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Carreto-Binaghi LE, Sztein MB, Booth JS. Role of cellular effectors in the induction and maintenance of IgA responses leading to protective immunity against enteric bacterial pathogens. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1446072. [PMID: 39324143 PMCID: PMC11422102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1446072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is a critical first line of defense to infectious diseases, as many pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, disrupting the balanced interactions between mucosal cells, secretory molecules, and microbiota in this challenging microenvironment. The mucosal immune system comprises of a complex and integrated network that includes the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). One of its primary responses to microbes is the secretion of IgA, whose role in the mucosa is vital for preventing pathogen colonization, invasion and spread. The mechanisms involved in these key responses include neutralization of pathogens, immune exclusion, immune modulation, and cross-protection. The generation and maintenance of high affinity IgA responses require a delicate balance of multiple components, including B and T cell interactions, innate cells, the cytokine milieu (e.g., IL-21, IL-10, TGF-β), and other factors essential for intestinal homeostasis, including the gut microbiota. In this review, we will discuss the main cellular components (e.g., T cells, innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells) in the gut microenvironment as mediators of important effector responses and as critical players in supporting B cells in eliciting and maintaining IgA production, particularly in the context of enteric infections and vaccination in humans. Understanding the mechanisms of humoral and cellular components in protection could guide and accelerate the development of more effective mucosal vaccines and therapeutic interventions to efficiently combat mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Carreto-Binaghi
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiologia de la Tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ahmed A, Akhade AS, Qadri A. Accessibility of O Antigens Shared between Salmonella Serovars Determines Antibody-Mediated Cross-Protection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:438-446. [PMID: 32540995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic Salmonella serovars produce clinical manifestations ranging from systemic infection typhoid to invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in humans. These serovars share a high degree of homology at the genome and the proteome level. However, whether infection or immunization with one serovar provides protection against other serovars has not been well studied. We show in this study that immunization of mice with live typhoidal serovar, Salmonella Typhi, generates cross-reactive immune responses, which provide far greater resistance against challenge with nontyphoidal serovar Salmonella Enteritidis than with another nontyphoidal serovar, Salmonella Typhimurium. Splenic T cells from these immunized mice produced similar levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ upon ex vivo stimulation with Ags prepared from S Enteritidis and S Typhimurium. In contrast, Abs against S Typhi interacted with live intact S Enteritidis but did not bind intact S Typhimurium. These pathogen-reactive Abs were largely directed against oligosaccharide (O)-antigenic determinant of LPS that S Typhi shares with S Enteritidis. Abs against the O determinant, which S Typhi shares with S Typhimurium, were present in the sera of immunized mice but did not bind live intact Salmonella because of surface inaccessibility of this determinant. Similar accessibility-regulated interaction was seen with Abs generated against S Typhimurium and S Enteritidis. Our results suggest that the ability of protective Abs elicited with one Salmonella serovar to engage with and consequently provide protection against another Salmonella serovar is determined by the accessibility of shared O Ags. These findings have significant and broader implications for immunity and vaccine development against pathogenic Salmonellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Ahmed
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Suresh Akhade
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ayub Qadri
- Hybridoma Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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Michalickova DM, Kostic-Vucicevic MM, Vukasinovic-Vesic MD, Stojmenovic TB, Dikic NV, Andjelkovic MS, Djordjevic BI, Tanaskovic BP, Minic RD. Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti L10 Supplementation Modulates Mucosal and Humoral Immunity in Elite Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:62-70. [PMID: 27100317 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Michalickova, DM, Kostic-Vucicevic, MM, Vukasinovic-Vesic, MD, Stojmenovic, TB, Dikic, NV, Andjelkovic, MS, Djordjevic, BI, Tanaskovic, BP, and Minic, RD. Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti L10 supplementation modulates mucosal and humoral immunity in elite athletes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 62-70, 2017-To test the influence of probiotic supplementation on humoral immune response, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Thirty athletes (24 males and 6 females, females: V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 38.2 ± 4.9 ml·kg·min, age 23.2 ± 1.4 years; males: V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 57.5 ± 9.2 ml·kg·min, age 24.0 ± 2.4 years, mean ± SD) were randomized either to the probiotic group (Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti L10, 2 × 10 colony-forming units) or to the placebo group. Serum and saliva samples were collected at the baseline and after 14 weeks. Total and specific antibacterial antibody levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA classes were determined for different bacteria in the serum, and in saliva, total and specific antibacterial IgA levels were examined. Total IgM was elevated in both probiotic (18%, 15-20%; mean, 90% confidence interval; p = 0.02) and placebo group (35%, 22-47%; p = 0.02), without observed differences in changes between the groups. No significant changes in IgM levels specific for tested bacteria were found. Total IgG level was constant in both groups. A significant (16%, -2.8 to 35%, p = 0.04) reduction of anti-Enterococcus faecalis IgG was noted in the placebo group, in comparison with the probiotic group. There was a substantial decrease in total IgA level in the placebo group, when measured either in serum (15%, 12-18%, p = 0.04) or in saliva (35%, -1.4 to 53%, p = 0.03). Significantly reduced levels of serum anti-lactic acid bacteria IgA antibodies in the placebo group compared with the probiotic group were detected for Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 (24%, 5.8-42%, p = 0.02) and for L. rhamnosus LB64 (15%, 2.7-27%, p = 0.02). Probiotic administration could have beneficial effects on systemic humoral and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica M Michalickova
- 1Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; 2Sports Medicine Associations of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; and 3Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera, Torlak, Beograd, Belgrade, Serbia
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Aase A, Sommerfelt H, Petersen LB, Bolstad M, Cox RJ, Langeland N, Guttormsen AB, Steinsland H, Skrede S, Brandtzaeg P. Salivary IgA from the sublingual compartment as a novel noninvasive proxy for intestinal immune induction. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:884-93. [PMID: 26509875 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whole-saliva IgA appears like an attractive noninvasive readout for intestinal immune induction after enteric infection or vaccination, but has failed to show consistent correlation with established invasive markers and IgA in feces or intestinal lavage. For reference, we measured antibodies in samples from 30 healthy volunteers who were orally infected with wild-type enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The response against these bacteria in serum, lavage, and lymphocyte supernatants (antibody-in-lymphocyte-supernatant, ALS) was compared with that in targeted parotid and sublingual/submandibular secretions. Strong correlation occurred between IgA antibody levels against the challenge bacteria in sublingual/submandibular secretions and in lavage (r=0.69, P<0.0001) and ALS (r=0.70, P<0.0001). In sublingual/submandibular secretions, 93% responded with more than a twofold increase in IgA antibodies against the challenge strain, whereas the corresponding response in parotid secretions was only 67% (P=0.039). With >twofold ALS as a reference, the sensitivity of a >twofold response for IgA in sublingual/submandibular secretion was 96%, whereas it was only 67% in the parotid fluid. To exclude that flow rate variations influenced the results, we used albumin as a marker. Our data suggested that IgA in sublingual/submandibular secretions, rather than whole saliva with its variable content of parotid fluid, is a preferential noninvasive proxy for intestinal immune induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aase
