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Del Castillo D, Lo DD. Deciphering the M-cell niche: insights from mouse models on how microfold cells "know" where they are needed. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400739. [PMID: 38863701 PMCID: PMC11165056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Known for their distinct antigen-sampling abilities, microfold cells, or M cells, have been well characterized in the gut and other mucosa including the lungs and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). More recently, however, they have been identified in tissues where they were not initially suspected to reside, which raises the following question: what external and internal factors dictate differentiation toward this specific role? In this discussion, we will focus on murine studies to determine how these cells are identified (e.g., markers and function) and ask the broader question of factors triggering M-cell localization and patterning. Then, through the consideration of unconventional M cells, which include villous M cells, Type II taste cells, and medullary thymic epithelial M cells (microfold mTECs), we will establish the M cell as not just a player in mucosal immunity but as a versatile niche cell that adapts to its home tissue. To this end, we will consider the lymphoid structure relationship and apical stimuli to better discuss how the differing cellular programming and the physical environment within each tissue yield these cells and their unique organization. Thus, by exploring this constellation of M cells, we hope to better understand the multifaceted nature of this cell in its different anatomical locales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D. Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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2
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Zeinali S, Sutton K, Zefreh MG, Mabbott N, Vervelde L. Discrimination of distinct chicken M cell subsets based on CSF1R expression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8795. [PMID: 38627516 PMCID: PMC11021470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a subset of follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells, known as M cells, conduct the transcytosis of antigens across the epithelium into the underlying lymphoid tissues. We previously revealed that M cells in the FAE of the chicken lung, bursa of Fabricius (bursa), and caecum based on the expression of CSF1R. Here, we applied RNA-seq analysis on highly enriched CSF1R-expressing bursal M cells to investigate their transcriptome and identify novel chicken M cell-associated genes. Our data show that, like mammalian M cells, those in the FAE of the chicken bursa also express SOX8, MARCKSL1, TNFAIP2 and PRNP. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the expression of SOX8 in CSF1R-expressing cells in the lung, bursa, and caecum. However, we found that many other mammalian M cell-associated genes such as SPIB and GP2 were not expressed by chicken M cells or represented in the chicken genome. Instead, we show bursal M cells express high levels of related genes such as SPI1. Whereas our data show that bursal M cells expressed CSF1R-highly, the M cells in the small intestine lacked CSF1R and both expressed SOX8. This study offers insights into the transcriptome of chicken M cells, revealing the expression of CSF1R in M cells is tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Zeinali
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kate Sutton
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Masoud Ghaderi Zefreh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil Mabbott
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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3
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Zhang J, Brodsky IE, Shin S. Yersinia deploys type III-secreted effectors to evade caspase-4 inflammasome activation in human cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0131023. [PMID: 37615436 PMCID: PMC10653943 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01310-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Yersinia are responsible for significant disease burden in humans, ranging from recurrent disease outbreaks (yersiniosis) to pandemics (Yersinia pestis plague). Together with rising antibiotic resistance rates, there is a critical need to better understand Yersinia pathogenesis and host immune mechanisms, as this information will aid in developing improved immunomodulatory therapeutics. Inflammasome responses in human cells are less studied relative to murine models of infection, though recent studies have uncovered key differences in inflammasome responses between mice and humans. Here, we dissect human intestinal epithelial cell and macrophage inflammasome responses to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Our findings provide insight into species- and cell type-specific differences in inflammasome responses to Yersinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Igor E. Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Sorobetea D, Matsuda R, Peterson ST, Grayczyk JP, Rao I, Krespan E, Lanza M, Assenmacher CA, Mack M, Beiting DP, Radaelli E, Brodsky IE. Inflammatory monocytes promote granuloma control of Yersinia infection. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:666-678. [PMID: 36879169 PMCID: PMC10653359 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Granulomas are organized immune cell aggregates formed in response to chronic infection or antigen persistence. The bacterial pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yp) blocks innate inflammatory signalling and immune defence, inducing neutrophil-rich pyogranulomas (PGs) within lymphoid tissues. Here we uncover that Yp also triggers PG formation within the murine intestinal mucosa. Mice lacking circulating monocytes fail to form defined PGs, have defects in neutrophil activation and succumb to Yp infection. Yersinia lacking virulence factors that target actin polymerization to block phagocytosis and reactive oxygen burst do not induce PGs, indicating that intestinal PGs form in response to Yp disruption of cytoskeletal dynamics. Notably, mutation of the virulence factor YopH restores PG formation and control of Yp in mice lacking circulating monocytes, demonstrating that monocytes override YopH-dependent blockade of innate immune defence. This work reveals an unappreciated site of Yersinia intestinal invasion and defines host and pathogen drivers of intestinal granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sorobetea
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rina Matsuda
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefan T Peterson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James P Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Indira Rao
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elise Krespan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Lanza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Friebel J, Schinnerling K, Weigt K, Heldt C, Fromm A, Bojarski C, Siegmund B, Epple HJ, Kikhney J, Moter A, Schneider T, Schulzke JD, Moos V, Schumann M. Uptake of Tropheryma whipplei by Intestinal Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076197. [PMID: 37047170 PMCID: PMC10094206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tropheryma whipplei (TW) can cause different pathologies, e.g., Whipple’s disease and transient gastroenteritis. The mechanism by which the bacteria pass the intestinal epithelial barrier, and the mechanism of TW-induced gastroenteritis are currently unknown. Methods: Using ex vivo disease models comprising human duodenal mucosa exposed to TW in Ussing chambers, various intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) cultures exposed to TW and a macrophage/IEC coculture model served to characterize endocytic uptake mechanisms and barrier function. Results: TW exposed ex vivo to human small intestinal mucosae is capable of autonomously entering IECs, thereby invading the mucosa. Using dominant-negative mutants, TW uptake was shown to be dynamin- and caveolin-dependent but independent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Complementary inhibitor experiments suggested a role for the activation of the Ras/Rac1 pathway and actin polymerization. TW-invaded IECs underwent apoptosis, thereby causing an epithelial barrier defect, and were subsequently subject to phagocytosis by macrophages. Conclusions: TW enters epithelia via an actin-, dynamin-, caveolin-, and Ras-Rac1-dependent endocytosis mechanism and consecutively causes IEC apoptosis primarily in IECs invaded by multiple TW bacteria. This results in a barrier leak. Moreover, we propose that TW-packed IECs can be subject to phagocytic uptake by macrophages, thereby opening a potential entry point of TW into intestinal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Friebel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Kathleen Weigt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Heldt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Epple
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Kikhney
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Biofilmcenter, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Biofilmcenter, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- German Konsiliarlabor for Tropheryma whipplei, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Moter Diagnostics, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-513536
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6
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Redistribution of the Novel Clostridioides difficile Spore Adherence Receptor E-Cadherin by TcdA and TcdB Increases Spore Binding to Adherens Junctions. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0047622. [PMID: 36448839 PMCID: PMC9872679 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00476-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile causes antibiotic-associated diseases in humans, ranging from mild diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis and death. A major clinical challenge is the prevention of disease recurrence, which affects nearly ~20 to 30% of the patients with a primary C. difficile infection (CDI). During CDI, C. difficile forms metabolically dormant spores that are essential for recurrence of CDI (R-CDI). In prior studies, we have shown that C. difficile spores interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which contribute to R-CDI. However, this interaction remains poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that C. difficile spores interact with E-cadherin, contributing to spore adherence and internalization into IECs. C. difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB lead to adherens junctions opening and increase spore adherence to IECs. Confocal micrographs demonstrate that C. difficile spores associate with accessible E-cadherin; spore-E-cadherin association increases upon TcdA and TcdB intoxication. The presence of anti-E-cadherin antibodies decreased spore adherence and entry into IECs. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and immunogold labeling, we observed that E-cadherin binds to C. difficile spores, specifically to the hairlike projections of the spore, reducing spore adherence to IECs. Overall, these results expand our knowledge of how C. difficile spores bind to IECs by providing evidence that E-cadherin acts as a spore adherence receptor to IECs and by revealing how toxin-mediated damage affects spore interactions with IECs.
