection; mainly through amplification of the inflammatory loop. In contrast, such a role was not observed during GBS systemic infection. IFN-γ release by NK cells required the presence of DCs, which in turn had a synergistic effect on DC cytokine production. These responses were mainly mediated by direct DC-NK cell contact and partially dependent on soluble factors. Though IL-12 and LFA-1 were shown to be critical in S. suis-mediated activation of the DC-NK cell crosstalk, different or redundant molecular pathways modulate DC-NK interactions during GBS infection. The bacterial capsular polysaccharides also differently modulated NK cell activation. Together, these results demonstrated a role of NK cells in the innate immune response against encapsulated streptococcal infections; yet the molecular pathways governing NK activation seem to differ upon the pathogen and should not be generalized when studying bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lemire
- Laboratory of Immunology of the Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of MontrealSt-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Tristan Galbas
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology of the Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of MontrealSt-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Jiang X, Yang Y, Zhou J, Zhu L, Gu Y, Zhang X, Li X, Fang W. Roles of the Putative Type IV-like Secretion System Key Component VirD4 and PrsA in Pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis Type 2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:172. [PMID: 27995095 PMCID: PMC5133265 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis type 2 (SS2) is a zoonotic pathogen causing septic infection, meningitis and pneumonia in pigs and humans. SS2 may cause streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) probably due to excessive release of inflammatory cytokines. A previous study indicated that the virD4 gene in the putative type IV-like secretion system (T4SS) within the 89K pathogenicity island specific for recent epidemic strains contributed to the development of STSS. However, the functional basis of VirD4 in STSS remains unclear. Here we show that deletion of virD4 led to reduced virulence as shown by about 65% higher LD50, lower bacterial load in liver and brain, and lower level of expression of inflammatory cytokines in mice and cell lines than its parent strain. The ΔVirD4 mutant was more easily phagocytosed, suggesting its role as an anti-phagocytic factor. Oxidative stress that mimic bacterial exposure to respiratory burst of phagocytes upregulated expression of virD4. Proteomic analysis identified 10 secreted proteins of significant differences between the parent and mutant strains under oxidative stress, including PrsA, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. The SS2 PrsA expressed in E. coli caused a dose-dependent cell death and increased expression of proinflammatory IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in murine macrophage cells. Our data provide novel insights into the contribution of the VirD4 factor to STSS pathogenesis, possibly via its anti-phagocytic activity, upregulation of its expression upon oxidative stress and its involvement in increased secretion of PrsA as a cell death inducer and proinflammatory effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Jiang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunkai Yang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Zhejiang, China
| | - Lexin Zhu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanxing Gu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Zhejiang, China
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Immune-responsiveness of CD4 + T cells during Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38061. [PMID: 27905502 PMCID: PMC5131321 DOI: 10.1038/srep38061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis infection, a major swine and human pathogen, is only partially understood and knowledge on the host adaptive immune response is critically scarce. Yet, S. suis virulence factors, particularly its capsular polysaccharide (CPS), enable this bacterium to modulate dendritic cell (DC) functions and potentially impair the immune response. This study aimed to evaluate modulation of T cell activation during S. suis infection and the role of DCs in this response. S. suis-stimulated total mouse splenocytes readily produced TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, CCL3, CXCL9, and IL-10. Ex vivo and in vivo analyses revealed the involvement of CD4+ T cells and a Th1 response. Nevertheless, during S. suis infection, levels of the Th1-derived cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ were very low. A transient splenic depletion of CD4+ T cells and a poor memory response were also observed. Moreover, CD4+ T cells secreted IL-10 and failed to up-regulate optimal levels of CD40L and CD69 in coculture with DCs. The CPS hampered release of several T cell-derived cytokines in vitro. Finally, a correlation was established between severe clinical signs of S. suis disease and impaired antibody responses. Altogether, these results suggest S. suis interferes with the adaptive immune response.