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Sommerfelt
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health and Centre for International health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - L B Petersen
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Bolstad
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R J Cox
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - N Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division for Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - A B Guttormsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Steinsland
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health and Centre for International health, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division for Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - P Brandtzaeg
- LIIPAT, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Watt KA, Nussey DH, Maclellan R, Pilkington JG, McNeilly TN. Fecal antibody levels as a noninvasive method for measuring immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in ecological studies. Ecol Evol 2015; 6:56-67. [PMID: 26811774 PMCID: PMC4716500 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among‐individual variation in antibody‐associated immunity to gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GIN) is known be associated with life‐history traits and vital rates in wild vertebrate systems. To date, measurement of levels of antibodies against GIN antigens in natural populations has exclusively been based on invasive blood sampling techniques. Previous work in laboratory rodents and ruminant livestock suggests that antibody measures from feces may provide a viable noninvasive approach. We measured total and anti‐GIN antibodies of different isotypes (immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA and IgE) from paired samples of plasma and feces from free‐living Soay sheep of different ages and sexes. We tested the correlations among these measures as well as their associations with body mass and Strongyle nematode fecal egg counts (FEC). Significant positive correlations were present among plasma and fecal anti‐GIN antibody levels for IgG and IgA. Generally, correlations between total antibody levels in plasma and feces were weaker and not significant. No significant relationships were found between any antibody measures and body mass; however, fecal anti‐GIN antibody levels were significantly negatively correlated with FEC. Our data clearly demonstrate the feasibility of measuring anti‐GIN antibodies from fecal samples collected in natural populations. Although associations of fecal antibody levels with their plasma counterparts and FEC were relatively weak, the presence of significant correlations in the predicted direction in a relatively small and heterogeneous sample suggests fecal antibody measures could be a useful, noninvasive addition to current eco‐immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Watt
- Institutes of Evolutionary Biology and Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh UK
| | - Daniel H Nussey
- Institutes of Evolutionary Biology and Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh UK
| | - Rachel Maclellan
- Institutes of Evolutionary Biology and Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh UK
| | - Jill G Pilkington
- Institutes of Evolutionary Biology and Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh West Mains Road Edinburgh UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute Pentlands Science Park Bush Loan Midlothian UK
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Sztein MB, Salerno-Goncalves R, McArthur MA. Complex adaptive immunity to enteric fevers in humans: lessons learned and the path forward. Front Immunol 2014; 5:516. [PMID: 25386175 PMCID: PMC4209864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, and S. Paratyphi A and B, causative agents of paratyphoid fever, are major public health threats throughout the world. Although two licensed typhoid vaccines are currently available, they are only moderately protective and immunogenic necessitating the development of novel vaccines. A major obstacle in the development of improved typhoid, as well as paratyphoid vaccines is the lack of known immunological correlates of protection in humans. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding the complex adaptive host responses against S. Typhi. Although the induction of S. Typhi-specific antibodies (including their functional properties) and memory B cells, as well as their cross-reactivity with S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B has been shown, the role of humoral immunity in protection remains undefined. Cell mediated immunity (CMI) is likely to play a dominant role in protection against enteric fever pathogens. Detailed measurements of CMI performed in volunteers immunized with attenuated strains of S. Typhi have shown, among others, the induction of lymphoproliferation, multifunctional type 1 cytokine production, and CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell responses. In addition to systemic responses, the local microenvironment of the gut is likely to be of paramount importance in protection from these infections. In this review, we will critically assess current knowledge regarding the role of CMI and humoral immunity following natural S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi infections, experimental challenge, and immunization in humans. We will also address recent advances regarding cross-talk between the host's gut microbiota and immunization with attenuated S. Typhi, mechanisms of systemic immune responses, and the homing potential of S. Typhi-specific B- and T-cells to the gut and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Sztein
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Toapanta FR, Simon JK, Barry EM, Pasetti MF, Levine MM, Kotloff KL, Sztein MB. Gut-Homing Conventional Plasmablasts and CD27(-) Plasmablasts Elicited after a Short Time of Exposure to an Oral Live-Attenuated Shigella Vaccine Candidate in Humans. Front Immunol 2014; 5:374. [PMID: 25191323 PMCID: PMC4138503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no licensed Shigella vaccine; however, various promising live-attenuated vaccine candidates have emerged, including CVD1208S (ΔguaBA, Δset, Δsen S. flexneri 2a), which was shown to be safe and immunogenic in Phase 1 clinical trials. Here, we report the immune responses elicited in an outpatient Phase 2 clinical trial in which subjects were vaccinated with CVD 1208S. Oral immunization with CVD 1208S elicited high anti-S. flexneri 2a LPS and IpaB antibody responses as well as an acute plasmablast (PB) infiltration in peripheral blood 7 days after immunization. PB sorted based on their expression of homing molecules confirmed that cells expressing integrin α4β7 alone or in combination with CD62L were responsible for antibody production (as measured by ELISpot). Furthermore, using high-color flow-cytometry, on day 7 after immunization, we observed the appearance of conventional PB (CPB, CD19dim CD20− CD27+high CD38+high CD3−), as well as a PB population that did not express CD27 (CD27− PB; pre-plasmablasts). The pattern of individual or simultaneous expression of homing markers (integrin α4β7, CD62L, CXCR3, and CXCR4) suggested that CPB cells homed preferentially to the inflamed gut mucosa. In contrast, ~50% CD27− PB cells appear to home to yet to be identified peripheral lymphoid organs or were in a transition state preceding integrin α4β7 upregulation. In sum, these observations demonstrate that strong immune responses, including distinct PB subsets with the potential to home to the gut and other secondary lymphoid organs, can be elicited after a short time of exposure to a shigella oral vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin R Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | | | - Eileen M Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Kantele A, Pakkanen SH, Siitonen A, Karttunen R, Kantele JM. Live oral typhoid vaccine Salmonella Typhi Ty21a - a surrogate vaccine against non-typhoid salmonella? Vaccine 2012; 30:7238-45. [PMID: 23084770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) is a leading cause of food-borne illness with more than 90 million annual cases and an emerging antimicrobial resistance among the strains worldwide. Paradoxically, no vaccines are available against these pathogens. Numerous NTS strains share surface O-antigens with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. As intestinal antibodies against O-antigens have proven protective against NTS in animal experiments, it appears conceivable that the oral whole-cell typhoid vaccine, Salmonella Typhi Ty21a (Vivotif(®)), which effectively elicits intestinal antibodies against O-antigens, could exhibit cross-protective efficacy against NTS. We sought immunological evidence in support of cross-protective efficacy of Ty21a against NTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS 35 volunteers receiving Ty21a vaccine and five patients with enteric fever were investigated with ELISPOT for circulating plasmablasts secreting antibodies reactive with Salmonella Typhi and six different NTS serotypes. These plasmablasts were also analysed for homing receptor expressions. RESULTS In all vaccinees and patients, a strong gut-directed cross-reactive plasmablast response was found against serotypes sharing the two O-antigens with Salmonella Typhi (O-9,12) (in vaccinees, mean: 95%CI 268: 228-508 and 363: 234-493 plasmablasts/10(6)PBMC against Salmonella Typhi and Enteritidis). Responses against strains sharing one O-antigen (O-12) were weaker (222: 105-338 against Salmonella Typhimurium), while no significant reactivity was detected against strains without typhoidal O-antigens. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal antibodies against O-antigens protect against NTS in animal experiments. Ty21a was found to elicit intestinal immune responses cross-reactive with NTS strains sharing O-antigens with Ty21a. These include the most common NTS, Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium. The data suggest that Ty21a may have cross-protective efficacy against numerous NTS strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kantele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 00029 Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Tengvall S, Lundgren A, Quiding-Järbrink M, Svennerholm AM. BAFF, stimulatory DNA and IL-15 stimulates IgA(+) memory B cells and provides a novel approach for analysis of memory responses to mucosal vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 28:5445-50. [PMID: 20547203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of immune responses induced by mucosal vaccines is to a large extent based on measurement of IgA levels in mucosal secretions and detection of short-lived effector IgA-secreting cells circulating in peripheral blood. Since these immunological parameters poorly reflect long-term IgA-mediated responses, we sought to investigate novel approaches that would enable detection of vaccine specific IgA memory B cells. We demonstrate that stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro with immunostimulatory DNA in combination with B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and IL-15 promotes differentiation of IgA memory B cells to IgA-secreting cells. By using the inactivated oral cholera vaccine Dukoral we demonstrate that vaccine specific IgA memory B cells are induced by oral immunization and are circulating for at least 9 months after vaccination. We also show that stimulated IgA memory B cells do not secrete IgA unless they reencounter the specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tengvall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7A, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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10
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Kendall EA, Tarique AA, Hossain A, Alam MM, Arifuzzaman M, Akhtar N, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Ryan ET, Qadri F, Calderwood SB. Development of immunoglobulin M memory to both a T-cell-independent and a T-cell-dependent antigen following infection with Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh. Infect Immun 2010; 78:253-9. [PMID: 19858296 PMCID: PMC2798198 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00868-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 can cause severe watery diarrhea that can be life-threatening without treatment. Infection results in long-lasting protection against subsequent disease. Development of memory B cells of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA isotypes to V. cholerae O1 antigens, including serotype-specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB), after cholera infection has been demonstrated. Memory B cells of the IgM isotype may play a role in long-term protection, particularly against T-cell-independent antigens, but IgM memory has not been studied in V. cholerae O1 infection. Therefore, we assayed acute- and convalescent-phase blood samples from cholera patients for the presence of memory B cells that produce cholera antigen-specific IgM antibody upon polyclonal stimulation in in vitro culture. We also examined the development of serological and antibody-secreting cell responses following infection. Subjects developed significant IgM memory responses by day 30 after infection, both to the T-cell-independent antigen LPS and to the T-cell-dependent antigen CTB. No significant corresponding elevations in plasma IgM antibodies or circulating IgM antibody-secreting cells to CTB were detected. In 17 subjects followed to day 90 after infection, significant persistence of elevated IgM memory responses was not observed. The IgM memory response to CTB was negatively correlated with the IgG plasma antibody response to CTB, and there was a trend toward negative correlation between the IgM memory and IgA plasma antibody responses to LPS. We did not observe an association between the IgM memory response to LPS and the vibriocidal titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Kendall
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abdullah A. Tarique
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Azim Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohammad Murshid Alam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nayeema Akhtar
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashraful I. Khan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason B. Harris
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi-specific immunoglobulin A antibody responses in plasma and antibody in lymphocyte supernatant specimens in Bangladeshi patients with suspected typhoid fever. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1587-94. [PMID: 19741090 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00311-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many currently available diagnostic tests for typhoid fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity, especially in areas of the world where the disease is endemic. In order to identify a diagnostic test that better correlates with typhoid fever, we evaluated immune responses to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (serovar Typhi) in individuals with suspected typhoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We enrolled 112 individuals with suspected typhoid fever, cultured day 0 blood for serovar Typhi organisms, and performed Widal assays on days 0, 5, and 20. We harvested peripheral blood lymphocytes and analyzed antibody levels in supernatants collected on days 0, 5, and 20 (using an antibody-in-lymphocyte-supernatant [ALS] assay), as well as in plasma on these days. We measured ALS reactivity to a serovar Typhi membrane preparation (MP), a formalin-inactivated whole-cell preparation, and serovar Typhi lipopolysaccharide. We measured responses in healthy Bangladeshi, as well as in Bangladeshi febrile patients with confirmed dengue fever or leptospirosis. We categorized suspected typhoid fever individuals into different groups (groups I to V) based on blood culture results, Widal titer, and clinical features. Responses to MP antigen in the immunoglobulin A isotype were detectable at the time of presentation in the plasma of 81% of patients. The ALS assay, however, tested positive in all patients with documented or highly suspicious typhoid, suggesting that such a response could be the basis of improved diagnostic point-of-care-assay for serovar Typhi infection. It can be important for use in epidemiological studies, as well as in difficult cases involving fevers of unknown origin.
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12
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Antigen-specific memory B-cell responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 infection in Bangladesh. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3850-6. [PMID: 19528207 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00369-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a noninvasive dehydrating enteric disease with a high mortality rate if untreated. Infection with V. cholerae elicits long-term protection against subsequent disease in countries where the disease is endemic. Although the mechanism of this protective immunity is unknown, it has been hypothesized that a protective mucosal response to V. cholerae infection may be mediated by anamnestic responses of memory B cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. To characterize memory B-cell responses to cholera, we enrolled a cohort of 39 hospitalized patients with culture-confirmed cholera and evaluated their immunologic responses at frequent intervals over the subsequent 1 year. Memory B cells to cholera antigens, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the protein antigens cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and toxin-coregulated pilus major subunit A (TcpA) were enumerated using a method of polyclonal stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells followed by a standard enzyme-linked immunospot procedure. All patients demonstrated CTB, TcpA, and LPS-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG)and IgA memory responses by day 90. In addition, these memory B-cell responses persisted up to 1 year, substantially longer than other traditional immunologic markers of infection with V. cholerae. While the magnitude of the LPS-specific IgG memory B-cell response waned at 1 year, CTB- and TcpA-specific IgG memory B cells remained significantly elevated at 1 year after infection, suggesting that T-cell help may result in a more durable memory B-cell response to V. cholerae protein antigens. Such memory B cells could mediate anamnestic responses on reexposure to V. cholerae.