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7
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Gustafsson JK, Johansson MEV. The role of goblet cells and mucus in intestinal homeostasis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:785-803. [PMID: 36097076 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract faces numerous challenges that require several layers of defence. The tight epithelium forms a physical barrier that is further protected by a mucus layer, which provides various site-specific protective functions. Mucus is produced by goblet cells, and as a result of single-cell RNA sequencing identifying novel goblet cell subpopulations, our understanding of their various contributions to intestinal homeostasis has improved. Goblet cells not only produce mucus but also are intimately linked to the immune system. Mucus and goblet cell development is tightly regulated during early life and synchronized with microbial colonization. Dysregulation of the developing mucus systems and goblet cells has been associated with infectious and inflammatory conditions and predisposition to chronic disease later in life. Dysfunctional mucus and altered goblet cell profiles are associated with inflammatory conditions in which some mucus system impairments precede inflammation, indicating a role in pathogenesis. In this Review, we present an overview of the current understanding of the role of goblet cells and the mucus layer in maintaining intestinal health during steady-state and how alterations to these systems contribute to inflammatory and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin E V Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemisty and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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8
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Lee J, Khang D. Mucosal delivery of nanovaccine strategy against COVID-19 and its variants. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:S2211-3835(22)00489-0. [PMID: 36438851 PMCID: PMC9676163 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global administration of approved COVID-19 vaccines (e.g., ChAdOx1 nCoV-19®, mRNA-1273®, BNT162b2®), the number of infections and fatalities continue to rise at an alarming rate because of the new variants such as Omicron and its subvariants. Including COVID-19 vaccines that are licensed for human use, most of the vaccines that are currently in clinical trials are administered via parenteral route. However, it has been proven that the parenteral vaccines do not induce localized immunity in the upper respiratory mucosal surface, and administration of the currently approved vaccines does not necessarily lead to sterilizing immunity. This further supports the necessity of a mucosal vaccine that blocks the main entrance route of COVID-19: nasal and oral mucosal surfaces. Understanding the mechanism of immune regulation of M cells and dendritic cells and targeting them can be another promising approach for the successful stimulation of the mucosal immune system. This paper reviews the basic mechanisms of the mucosal immunity elicited by mucosal vaccines and summarizes the practical aspects and challenges of nanotechnology-based vaccine platform development, as well as ligand hybrid nanoparticles as potentially effective target delivery agents for mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
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9
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Wang B, Shen J. NF-κB Inducing Kinase Regulates Intestinal Immunity and Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895636. [PMID: 35833111 PMCID: PMC9271571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity and homeostasis are maintained through the regulation of cytokine trafficking, microbiota, necrosis and apoptosis. Intestinal immunity and homeostasis participate in host defenses and inflammatory responses locally or systemically through the gut-organ axis. NF-κB functions as a crucial transcription factor mediating the expression of proteins related to the immune responses. The activation of NF-κB involves two major pathways: canonical and non-canonical. The canonical pathway has been extensively studied and reviewed. Here, we present the current knowledge of NIK, a pivotal mediator of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and its role in intestinal immunity and homeostasis. This review also discusses the novel role of NIK signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Shen,
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10
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Fasciano AC, Dasanayake GS, Estes MK, Zachos NC, Breault DT, Isberg RR, Tan S, Mecsas J. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopE prevents uptake by M cells and instigates M cell extrusion in human ileal enteroid-derived monolayers. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1988390. [PMID: 34793276 PMCID: PMC8604394 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1988390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens use M cells to access the underlying Peyer's patches and spread to systemic sites via the lymph as demonstrated by ligated loop murine intestinal models. However, the study of interactions between M cells and microbial pathogens has stalled due to the lack of cell culture systems. To overcome this obstacle, we use human ileal enteroid-derived monolayers containing five intestinal cell types including M cells to study the interactions between the enteric pathogen, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb), and M cells. The Yptb type three secretion system (T3SS) effector Yops inhibit host defenses including phagocytosis and are critical for colonization of the intestine and Peyer's patches. Therefore, it is not understood how Yptb traverses through M cells to breach the epithelium. By growing Yptb under two physiological conditions that mimic the early infectious stage (low T3SS-expression) or host-adapted stage (high T3SS-expression), we found that large numbers of Yptb specifically associated with M cells, recapitulating murine studies. Transcytosis through M cells was significantly higher by Yptb expressing low levels of T3SS, because YopE and YopH prevented Yptb uptake. YopE also caused M cells to extrude from the epithelium without inducing cell-death or disrupting monolayer integrity. Sequential infection with early infectious stage Yptb reduced host-adapted Yptb association with M cells. These data underscore the strength of enteroids as a model by discovering that Yops impede M cell function, indicating that early infectious stage Yptb more effectively penetrates M cells while the host may defend against M cell penetration of host-adapted Yptb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Fasciano
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, USA
| | - Gaya S. Dasanayake
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - David T. Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ralph R. Isberg
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, USA,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, USA,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA,CONTACT Joan Mecsas Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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11
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A Computational Model of Bacterial Population Dynamics in Gastrointestinal Yersinia enterocolitica Infections in Mice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020297. [PMID: 35205164 PMCID: PMC8869254 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Computational modeling of bacterial infection is an attractive way to simulate infection scenarios. In the long-term, such models could be used to identify factors that make individuals more susceptible to infection, or how interference with bacterial growth influences the course of bacterial infection. This study used different mouse infection models (immunocompetent, lacking a microbiota, and immunodeficient models) to develop a basic mathematical model of a Yersinia enterocolitica gastrointestinal infection. We showed that our model can reflect our findings derived from mouse infections, and we demonstrated how crucial the exact knowledge about parameters influencing the population dynamics is. Still, we think that computational models will be of great value in the future; however, to foster the development of more complex models, we propose the broad implementation of the interdisciplinary training of mathematicians and biologists. Abstract The complex interplay of a pathogen with its virulence and fitness factors, the host’s immune response, and the endogenous microbiome determine the course and outcome of gastrointestinal infection. The expansion of a pathogen within the gastrointestinal tract implies an increased risk of developing severe systemic infections, especially in dysbiotic or immunocompromised individuals. We developed a mechanistic computational model that calculates and simulates such scenarios, based on an ordinary differential equation system, to explain the bacterial population dynamics during gastrointestinal infection. For implementing the model and estimating its parameters, oral mouse infection experiments with the enteropathogen, Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye), were carried out. Our model accounts for specific pathogen characteristics and is intended to reflect scenarios where colonization resistance, mediated by the endogenous microbiome, is lacking, or where the immune response is partially impaired. Fitting our data from experimental mouse infections, we can justify our model setup and deduce cues for further model improvement. The model is freely available, in SBML format, from the BioModels Database under the accession number MODEL2002070001.
