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Kumari P, Yadav S, Sarkar S, Satheeshkumar PK. Cleavage of cell junction proteins as a host invasion strategy in leptospirosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:119. [PMID: 38204132 PMCID: PMC10781872 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Infection and invasion are the prerequisites for developing the disease symptoms in a host. While the probable mechanism of host invasion and pathogenesis is known in many pathogens, very little information is available on Leptospira invasion/pathogenesis. For causing systemic infection Leptospira must transmigrate across epithelial barriers, which is the most critical and challenging step. Extracellular and membrane-bound proteases play a crucial role in the invasion process. An extensive search for the proteins experimentally proven to be involved in the invasion process through cell junction cleavage in other pathogens has resulted in identifying 26 proteins. The similarity searches on the Leptospira genome for counterparts of these 26 pathogenesis-related proteins identified at least 12 probable coding sequences. The proteins were either extracellular or membrane-bound with a proteolytic domain to cleave the cell junction proteins. This review will emphasize our current understanding of the pathogenic aspects of host cell junction-pathogenic protein interactions involved in the invasion process. Further, potential candidate proteins with cell junction cleavage properties that may be exploited in the diagnostic/therapeutic aspects of leptospirosis will also be discussed. KEY POINTS: • The review focussed on the cell junction cleavage proteins in bacterial pathogenesis • Cell junction disruptors from Leptospira genome are identified using bioinformatics • The review provides insights into the therapeutic/diagnostic interventions possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Suhani Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sresha Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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2
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Mei EH, Yao C, Chen YN, Nan SX, Qi SC. Multifunctional role of oral bacteria in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:688-702. [PMID: 38818294 PMCID: PMC11135273 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i5.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders of varying severity, ultimately leading to fibrosis. This spectrum primarily consists of NAFL and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is closely associated with disturbances in the gut microbiota and impairment of the intestinal barrier. Non-gut commensal flora, particularly bacteria, play a pivotal role in the progression of NAFLD. Notably, Porphyromonas gingivalis, a principal bacterium involved in periodontitis, is known to facilitate lipid accumulation, augment immune responses, and induce insulin resistance, thereby exacerbating fibrosis in cases of periodontitis-associated NAFLD. The influence of oral microbiota on NAFLD via the "oral-gut-liver" axis is gaining recognition, offering a novel perspective for NAFLD management through microbial imbalance correction. This review endeavors to encapsulate the intricate roles of oral bacteria in NAFLD and explore underlying mechanisms, emphasizing microbial control strategies as a viable therapeutic avenue for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hua Mei
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of Prothodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxiofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Chao Yao
- Department of Prothodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxiofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yi-Nan Chen
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Shun-Xue Nan
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Sheng-Cai Qi
- Department of Prothodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxiofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China.
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3
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Puzhankara L, Rajagopal A, Kedlaya MN, Karmakar S, Nayak N, Shanmugasundaram S. Cell Junctions in Periodontal Health and Disease: An Insight. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:448-457. [PMID: 38049123 PMCID: PMC11132765 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1775726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are the building blocks of all living organisms. The presence of cell junctions such as tight junctions, gap junctions, and anchoring junctions between cells play a role in cell-to-cell communication in periodontal health and disease. A literature search was done in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science to gather information about the effect of cell junctions on periodontal health and disease. The presence of tight junction in the oral cavity helps in cell-to-cell adhesiveness and assists in the barrier function. The gap junctions help in controlling growth and development and in the cell signaling process. The presence of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes as anchoring junctions aid in mechanical strength and tissue integrity. Periodontitis is a biofilm-induced disease leading to the destruction of the supporting structures of the tooth. The structures of the periodontium possess multiple cell junctions that play a significant role in periodontal health and disease as well as periodontal tissue healing. This review article provides an insight into the role of cell junctions in periodontal disease and health, and offers concepts for development of therapeutic strategies through manipulation of cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Puzhankara
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjale Rajagopal
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhurya N. Kedlaya
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaswata Karmakar
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Namratha Nayak
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashikiran Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Catunda RQ, Ho KKY, Patel S, Roy CB, Alexiou M, Levin L, Ulrich BJ, Kaplan MH, Febbraio M. Loricrin and Cytokeratin Disorganisation in Severe Forms of Periodontitis. Int Dent J 2023; 73:862-872. [PMID: 37316411 PMCID: PMC10658443 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to investigate the role of the cornified epithelium, the outermost layer of the oral mucosa, engineered to prevent water loss and microorganism invasion, in severe forms of periodontitis (stage III or IV, grade C). METHODS Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal disease pathogen, can affect cornified epithelial protein expression through chronic activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6). We used a mouse model, Stat6VT, that mimics this to determine the effects of barrier defect on P gingivalis-induced inflammation, bone loss, and cornified epithelial protein expression, and compared histologic and immunohistologic findings with tissues obtained from human controls and patients with stage III and IV, grade C disease. Alveolar bone loss in mice was assessed using micro-computerised tomography, and soft tissue morphology was qualitatively and semi-quantitatively assessed by histologic examination for several proteins, including loricrin, filaggrin, cytokeratin 1, cytokeratin 14, a proliferation marker, a pan-leukocyte marker, as well as morphologic signs of inflammation. Relative cytokine levels were measured in mouse plasma by cytokine array. RESULTS In the tissues from patients with periodontal disease, there were greater signs of inflammation (rete pegs, clear cells, inflammatory infiltrates) and a decrease and broadening of expression of loricrin and cytokeratin 1. Cytokeratin 14 expression was also broader and decreased in stage IV. P gingivalis-infected Stat6VT mice showed greater alveolar bone loss in 9 out of 16 examined sites, and similar patterns of disruption to human patients in expression of loricrin and cytokeratins 1 and 14. There were also increased numbers of leukocytes, decreased proliferation, and greater signs of inflammation compared with P gingivalis-infected control mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that changes in epithelial organisation can exacerbate the effects of P gingivalis infection, with similarities to the most severe forms of human periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Queiroz Catunda
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Ka-Yan Ho
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Srushti Patel
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Bryant Roy
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Alexiou
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liran Levin