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Auerbach SS. In vivo Signatures of Genotoxic and Non-genotoxic Chemicals. TOXICOGENOMICS IN PREDICTIVE CARCINOGENICITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782624059-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the findings from a broad array of in vivo genomic studies with the goal of identifying a general signature of genotoxicity (GSG) that is indicative of exposure to genotoxic agents (i.e. agents that are active in either the bacterial mutagenesis and/or the in vivo micronucleus test). While the GSG has largely emerged from systematic studies of rat and mouse liver, its response is evident across a broad collection of genotoxic treatments that cover a variety of tissues and species. Pathway-based characterization of the GSG indicates that it is enriched with genes that are regulated by p53. In addition to the GSG, another pan-tissue signature related to bone marrow suppression (a common effect of genotoxic agent exposure) is reviewed. Overall, these signatures are quite effective in identifying genotoxic agents; however, there are situations where false positive findings can occur, for example when necrotizing doses of non-genotoxic soft electrophiles (e.g. thioacetamide) are used. For this reason specific suggestions for best practices for generating for use in the creation and application of in vivo genomic signatures are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S. Auerbach
- Toxicoinformatic Group, Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences PO Box 12233 MD K2-17 Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
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Auger JP, Fittipaldi N, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Virulence Studies of Different Sequence Types and Geographical Origins of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 in a Mouse Model of Infection. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5030048. [PMID: 27409640 PMCID: PMC5039428 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilocus sequence typing previously identified three predominant sequence types (STs) of Streptococcus suis serotype 2: ST1 strains predominate in Eurasia while North American (NA) strains are generally ST25 and ST28. However, ST25/ST28 and ST1 strains have also been isolated in Asia and NA, respectively. Using a well-standardized mouse model of infection, the virulence of strains belonging to different STs and different geographical origins was evaluated. Results demonstrated that although a certain tendency may be observed, S. suis serotype 2 virulence is difficult to predict based on ST and geographical origin alone; strains belonging to the same ST presented important differences of virulence and did not always correlate with origin. The only exception appears to be NA ST28 strains, which were generally less virulent in both systemic and central nervous system (CNS) infection models. Persistent and high levels of bacteremia accompanied by elevated CNS inflammation are required to cause meningitis. Although widely used, in vitro tests such as phagocytosis and killing assays require further standardization in order to be used as predictive tests for evaluating virulence of strains. The use of strains other than archetypal strains has increased our knowledge and understanding of the S. suis serotype 2 population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Public Health Ontario and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Protection against Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection Using a Capsular Polysaccharide Glycoconjugate Vaccine. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2059-2075. [PMID: 27113360 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00139-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an encapsulated bacterium and one of the most important bacterial pathogens in the porcine industry. Despite decades of research for an efficient vaccine, none is currently available. Based on the success achieved with other encapsulated pathogens, a glycoconjugate vaccine strategy was selected to elicit opsonizing anti-capsular polysaccharide (anti-CPS) IgG antibodies. In this work, glycoconjugate prototypes were prepared by coupling S. suis type 2 CPS to tetanus toxoid, and the immunological features of the postconjugation preparations were evaluated in vivo In mice, experiments evaluating three different adjuvants showed that CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) induces very low levels of anti-CPS IgM antibodies, while the emulsifying adjuvants Stimune and TiterMax Gold both induced high levels of IgGs and IgM. Dose-response trials comparing free CPS with the conjugate vaccine showed that free CPS is nonimmunogenic independently of the dose used, while 25 μg of the conjugate preparation was optimal in inducing high levels of anti-CPS IgGs postboost. With an opsonophagocytosis assay using murine whole blood, sera from immunized mice showed functional activity. Finally, the conjugate vaccine showed immunogenicity and induced protection in a swine challenge model. When conjugated and administered with emulsifying adjuvants, S. suis type 2 CPS is able to induce potent IgM and isotype-switched IgGs in mice and pigs, yielding functional activity in vitro and protection against a lethal challenge in vivo, all features of a T cell-dependent response. This study represents a proof of concept for the potential of glycoconjugate vaccines in veterinary medicine applications against invasive bacterial infections.