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12
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Richards AF, Torres-Velez FJ, Mantis NJ. Salmonella Uptake into Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues: Implications for Targeted Mucosal Vaccine Design and Delivery. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2410:305-324. [PMID: 34914054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peyer's patches are organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in the small intestine and the primary route by which particulate antigens, including viruses and bacteria, are sampled by the mucosal immune system. Antigen sampling occurs through M cells, a specialized epithelial cell type located in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that overlie Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles. While Peyer's patches play an integral role in intestinal homeostasis, they are also a gateway by which enteric pathogens, like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), cross the intestinal barrier. Once pathogens like STm gain access to the underlying network of mucosal dendritic cells and macrophages they can spread systemically. Thus, Peyer's patches are at the crossroads of mucosal immunity and intestinal pathogenesis. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods to assess STm entry into mouse Peyer's patch tissues. We describe Peyer's patch collection methods and provide strategies to enumerate bacterial uptake. We also detail a method for quantifying bacterial shedding from infected animals and provide an immunohistochemistry protocol for the localization of STm along the gastrointestinal tract and insight into pathogen transit in the presence of protective antibodies. While the protocols are written for STm, they are easily tailored to other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene F Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fernando J Torres-Velez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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13
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Hirahara S, Itonaga T, Takeguchi M, Suenobu S, Ihara K. A longitudinal ulcer due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in a girl. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15036. [PMID: 35396814 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoyo Itonaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Souichi Suenobu
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.,Division of General Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kenji Ihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
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14
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Chu TH, Khairallah C, Shieh J, Cho R, Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Eskiocak O, Thanassi DG, Kaplan MH, Beyaz S, Yang VW, Bliska JB, Sheridan BS. γδ T cell IFNγ production is directly subverted by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis outer protein YopJ in mice and humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010103. [PMID: 34871329 PMCID: PMC8648121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne pathogen that subverts immune function by translocation of Yersinia outer protein (Yop) effectors into host cells. As adaptive γδ T cells protect the intestinal mucosa from pathogen invasion, we assessed whether Y. pseudotuberculosis subverts these cells in mice and humans. Tracking Yop translocation revealed that the preferential delivery of Yop effectors directly into murine Vγ4 and human Vδ2+ T cells inhibited anti-microbial IFNγ production. Subversion was mediated by the adhesin YadA, injectisome component YopB, and translocated YopJ effector. A broad anti-pathogen gene signature and STAT4 phosphorylation levels were inhibited by translocated YopJ. Thus, Y. pseudotuberculosis attachment and translocation of YopJ directly into adaptive γδ T cells is a major mechanism of immune subversion in mice and humans. This study uncovered a conserved Y. pseudotuberculosis pathway that subverts adaptive γδ T cell function to promote pathogenicity. Unconventional γδ T cells are a dynamic immune population important for mucosal protection of the intestine against invading pathogens. We determined that the foodborne pathogen Y. pseudotuberculosis preferentially targets an adaptive subset of these cells to subvert immune function. We found that direct injection of Yersinia outer proteins (Yop) into adaptive γδ T cells inhibited their anti-pathogen functions. We screened all Yop effectors and identified YopJ as the sole effector to inhibit adaptive γδ T cell production of IFNγ. We determined that adaptive γδ T cell subversion occurred by limiting activation of the transcription factor STAT4. When we infected mice with Y. pseudotuberculosis expressing an inactive YopJ, this enhanced the adaptive γδ T cell response and led to greater cytokine production from this subset of cells to aid mouse recovery. This mechanism of immune evasion appears conserved in humans as direct injection of Y. pseudotuberculosis YopJ into human γδ T cells inhibited cytokine production. This suggested to us that Y. pseudotuberculosis actively inhibits the adaptive γδ T cell response through YopJ as a mechanism to evade immune surveillance at the site of pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H. Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Shieh
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rhea Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhijuan Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Onur Eskiocak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - David G. Thanassi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Xu H, Cai L, Hufnagel S, Cui Z. Intranasal vaccine: Factors to consider in research and development. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121180. [PMID: 34637935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection. Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle-based injection, but there are only a few intranasal vaccines that are currently approved for human use, and all of them are live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Clearly, there are immunological as well as non-immunological challenges that prevent vaccine developers from choosing the intranasal route of administration. We reviewed current approved intranasal vaccines and pipelines and described the target of intranasal vaccines, i.e. nose and lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity. We then analyzed factors unique to intranasal vaccines that need to be considered when researching and developing new intranasal vaccines. We concluded that while the choice of vaccine formulations, mucoadhesives, mucosal and epithelial permeation enhancers, and ligands that target M-cells are important, safe and effective intranasal mucosal vaccine adjuvants are needed to successfully develop an intranasal vaccine that is not based on live-attenuated viruses or bacteria. Moreover, more effective intranasal vaccine application devices that can efficiently target a vaccine to lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity as well as preclinical animal models that can better predict intranasal vaccine performance in clinical trials are needed to increase the success rate of intranasal vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Hufnagel
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States.
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16
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Peterson RJ, Koval M. Above the Matrix: Functional Roles for Apically Localized Integrins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:699407. [PMID: 34485286 PMCID: PMC8414885 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.699407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane proteins that are most typically thought of as integrating adhesion to the extracellular matrix with intracellular signaling and cell regulation. Traditionally, integrins are found at basolateral and lateral cell surfaces where they facilitate binding to the ECM and intercellular adhesion through cytosolic binding partners that regulate organization of actin microfilaments. However, evidence is accumulating that integrins also are apically localized, either endogenously or due to an exogenous stimulus. Apically localized integrins have been shown to regulate several processes by interacting with proteins such as connexins, tight junction proteins, and polarity complex proteins. Integrins can also act as receptors to mediate endocytosis. Here we review these newly appreciated roles for integrins localized to the apical cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven J Peterson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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17
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Barilleau E, Védrine M, Koczerka M, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Kempf F, Grépinet O, Virlogeux-Payant I, Velge P, Wiedemann A. Investigation of the invasion mechanism mediated by the outer membrane protein PagN of Salmonella Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:153. [PMID: 34020586 PMCID: PMC8140442 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella can invade host cells via a type three secretion system called T3SS-1 and its outer membrane proteins, PagN and Rck. However, the mechanism of PagN-dependent invasion pathway used by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that PagN is well conserved and widely distributed among the different species and subspecies of Salmonella. We showed that PagN of S. Typhimurium was sufficient and necessary to enable non-invasive E. coli over-expressing PagN and PagN-coated beads to bind to and invade different non-phagocytic cells. According to the literature, PagN is likely to interact with heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) as PagN-mediated invasion could be inhibited by heparin treatment in a dose-dependent manner. This report shows that this interaction is not sufficient to allow the internalization mechanism. Investigation of the role of β1 integrin as co-receptor showed that mouse embryo fibroblasts genetically deficient in β1 integrin were less permissive to PagN-mediated internalization. Moreover, PagN-mediated internalization was fully inhibited in glycosylation-deficient pgsA-745 cells treated with anti-β1 integrin antibody, supporting the hypothesis that β1 integrin and HSPG cooperate to induce the PagN-mediated internalization mechanism. In addition, use of specific inhibitors and expression of dominant-negative derivatives demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation and class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were crucial to trigger PagN-dependent internalization, as for the Rck internalization mechanism. Finally, scanning electron microscopy with infected cells showed microvillus-like extensions characteristic of Zipper-like structure, engulfing PagN-coated beads and E. coli expressing PagN, as observed during Rck-mediated internalization. CONCLUSIONS Our results supply new comprehensions into T3SS-1-independent invasion mechanisms of S. Typhimurium and highly indicate that PagN induces a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, leading to a Zipper-like entry mechanism as the Salmonella outer membrane protein Rck.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mégane Védrine
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Present Address: Service Biologie Vétérinaire et Santé Animale, Inovalys, Angers, France
| | | | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florent Kempf
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnès Wiedemann
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France. .,Present Address: IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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18
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Suntsov VV. Genomogenesis of the Plague Bacteria Yersinia pestis as a Process of Mosaic Evolution. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Spatiotemporal Variations in Growth Rate and Virulence Plasmid Copy Number during Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00710-20. [PMID: 33495272 PMCID: PMC8090943 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00710-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Yersinia spp. depend on the activity of a potent virulence plasmid-encoded ysc/yop type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to colonize hosts and cause disease. It was recently shown that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis upregulates the virulence plasmid copy number (PCN) during infection and that the resulting elevated gene dose of plasmid-encoded T3SS genes is essential for virulence. Pathogenic Yersinia spp. depend on the activity of a potent virulence plasmid-encoded ysc/yop type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to colonize hosts and cause disease. It was recently shown that Yersinia pseudotuberculosis upregulates the virulence plasmid copy number (PCN) during infection and that the resulting elevated gene dose of plasmid-encoded T3SS genes is essential for virulence. When and how this novel regulatory mechanism is deployed and regulates the replication of the virulence plasmid during infection is unknown. In the present study, we applied droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to investigate the dynamics of Y. pseudotuberculosis virulence PCN variations and growth rates in infected mouse organs. We demonstrated that both PCN and growth varied in different tissues and over time throughout the course of infection, indicating that the bacteria adapted to discrete microenvironments during infection. The PCN was highest in Peyer’s patches and cecum during the clonal invasive phase of the infection, while the highest growth rates were found in the draining mesenteric lymph nodes. In deeper, systemic organs, the PCN was lower and more modest growth rates were recorded. Our study indicates that increased gene dosage of the plasmid-encoded T3SS genes is most important early in the infection during invasion of the host. The described ddPCR approach will greatly simplify analyses of PCN, growth dynamics, and bacterial loads in infected tissues and will be readily applicable to other infection models.