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Amato M, Lupi SM, Polizzi A, Santonocito S, Viglianisi G, Cicciù M, Isola G. New Trends in the Impact of Periodontal Treatment on Early Cardiovascular Diseases Outcomes: Insights and Future Perspectives. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:287. [PMID: 39077574 PMCID: PMC11273151 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2410287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the primary worldwide cause of mortality, and periodontitis is the main cause of tooth loss. The incidence of atherosclerotic disease has been reported to be higher in individuals affected by periodontitis than in individuals without, regardless of many common risk factors are present. Various pathogenetic models have been presented to clarify the close correlation between these two diseases. First, periodontal bacteria and their toxins can enter the circulation both during dental procedures and normal activities such as eating and teeth brushing. Periodontal bacteria may indirectly contribute to coronary artery disease (e.g., by causing immunological reactions) or directly by damaging coronary arteries. Periodontal treatment significantly reduces periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) or Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in deep periodontal pockets. Moreover, periodontal treatment may lower blood inflammatory mediators, enhance the lipid profile, and cause favourable changes in various surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease. The way in which oral bacteremia and periodontal inflammation cause atherosclerosis is still unclear and needs further studies. The real effectiveness of periodontal treatment in preventing cardiovascular events is a topic of current interest. In this regard, this review article explores new insights and provides an indication of future directions on the function of periodontal inflammation and oral bacteria in the incidence and progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, with the main focus on assessing the impact of periodontal treatment on cardiovascular disease outcome biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Amato
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of
Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Saturnino Marco Lupi
- Department of Clinico-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, School
of Dentistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of
Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Santonocito
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of
Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaia Viglianisi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of
Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Cicciù
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of
Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of
Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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6
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Shiheido-Watanabe Y, Maejima Y, Nakagama S, Fan Q, Tamura N, Sasano T. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, impairs post-infarcted myocardium by inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:42. [PMID: 37723152 PMCID: PMC10507114 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
While several previous studies have indicated the link between periodontal disease (PD) and myocardial infarction (MI), the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy, a cellular quality control process that is activated in several diseases, including heart failure, can be suppressed by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.). However, it is uncertain whether autophagy impairment by periodontal pathogens stimulates the development of cardiac dysfunction after MI. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between PD and the development of MI while focusing on the role of autophagy. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and MI model mice were inoculated with wild-type P.g. or gingipain-deficient P.g. to assess the effect of autophagy inhibition by P.g. Wild-type P.g.-inoculated NRCMs had lower cell viability than those inoculated with gingipain-deficient P.g. This study also revealed that gingipains can cleave vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8), a protein involved in lysosomal sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), at the 47th lysine residue, thereby inhibiting autophagy. Wild-type P.g.-inoculated MI model mice were more susceptible to cardiac rupture, with lower survival rates and autophagy activity than gingipain-deficient P.g.-inoculated MI model mice. After inoculating genetically modified MI model mice (VAMP8-K47A) with wild-type P.g., they exhibited significantly increased autophagy activation compared with the MI model mice inoculated with wild-type P.g., which suppressed cardiac rupture and enhanced overall survival rates. These findings suggest that gingipains, which are virulence factors of P.g., impair the infarcted myocardium by cleaving VAMP8 and disrupting autophagy. This study confirms the strong association between PD and MI and provides new insights into the potential role of autophagy in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shiheido-Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shun Nakagama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qintao Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sasano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Lamont RJ, Miller DP, Bagaitkar J. Illuminating the oral microbiome: cellular microbiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad045. [PMID: 37533213 PMCID: PMC10657920 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line mucosal surfaces such as in the gingival crevice and provide a barrier to the ingress of colonizing microorganisms. However, epithelial cells are more than a passive barrier to microbial intrusion, and rather constitute an interactive interface with colonizing organisms which senses the composition of the microbiome and communicates this information to the underlying cells of the innate immune system. Microorganisms, for their part, have devised means to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways to favor their colonization and survival. Study of this field, which has become known as cellular microbiology, has revealed much about epithelial cell physiology, bacterial colonization and pathogenic strategies, and innate host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, United States
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, VA23298, United States
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, OH43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, OH43210, United States
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8
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Kazem NM, Abdulkareem AA, Milward MR. Salivary E-cadherin as a biomarker for diagnosis and predicting grade of periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2023. [PMID: 37186464 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the abilities of salivary E-cadherin to differentiate between periodontal health and periodontitis and to discriminate grades of periodontitis. BACKGROUND E-cadherin is the main protein responsible for maintaining the integrity of epithelial-barrier function. Disintegration of this protein is one of the events associated with the destructive forms of periodontal disease leading to increase concentration of E-cadherin in the oral biofluids. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 63 patients with periodontitis (case) and 35 periodontally healthy subjects (control) were included. For each patient, periodontal parameters including bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. Concentration of salivary E-cadherin was determined by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used to determine the diagnostic potentials of E-cadherin. RESULTS Level of salivary E-cadherin was significantly higher in periodontitis cases than controls. The ROC analysis showed that salivary E-cadherin exhibits excellent sensitivity and specificity (AUC 1.000) to differentiate periodontal health from periodontitis with a cutoff concentration equal to 1.325 ng/mL. The AUCs of E-cadherin to differentiate grade A from grade B and C periodontitis were 0.731 (cutoff point = 1.754 ng/mL) and 0.746 (cutoff point = 1.722 ng/mL), respectively. However, the AUC of salivary E-cadherin to differentiate grade B from grade C periodontitis was lower (0.541). Additionally, BOP and PPD were significantly and positively correlated with the concentration of salivary E-cadherin. CONCLUSION Salivary E-cadherin exhibited excellent sensitivity and specificity to differentiate periodontitis from a healthy periodontium. The level of accuracy of E-cadherin was also sufficient to recognize grade A periodontitis from grade B and C periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M Kazem
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali A Abdulkareem
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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9
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Kingsley C, Kourtidis A. Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2084320. [PMID: 35659464 PMCID: PMC10161952 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2084320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is directly exposed to a variety of environmental stimuli and contains a diverse microbiome that continuously interacts with the oral epithelium. Therefore, establishment and maintenance of the barrier function of the oral mucosa is of paramount importance for its function and for the body's overall health. The adherens junction is a cell-cell adhesion complex that is essential for epithelial barrier function. Although a considerable body of work has associated barrier disruption with oral diseases, the molecular underpinnings of these associations have not been equally investigated. This is critical, since adherens junction components also possess significant signaling roles in the cell, in addition to their architectural ones. Here, we summarize current knowledge involving adherens junction components in oral pathologies, such as cancer and oral pathogen-related diseases, while we also discuss gaps in the knowledge and opportunities for future investigation of the relationship between adherens junctions and oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kingsley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Antonis Kourtidis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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10