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13
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Yang X, Qi X, Cheng A, Wang M, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen X. Intestinal mucosal immune response in ducklings following oral immunisation with an attenuated Duck enteritis virus vaccine. Vet J 2009; 185:199-203. [PMID: 19442544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the intestinal mucosal immune responses in ducklings orally inoculated with attenuated Duck enteritis virus (DEV), the kinetics of the viral load, the specific humoral immune responses, and the distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig)A-secreting cells in the intestine were evaluated. Oral inoculation with attenuated DEV stimulated an IgA-dominant response in intestinal secretions and a IgY-dominant response in the serum. The dramatic increase in virus-specific mucosal IgA 15 days after inoculation was accompanied by reductions in the DEV intestinal load, suggesting that the IgA response has a role in controlling viral replication. The kinetics of virus-specific IgA production closely correlated with the presence of IgA+ plasma cells in the intestinal lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Avian Disease Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
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14
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Qi X, Yang X, Cheng A, Wang M, Zhu D, Jia R, Luo Q, Chen X. Intestinal mucosal immune response against virulent duck enteritis virus infection in ducklings. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:218-25. [PMID: 19303123 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Duck virus enteritis (DVE) is an acute and contagious herpes virus infection of duck, geese and swans with high morbidity and mortality. The development of specific mucosal immune system against duck enteritis virus (DEV) infection for ducks has been hindered by a lack of knowledge concerning the purification of immunoglobulin A (IgA) of duck. In the present work, the method for purification of duck immunoglobulin A was developed, and the induction of intestinal mucosal immune responses against DEV was studied by orally infected ducklings with virulent DEV. The results showed that a continuous increased DEV DNA levels were observed in blood and various organs examined of orally infected ducklings throughout the infection, which was accompanied by the development of infection in ducklings from mild progressed to severe pathological lesions. Furthermore, a marked increased level of DEV-specific IgA and IgG antibodies in bile, serum and the intestinal tract, as well as the density of IgA(+) cells in intestine were detected between 1 and 12days p.i., followed by a drastic reduction of the antibody levels and the density of IgA(+) cells at 15days p.i. The results indicate that the DVE infection can stimulate both IgA-dominated antibody immune responses in the intestinal tract, and IgG-dominated antibody systemic immunity in the serum of ducklings orally inoculated with virulent DEV. The severe lesions of the villus epithelial cells and the lymphoid organs can suppress the intestinal mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qi
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
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15
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Jayasekera CR, Harris JB, Bhuiyan S, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Faruque ASG, Larocque RC, Ryan ET, Ahmed R, Qadri F, Calderwood SB. Cholera toxin-specific memory B cell responses are induced in patients with dehydrating diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae O1. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1055-61. [PMID: 18729782 DOI: 10.1086/591500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Vibrio cholerae induces durable immunity against subsequent disease, a process hypothesized to reflect anamnestic immune responses at the intestinal mucosa. The presence of antigen-specific memory B cells may therefore be a more direct measure of protection than serum antibody responses. METHODS We measured immunoglobulin (Ig) G memory B cells specific to cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in 14 patients up to 90 days after V. cholerae O1 infection, by polyclonal stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells followed by standard enzyme-linked immunospot assay. RESULTS All patients generated CTB-specific IgG memory B cell responses by day 30 (mean, 0.10% of total circulating IgG memory B cells; range, 0.037%-0.28%), which persisted to day 90 (mean, 0.07%; range, 0.003%-0.27%). In contrast, circulating CTB-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells and serum vibriocidal and anti-CTB antibody responses peaked on day 7 and declined to undetectable or significantly lower levels by day 90. CONCLUSIONS CTB-specific IgG memory B cell responses are detectable in the circulation at least 3 months after V. cholerae O1 infection and remain measurable even after serum antibody titers have declined to undetectable or considerably lower levels. This suggests that antigen-specific memory B cells may be an important long-term marker of the immune response to cholera.
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16
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Paineau D, Carcano D, Leyer G, Darquy S, Alyanakian MA, Simoneau G, Bergmann JF, Brassart D, Bornet F, Ouwehand AC. Effects of seven potential probiotic strains on specific immune responses in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 53:107-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Carpenter CM, Hall ER, Randall R, McKenzie R, Cassels F, Diaz N, Thomas N, Bedford P, Darsley M, Gewert C, Howard C, Sack RB, Sack DA, Chang HS, Gomes G, Bourgeois AL. Comparison of the antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) and ELISPOT assays for detection of mucosal immune responses to antigens of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in challenged and vaccinated volunteers. Vaccine 2006; 24:3709-18. [PMID: 16153753 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we compared the ELISPOT and antibody in lymphocyte supernatants (ALS) assays as surrogate measures of mucosal immunity. In separate studies, 20 inpatient volunteers received oral doses of 6 x 10(8) or 4 x 10(9)cfu of ETEC strain E24377A (LT+, ST+, CS1+, CS3+) and 20 subjects received 1 (n = 9) or 2 (n = 11) oral doses of the attenuated ETEC vaccine, PTL-003 expressing CFA/II (CS1+ and CS3+) (2 x 10(9)cfu/dose). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from all subjects were assayed for anti-colonization factor or toxin-specific IgA antibody responses using the ALS and ELISPOT procedures. ALS responses were measured using a standard ELISA, as well as by time-resolved fluorescence (TRF). Following challenge with E24377A, significant anti-CS3, CS1 and LT ALS responses were detected in the lymphocyte supernatants of 75-95% of the subjects. A similar proportion (75%) of subjects mounted an ALS response to CFA/II antigen after vaccination with the PTL-003 vaccine. Inter-assay comparisons between ALS and ELISPOT methods also revealed a high degree of correlation in both immunization groups. ALS sensitivity versus the ELISPOT assay for LT, CS3 and CS1-specific responses following challenge were 95%, 94% and 78%, respectively and 83% for the ALS response to CFA/II antigen after vaccination with PTL-003. Correlation coefficients for the LT and CS3 antigens were 0.94 (p<0.001) and 0.82 (p<0.001), respectively after challenge and 0.78 (p<0.001) after vaccination. The association between ALS and ELISPOT for the CS1 antigen was however, significant only when ALS supernatants were tested by TRF (r = 0.91, p<0.001). These results demonstrate the value and flexibility of the ALS assay as an alternative to ELISPOT for the measurement of mucosal immune responses to ETEC antigens, particularly when the complexities of ELISPOT may make it impractical to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Carpenter
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, HH, Rm 205, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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18
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Kirkpatrick BD, Bentley MD, Thern AM, Larsson CJ, Ventrone C, Sreenivasan MV, Bourgeois L. Comparison of the antibodies in lymphocyte supernatant and antibody-secreting cell assays for measuring intestinal mucosal immune response to a novel oral typhoid vaccine (M01ZH09). CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:1127-9. [PMID: 16148184 PMCID: PMC1235803 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.9.1127-1129.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cell (ASC) and antibodies in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) assays are used to assess intestinal mucosal responses to enteric infections and vaccines. The ALS assay, performed on cell supernatants, may represent a convenient alternative to the more established ASC assay. The two methods, measuring immunoglobulin A to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi lipopolysaccharide, were compared in volunteers vaccinated with a live-attenuated typhoid vaccine M01ZH09. The specificity of the ALS assay compared to the ASC assay was excellent (100%), as was sensitivity (82%). The ALS assay was less sensitive than the ASC assay at <or=42 spots/10(6) peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Kirkpatrick
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405.