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20
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Castro-Córdova P, Mora-Uribe P, Reyes-Ramírez R, Cofré-Araneda G, Orozco-Aguilar J, Brito-Silva C, Mendoza-León MJ, Kuehne SA, Minton NP, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Paredes-Sabja D. Entry of spores into intestinal epithelial cells contributes to recurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1140. [PMID: 33602902 PMCID: PMC7893008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile spores produced during infection are important for the recurrence of the disease. Here, we show that C. difficile spores gain entry into the intestinal mucosa via pathways dependent on host fibronectin-α5β1 and vitronectin-αvβ1. The exosporium protein BclA3, on the spore surface, is required for both entry pathways. Deletion of the bclA3 gene in C. difficile, or pharmacological inhibition of endocytosis using nystatin, leads to reduced entry into the intestinal mucosa and reduced recurrence of the disease in a mouse model. Our findings indicate that C. difficile spore entry into the intestinal barrier can contribute to spore persistence and infection recurrence, and suggest potential avenues for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Castro-Córdova
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Mora-Uribe
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Reyes-Ramírez
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Glenda Cofré-Araneda
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josué Orozco-Aguilar
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Brito-Silva
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Mendoza-León
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah A Kuehne
- School of Dentistry and Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Minton
- BBSRC/EPSRC Synthetic Biology Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marjorie Pizarro-Guajardo
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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21
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Lemarignier M, Pizarro-Cerdá J. Autophagy and Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Subversion by Pathogenic Yersinia Species. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1637. [PMID: 33291818 PMCID: PMC7762052 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica and Y. pestis are pathogenic bacteria capable of causing disease in humans by growing extracellularly in lymph nodes and during systemic infections. While the capacity of these bacteria to invade, replicate, and survive within host cells has been known for long, it is only in recent years that their intracellular stages have been explored in more detail. Current evidence suggests that pathogenic Yersinia are capable of activating autophagy in both phagocytic and epithelial cells, subverting autophagosome formation to create a niche supporting bacterial intracellular replication. In this review, we discuss recent results opening novel perspectives to the understanding of intimate host-pathogens interactions taking place during enteric yersiniosis and plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lemarignier
- Yersinia Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France;
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Javier Pizarro-Cerdá
- Yersinia Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France;
- ‘Plague Maintenance, Spread and Evolution’ Pasteur International Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
- ‘Plague and Other Yersinioses’ National Reference Laboratory, F-75015 Paris, France
- WHO Collaborative Centre for Plague FRA-140, F-75015 Paris, France
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22
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Saraf S, Jain S, Sahoo RN, Mallick S. Present Scenario of M-Cell Targeting Ligands for Oral Mucosal Immunization. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1276-1284. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200609113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in the prevention of infection and forms the
first line of defense against pathogen attack. Delivering of antigen through mucosal route may elicit
mucosal immune system as the mucosal surface is the most common site of pathogen entry. Mucosal
immune system will be capable to counter pathogen at mucosal surface. Oral mucosal immunization
opens the ways to deliver antigens at gut-associated lymphoid tissue. This can elicit both local and
systemic immune response. Mucosal vaccines are economical, highly accessible, non parenteral delivery
and capacity to produce mass immunization at the time of pandemics. To deliver antigens on the
mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system relies on specialized epithelial cell
i.e. Microfold (M)-cell. An approach to exploit the targeting specific receptors on M-cell for entry of
antigens has made a breakthrough in vaccine development. In this review, various strategies have been
discussed for the possible entry of antigens through M-cells and an approach to increase the uptake
and efficacy of vaccines for oral mucosal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Saraf
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751030, Orissa, India
| | - Shailesh Jain
- Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Madhyanchal Professional University Bhopal (MP), India
| | - Rudra Narayan Sahoo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751030, Orissa, India
| | - Subrata Mallick
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751030, Orissa, India
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23
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Kappler K, Hennet T. Emergence and significance of carbohydrate-specific antibodies. Genes Immun 2020; 21:224-239. [PMID: 32753697 PMCID: PMC7449879 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are widespread among all classes of immunoglobulins. Despite their broad occurrence, little is known about their formation and biological significance. Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are often classified as natural antibodies under the assumption that they arise without prior exposure to exogenous antigens. On the other hand, various carbohydrate-specific antibodies, including antibodies to ABO blood group antigens, emerge after the contact of immune cells with the intestinal microbiota, which expresses a vast diversity of carbohydrate antigens. Here we explore the development of carbohydrate-specific antibodies in humans, addressing the definition of natural antibodies and the production of carbohydrate-specific antibodies upon antigen stimulation. We focus on the significance of the intestinal microbiota in shaping carbohydrate-specific antibodies not just in the gut, but also in the blood circulation. The structural similarity between bacterial carbohydrate antigens and surface glycoconjugates of protists, fungi and animals leads to the production of carbohydrate-specific antibodies protective against a broad range of pathogens. Mimicry between bacterial and human glycoconjugates, however, can also lead to the generation of carbohydrate-specific antibodies that cross-react with human antigens, thereby contributing to the development of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Whelan R, McVicker G, Leo JC. Staying out or Going in? The Interplay between Type 3 and Type 5 Secretion Systems in Adhesion and Invasion of Enterobacterial Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4102. [PMID: 32521829 PMCID: PMC7312957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens rely on a variety of toxins, adhesins and other virulence factors to cause infections. Some of the best studied pathogens belong to the Enterobacterales order; these include enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and the enteropathogenic Yersiniae. The pathogenesis of these organisms involves two different secretion systems, a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and type 5 secretion systems (T5SSs). The T3SS forms a syringe-like structure spanning both bacterial membranes and the host cell plasma membrane that translocates toxic effector proteins into the cytoplasm of the host cell. T5SSs are also known as autotransporters, and they export part of their own polypeptide to the bacterial cell surface where it exerts its function, such as adhesion to host cell receptors. During infection with these enteropathogens, the T3SS and T5SS act in concert to bring about rearrangements of the host cell cytoskeleton, either to invade the cell, confer intracellular motility, evade phagocytosis or produce novel structures to shelter the bacteria. Thus, in these bacteria, not only the T3SS effectors but also T5SS proteins could be considered "cytoskeletoxins" that bring about profound alterations in host cell cytoskeletal dynamics and lead to pathogenic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack C. Leo
- Antimicrobial Resistance, Omics and Microbiota Group, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (R.W.); (G.M.)