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Ruan Q, Guan P, Qi W, Li J, Xi M, Xiao L, Zhong S, Ma D, Ni J. Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates atherosclerosis through an immune pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103592. [PMID: 36999040 PMCID: PMC10043234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, involving a pathological process of endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposition, plaque rupture, and arterial occlusion, and is one of the leading causes of death in the world population. The progression of AS is closely associated with several inflammatory diseases, among which periodontitis has been shown to increase the risk of AS. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), presenting in large numbers in subgingival plaque biofilms, is the “dominant flora” in periodontitis, and its multiple virulence factors are important in stimulating host immunity. Therefore, it is significant to elucidate the potential mechanism and association between P. gingivalis and AS to prevent and treat AS. By summarizing the existing studies, we found that P. gingivalis promotes the progression of AS through multiple immune pathways. P. gingivalis can escape host immune clearance and, in various forms, circulate with blood and lymph and colonize arterial vessel walls, directly inducing local inflammation in blood vessels. It also induces the production of systemic inflammatory mediators and autoimmune antibodies, disrupts the serum lipid profile, and thus promotes the progression of AS. In this paper, we summarize the recent evidence (including clinical studies and animal studies) on the correlation between P. gingivalis and AS, and describe the specific immune mechanisms by which P. gingivalis promotes AS progression from three aspects (immune escape, blood circulation, and lymphatic circulation), providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of AS by suppressing periodontal pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Ruan
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijuan Qi
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengying Xi
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sulan Zhong
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dandan Ma, ; Jia Ni,
| | - Jia Ni
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dandan Ma, ; Jia Ni,
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11
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Kadeh H, Arbabi Kalati F, Ramezaninejad M. Expression Patterns of E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin Proteins in the Periodontal Pocket Epithelium of Chronic Periodontitis. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2023; 24:125-131. [PMID: 37051502 PMCID: PMC10084554 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2022.92474.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Statement of the Problem E-cadherin and N-cadherin are two types of cell adhesion molecules that are involved in organ development, wound healing, and pathological conditions through the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, their role has not yet been fully elucidated in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Purpose To determine the expression level of proteins associated with the EMT process (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) in chronic periodontitis. Materials and Method In this cross-sectional study, 37 samples (19 cases with healthy gingival tissue and 18 cases with severe chronic periodontitis) that referred to the Periodontology Department of Zahedan Dental School, Zahedan, Iran, in 2018 were included. The samples were immunohistochemically stained with E-cadherin and N-cadherin monoclonal antibodies. Afterward, the percentage of stained cells and the staining intensity of the cells were evaluated. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using by IBM© SPSS© Statistics version 21 using Mann-Whitney statistical test. Results In this study, 89.5% of the healthy gingival tissue samples and 61.1% of samples with chronic periodontitis showed E-cadherin expression in more than 50% of cells. This difference between the two groups was not significant (p= 0.13); however, the E-cadherin staining intensity of the healthy gingival tissue was strong while that of the samples with chronic periodontitis was moderate (p= 0.002). The N-cadherin expression was negative in 68.4% of healthy gingival cases, while 50% of the cases with chronic periodontitis showed a high expression of N-cadherin. This difference was statistically significant (p= 0.04). Moreover, the N-cadherin staining intensity also had a significant difference between the two groups (p= 0.004). Conclusion Based on the results of the present study, the increased expression of N-cadherin and reduction of staining intensity of E-cadherin was found in chronic periodontitis compared to healthy gingival tissues. Therefore, EMT process may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Kadeh
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fereshte Arbabi Kalati
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Dept. of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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12
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Chen WA, Dou Y, Fletcher HM, Boskovic DS. Local and Systemic Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:470. [PMID: 36838435 PMCID: PMC9963840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a leading etiological agent in periodontitis. This infectious pathogen can induce a dysbiotic, proinflammatory state within the oral cavity by disrupting commensal interactions between the host and oral microbiota. It is advantageous for P. gingivalis to avoid complete host immunosuppression, as inflammation-induced tissue damage provides essential nutrients necessary for robust bacterial proliferation. In this context, P. gingivalis can gain access to the systemic circulation, where it can promote a prothrombotic state. P. gingivalis expresses a number of virulence factors, which aid this pathogen toward infection of a variety of host cells, evasion of detection by the host immune system, subversion of the host immune responses, and activation of several humoral and cellular hemostatic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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13
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de Jongh CA, de Vries TJ, Bikker FJ, Gibbs S, Krom BP. Mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis to translocate over the oral mucosa and other tissue barriers. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2205291. [PMID: 37124549 PMCID: PMC10134951 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2205291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is not only associated with periodontitis but also with systemic diseases elsewhere in the body. The mechanisms by which P. gingivalis travels from the oral cavity to other organs in the body are largely unknown. This review describes the four putative mechanisms supported by experimental evidence, which enable translocation of P. gingivalis over the oral mucosa, endothelial barriers and subsequent dissemination into the bloodstream. Mechanisms The first mechanism: proteolytic enzymes secreted by P. gingivalis degrade adhesion molecules between tissue cells, and the extracellular matrix. This weakens the structural integrity of the mucosa and allows P. gingivalis to penetrate the tissue. The second is transcytosis: bacteria actively enter tissue cells and transfer to the next layer or the extracellular space. By travelling from cell to cell, P. gingivalis reaches deeper structures. Thirdly, professional phagocytes take up P. gingivalis and travel to the bloodstream where P. gingivalis is released. Lastly, P. gingivalis can adhere to the hyphae forming Candida albicans. These hyphae can penetrate the mucosal tissue, which may allow P. gingivalis to reach deeper structures. Conclusion More research could elucidate targets to inhibit P. gingivalis dissemination and prevent the onset of various systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. de Jongh
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- CONTACT Bastiaan P. Krom Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Vaillancourt K, Ben Lagha A, Grenier D. Effects of a Berry Polyphenolic Fraction on the Pathogenic Properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:923663. [PMID: 35784661 PMCID: PMC9245044 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.923663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses a broad array of virulence factors that enable it to play a central role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of a berry polyphenolic fraction (Orophenol®) composed of extracts from cranberry, wild blueberry, and strawberry on the main pathogenic determinants of P. gingivalis. Orophenol® attenuated the growth of P. gingivalis and decreased its hemolytic activity, its adherence to a basement membrane matrix model, and its proteinase activities. The berry polyphenolic fraction also impaired the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by oral keratinocytes stimulated with P. gingivalis. Lastly, using an in vitro model of oral keratinocyte barrier, the fraction exerted a protective effect against the damages mediated by P. gingivalis. In conclusion, the berry polyphenolic fraction investigated in the present study attenuated several pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis. Although future clinical investigations are required, our study provided evidence that the polyphenols contained in this fraction may represent bioactive molecules of high interest for the prevention and/or treatment of periodontal disease.