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Auray G, Lachance C, Wang Y, Gagnon CA, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Transcriptional Analysis of PRRSV-Infected Porcine Dendritic Cell Response to Streptococcus suis Infection Reveals Up-Regulation of Inflammatory-Related Genes Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156019. [PMID: 27213692 PMCID: PMC4877111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important swine pathogens and often serves as an entry door for other viral or bacterial pathogens, of which Streptococcus suis is one of the most common. Pre-infection with PRRSV leads to exacerbated disease caused by S. suis infection. Very few studies have assessed the immunological mechanisms underlying this higher susceptibility. Since antigen presenting cells play a major role in the initiation of the immune response, the in vitro transcriptional response of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and monocytes in the context of PRRSV and S. suis co-infection was investigated. BMDCs were found to be more permissive than monocytes to PRRSV infection; S. suis phagocytosis by PRRSV-infected BMDCs was found to be impaired, whereas no effect was found on bacterial intracellular survival. Transcription profile analysis, with a major focus on inflammatory genes, following S. suis infection, with and without pre-infection with PRRSV, was then performed. While PRRSV pre-infection had little effect on monocytes response to S. suis infection, a significant expression of several pro-inflammatory molecules was observed in BMDCs pre-infected with PRRSV after a subsequent infection with S. suis. While an additive effect could be observed for CCL4, CCL14, CCL20, and IL-15, a distinct synergistic up-regulatory effect was observed for IL-6, CCL5 and TNF-α after co-infection. This increased pro-inflammatory response by DCs could participate in the exacerbation of the disease observed during PRRSV and S. suis co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Auray
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Claude Lachance
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Carl A. Gagnon
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
- * E-mail:
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Yang C, Zhao J, Lin L, Pan S, Fu L, Han L, Jin M, Zhou R, Zhang A. Targeting TREM-1 Signaling in the Presence of Antibiotics is Effective Against Streptococcal Toxic-Shock-Like Syndrome (STSLS) Caused by Streptococcus suis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:79. [PMID: 26618144 PMCID: PMC4641895 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S.suis), a major swine pathogen, is also a severe threat to human health. Infection with highly virulent strains of S. suis can cause human Streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome (STSLS), which is associated with high serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and a high mortality rate. Our previous study indicated that highly virulent S. suis infection could activate the TREM-1 signaling pathway, which promotes host clearance of S. suis during early infection. However, it remained to be elicited whether TREM-1 signaling could be a target against STSLS in the presence of antibiotic. In the present study, mice were infected with a highly virulent S. suis strain and then treated with rTREM-1 (the recombinant extracellular domain of TREM-1) to block TREM-1 signaling, antibiotics, both rTREM-1 and antibiotics, or PBS. The survival rates, clinical signs, serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels, and serum bacterial loads were evaluated. Treatment with rTREM-1 could aggravate the outcome of infection as described previously. Although the conventional treatment with antibiotics contributed to effective S. suis clearance, it did not improve survival significantly. In comparison, due to the reduction of the exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, treatment combined with rTREM-1 and antibiotics not only led to efficient bacterial clearance but also alleviated inflammation. In conclusion, TREM-1 signaling contributed to severe inflammatory response and benefited S. suis clearance. Therefore, blocking TREM-1 signaling could still be a target for the treatment of STSLS in the presence of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Li Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China ; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent of human meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. S. suis is a well-encapsulated pathogen and multiple serotypes have been described based on the capsular polysaccharide antigenic diversity. In addition, high genotypic, phenotypic and geographic variability exits among strains within the same serotype. Besides, S. suis uses an arsenal of virulence factors to evade the host immune system. Together, these characteristics have challenged the development of efficacious vaccines to fight this important pathogen. In this careful and comprehensive review, clinical field information and experimental data have been compiled and compared for the first time to give a precise overview of the current status of vaccine development against S. suis. The candidate antigens and vaccine formulations under research are examined and the feasibility of reaching the goal of a "universal" cross-protective S. suis vaccine discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- a Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Montreal , Saint-Hyacinthe , Quebec , J2S 2M2 Canada
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45
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Characterization of Five Zoonotic Streptococcus suis Strains from Germany, Including One Isolate from a Recent Fatal Case of Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome in a Hunter. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3912-5. [PMID: 26424844 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02578-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Streptococcus suis isolate from a German hunter with streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) and four additional zoonotic isolates were genotyped as mrp(+) epf* (variant 1890) sly(+) cps2(+). All five zoonotic German strains were characterized by high multiplication in human blood samples ex vivo, but induction of only low levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared to a Chinese STSLS strain.
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46
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TREM-1 signaling promotes host defense during the early stage of infection with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3293-301. [PMID: 26056380 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00440-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis can cause septic shock, which is characterized by high levels of inflammatory cytokines and a high mortality rate. Our previous study indicated that TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) was upregulated in swine spleen cells in response to S. suis infection. The role of TREM-1 signaling in enhancement of the proinflammatory response promoted us to examine its effect on the outcome of S. suis infection. In the present study, the recombinant extracellular domain of TREM-1 (rTREM-1) and an agonistic TREM-1 antibody were used to inhibit and activate TREM-1 signaling to evaluate its role in neutrophil activation, pathogen clearance, proinflammatory cytokine response, and the outcome of highly pathogenic S. suis infection in a mouse model. Blockage of TREM-1 signaling caused a more severe proinflammatory response to S. suis infection and increased the mortality rate, while its activation had the opposite effect. Blockage or activation of TREM-1 signaling lowered or raised the number of neutrophils in the blood, which correlated well with host clearance of S. suis. In conclusion, the TREM-1-mediated innate immune response played an essential role in the activation of neutrophils and S. suis clearance, which further reduced severe inflammation and finally benefited the outcome of the infection.