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Immune-Microbiota Interplay and Colonization Resistance in Infection. Mol Cell 2020; 78:597-613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Treatment of Yersinia similis with the cationic lipid DOTAP enhances adhesion to and invasion into intestinal epithelial cells - A proof-of-principle study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:378-383. [PMID: 32098674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The monocationic quaternary surfactant DOTAP has been used for the delivery of nucleic acids and peptides into mammalian cells. This study tested the applicability of DOTAP for the enhancement of adhesion and invasion frequencies of Yersinia (Y.) similis to enable the analysis of the effects of low-pathogenic bacteria on intestinal epithelial cells. Incubation of Y. similis with DOTAP ahead of infection of C2BBe1 intestinal epithelial cells increased invasion and adhesion frequency four- and five-fold, respectively, in plating assays. Proteomic approaches confirmed the increased bacterial load on infected cells: analysis of protein extracts by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) revealed higher amounts of bacterial proteins present in the cells infected with DOTAP-treated bacteria. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of selected spots from gel-separated protein extracts confirmed the presence of both bacterial and human cell proteins in the samples. Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis identified 1170 human cell proteins and 699 bacterial proteins. Three times more bacterial proteins (279 vs. 93) were detected in C2BBe1 cells infected with DOTAP-treated bacteria compared to infections with untreated bacteria. Infections with DOTAP-treated Y. similis led to a significant upregulation of the stress-inducible ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2M in C2BBe1 cells. This points towards a stronger impact of the stress and infection responsive transcription factor AP-1 by enhanced bacterial load. DOTAP-treatment of uninfected C2BBe1 cells led to a significant downregulation of the transmembrane trafficking protein TMED10. The application of DOTAP could be helpful for investigating the impact of otherwise low adherent or invasive bacteria on cultivated mammalian cells without utilisation of genetic modifications.
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Managuli RS, Wang JTW, Faruqu FM, Pandey A, Jain S, Al-Jamal KT, Mutalik S. Surface engineered nanoliposomal platform for selective lymphatic uptake of asenapine maleate: In vitro and in vivo studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Shen Y, Hu Y, Qiu L. Nano-vesicles based on phospholipid-like amphiphilic polyphosphazenes to orally deliver ovalbumin antigen for evoking anti-tumor immune response. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:267-277. [PMID: 32058081 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aimed at evoking an adequate anti-tumor immune response via oral administration route, this study constructed functionally and structurally mimicking-bacteria-membrane (MBM) nano-vesicle (RGD-PEOP) to orally deliver ovalbumin (OVA) antigen. In terms of simulating bacterial membrane structure, we creatively designed this nano-vesicle to have phospholipid-like octadecylphosphoethanolamine groups in vesicle membrane to improve OVA loading by means of specific interactions including salt bridge and hydrogen bond interaction. For simulating bacterial membrane function, the RGD peptide was modified onto the nano-vesicle surface, and the resulting vector displayed a good transport ability with a 3.4-fold higher than free OVA. In vitro and in vivo assay showed that the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and MHC class II complexes was significantly enhanced by MBM nano-vesicle. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels also increased several folds in the MBM nano-vesicle group. Consequently, MBM nano-vesicle achieved the highest in vivo inhibition rate of 69% against E.G7-OVA tumors among all the oral groups. These results suggest that this MBM nano-vesicle may be a promising vector to orally deliver OVA antigen for cancer immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Developing an effective non-bacterial carrier for oral cancer immunotherapy remains challenging. This work constructed a mimicking-bacteria-membrane nano-vesicle based on phospholipid-like amphiphilic polyphosphazenes for oral delivery of ovalbumin antigen. With the considerable capability to load ovalbumin antigen and target M cells, the nano-vesicle produced remarkable tumor suppression in vivo by evoking anti-tumor immune response.
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Anatomical Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System (GALT, NALT, iBALT) for the Induction and Regulation of Mucosal Immunity and Tolerance. MUCOSAL VACCINES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Vaca DJ, Thibau A, Schütz M, Kraiczy P, Happonen L, Malmström J, Kempf VAJ. Interaction with the host: the role of fibronectin and extracellular matrix proteins in the adhesion of Gram-negative bacteria. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:277-299. [PMID: 31784893 PMCID: PMC7248048 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of pathogenic microorganisms to adhere to host cells and avoid clearance by the host immune system is the initial and most decisive step leading to infections. Bacteria have developed different strategies to attach to diverse host surface structures. One important strategy is the adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., collagen, fibronectin, laminin) that are highly abundant in connective tissue and basement membranes. Gram-negative bacteria express variable outer membrane proteins (adhesins) to attach to the host and to initiate the process of infection. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion is a prerequisite for targeting this interaction by “anti-ligands” to prevent colonization or infection of the host. Future development of such “anti-ligands” (specifically interfering with bacteria-host matrix interactions) might result in the development of a new class of anti-infective drugs for the therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the manifold interactions of adhesins expressed by Gram-negative bacteria with ECM proteins and the use of this information for the generation of novel therapeutic antivirulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Vaca
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arno Thibau
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Kanaya T, Williams IR, Ohno H. Intestinal M cells: Tireless samplers of enteric microbiota. Traffic 2019; 21:34-44. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanaya
- Department of PathologyEmory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia
| | - Ifor R. Williams
- Laboratory for Intestinal EcosystemRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Department of PathologyEmory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia
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Byvalov AA, Konyshev IV. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived adhesins. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2019. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2019-3-4-437-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Around fifteen surface components referred to adhesins have been identified in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis combining primarily microbiological, molecular and genetic, as well as immunochemical and biophysical methods. Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived adhesins vary in structure and chemical composition but they are mainly presented by protein molecules. Some of them were shown to participate not only in adhesive but in other pathogen-related physiological functions in the host-parasite interplay. Adhesins can mediate bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cell either directly or via the extracellular matrix components. These adhesion molecules are encoded by chromosomal DNA excepting YadA protein which gene is located in the calcium-dependence plasmid pYV common for pathogenic yersisniae. An optimum temperature for adhesin biosynthesis is located close to the body temperature of warm-blooded animals; however, at low temperature only invasin InvA, full-length smooth lipopolysaccharide and porin OmpF are produced in Y. pseudotuberculosis. Several adhesins (Psa, InvA) can be expressed at low pH (corresponds to intracellular content), thereby defining pathogenic yersiniae as facultative intracellular parasites. Three human Yersinia genus pathogens differ by ability to produce adhesins. Y. pseudotuberculosis adherence to host cells or extracellular matrix components is determined by a cumulative adhesion-based activity, which expression depends on chemical composition and physicochemical environmental conditions. It’s proposed that at the initial stage of infectious process adherence of Y. pseudotuberculosis to intestinal epithelium is mediated by InvA protein and “smooth” LPS form. These adhesins are produced in bacterial cells at low (lower than 30°С) temperature occurring in environment from which a pathogen invades into the host. At later stages of pathogenesis, after penetrating through intestinal epithelium, bacterial cells produce other adhesins, which promote survival and dissemination primarily into the mesenteric lymph nodes and, possibly, liver and spleen. At later stages of pathogenesis, after penetrating through intestinal epithelium, bacterial cells produce other adhesins, which promote survival and dissemination primarily into the mesenteric lymph nodes and, perhaps, liver and spleen. Qualitative and quantitative spectrum of Y. pseudotuberculosis adhesins is determined by environmental parameters (intercellular space, intracellular content within the diverse eukaryotic cells).