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19
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Abstract
Mucosal immunization regimes that employ the oral route of delivery are often compromised by antigen degradation in the stomach. Moreover, tolerance or immunological unresponsiveness to orally delivered vaccine antigens is also a major problem associated with this route of immunization. Immunization by alternative routes including intrarectal (i.r.) and intranasal (i.n.) is becoming increasingly recognized in large animals for generating protective antibody responses at mucosal surfaces. These approaches are particularly useful in ruminant species which have four stomachs that can potentially interfere with antigen presentation to mucosal inductive sites of the gut. Modifications to enhance existing mucosal immunization regimes have also been explored through the use of alternative antigen delivery systems and mucosal adjuvants. The combination of alternative immunization routes and the use of appropriate antigen delivery systems appear to be a rational approach for providing protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. There has been a considerable amount of research conducted on evaluating the efficacy of emerging antigen delivery systems and novel adjuvants for improved immunity to mucosal immunization but very little of this work has been specific to the mucosal compartment of large animals. The aim of this review is therefore to assess the feasibility and practicality of using large animals (particularly sheep, cattle and pigs) for inducing and detecting specific immune responses to alternative mucosal routes of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Sedgmen
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Qadri F, Ryan ET, Faruque ASG, Ahmed F, Khan AI, Islam MM, Akramuzzaman SM, Sack DA, Calderwood SB. Antigen-specific immunoglobulin A antibodies secreted from circulating B cells are an effective marker for recent local immune responses in patients with cholera: comparison to antibody-secreting cell responses and other immunological markers. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4808-14. [PMID: 12874365 PMCID: PMC165990 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.8.4808-4814.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-derived lymphocytes transiently migrate through the peripheral circulation before homing back to mucosal sites and can be detected using an ELISPOT-based antibody secreting cell (ASC) assay. Alternatively, transiently circulating lymphocytes may be cultured in vitro, and culture supernatants may be assayed for antigen-specific responses (antibody in lymphocyte supernatant [ALS] assay). The ALS assay has not been validated extensively in natural mucosal infection, nor has the ALS response been compared to the ASC assay and other cholera-specific immunological responses. Accordingly, we examined immune responses in 30 adult patients with acute cholera in Bangladesh, compared with 10 healthy controls, measuring ALS-immunoglobulin A (IgA), ASC-IgA, and serum and fecal IgA responses to two potent Vibrio cholerae immunogens, the nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CtxB) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a weaker V. cholerae immunogen, the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA). We found significant increases of anti-CtxB, anti-LPS, and anti-MSHA IgA in supernatants of lymphocytes cultured 7 days after onset of cholera using the ALS assay. We found that ALS and ASC responses correlated extremely well; both had comparable sensitivities as the vibriocidal responses, and both procedures were more sensitive than fecal IgA measurements. An advantage of the ALS assay for studying mucosal immune responses is the ability to freeze antibodies in supernatants for subsequent evaluation; like the ASC assay, the ALS assay can distinguish recent from remote mucosal infection, a distinction that may be difficult to make in endemic settings using other procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Centre for Health and Population Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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Kilhamn J, Lundin SB, Brevinge H, Svennerholm AM, Jertborn M. T- and B-cell immune responses of patients who had undergone colectomies to oral administration of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a vaccine. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:426-30. [PMID: 12738643 PMCID: PMC154961 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.3.426-430.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2002] [Revised: 11/21/2002] [Accepted: 03/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of an oral live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a vaccine to induce immune responses in patients who had undergone colectomies because of ulcerative colitis was evaluated, and these responses were compared with those of healthy volunteers. Purified CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from peripheral blood were stimulated in vitro by using the heat-killed Ty21a vaccine strain, and the proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production were measured before and 7 or 8 days after vaccination. Salmonella-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibody responses in serum along with IgA antibody responses in ileostomy fluids from the patients who had undergone colectomies were also evaluated. Three doses of vaccine given 2 days apart failed to induce proliferative T-cell responses in all the six patients who had undergone colectomies, and increases in IFN-gamma production were found only among the CD8(+) cells from three of the patients. In contrast, both proliferative responses and increased IFN-gamma production were observed among CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from 3 and 6 of 10 healthy volunteers, respectively. Salmonella-specific IgA and/or IgG antibody responses in serum were observed for five (56%) of nine patients who had undergone colectomies and in 15 (88%) of 17 healthy volunteers. In ileostomy fluids, significant anti-Salmonella IgA antibody titer increases were detected in six (67%) of nine patients who had undergone colectomies. The impaired T- and B-cell immune responses found after vaccination in the circulation of patients who have undergone colectomies may be explained by a diminished colonization of the Ty21a vaccine strain due to the lack of a terminal ileum and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kilhamn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute-GUVAX, Göteborg, Sweden.
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22
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Iankov ID, Petrov DP, Mladenov IV, Haralambieva IH, Mitov IG. Lipopolysaccharide-specific but not anti-flagellar immunoglobulin A monoclonal antibodies prevent Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis invasion and replication within HEp-2 cell monolayers. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1615-8. [PMID: 11854252 PMCID: PMC127784 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1615-1618.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2001] [Revised: 11/01/2001] [Accepted: 11/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective potential of immunoglobulin A (IgA) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against O and H antigens of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis to prevent bacterial adhesion to and invasion of HEp-2 cells was evaluated. Although anti-flagellar IgA MAbs showed strong agglutinating capacities, they did not protect cell monolayers. In contrast, IgA MAbs specific for the O:9 epitope of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide antigen alone prevented S. enterica serotype Enteritidis entry and replication within HEp-2 cells, and the protection was not mediated by direct binding of antibodies to bacterial adhesins or by agglutination of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianko D Iankov
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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23
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Zheng B, Woo PC, Ng M, Tsoi H, Wong L, Yuen K. A crucial role of macrophages in the immune responses to oral DNA vaccination against hepatitis B virus in a murine model. Vaccine 2001; 20:140-7. [PMID: 11567758 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the previous study, we had shown that live oral vaccination with Salmonella typhimurium delivering plasmid DNA-HBsAg (oral DNA vaccine) evoked a vigorous T cell response and a weak antibody response with predominant subclass IgG2a in mice, suggesting a significant involvement by professional antigen presenting cells (APC). In the present study, this possibility was further studied by infecting peritoneal macrophages (MPhi) with the oral DNA vaccine. Although, the infected cells could only express low level of the viral antigen, they nevertheless stimulated a vigorous lymphocyte proliferation of splenocytes from immune mice, induced these cells to elaborate interferon-gamma and stimulated development of HBV-specific cytotoxicity against target cells expressing the viral antigen. Infusion of the infected MPhi evoked a vigorous Th 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and a weak IgG2a antibody response in mice, which was essentially the same as response to the oral DNA vaccine. In contrast, recombinant protein vaccine evoked a vigorous IgG1 antibody response and a weak T cell response. While, given intramuscularly, the same plasmid DNA vaccine as that contained in the oral DNA vaccine evoked a vigorous IgG1 antibody response and a moderate T cell response in these animals. It was concluded that professional APC may orchestrate the immune response to live oral DNA vaccine and it was of interest to note that different vaccine formulation and routes of administration evoke distinct immune response to HBV.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA, Recombinant/administration & dosage