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15
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Human Oral Keratinocytes Challenged by Streptococcus sanguinis and Porphyromonas gingivalis Differentially Affect the Chemotactic Activity of THP-1 Monocytes. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:9112039. [PMID: 35519507 PMCID: PMC9064506 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by the shift from microbe-host symbiosis to dysbiosis, and the disrupted host response predominantly contributes to tissue destruction. This study investigated whether and to what extent human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) challenged by a periodontal commensal or pathogen could differentially affect the chemotactic activity of THP-1 monocytes. A selected periodontal commensal (Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556) and a pathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277) were cultured and inoculated, respectively, into the lower chamber of Transwell® Permeable Supports with HOKs and incubated for 2 h or 18 h at 37°C under appropriate cell growth conditions. HOKs alone served as the control for the transwell migration assay. Well-stained THP-1 monocytes were seeded in the top chamber of the device, incubated for 2 h and then collected from the lower well for quantitation of the migrated fluorescence-labeled cells by the FACSCalibur™ flow cytometer. The statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. The HOKs challenged by S. sanguinis attracted a significantly higher number of THP-1 cell migration as compared with the control after 2 h or 18 h interaction (
). By contrast, P. gingivalis-treated HOKs exhibited a markedly reduced chemotactic effect on THP-1 cells (
, 2 h;
, 18 h). There was no significant difference in THP-1 cell migration among the groups with either S. sanguinis or P. gingivalis alone. The current findings on P. gingivalis-HOKs interactions with resultant paralysis of THP-1 cell chemotaxis provide further evidence that the keystone periodontopathogen P. gingivalis can evade innate defense and contribute to periodontal pathogenesis.
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16
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Kokubu E, Kikuchi Y, Okamoto-Shibayama K, Ishihara K. Effect of Treponema Denticola Infection on Epithelial Cells. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2022; 63:13-22. [DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2021-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Lin P, Niimi H, Ohsugi Y, Tsuchiya Y, Shimohira T, Komatsu K, Liu A, Shiba T, Aoki A, Iwata T, Katagiri S. Application of Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Mice to Explore the Molecular Mechanism of Periodontal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168900. [PMID: 34445604 PMCID: PMC8396362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of the periodontium. In the last decade, a new murine model of periodontitis has been widely used to simulate alveolar bone resorption and periodontal soft tissue destruction by ligation. Typically, 3-0 to 9-0 silks are selected for ligation around the molars in mice, and significant bone loss and inflammatory infiltration are observed within a week. The ligature-maintained period can vary according to specific aims. We reviewed the findings on the interaction of systemic diseases with periodontitis, periodontal tissue destruction, the immunological and bacteriological responses, and new treatments. In these studies, the activation of osteoclasts, upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors, and excessive immune response have been considered as major factors in periodontal disruption. Multiple genes identified in periodontal tissues partly reflect the complexity of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The effects of novel treatment methods on periodontitis have also been evaluated in a ligature-induced periodontitis model in mice. This model cannot completely represent all aspects of periodontitis in humans but is considered an effective method for the exploration of its mechanisms. Through this review, we aimed to provide evidence and enlightenment for future studies planning to use this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiya Lin
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Hiromi Niimi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-3-5803-5488 (H.N. & Y.O.)
| | - Yujin Ohsugi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-3-5803-5488 (H.N. & Y.O.)
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimohira
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Department of Lifetime Oral Health Care Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan;
| | - Anhao Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Takahiko Shiba
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Akira Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Sayaka Katagiri
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.L.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (A.L.); (T.S.); (A.A.); (T.I.); (S.K.)
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18
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Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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19
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Crooks TA, Madison JD, Walsh DM, Herbert WG, Jeraldo PR, Chia N, Cliby WA, Kaufmann SH, Walther-Antonio MRS. Porphyromonas somerae Invasion of Endometrial Cancer Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674835. [PMID: 34367083 PMCID: PMC8343132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests an association between endometrial cancer and the understudied bacterial species Porphyromonas somerae. This association was demonstrated in previous work that indicated a significantly enriched abundance of P. somerae in the uterine microbiome of endometrial cancer patients. Given the known associations of the Porphyromonas genus and oral cancer, we hypothesized that P. somerae may play a similar pathogenic role in endometrial cancer via intracellular activity. Before testing our hypothesis, we first characterized P. somerae biology, as current background data is limited. These novel characterizations include growth curves in liquid medium and susceptibility tests to antibiotics. We tested our hypothesis by examining growth changes in response to 17β-estradiol, a known risk factor for endometrial cancer, followed by metabolomic profiling in the presence and absence of 17β-estradiol. We found that P. somerae exhibits increased growth in the presence of 17β-estradiol of various concentrations. However, we did not find significant changes in metabolite levels in response to 17β-estradiol. To study direct host-microbe interactions, we used in vitro invasion assays under hypoxic conditions and found evidence for intracellular invasion of P. somerae in endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. We also examined these interactions in the presence of 17β-estradiol but did not observe changes in invasion frequency. Invasion was shown using three lines of evidence including visualization via differential staining and brightfield microscopy, increased frequency of bacterial recovery after co-culturing, and in silico methods to detail relevant genomic and transcriptomic components. These results underscore potential intracellular phenotypes of P. somerae within the uterine microbiome. Furthermore, these results raise new questions pertaining to the role of P. somerae in the progression of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Crooks
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joseph D Madison
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Dana M Walsh
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William G Herbert
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Patricio R Jeraldo
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William A Cliby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marina R S Walther-Antonio
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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20
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Zheng S, Yu S, Fan X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Lin L, Wang H, Pan Y, Li C. Porphyromonas gingivalis survival skills: Immune evasion. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:1007-1018. [PMID: 34254681 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues and eventually leads to tooth loss. As one of the most prevalent oral conditions, periodontitis endangers the oral health of 70% of people throughout the world. Periodontitis is also related to various systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, which not only has a great impact on population health status and the quality of life but also increases the social burden. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a gram-negative oral anaerobic bacterium that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis can express various of virulence factors to overturn innate and adaptive immunities, which makes P. gingivalis survive and propagate in the host, destroy periodontal tissues, and have connection to systemic diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis can invade into and survive in host tissues by destructing the gingival epithelial barrier, internalizing into the epithelial cells, and enhancing autophagy in epithelial cells. Deregulation of complement system, degradation of antibacterial peptides, and destruction of phagocyte functions facilitate the evasion of P. gingivalis. Porphyromonas gingivalis can also suppress adaptive immunity, which allows P. gingivalis to exist in the host tissues and cause the inflammatory response persistently. Here, we review studies devoted to understanding the strategies utilized by P. gingivalis to escape host immunity. Methods for impairing P. gingivalis immune evasion are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Zheng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiwen Yu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomiao Fan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yonghuan Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Suárez LJ, Arboleda S, Angelov N, Arce RM. Oral Versus Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immune Niches in Homeostasis and Allostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705206. [PMID: 34290715 PMCID: PMC8287884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different