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Abstract
Many options now exist for constructing oral vaccines which, in experimental systems, have shown themselves to be able to generate highly effective immunity against infectious diseases. Their suitability for implementation in clinical practice, however, for prevention of outbreaks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), is not always guaranteed, because of factors such as cost, logistics and cultural and environmental conditions. This brief overview provides a summary of the various approaches which can be adopted, and evaluates them from a pharmaceutical point, taking into account potential regulatory issues, expense, manufacturing complexity, etc., all of which can determine whether a vaccine approach will be successful in the late stages of development. Attention is also drawn to problems arising from inadequate diet, which impacts upon success in stimulating effective immunity, and identifies the use of lipid-based carriers as a way to counteract the problem of nutritional deficiencies in vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. C. New
- Middlesex UniversityHendon, LondonUK
- Vaxcine (UK) Limited, London Bioscience Innovation CentreLondonUK
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Li M, Wang Y, Sun Y, Cui H, Zhu SJ, Qiu HJ. Mucosal vaccines: Strategies and challenges. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:116-125. [PMID: 31669546 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization, eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen invasion at mucosal surfaces. To provide a first line of protection at these entry ports, mucosal vaccines have been developed and hold a significant promise for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, until very recently, only limited mucosal vaccines are available. This review summarizes recent advances in selected aspects regarding mucosal vaccination, including appropriate administration routes, reasonable formulations, antigen-sampling and immune responses of mucosal immunity, and the strategies used to improve mucosal vaccine efficacy. Finally, the challenges of developing successful mucosal vaccines and the potential solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shu J Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Kobayashi N, Takahashi D, Takano S, Kimura S, Hase K. The Roles of Peyer's Patches and Microfold Cells in the Gut Immune System: Relevance to Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2345. [PMID: 31649668 PMCID: PMC6794464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfold (M) cells are located in the epithelium covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the Peyer's patches (PPs) of the small intestine. M cells actively transport luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid follicles to initiate an immune response. The molecular machinery of M-cell differentiation and function has been vigorously investigated over the last decade. Studies have shed light on the role of M cells in the mucosal immune system and have revealed that antigen uptake by M cells contributes to not only mucosal but also systemic immune responses. However, M-cell studies usually focus on infectious diseases; the contribution of M cells to autoimmune diseases has remained largely unexplored. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is implicated in multiple systemic diseases, including autoimmune diseases. This implies that the uptake of microorganisms by M cells in PPs may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We provide an outline of the current understanding of M-cell biology and subsequently discuss the potential contribution of M cells and PPs to the induction of systemic autoimmunity, beyond the mucosal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhide Kobayashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takano
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
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Menina S, Eisenbeis J, Kamal MAM, Koch M, Bischoff M, Gordon S, Loretz B, Lehr C. Bioinspired Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Colistin to Combat Intracellular Infections by Salmonella enterica. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900564. [PMID: 31328434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells and the establishment of intracellular infection has proven to be an effective means of resisting antibiotic action, as anti-infective agents commonly exhibit a poor permeability across the host cell membrane. Encapsulation of anti-infectives into nanoscaled delivery systems, such as liposomes, is shown to result in an enhancement of intracellular delivery. The aim of the current work is, therefore, to formulate colistin, a poorly permeable anti-infective, into liposomes suitable for oral delivery, and to functionalize these carriers with a bacteria-derived invasive moiety to enhance their intracellular delivery. Different combinations of phospholipids and cholesterol are explored to optimize liposomal drug encapsulation and stability in biorelevant media. These liposomes are then surface-functionalized with extracellular adherence protein (Eap), derived from Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment of HEp-2 and Caco-2 cells infected with Salmonella enterica using colistin-containing, Eap-functionalized liposomes resulted in a significant reduction of intracellular bacteria, in comparison to treatment with nonfunctionalized liposomes as well as colistin alone. This indicates that such bio-invasive carriers are able to facilitate intracellular delivery of colistin, as necessary for intracellular anti-infective activity. The developed Eap-functionalized liposomes, therefore, present a promising strategy for improving the therapy of intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menina
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Janina Eisenbeis
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneSaarland University Homburg 66421 Germany
| | - Mohamed Ashraf M. Kamal
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- Institute for New MaterialsSaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneSaarland University Homburg 66421 Germany
| | - Sarah Gordon
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesJohn Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules and sheets conventionally correspond to smooth and rough ER, respectively. The ratio of ER tubules-to-sheets varies in different cell types and changes in response to cellular conditions, potentially impacting the functional output of the ER. To directly test whether ER morphology impacts vesicular trafficking, we increased the tubule-to-sheet ratio in three different ways, by overexpressing Rtn4a, Rtn4b, or REEP5. Only Rtn4a overexpression increased exocytosis, but not overall levels, of several cell surface and secreted proteins. Furthermore, Rtn4a depletion reduced cell surface trafficking without affecting ER morphology. Similar results were observed in three different mammalian cell lines, suggesting that Rtn4a generally enhances exocytosis independently of changes in ER morphology. Finally, we show that Rtn4a levels modulate cell adhesion, possibly by regulating trafficking of integrins to the cell surface. Taking the results together, we find that altering ER morphology does not necessarily affect protein trafficking, but that Rtn4a specifically enhances exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
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Fasciano AC, Blutt SE, Estes MK, Mecsas J. Induced Differentiation of M Cell-like Cells in Human Stem Cell-derived Ileal Enteroid Monolayers. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31403623 DOI: 10.3791/59894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
M (microfold) cells of the intestine function to transport antigen from the apical lumen to the underlying Peyer's patches and lamina propria where immune cells reside and therefore contribute to mucosal immunity in the intestine. A complete understanding of how M cells differentiate in the intestine as well as the molecular mechanisms of antigen uptake by M cells is lacking. This is because M cells are a rare population of cells in the intestine and because in vitro models for M cells are not robust. The discovery of a self-renewing stem cell culture system of the intestine, termed enteroids, has provided new possibilities for culturing M cells. Enteroids are advantageous over standard cultured cell lines because they can be differentiated into several major cell types found in the intestine, including goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and enterocytes. The cytokine RANKL is essential in M cell development, and addition of RANKL and TNF-α to culture media promotes a subset of cells from ileal enteroids to differentiate into M cells. The following protocol describes a method for the differentiation of M cells in a transwell epithelial polarized monolayer system of the intestine using human ileal enteroids. This method can be applied to the study of M cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Fasciano
- Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences;
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University;
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Dillon A, Lo DD. M Cells: Intelligent Engineering of Mucosal Immune Surveillance. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1499. [PMID: 31312204 PMCID: PMC6614372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
M cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that provide the main machinery for sampling luminal microbes for mucosal immune surveillance. M cells are usually found in the epithelium overlying organized mucosal lymphoid tissues, but studies have identified multiple distinct lineages of M cells that are produced under different conditions, including intestinal inflammation. Among these lineages there is a common morphology that helps explain the efficiency of M cells in capturing luminal bacteria and viruses; in addition, M cells recruit novel cellular mechanisms to transport the particles across the mucosal barrier into the lamina propria, a process known as transcytosis. These specializations used by M cells point to a novel engineering of cellular machinery to selectively capture and transport microbial particles of interest. Because of the ability of M cells to effectively violate the mucosal barrier, the circumstances of M cell induction have important consequences. Normal immune surveillance insures that transcytosed bacteria are captured by underlying myeloid/dendritic cells; in contrast, inflammation can induce development of new M cells not accompanied by organized lymphoid tissues, resulting in bacterial transcytosis with the potential to amplify inflammatory disease. In this review, we will discuss our own perspectives on the life history of M cells and also raise a few questions regarding unique aspects of their biology among epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dillon
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - David D Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Abstract
Yersiniosis is common foodborne gastrointestinal disease caused by the enteric pathogens Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The mouse model of oral infection serves as a useful tool to study enteropathogenic Yersinia infection in mammals. The following protocol describes two distinct oral infection methods: the commonly used oral gavage method in which the bacterial inoculum is instilled directly into the mouse stomach using a feeding needle, and an alternative method in which mice are fed bread soaked with Yersinia culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hooker-Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Leah Schwiesow