- Female
- Hepatitis B Antibodies/biosynthesis
- Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood
- Hepatitis B Antibodies/immunology
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/biosynthesis
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/immunology
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/transplantation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital Compound, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China
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24
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Tacket CO, Galen J, Sztein MB, Losonsky G, Wyant TL, Nataro J, Wasserman SS, Edelman R, Chatfield S, Dougan G, Levine MM. Safety and immune responses to attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhi oral live vector vaccines expressing tetanus toxin fragment C. Clin Immunol 2000; 97:146-53. [PMID: 11027455 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA was used as a vector to deliver fragment C of tetanus toxin as a single-dose oral tetanus vaccine candidate to elicit protective levels of serum tetanus antitoxin. Twenty-one healthy adult volunteers received doses of 1.6 x 10(7) to 8.2 x 10(9) CFU of one of two strains, CVD 908-htrA(pTETnir15) or CVD 908-htrA(pTETlpp), which contained plasmid-encoded fragment C, with sodium bicarbonate, and the safety and immune responses to serovar Typhi antigens and tetanus toxin were assessed. No volunteer had fever or positive blood cultures after vaccination, although diarrhea occurred in 3 volunteers and vomiting in 2 volunteers within 3 weeks after vaccination. Most volunteers excreted the vaccine strain in the first 72 h after vaccination. Three of nine volunteers who received 10(8) CFU or higher doses of the CVD 908-htrA(pTETlpp) construct developed rises in serum antitoxin antibodies. The serum and cellular immune responses to serovar Typhi antigens were less frequent than those previously observed in volunteers who ingested the parent strain CVD 908-htrA. This study demonstrates that fragment C of tetanus toxin delivered orally to volunteers in an S. Typhi vector can elicit protective levels of serum antitoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Tacket
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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25
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Grewal HM, Karlsen TH, Vetvik H, Ahrén C, Gjessing HK, Sommerfelt H, Haneberg B. Measurement of specific IgA in faecal extracts and intestinal lavage fluid for monitoring of mucosal immune responses. J Immunol Methods 2000; 239:53-62. [PMID: 10821947 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently available methods for the evaluation of antigen-specific immune responses in the intestine, i.e. measurement of IgA in intestinal lavage and antibody secreting cells (ASC) in peripheral blood, are not applicable to large-scale immunogenicity studies or to kinetic studies where repeated sampling is required. Simple and reliable methods need to be developed. Intestinal lavage and faecal samples were collected from 12 mice on days 0, 14, 21, 28 and 35 following initial immunization with four doses of cholera toxin (CT) by the gastric or rectal routes. The concentrations of anti-CT IgA in the faecal extracts showed a high level of correlation with those in the lavage samples (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.85, P<0. 0001) regardless of the route of CT administration. Moreover, the kinetics of the immune response as reflected in the faecal extracts mirrored those in the lavage samples regardless of immunization route. As compared to gastric immunization, rectal administration of CT yielded higher levels of anti-CT IgA in both intestinal lavage fluids and in faecal extracts. The use of rectal immunization and the measurement of IgA in faecal extracts for monitoring mucosal immune responses may be relevant for the development of effective enteric vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Grewal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen and Haukeland Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
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26
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Angelakopoulos H, Hohmann EL. Pilot study of phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing Helicobacter pylori urease in adult volunteers. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2135-41. [PMID: 10722611 PMCID: PMC97395 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.2135-2141.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has been studied as an oral vaccine vector. Despite success with attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium vectors in animals, early clinical trials of S. enterica serovar Typhi expressing heterologous antigens have shown that few subjects have detectable immune responses to vectored antigens. A previous clinical study of phoP/phoQ-deleted S. enterica serovar Typhi expressing Helicobacter pylori urease from a multicopy plasmid showed that none of eight subjects had detectable immune responses to the vectored antigen. In an attempt to further define the variables important for engendering immune responses to vectored antigens in humans, six volunteers were inoculated with 5 x 10(7) to 8 x 10(7) CFU of phoP/phoQ-deleted S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing the same antigen. Two of the six volunteers had fever; none had diarrhea, bacteremia, or other serious side effects. The volunteers were more durably colonized than in previous studies of phoP/phoQ-deleted S. enterica serovar Typhi. Five of the six volunteers seroconverted to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium antigens and had strong evidence of anti-Salmonella mucosal immune responses by enzyme-linked immunospot studies. Three of six (three of five who seroconverted to Salmonella) had immune responses in the most sensitive assay of urease-specific immunoglobulin production by blood mononuclear cells in vitro. One of these had a fourfold or greater increase in end-point immunoglobulin titer in serum versus urease. Attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium appears to be more effective than S. enterica serovar Typhi for engendering immune responses to urease. Data suggest that this may be related to a greater stability of antigen-expressing plasmid in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and/or prolonged intestinal colonization. Specific factors unique to nontyphoidal salmonellae may also be important for stimulation of the gastrointestinal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Angelakopoulos
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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27
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Hordnes K, Tynning T, Kvam AI, Bevanger L, Brown TA, Jonsson R, Haneberg B. Cervical secretions in pregnant women colonized rectally with group B streptococci have high levels of antibodies to serotype III polysaccharide capsular antigen and protein R. Scand J Immunol 1998; 47:179-88. [PMID: 9496695 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS) colonizing the female genital tract will often infect newborn infants during delivery. In 200 pregnant women studied, 14% were colonized with GBS in the cervix, 12% in the rectum, and 9% in both cervix and rectum. We have previously reported that antibody levels to GBS serotypes Ia, II, and III in sera and cervical secretions were increased in women colonized in the rectum and/or cervix, when analyzed by a whole-cell ELISA. Here, we report the levels of antibodies to GBS serotype III capsular polysaccharide antigen (CPS III) and to protein antigen R4, which are present in most GBS III strains. Compared to culture-negative women, the group of women colonized rectally had markedly elevated levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG antibodies in cervical secretions to both CPS III and protein R4 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). In sera, the corresponding differences between culture-negative and culture-positive women were less pronounced, or not present. In contrast to antibody levels to whole-cell GBS, antibody levels to CPS III and protein R4 in cervical secretions were not significantly increased in women colonized only in the cervix, except that IgA antibodies to protein R4 were slightly elevated (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that capsular type-specific polysaccharides and protein R4 in a mucosal vaccine might induce protective antibodies against GBS colonization of the uterine cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hordnes
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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28