body systems (epidermis, respiratory tract, cornea, oral cavity, and gastrointestinal tract) are in continuous direct contact with innocuous and/or potentially harmful external agents, exhibiting dynamic and highly selective interaction throughout the epithelia, which function as both a physical and chemical protective barrier. Resident immune cells in the epithelia are constantly challenged and must distinguish among antigens that must be either tolerated or those to which a response must be mounted for. When such a decision begins to take place in lymphoid foci and/or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, the epithelia network of immune surveillance actively dominates both oral and gastrointestinal compartments, which are thought to operate in the same immune continuum. However, anatomical variations clearly differentiate immune processes in both the mouth and gastrointestinal tract that demonstrate a wide array of independent immune responses. From single vs. multiple epithelia cell layers, widespread cell-to-cell junction types, microbial-associated recognition receptors, dendritic cell function as well as related signaling, the objective of this review is to specifically contrast the current knowledge of oral versus gut immune niches in the context of epithelia/lymphoid foci/MALT local immunity and systemic output. Related differences in 1) anatomy 2) cell-to-cell communication 3) antigen capture/processing/presentation 4) signaling in regulatory vs. proinflammatory responses and 5) systemic output consequences and its relations to disease pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina J Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silie Arboleda
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nikola Angelov
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roger M Arce
- Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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22
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Micellization and gelation characteristics of different blends of pluronic F127/methylcellulose and their use as mucoadhesive in situ gel for periodontitis. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Ben Lagha A, Yang Y, Trivedi HM, Masters JG, Grenier D. A Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation protects against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced barrier dysfunction and enhances cell proliferation and migration in an in vitro gingival keratinocyte model. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 126:105126. [PMID: 33872861 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulations (aqueous solution and dentifrice) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced barrier dysfunction as well as on cell proliferation and migration in an in vitro gingival keratinocyte model. DESIGN Gingival keratinocytes were seeded onto the membrane of a double-chamber system in the absence and presence of recombinant TNF-α and the formulations under investigation. The barrier function was assessed by determination of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and paracellular transport of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. The distribution of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin was visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. The effects of the formulations on keratinocyte cell proliferation were determined using a fluorescent cell tracker dye, while a migration assay kit was used to investigate their effects on cell migration. RESULTS Under conditions where TNF-α induces loss of keratinocyte barrier integrity, the Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulations (aqueous solution and dentifrice) protected the keratinocyte tight junction against the damages since they prevented the TNF-α-induced drop in TER and increase in FITC-dextran paracellular flux in the in vitro model. The treatment of keratinocytes with the formulations markedly mitigated the altered distribution of ZO-1 and occludin. Both formulations increased the proliferation of keratinocytes and alleviated the negative impact caused by TNF-α. Lastly, the formulations increased the migration capacity of keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS The ability of the Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulations to protect the barrier integrity of gingival keratinocytes from TNF-α-induced damage and to promote their proliferation and migration suggests that they may offer benefits for oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ying Yang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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24
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Bunte K, Kuhn C, Walther C, Peters U, Aarabi G, Smeets R, Beikler T. Clinical significance of ragA, ragB, and PG0982 genes in Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates from periodontitis patients. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12776. [PMID: 33667038 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Consistent detection of ragA, ragB, and PG0982 in the genome of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) isolates from periodontitis patients suggests that genotypes containing these genes may influence virulence and P. gingivalis-associated periodontitis progression. This study evaluated the prevalence of these genes in P. gingivalis isolates from periodontitis patients (n = 28) and in isolates from periodontally healthy P. gingivalis carriers (n = 34). The association of these genes with progression of periodontitis, in vitro cell invasiveness, and bacterial survival following periodontal therapy was also assessed. Periodontal charting and microbiological sampling were done at baseline, and at 6, 12, and 24 months following subgingival debridement of the periodontitis patients. Healthy controls were assessed at baseline for comparison. P. gingivalis isolates were analysed by ragA, ragB, and PG0982 specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Primary human gingival fibroblasts were used for invasion experiments. Results showed that 25% of the tested isolates from the periodontitis group had ragB detected, whereas this gene was undetected in isolates from healthy participants. However, none of the selected genes was associated with an increased cell invasiveness in vitro, with bacterial survival, or with significant clinical periodontal parameter changes. Identification of genes that influence P.gingivalis virulence and therapeutic outcome may have a diagnostic or prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Bunte
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Walther
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ghazal Aarabi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Ben Lagha A, Pellerin G, Vaillancourt K, Grenier D. Effects of a tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) phenolic extract on Porphyromonas gingivalis and its ability to impair the oral epithelial barrier. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246194. [PMID: 33497417 PMCID: PMC7837497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are a global oral health problem. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key pathogen involved in the onset of periodontitis, is able to colonize the subgingival epithelium and invade the underlying connective tissue due to the contribution of cysteine proteases known as gingipains. In this study, we investigated the effects of a phenolic extract prepared from tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) juice on the growth, adherence, and protease activity of P. gingivalis. We also assessed the protective effect of the tart cherry extract on the disruption of the oral epithelial barrier induced by P. gingivalis. The tart cherry extract that contains procyanidins and quercetin and its derivatives (rutinoside, glucoside) as the most important phenolic compounds attenuated P. gingivalis growth, reduced adherence to an experimental basement membrane matrix model, and decreased the protease activities of P. gingivalis. The tart cherry extract also exerted a protective effect on the integrity of the oral epithelial barrier in an in vitro model infected with P. gingivalis. More specifically, the extract prevented a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance as well as the destruction of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1 and occludin). These results suggest that the tart cherry phenolic extract may be a promising natural product for the treatment of periodontitis through its ability to attenuate the virulence properties of P. gingivalis and curtail the ability of this pathogen to impair the oral epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pellerin
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Katy Vaillancourt
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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26
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Crooks TA, Madison JD, Walsh DM, Herbert WG, Jeraldo PR, Chia N, Cliby WA, Kaufmann SH, Walther-Antonio MRS. Porphyromonas somerae Invasion of Endometrial Cancer Cells. Front Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34367083 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests an association between endometrial cancer and the understudied bacterial species Porphyromonas somerae. This association was demonstrated in previous work that indicated a significantly enriched abundance of P. somerae in the uterine microbiome of endometrial cancer patients. Given the known associations of the Porphyromonas genus and oral cancer, we hypothesized that P. somerae may play a similar pathogenic role in endometrial cancer via intracellular activity. Before testing our hypothesis, we first characterized P. somerae biology, as current background data is limited. These novel characterizations include growth curves in liquid medium and susceptibility tests to antibiotics. We tested our hypothesis by examining growth changes in response to 17β-estradiol, a known risk factor for endometrial cancer, followed by metabolomic profiling in the presence and absence of 17β-estradiol. We found that P. somerae exhibits increased growth in the presence of 17β-estradiol of various concentrations. However, we did not find significant changes in metabolite levels in response to 17β-estradiol. To study direct host-microbe interactions, we used in vitro invasion assays under hypoxic conditions and found evidence for intracellular invasion of P. somerae in endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. We also examined these interactions in the presence of 17β-estradiol but did not observe changes in invasion frequency. Invasion was shown using three lines of evidence including visualization via differential staining and brightfield microscopy, increased frequency of bacterial recovery after co-culturing, and in silico methods to detail relevant genomic and transcriptomic components. These results underscore potential intracellular phenotypes of P. somerae within the uterine microbiome. Furthermore, these results raise new questions pertaining to the role of P. somerae in the progression of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Crooks