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Yahan Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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41
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Islam MA, Firdous J, Badruddoza AZM, Reesor E, Azad M, Hasan A, Lim M, Cao W, Guillemette S, Cho CS. M cell targeting engineered biomaterials for effective vaccination. Biomaterials 2018; 192:75-94. [PMID: 30439573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest medical interventions of all time and have been successful in controlling and eliminating a myriad of diseases over the past two centuries. Among several vaccination strategies, mucosal vaccines have wide clinical applications and attract considerable interest in research, showing potential as innovative and novel therapeutics. In mucosal vaccination, targeting (microfold) M cells is a frontline prerequisite for inducing effective antigen-specific immunostimulatory effects. In this review, we primarily focus on materials engineered for use as vaccine delivery platforms to target M cells. We also describe potential M cell targeting areas, methods to overcome current challenges and limitations of the field. Furthermore, we present the potential of biomaterials engineering as well as various natural and synthetic delivery technologies to overcome the challenges of M cell targeting, all of which are absent in current literature. Finally, we briefly discuss manufacturing and regulatory processes to bring a robust perspective on the feasibility and potential of this next-generation vaccine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jannatul Firdous
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Reesor
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mohammad Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Wuji Cao
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Simon Guillemette
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Walker D, Gibbons J, Harris JD, Taylor CS, Scott C, Paterson GK, Morrison LR. Systemic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as a Cause of Osteomyelitis in a Captive Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta). J Comp Pathol 2018; 164:27-31. [PMID: 30360909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica are ubiquitous pathogens with wildlife and domestic animal reservoirs. Outbreaks of 'non-plague' yersiniosis in man and non-human primates are reported frequently (including zoological specimens and research breeding colonies) and are usually characterized by enteritis, mesenteric lymphadenitis and occasionally organ abscessation. In people, non-septic reactive arthritis is a common sequela to yersiniosis. However, there have been rare reports in people of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis because of active systemic infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis. Osteomyelitis has also been reported rarely in historical yersiniosis outbreaks in farmed turkeys in England and the USA. This paper reports the first case of osteomyelitis caused by systemic infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1 in a non-human primate, a captive ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). The lemur had a short clinical history of hyporexia and weight loss with reduction in mobility, especially of the left hindlimb. On post-mortem examination there was evidence of multi-organ abscessation. In addition, severe necrosis, inflammation and large bacterial colonies were present in the musculature, periosteum and bone marrow in the hip, ribs and a vertebra at the cervicothoracic junction. Osteomyelitis should be considered as a rare clinical presentation in non-human primates with systemic Y. pseudotuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Walker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - J Gibbons
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J D Harris
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C S Taylor
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Scott
- Struthers and Scott Veterinary Practice, Doune, Perthshire FK16 6EH, UK
| | - G K Paterson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L R Morrison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
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Kato G, Miyazawa H, Nakayama Y, Ikari Y, Kondo H, Yamaguchi T, Sano M, Fischer U. A Novel Antigen-Sampling Cell in the Teleost Gill Epithelium With the Potential for Direct Antigen Presentation in Mucosal Tissue. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2116. [PMID: 30294324 PMCID: PMC6158387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, M cells can take up antigens through mucosal surfaces of the gut and the respiratory tract. Since M cells are deficient of lysosomes and phagosomes, the antigens are directly delivered to the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) without degradation. In teleost fish, the entire body surface (gills, skin, and intestinal system) is covered by mucus; however, specific antigen-sampling cells have not yet been identified in their mucosal tissues. Here, we show that two phenotypes of antigen-sampling cells take up antigens through epithelial surfaces of the rainbow trout gill. One phenotype of antigen-sampling cells has features of monocyte/macrophage/dendritic cell-type cells; they have large vacuoles in the cytoplasm and express PTPRC (CD45), CD83, IL-1β, and IL-12p40b. The second phenotype exhibits similar characteristics to mammalian M cells; the corresponding cells bind the lectin UEA-1 but not WGA and show expression of M cell marker gene Anxa5. In contrast to mammalian M cells, teleost M-type cells were found to exhibit small vacuoles in their cytoplasm and to express almost all genes related to the “phagosome”, “lysosome,” and “antigen processing and presentation” pathways. Furthermore, MHC class II was constitutively expressed on a fraction of M-type cells, and this expression was significantly increased after antigen uptake, suggesting that the MHC class II is inducible by antigen stimulation. Here, we suggest that teleost M-type cells play a role in the phylogenetically primitive teleost immune system, similar to bona-fide M cells. In addition, the presence of MHC class II expression suggests an additional role in antigen presentation in the gills, which are an organ with high T cell abundance, especially in interbranchial lymphoid tissue. The present results suggest an unconventional antigen presentation mechanism in the primitive mucosal immune system of teleosts, which generally lack highly organized lymphoid tissues. Moreover, the results of this work may be valuable for the development of mucosal vaccines that specifically target M-type cells; mucosal vaccines significantly reduce working costs and the stress that is usually induced by vaccination via injection of individual fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Kato
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruya Miyazawa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakayama
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikari
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Nakamura Y, Kimura S, Hase K. M cell-dependent antigen uptake on follicle-associated epithelium for mucosal immune surveillance. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:15. [PMID: 30186536 PMCID: PMC6120081 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is distinct from the villous epithelium in cellular composition and functions. Interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), provided by dendritic cells at the sub-epithelial dome region, inhibits the IL-22-mediated secretion of antimicrobial peptides by the FAE. The Notch signal from stromal cells underneath the FAE diminishes goblet cell differentiation. These events dampen the mucosal barrier functions to allow luminal microorganisms to readily gain access to the luminal surface of the FAE. Furthermore, receptor activator of nucleic factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) from a certain stromal cell type induces differentiation into microfold (M) cells that specialize in antigen uptake in the mucosa. Microfold (M) cells play a key role in mucosal immune surveillance by actively transporting external antigens from the gut lumen to the lymphoid follicle. The molecular basis of antigen uptake by M cells has been gradually identified in the last decade. For example, GPI-anchored molecules (e.g., glycoprotein 2 (GP2) and cellular prion protein (PrPC)) and β1-integrin facilitate the transport of specific types of xenobiotics. The antigen transport by M cells initiates antigen-specific mucosal immune responses represented by the induction of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA). Meanwhile, several invasive pathogens exploit M cells as a portal to establish a systemic infection. Recent findings have uncovered the molecular machinery of differentiation and functions of M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakamura
- 1Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011 Japan.,2Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- 3Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- 1Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011 Japan.,4International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
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45
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The Intestinal Epithelium: Central Coordinator of Mucosal Immunity. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:677-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hoelzer K, Bielke L, Blake DP, Cox E, Cutting SM, Devriendt B, Erlacher-Vindel E, Goossens E, Karaca K, Lemiere S, Metzner M, Raicek M, Collell Suriñach M, Wong NM, Gay C, Van Immerseel F. Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions. Vet Res 2018; 49:70. [PMID: 30060759 PMCID: PMC6066917 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and other alternative products are central to the future success of animal agriculture because they can help minimize the need for antibiotics by preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal populations. To assess scientific advancements related to alternatives to antibiotics and provide actionable strategies to support their development, the United States Department of Agriculture, with support from the World Organisation for Animal Health, organized the second International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics. It focused on six key areas: vaccines; microbial-derived products; non-nutritive phytochemicals; immune-related products; chemicals, enzymes, and innovative drugs; and regulatory pathways to enable the development and licensure of alternatives to antibiotics. This article, the second part in a two-part series, highlights new approaches and potential solutions for the development of vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics in food producing animals; opportunities, challenges and needs for the development of such vaccines are discussed in the first part of this series. As discussed in part 1 of this manuscript, many current vaccines fall short of ideal vaccines in one or more respects. Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. However, translating this research into commercial vaccines that effectively reduce the need for antibiotics will require close collaboration among stakeholders, for instance through public–private partnerships. Targeted research and development investments and concerted efforts by all affected are needed to realize the potential of vaccines to improve animal health, safeguard agricultural productivity, and reduce antibiotic consumption and resulting resistance risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hoelzer
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA.