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Melhus A, Hermansson A, Forsgren A, Prellner K. A resolved pneumococcal infection protects against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: an evaluation of different routes of whole cell immunization in protection against experimental acute otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997; 39:119-31. [PMID: 9104620 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5876(96)01474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A conferred cross-protection between Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) was demonstrated in a previous study of experimental recurrent otitis media. To explore cross-protection further, and to compare oral administration of whole cells with two more conventional routes for vaccination against acute otitis media (AOM), a total number of 79 rats were immunized perorally, subcutaneously and intrabullarly with H. influenzae or pneumococci and thereafter challenged in the middle ear with NTHi or Hib 4 or 9 weeks later. Otomicroscopic changes, bacterial cultures, and serum IgG antibody levels were monitored. The study demonstrated that while peroral administration did not elicit any protection, a resolved pneumococcal AOM could reduce the susceptibility to reinfection with NTHi. In the latter case no cross-reacting antibodies were detected, but the protective rate was 50% or more, and it was comparable with that found after subcutaneous or intrabullar immunization with homologous NTHi or Hib strains. The results suggest that the protection of the rat middle ear mucosa may involve unspecific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Melhus
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmö General Hospital, Sweden
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29
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Nardelli-Haefliger D, Kraehenbuhl JP, Curtiss R, Schodel F, Potts A, Kelly S, De Grandi P. Oral and rectal immunization of adult female volunteers with a recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhi vaccine strain. Infect Immun 1996; 64:5219-24. [PMID: 8945569 PMCID: PMC174511 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.12.5219-5224.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An attenuated strain of Salmonella typhi delta(cya) delta(crp-cdt) delta(asd) expressing a gene encoding a hepatitis B virus core-pre-S protein was tested in female adult volunteers for its ability to elicit a systemic and a mucosal immune response. Specifically, our purpose was to evaluate the potential of such a vaccine strain to induce specific secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) at genital and rectal surfaces. Oral and rectal routes of immunization were compared: oral immunization induced seroconversion against the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in six out of seven volunteers, while after rectal immunization only one out of six volunteers seroconverted against LPS. To our disappointment, the latter volunteer was also the only one who seroconverted against the carried antigen (pre-S1), demonstrating the poor ability of this live vaccine to induce an immune response against the carried antigen. Anti-LPS sIgA was found in both the vaginal and cervical secretions of a volunteer who presented a strong seroconversion after oral immunization (16-fold increase in anti-LPS IgG). Smaller amounts of anti-LPS sIgA were found in the rectal secretions of one orally and one rectally immunized volunteer and in the saliva of three orally and one rectally immunized woman. Our data show for the first time that it is possible to induce specific sIgA in the genital and rectal tracts of women by using an S. typhi vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nardelli-Haefliger
- Department of Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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30
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Abstract
Based on immunoassay principles, methods have been developed for the analysis of secreted products at the cellular level. This approach offers substantial methodological advantages compared to traditional immunoassays. In a number of applications cell-based methods have proved able to overcome many of the problems inherent to immunoassays of biological fluids. This review focuses on applications of ELISPOT in natural infections and vaccinations of human individuals. The studies reviewed here have contributed to our understanding of the B-cell responses in infections and the independence of mucosal and systemic immune responses. Whilst diagnostic applications are rare, enzyme immunospot assays have been extensively used in testing the immunogenicity of vaccines. In particular, B-cell responses to mucosal vaccines are better covered with this cellular assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arvilommi
- National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland
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31
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Hordnes K, Tynning T, Kvam AI, Jonsson R, Haneberg B. Colonization in the rectum and uterine cervix with group B streptococci may induce specific antibody responses in cervical secretions of pregnant women. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1643-52. [PMID: 8613373 PMCID: PMC173974 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.5.1643-1652.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the relationships between genital or rectal carriage of group B streptococci (GBS) with the levels of systemic and mucosal antibodies to GBS in 200 women at about week 17 of pregnancy. Secretions from the uterine cervix were collected with absorbent cylindrical wicks for quantification of antibody levels with whole cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. GBS were cultured from the cervix (with or without concomitant rectal colonization) of 13.5%, from the rectum (with or without concomitant cervical colonization) of 12%, and from both culture sites of 8.5% of the women. Serotypes Ia, II, and III were predominant. Compared with culture-negative women, the group of women colonized rectally had markedly elevated levels of both immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies to GBS in cervical secretions and also had a moderate but significant elevation of IgA antibodies in sera. Women colonized only in the cervix had increases of specific IgA and IgG antibodies in cervical secretions, but their serum antibody levels were not elevated. In cervical secretions, the increase in antibody levels in the groups of colonized women was most pronounced for the IgG isotype, indicating a mucosal immune response involving IgG as well as IgA. A close correlation was found among the levels of antibodies to each of the three GBS serotypes tested. Evidence for such cross-reacting antibodies to different serotypes of GBS, as well as to group A streptococci, was also obtained from absorption experiments. Altogether, our results show that undiluted secretions for antibody determination can be easily collected from the uterine cervix with absorbent wicks and demonstrate that colonization of GBS in the rectum and the uterine cervix may induce a systemic as well as a pronounced local immune response in the female genital tract. The findings may have implications for the development of a mucosal vaccine against GBS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hordnes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bergen, Norway.
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32
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Moldoveanu Z, Clements ML, Prince SJ, Murphy BR, Mestecky J. Human immune responses to influenza virus vaccines administered by systemic or mucosal routes. Vaccine 1995; 13:1006-12. [PMID: 8525683 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)00016-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Healthy adult volunteers were immunized by parenteral or oral routes with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (A/Chile/1/83 (H1N1), A/Mississippi/1/85 (H3N2), and B/Ann Arbor/1/86), or intranasally with live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza type A/Texas/1/85 (H1N1) reassortant virus. In all volunteers, cells spontaneously secreting IgA, IgG or IgM antibodies specific to influenza virus were detected in peripheral blood on days 6-13 after immunization, and specific IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies to influenza vaccine were measured in sera and external secretions (saliva and nasal lavage). Following systemic immunization, a raise in specific antibodies of all isotypes was observed in sera beginning on day 13. Although small variations in IgA and IgM antibodies in saliva and nasal lavages were detected, antigen-specific IgG significantly increased between days 13 and 27. Intranasal administration of attenuated virus induced IgA and IgG antibodies in serum as well as in secretions. Serum antibodies were not substantially influenced by oral immunization, only a small increase in all isotypes was observed in volunteers' sera 21 days after ingestion of vaccine. However, in secretions, antigen-specific IgA and IgG responses were detected one week after immunization and reached a peak response on day 20. These studies show that different routes of immunization can be effective for the induction of specific antibodies, and support the concept of the common mucosal immune system in humans by demonstrating that the oral or intranasal administration of antigen-induced specific antibodies of IgA isotype in external secretions, preceded by the transient appearance in peripheral blood of specific antibody-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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33