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joseph D Madison
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Dana M Walsh
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William G Herbert
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Patricio R Jeraldo
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William A Cliby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marina R S Walther-Antonio
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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27
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Ben Lagha A, Howell A, Grenier D. Highbush blueberry proanthocyanidins alleviate Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced deleterious effects on oral mucosal cells. Anaerobe 2020; 65:102266. [PMID: 32871243 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Strong evidence points to Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, as a keystone species in the development of the chronic form of periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of highbush blueberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) to alleviate the P. gingivalis-induced deleterious effects on oral mucosal cells. We first showed that highbush blueberry PACs protect the integrity of the gingival keratinocyte barrier against P. gingivalis-mediated damage, as determined by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular flux of FITC-conjugated dextran. Moreover, the PACs prevented the translocation of P. gingivalis across the gingival keratinocyte barrier model. The proteinase activity of P. gingivalis was inhibited by the PACs suggesting that they may exert beneficial effects by reducing proteolytic degradation of the epithelial tight junctions. Regulation of gingival fibroblast inflammatory reactions may be one of the ways to prevent and control periodontal disease progression and severity. We showed that PACs significantly reduce IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by P. gingivalis-stimulated gingival fibroblasts. The present study showed the capacity of highbush blueberry PACs to protect the integrity of an in vitro model of gingival keratinocyte barrier against P. gingivalis, and to attenuate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by gingival fibroblasts infected with P. gingivalis. These results suggest beneficial effects of blueberry PACs thus supporting the need for future clinical trials on the potential of these bioactive molecules for periodontal disease prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Amy Howell
- Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Chatsworth, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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28
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Barros SP, Hefni E, Fahimipour F, Kim S, Arora P. Maintaining barrier function of infected gingival epithelial cells by inhibition of DNA methylation. J Periodontol 2020; 91 Suppl 1:S68-S78. [PMID: 32633810 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection and inflammation induce epigenetic changes that alter gene expression. In periodontal disease, inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis occur, which can lead to compromised barrier function of the gingival epithelia. Here, we tested the hypotheses that infection of cultured human gingival epithelial (HGEp) cells with Porphyromonas gingivalis disrupts barrier function by inducing epigenetic alterations and that these effects can be blocked by inhibitors of DNA methylation. METHODS Primary HGEp cells were infected with P. gingivalis either in the presence or absence of the non-nucleoside DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors RG108, (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), or curcumin. Barrier function was assessed as transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). DNA methylation and mRNA abundance were quantified for genes encoding components of three cell-cell junction complexes, CDH1, PKP2, and TJP1. Cell morphology and the abundance of cell-cell junction proteins were evaluated by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Compared to non-infected cells, P. gingivalis infection decreased TEER (P < 0.0001) of HGEp cells; increased methylation of the CDH1, PKP2, and TJP1 (P < 0.0001); and reduced their expression (mRNA abundance) (P < 0.005). Pretreatment with DNMT inhibitors prevented these infection-induced changes in HGEp cells, as well as the altered morphology associated with infection. CONCLUSION Pathogenic infection induced changes in DNA methylation and impaired the barrier function of cultured primary gingival epithelial cells, which suggests a mechanism for systemic consequences of periodontal disease. Inhibition of these events by non-nucleoside DNMT inhibitors represents a potential strategy to treat periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana P Barros
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eman Hefni
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Farahnaz Fahimipour
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Steven Kim
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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29
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Ben Lagha A, Yang Y, Trivedi HM, Masters JG, Grenier D. A Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation attenuates the pathogenic properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and protects gingival keratinocyte barrier function in an in vitro model. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1798044. [PMID: 32944154 PMCID: PMC7482904 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1798044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Porphyromonas gingivalis, a late colonizer of the periodontal biofilm, has been strongly associated with the chronic form of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation (aqueous solution and dentifrice) on the pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and the barrier function of an in vitro gingival epithelium model. Results The Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution and dentifrice inhibited the hemolytic and proteolytic activities of P. gingivalis. The Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution and dentifrice enhanced the barrier function of an in vitro gingival epithelium model as determined by a time-dependent increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and decrease in paracellular permeability. This was associated with an increased immunolabeling of two important tight junction proteins: zonula occludens-1 and occludin. The deleterious effects of P. gingivalis on keratinocyte barrier function as well as the ability of the bacterium to translocate through a gingival epithelium model were attenuated in the presence of either Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution or dentifrice. Conclusions The Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation may offer benefits for patients affected by periodontal disease through its ability to attenuate the pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and promote keratinocyte barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ying Yang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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30
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Ben Lagha A, Andrian E, Grenier D. Resveratrol attenuates the pathogenic and inflammatory properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 34:118-130. [PMID: 30950227 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis has been strongly associated with chronic periodontitis, which affects tooth-supporting tissues. This Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium produces a repertoire of virulence factors that modulate tissue destruction directly or indirectly by the induction of inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol, a major polyphenol found in grapes and wine, on the growth and virulence properties of P. gingivalis as well as on gingival keratinocyte tight junction integrity and the host inflammatory response. Resveratrol exhibited antibacterial activity that may result from damage to the bacterial cell membrane. Resveratrol also killed a pre-formed P. gingivalis biofilm and reduced bacterial adherence to matrix proteins. In addition, resveratrol had a protective effect on the integrity of the keratinocyte tight junctions by inhibiting its breakdown by P. gingivalis. This may be related to the ability of resveratrol to inhibit the protease activities of P. gingivalis. Lastly, resveratrol reduced P. gingivalis-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and attenuated TREM-1 gene expression as well as soluble TREM-1 secretion in monocytes. The effect on NF-κB activation likely results from the ability of resveratrol to act as a PPAR-γ agonist. In summary, the antibacterial, anti-adherence, and antiprotease properties of resveratrol, as well as its ability to protect the gingival keratinocyte barrier and attenuate the inflammatory response in monocytes suggest that it may be a promising novel therapeutic agent for treating periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Elisoa Andrian
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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31
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Mikolai C, Kommerein N, Ingendoh‐Tsakmakidis A, Winkel A, Falk CS, Stiesch M. Early host–microbe interaction in a peri‐implant oral mucosa‐biofilm model. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13209. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mikolai
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials ScienceHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Nadine Kommerein