| | - Lisa Bielke
- Ohio Agriculture and Research Development Center, Animal Sciences, Ohio State University, 202 Gerlaugh Hall, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Damer P Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Erlacher-Vindel
- Science and New Technologies Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kemal Karaca
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | | | - Martin Metzner
- RIPAC-LABOR GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Margot Raicek
- Science and New Technologies Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | | | - Nora M Wong
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Cyril Gay
- Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Sunnyside Ave, 5601, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Martens EC, Neumann M, Desai MS. Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16:457-470. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Allert S, Förster TM, Svensson CM, Richardson JP, Pawlik T, Hebecker B, Rudolphi S, Juraschitz M, Schaller M, Blagojevic M, Morschhäuser J, Figge MT, Jacobsen ID, Naglik JR, Kasper L, Mogavero S, Hube B. Candida albicans-Induced Epithelial Damage Mediates Translocation through Intestinal Barriers. mBio 2018; 9:e00915-18. [PMID: 29871918 PMCID: PMC5989070 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00915-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening systemic infections often occur due to the translocation of pathogens across the gut barrier and into the bloodstream. While the microbial and host mechanisms permitting bacterial gut translocation are well characterized, these mechanisms are still unclear for fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, a leading cause of nosocomial fungal bloodstream infections. In this study, we dissected the cellular mechanisms of translocation of C. albicans across intestinal epithelia in vitro and identified fungal genes associated with this process. We show that fungal translocation is a dynamic process initiated by invasion and followed by cellular damage and loss of epithelial integrity. A screen of >2,000 C. albicans deletion mutants identified genes required for cellular damage of and translocation across enterocytes. Correlation analysis suggests that hypha formation, barrier damage above a minimum threshold level, and a decreased epithelial integrity are required for efficient fungal translocation. Translocation occurs predominantly via a transcellular route, which is associated with fungus-induced necrotic epithelial damage, but not apoptotic cell death. The cytolytic peptide toxin of C. albicans, candidalysin, was found to be essential for damage of enterocytes and was a key factor in subsequent fungal translocation, suggesting that transcellular translocation of C. albicans through intestinal layers is mediated by candidalysin. However, fungal invasion and low-level translocation can also occur via non-transcellular routes in a candidalysin-independent manner. This is the first study showing translocation of a human-pathogenic fungus across the intestinal barrier being mediated by a peptide toxin.IMPORTANCECandida albicans, usually a harmless fungus colonizing human mucosae, can cause lethal bloodstream infections when it manages to translocate across the intestinal epithelium. This can result from antibiotic treatment, immune dysfunction, or intestinal damage (e.g., during surgery). However, fungal processes may also contribute. In this study, we investigated the translocation process of C. albicans using in vitro cell culture models. Translocation occurs as a stepwise process starting with invasion, followed by epithelial damage and loss of epithelial integrity. The ability to secrete candidalysin, a peptide toxin deriving from the hyphal protein Ece1, is key: C. albicans hyphae, secreting candidalysin, take advantage of a necrotic weakened epithelium to translocate through the intestinal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Allert
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Toni M Förster
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Pawlik
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Rudolphi
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Juraschitz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mariana Blagojevic
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Morschhäuser
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Beyond the Matrix: The Many Non-ECM Ligands for Integrins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020449. [PMID: 29393909 PMCID: PMC5855671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional view of integrins portrays these highly conserved cell surface receptors as mediators of cellular attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and to a lesser degree, as coordinators of leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium. These canonical activities are indispensable; however, there is also a wide variety of integrin functions mediated by non-ECM ligands that transcend the traditional roles of integrins. Some of these unorthodox roles involve cell-cell interactions and are engaged to support immune functions such as leukocyte transmigration, recognition of opsonization factors, and stimulation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Other cell-cell interactions mediated by integrins include hematopoietic stem cell and tumor cell homing to target tissues. Integrins also serve as cell-surface receptors for various growth factors, hormones, and small molecules. Interestingly, integrins have also been exploited by a wide variety of organisms including viruses and bacteria to support infectious activities such as cellular adhesion and/or cellular internalization. Additionally, the disruption of integrin function through the use of soluble integrin ligands is a common strategy adopted by several parasites in order to inhibit blood clotting during hematophagy, or by venomous snakes to kill prey. In this review, we strive to go beyond the matrix and summarize non-ECM ligands that interact with integrins in order to highlight these non-traditional functions of integrins.
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50
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Huckaby JT, Lai SK. PEGylation for enhancing nanoparticle diffusion in mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:125-139. [PMID: 28882703 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelastic mucus secretions coating exposed organs such as the lung airways and the female reproductive tract can trap and quickly eliminate not only foreign pathogens and ultrafine particles but also particle-based drug delivery systems, thus limiting sustained and targeted drug delivery at mucosal surfaces. To improve particle distribution across the mucosa and enhance delivery to the underlying epithelium, many investigators have sought to develop nanoparticles capable of readily traversing mucus. The first synthetic nanoparticles shown capable of rapidly penetrating physiological mucus secretions utilized a dense coating of polyethylene glycol (PEG) covalently grafted onto the surface of preformed polymeric nanoparticles. In the decade since, PEG has become the gold standard in engineering mucus-penetrating drug carriers for sustained and targeted drug delivery to the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and female reproductive tract. This review summarizes the history of the development of various PEG-based mucus-penetrating particles, and highlights the key physicochemical properties of PEG coatings and PEGylation strategies to achieve muco-inert PEG coatings on nanoparticle drug carriers for improved drug and gene delivery at mucosal surfaces.
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