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Hordnes K, Digranes A, Haugen IL, Helland DE, Ulstein M, Jonsson R, Haneberg B. Systemic and mucosal antibody responses to group B streptococci following immunization of the colonic-rectal mucosa. J Reprod Immunol 1995; 28:247-62. [PMID: 7473434 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0378(95)00925-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The cervico-vaginal mucosa is poorly designed for inducing a mucosal immune response, but it can effect such a response evoked at other mucosal sites. This study was undertaken to determine whether colonic-rectal immunization with group B streptococci (GBS) might induce a local cervico-vaginal immune response. Mice were immunized with either fragmented GBS rectally, whole GBS rectally, or whole GBS subcutaneously. Cholera toxin (CT) was used as an adjuvant for the rectal immunizations. Following colonic-rectal immunization with whole GBS, the mean anti-GBS IgA antibody level in vaginal secretions was 735 kU/ml, with individual values reaching 3480 kU/ml. Corresponding levels of IgA antibodies never exceeded 10 kU/ml in serum and intestinal secretions, or 90 kU/g in feces. In vaginal secretions IgA antibodies to GBS also constituted a much larger fraction of total IgA than in serum, intestinal secretions and feces. Immunizations with fragmented GBS produced much lower IgA responses. Anti-GBS IgA response at the inductive site in the colon-rectum was not significant, as opposed to a strong anti-CT IgA response. Except in serum, the anti-GBS IgG responses to colonic-rectal immunizations were generally low, or absent. The results may provide a basis for the development of mucosal vaccines against GBS-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hordnes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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34
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Haneberg B, Kendall D, Amerongen HM, Apter FM, Neutra MR. The colon and rectum as inductor sites for local and distant mucosal immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 371A:107-9. [PMID: 8525883 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Haneberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Trollmo C, Sollerman C, Carlsten H, Tarkowski A. The gut as an inductive site for synovial and extra-articular immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994; 53:377-82. [PMID: 8037496 PMCID: PMC1005352 DOI: 10.1136/ard.53.6.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the immunological interactions between the gut lymphoid tissue, synovium, and peripheral blood compartments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS Patients with RA and AS and healthy controls were orally or parenterally immunised with an influenza virus vaccine. Antigen-specific antibody responses were measured at the single cell level by ELISPOT assay using lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood and from enzymatically dispersed synovial tissues. RESULTS Both oral and parenteral immunisations induced antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells in the synovial tissue of patients with RA. Parenterally immunised patients with RA showed significantly decreased antigen-specific antibody responses in peripheral blood compared with patients with AS and with healthy controls. In contrast, oral vaccination evoked comparable peripheral blood antibody responses in all three study groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite a decreased immune responsiveness in the systemic compartment, the functional status of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue in patients with RA is intact. In addition, there is evidence that the lymphocytes in the inflamed joints are accessible for signals both from the systemic and mucosal compartments. The findings of immunological 'cross-talk' are relevant to future vaccination and tolerization procedures in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Trollmo
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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36
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Kuitunen M, Savilahti E, Sarnesto A. Human alpha-lactalbumin and bovine beta-lactoglobulin absorption in infants. Allergy 1994; 49:354-60. [PMID: 8092433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb02281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated gut permeability to human alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) and bovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) in 20 infants from birth to 8 months or until weaning, before which they were on a strictly cow's-milk-free diet. We measured the proteins with a sensitive, solid-phase, double-sandwich immunofluorometric assay. Median (range) levels of serum ALA on days 3-4 after birth, and at 1 and 2 months of age were 31 (12-225), 6 (0-55), and 2 (0-16) micrograms/l serum per g ALA given per kg body weight, respectively. At 3, 5, and 8 months of age, only trace amounts of ALA were found. One week after weaning, serum BLG was found in 5/13 infants (38%) and at 2 weeks in 3/14 infants (21%), with median concentrations of 7 and 4 micrograms/l serum per g BLG given per kg body weight, respectively. No ALA could be detected in any of these samples. In absorption of ALA, the four infants who had allergic symptoms did not differ from those without symptoms. Thus, systemic absorption of ALA and BLG does occur in infants. Absorption of ALA is greatest after birth, when 3 x 10(-4) (median) of the given antigens are absorbed, but absorption decreases rapidly. The gut may often be transiently permeable to BLG when cow's-milk-based formula is started.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuitunen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Finland
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37
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Haneberg B, Kendall D, Amerongen HM, Apter FM, Kraehenbuhl JP, Neutra MR. Induction of specific immunoglobulin A in the small intestine, colon-rectum, and vagina measured by a new method for collection of secretions from local mucosal surfaces. Infect Immun 1994; 62:15-23. [PMID: 8262621 PMCID: PMC186061 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.1.15-23.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order study patterns of local antibody responses following mucosal immunization of mice via different routes, a method for collection of secretions directly from mucosal surfaces was developed. Mice were immunized on days 0, 10, 17, and 24 by administration of cholera toxin into the oral cavity, stomach, colon-rectum, or vagina. At sacrifice on day 32, absorbent wicks were placed in the oral cavity and, via an applicator tube, into the vagina and distal colon-rectum and along the entire small intestine after flushing of luminal contents. Protein was quantitatively extracted from wicks, and specific anti-cholera toxin immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Concentrations of specific IgA in secretions at various mucosal sites were dramatically influenced by the route of immunization. Oral immunization effectively induced IgA in saliva, and the intragastric route was optimal for induction of IgA in the small intestine. High levels of specific IgA appeared on the colonic-rectal mucosal surface only after rectal delivery of antigen. Oral, gastric, and rectal immunizations also produced distant responses in the vagina. Following vaginal immunization, however, neither local nor distant IgA responses were detected. These results suggest that vaccines intended for protection of colonic-rectal and vaginal mucosal surfaces might best be administered by the rectal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Haneberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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38
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Butterton JR, Boyko SA, Calderwood SB. Use of the Vibrio cholerae irgA gene as a locus for insertion and expression of heterologous antigens in cholera vaccine strains. Vaccine 1993; 11:1327-35. [PMID: 8296486 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae may be a particularly effective organism for use in delivering heterologous antigens to stimulate a common mucosal immune response. A live attenuated vaccine strain of V. cholerae was constructed from the ctxA deletion mutant 0395-N1, containing the B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I under the transcriptional control of the iron-regulated irgA promoter. The B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I is identical to the B subunit of Shiga toxin (StxB). irgA encodes the major iron-regulated outer membrane protein of V. cholerae, which is a known virulence factor for this organism. Clones of the structural gene irgA from the classical V. cholerae strain 0395, with the gene for the Shiga-like toxin I B subunit inserted under the control of the irgA promoter, were used to introduce an internal deletion of irgA into the chromosome of 0395-N1 by in vivo marker exchange, using the suicide vector plasmid pCVD442. This plasmid contains the sacB gene from Bacillus subtilis, which allowed positive selection for loss of plasmid sequences on exposure to sucrose. The construction of vaccine strains was confirmed by Southern hybridization studies and outer membrane protein analysis. The expression of StxB in the vaccine strain VAC2 following growth in high- or low-iron conditions was shown to be tightly iron-regulated by Western blot analysis and by quantification of StxB using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The production of StxB by VAC2 under low-iron conditions was greater than that of the reference strain Shigella dysenteriae 60R.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Blotting, Southern
- Cholera Vaccines/genetics
- Cholera Vaccines/immunology
- Cholera Vaccines/toxicity
- DNA Transposable Elements/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/genetics
- Genes, Bacterial/genetics
- HeLa Cells/drug effects
- Humans
- Lethal Dose 50
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Shiga Toxin 1
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vibrio cholerae/genetics
- Vibrio cholerae/immunology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Butterton
- Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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