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Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e45. [PMID: 26038745 PMCID: PMC4078792 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen causing economic problems in the pig
industry. Moreover, it is a zoonotic agent causing severe infections to people in close
contact with infected pigs or pork-derived products. Although considered sporadic in the
past, human S. suis infections have been reported during the last 45 years, with
two large outbreaks recorded in China. In fact, the number of reported human cases has
significantly increased in recent years. In this review, we present the worldwide
distribution of serotypes and sequence types (STs), as determined by multilocus sequence
typing, for pigs (between 2002 and 2013) and humans (between 1968 and 2013). The methods
employed for S. suis identification and typing, the current epidemiological
knowledge regarding serotypes and STs and the zoonotic potential of S. suis are
discussed. Increased awareness of S. suis in both human and veterinary diagnostic
laboratories and further establishment of typing methods will contribute to our knowledge
of this pathogen, especially in regions where complete and/or recent data is lacking. More
research is required to understand differences in virulence that occur among S.
suis strains and if these differences can be associated with specific serotypes or
STs.
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Herzig DS, Luan L, Bohannon JK, Toliver-Kinsky TE, Guo Y, Sherwood ER. The role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of experimental septic shock. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:R113. [PMID: 24890566 PMCID: PMC4075230 DOI: 10.1186/cc13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The chemokine CXCL10 is produced during infection and inflammation to activate the chemokine receptor CXCR3, an important regulator of lymphocyte trafficking and activation. The goal of this study was to assess the contributions of CXCL10 to the pathogenesis of experimental septic shock in mice. Methods Septic shock was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice resuscitated with lactated Ringer’s solution and, in some cases, the broad spectrum antibiotic Primaxin. Studies were performed in CXCL10 knockout mice and mice treated with anti-CXCL10 immunoglobulin G (IgG). Endpoints included leukocyte trafficking and activation, core body temperature, plasma cytokine concentrations, bacterial clearance and survival. Results CXCL10 was present at high concentrations in plasma and peritoneal cavity during CLP-induced septic shock. Survival was significantly improved in CXCL10 knockout (CXCL10KO) mice and mice treated with anti-CXCL10 IgG compared to controls. CXCL10KO mice and mice treated with anti-CXCL10 IgG showed attenuated hypothermia, lower concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and macrophage inhibitory protein-2 (MIP-2) in plasma and lessened natural killer (NK) cell activation compared to control mice. Compared to control mice, bacterial burden in blood and lungs was lower in CXCL10-deficient mice but not in mice treated with anti-CXCL10 IgG. Treatment of mice with anti-CXCL10 IgG plus fluids and Primaxin at 2 or 6 hours after CLP significantly improved survival compared to mice treated with non-specific IgG under the same conditions. Conclusions CXCL10 plays a role in the pathogenesis of CLP-induced septic shock and could serve as a therapeutic target during the acute phase of septic shock.
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Deregulated balance of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids following infection by the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1778-85. [PMID: 24549326 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01524-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and an emergent zoonotic pathogen. Excessive inflammation caused by S. suis is responsible for early high mortality in septic shock-like syndrome cases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may contribute to regulating inflammatory processes. This study shows that mouse infection by S. suis is accompanied by an increase of arachidonic acid, a proinflammatory omega-6 (ω-6) PUFA, and by a decrease of docosahexaenoic acid, an anti-inflammatory ω-3 PUFA. Macrophages infected with S. suis showed activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and cyclooxygenase-2 upregulation. Fenretinide, a synthetic vitamin A analog, reduced in vitro expression of inflammatory mediators. Pretreatment of mice with fenretinide significantly improved their survival by reducing systemic proinflammatory cytokines during the acute phase of an S. suis infection. These findings indicate a beneficial effect of fenretinide in diminishing the expression of inflammation and improving survival during an acute infection by a virulent S. suis strain.
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50
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Zheng H, Lan R, Zheng X, Cui Z, Liu Z, Bai X, Ji S, Gottschalk M, Xu J. Comparative genomic hybridization identifies virulence differences in Streptococcus suis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87866. [PMID: 24503649 PMCID: PMC3913679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen. However, identification of virulent S. suis strains is complicated because of the high diversity of the species. Here we evaluated the genetic difference among S. suis strains using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and virulence variation in vivo and in vitro. We showed that different clades differed in their ability to activate TLR2/6 in vitro and their capacity to induce cytokine production in vivo as well as their resistance to phagocytosis and survival in vivo. Our data showed the S. suis strains tested can be classified into three groups having differing levels of virulence: epidemic and highly virulent strains were clustered into clade Ia (epidemic and highly virulent group, E/HV group), virulent strains were clustered into clade Ib (virulent group, V group), and intermediately or weakly virulent strains were clustered into other clades (intermediately or weakly virulent group, I/WV group). Our study provided further insight into the genomic and virulence variation of S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Ji
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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