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials ScienceHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | | | - Andreas Winkel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials ScienceHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant ImmunologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials ScienceHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
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33
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Barros SP, Fahimipour F, Tarran R, Kim S, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Justice A, North K. Epigenetic reprogramming in periodontal disease: Dynamic crosstalk with potential impact in oncogenesis. Periodontol 2000 2020; 82:157-172. [PMID: 31850624 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with microbial dysbiosis and characterized by progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues. Such chronic infectious inflammatory disease is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide with measurable impact in systemic health. It has become evident that the periodontal disease phenotypes are not only determined by the microbiome effect, but the extent of the tissue response is also driven by the host genome and epigenome patterns responding to various environmental exposures. More recently there is mounting evidence indicating that epigenetic reprogramming in response to combined intrinsic and environmental exposures, might be particularly relevant due its plasticity and potential application towards precision health. The complex epigenetic crosstalk is reflected in the prognosis and progress of periodontal diseases and may also lead to a favorable landscape for cancer development. This review discusses epigenomics modifications focusing on the role of DNA methylation and pathways linking microbial infection and inflammatory pathways, which are also associated with carcinogenesis. There is a more clear vision whereas 'omics' technologies applied to unveil relevant epigenetic factors could play a significant role in the treatment of periodontal disease in a personalized mode, evidencing that public health approach should coexist with precision individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana P Barros
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Farahnaz Fahimipour
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven Kim
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Anne Justice
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health Weis Center for Research, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Devaux CA, Mezouar S, Mege JL. The E-Cadherin Cleavage Associated to Pathogenic Bacteria Infections Can Favor Bacterial Invasion and Transmigration, Dysregulation of the Immune Response and Cancer Induction in Humans. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2598. [PMID: 31781079 PMCID: PMC6857109 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Once bound to the epithelium, pathogenic bacteria have to cross epithelial barriers to invade their human host. In order to achieve this goal, they have to destroy the adherens junctions insured by cell adhesion molecules (CAM), such as E-cadherin (E-cad). The invasive bacteria use more or less sophisticated mechanisms aimed to deregulate CAM genes expression or to modulate the cell-surface expression of CAM proteins, which are otherwise rigorously regulated by a molecular crosstalk essential for homeostasis. Apart from the repression of CAM genes, a drastic decrease in adhesion molecules on human epithelial cells can be obtained by induction of eukaryotic endoproteases named sheddases or through synthesis of their own (prokaryotic) sheddases. Cleavage of CAM by sheddases results in the release of soluble forms of CAM. The overexpression of soluble CAM in body fluids can trigger inflammation and pro-carcinogenic programming leading to tumor induction and metastasis. In addition, the reduction of the surface expression of E-cad on epithelia could be accompanied by an alteration of the anti-bacterial and anti-tumoral immune responses. This immune response dysfunction is likely to occur through the deregulation of immune cells homing, which is controlled at the level of E-cad interaction by surface molecules αE integrin (CD103) and lectin receptor KLRG1. In this review, we highlight the central role of CAM cell-surface expression during pathogenic microbial invasion, with a particular focus on bacterial-induced cleavage of E-cad. We revisit herein the rapidly growing body of evidence indicating that high levels of soluble E-cad (sE-cad) in patients’ sera could serve as biomarker of bacterial-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Devaux
- IRD, MEPHI, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,CNRS, Institute of Biological Science (INSB), Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- IRD, MEPHI, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- IRD, MEPHI, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France.,APHM, UF Immunology Department, Marseille, France
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Takeuchi H, Sasaki N, Yamaga S, Kuboniwa M, Matsusaki M, Amano A. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces penetration of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan through the gingival epithelium via degradation of junctional adhesion molecule 1. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008124. [PMID: 31697789 PMCID: PMC6932823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in severe and chronic manifestations of periodontal disease, which is one of the most common infections of humans. A central feature of P. gingivalis pathogenicity is dysregulation of innate immunity at the gingival epithelial interface; however, the molecular basis underlying P. gingivalis–dependent abrogation of epithelial barrier function remains unknown. Gingival epithelial cells express junctional adhesion molecule (JAM1), a tight junction–associated protein, and JAM1 homodimers regulate epithelial barrier function. Here we show that Arg-specific or Lys-specific cysteine proteases (gingipains) secreted by P. gingivalis can specifically degrade JAM1 at K134 and R234 in gingival epithelial cells, resulting in permeability of the gingival epithelium to 40 kDa dextran, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and proteoglycan (PGN). A P. gingivalis strain lacking gingipains was impaired in degradation of JAM1. Knockdown of JAM1 in monolayer cells and a three-dimensional multilayered tissue model also increased permeability to LPS, PGN, and gingipains. Inversely, overexpression of JAM1 in epithelial cells prevented penetration by these agents following P. gingivalis infection. Our findings strongly suggest that P. gingivalis gingipains disrupt barrier function of stratified squamous epithelium via degradation of JAM1, allowing bacterial virulence factors to penetrate into subepithelial tissues. Periodontal diseases, which are among the most common infections of humans, are characterized by gingival inflammation and destruction of the hard and soft tissues that support the tooth, eventually causing tooth loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in periodontal diseases. Infection of gingival epithelial cells by P. gingivalis increases epithelial permeability. However, the molecular mechanism and pathological significance of P. gingivalis–dependent barrier dysfunction in human gingival epithelium remain unknown. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional multilayered tissue model of gingival epithelium infected by P. gingivalis and used it to monitor penetration of bacterial products derived from P. gingivalis and other bacteria. We found that P. gingivalis proteases, called gingipains, have a potent and specific ability to degrade JAM1, which regulates epithelial barrier function. Mechanistically, gingipains degrade mature form of JAM1 on the plasma membrane, increasing penetration of 40 kDa dextran, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and gingipains. Our study provides new insights into the etiological role of P. gingivalis, leading to periodontal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (HT); (AA)
| | - Naoko Sasaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamaga
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masae Kuboniwa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita-Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (HT); (AA)
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Calibrated interdental brushing for the prevention of periodontal pathogens infection in young adults - a randomized controlled clinical trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15127. [PMID: 31641199 PMCID: PMC6805917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is clearly correlated with systemic disease. The presence of periodontal pathogens in interdental spaces in young, healthy adults is a strong indicator of the need to introduce daily interdental prophylaxis. Twenty-five subjects (aged 18–35 years), diagnosticated clinically as periodontally healthy, were enrolled in this study. One hundred interdental sites were included. Among these sites, 50 “test” sites were cleaned daily with calibrated interdental brushes (IDBs), whereas the other 50 sites were not cleaned and considered “controls”. The interdental biofilm at these interdental sites was collected at the beginning of the study (basal) and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology was used to quantify (i) 19 periodontal bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, and (ii) total bacteria. In the test sites, the quantity of total bacteria decreased over time with the use of IDBs. The bacteria from the red and orange Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal disease, significantly decreased in the test sites but not in the control sites. Bacteria from the yellow, and purple Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal health, increased significantly in both groups whereas bacteria from the blue Socransky complex increased significantly only in the test sites. Furthermore, at basal, 66% of test sites and 68% of control sites bled during interdental brushing. These percentages decreased by 85% in 3 months for the test sites and by 27% in the control sites. In conclusion, the daily use of calibrated IDBs can reduce periodontal pathogens, reestablish symbiotic microbiota and, decrease interdental inflammation in interdental sites of healthy young adults.
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Takahashi N, Sulijaya B, Yamada-Hara M, Tsuzuno T, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K. Gingival epithelial barrier: regulation by beneficial and harmful microbes. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:e1651158. [PMID: 31389292 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1651158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gingival epithelium acts as a physical barrier to separate the biofilm from the gingival tissue, providing the first line of defense against bacterial invasion in periodontal disease. Disruption of the gingival epithelial barrier, and the subsequent penetration of exogenous pathogens into the host tissues, triggers an inflammatory response, establishing chronic infection. Currently, more than 700 different bacterial species have been identified in the oral cavity, some of which are known to be periodontopathic. These bacteria contribute to epithelial barrier dysfunction in the gingiva by producing several virulence factors. However, some bacteria in the oral cavity appear to be beneficial, helping gingival epithelial cells maintain their integrity and barrier function. This review aims to discuss current findings regarding microorganism interactions and epithelial barrier function in the oral cavity, with reference to investigations in the gut, where this interaction has been extensively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takahashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta , Indonesia
| | - Miki Yamada-Hara
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuzuno
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan.,Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamazaki
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
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Chen W, Alshaikh A, Kim S, Kim J, Chun C, Mehrazarin S, Lee J, Lux R, Kim RH, Shin KH, Park NH, Walentin K, Schmidt-Ott KM, Kang MK. Porphyromonas gingivalis Impairs Oral Epithelial Barrier through Targeting GRHL2. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1150-1158. [PMID: 31340691 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519865184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosa provides the first line of defense against a diverse array of environmental and microbial irritants by forming the barrier of epithelial cells interconnected by multiprotein tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junction complexes. Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2), an epithelial-specific transcription factor, may play a role in the formation of the mucosal epithelial barrier, as it regulates the expression of the junction proteins. The current study investigated the role of GRHL2 in the Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)-induced impairment of epithelial barrier functions. Exposure of human oral keratinocytes (HOK-16B and OKF6 cells) to Pg or Pg-derived lipopolysaccharides (Pg LPSs) led to rapid loss of endogenous GRHL2 and the junction proteins (e.g., zonula occludens, E-cadherin, claudins, and occludin). GRHL2 directly regulated the expression levels of the junction proteins and the epithelial permeability for small molecules (e.g., dextrans and Pg bacteria). To explore the functional role of GRHL2 in oral mucosal barrier, we used a Grhl2 conditional knockout (KO) mouse model, which allows for epithelial tissue-specific Grhl2 KO in an inducible manner. Grhl2 KO impaired the expression of the junction proteins at the junctional epithelium and increased the alveolar bone loss in the ligature-induced periodontitis model. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed increased epithelial penetration of oral bacteria in Grhl2 KO mice compared with the wild-type mice. Also, blood loadings of oral bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides, Bacillus, Firmicutes, β-proteobacteria, and Spirochetes) were significantly elevated in Grhl2 KO mice compared to the wild-type littermates. These data indicate that Pg bacteria may enhance paracellular penetration through oral mucosa in part by targeting the expression of GRHL2 in the oral epithelial cells, which then impairs the epithelial barrier by inhibition of junction protein expression, resulting in increased alveolar tissue destruction and systemic bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 Section of Endodontics, Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Alshaikh
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Kim
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Kim
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Chun
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 Section of Endodontics, Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Mehrazarin
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Lee
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Lux
- 3 Section of Periodontics, Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R H Kim
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K H Shin
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N H Park
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,3 Section of Periodontics, Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,4 Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Walentin
- 5 Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - K M Schmidt-Ott
- 5 Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - M K Kang
- 1 The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,2 Section of Endodontics, Division of Constitutive and Regenerative Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hočevar K, Potempa J, Turk B. Host cell-surface proteins as substrates of gingipains, the main proteases of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1353-1361. [PMID: 29927743 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gingipains are extracellular cysteine proteases of the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and are its most potent virulence factors. They can degrade a great variety of host proteins, thereby helping the bacterium to evade the host immune response, deregulate signaling pathways, trigger anoikis and, finally, cause tissue destruction. Host cell-surface proteins targeted by gingipains are the main focus of this review and span three groups of substrates: immune-regulatory proteins, signaling pathways regulators and adhesion molecules. The analysis of published data revealed that gingipains predominantly inactivate their substrates by cleaving them at one or more sites, or through complete degradation. Sometimes, gingipains were even found to initially shed their membrane substrates, but this was mostly just the first step in the degradation of cell-surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hočevar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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40
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Bercier P, Gottschalk M, Grenier D. Effects of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae on barrier function and inflammatory response of pig tracheal epithelial cells. Pathog Dis 2019; 77:5159464. [PMID: 30395241 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen that causes porcine pleuropneumonia, a fatal respiratory disease responsible for high economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. With the objective to better understand the interactions between A. pleuropneumoniae and the porcine respiratory epithelium, we investigated the capacity of this pathogen to damage the epithelial barrier and induce an inflammatory response. We showed that A. pleuropneumoniae, even at a multiplicity of infection of 10, is able to break the tracheal epithelial barrier integrity as determined by monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein-isothiocyanate-dextran transport. Immunofluorescence staining analysis suggested that A. pleuropneumoniae is affecting two important tight junction proteins (occludin, zonula occludens-1). As a consequence of the breakdown of the epithelial barrier integrity, A. pleuropneumoniae can translocate across a cell monolayer. We also showed that tracheal epithelial cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α) in response to a stimulation with this pathogen. In summary, A. pleuropneumoniae is able to induce damage to the porcine respiratory epithelial barrier. Challenging the epithelial cells with A. pleuropneumoniae was also associated with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This better knowledge of the interactions between A. pleuropneumoniae and the epithelial cells may help to design novel strategies to prevent epithelium invasion by this bacterium along with other swine respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bercier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, GIV 0A6, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQNT), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, GIV 0A6, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQNT), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Canada
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Pathogenic Mannheimia haemolytica Invades Differentiated Bovine Airway Epithelial Cells. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00078-19. [PMID: 30962401 PMCID: PMC6529648 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00078-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Mannheimia haemolytica is the primary bacterial species associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and is responsible for significant economic losses to livestock industries worldwide. Healthy cattle are frequently colonized by commensal serotype A2 strains, but disease is usually caused by pathogenic strains of serotype A1. For reasons that are poorly understood, a transition occurs within the respiratory tract and a sudden explosive proliferation of serotype A1 bacteria leads to the onset of pneumonic disease. Very little is known about the interactions of M. haemolytica with airway epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa which might explain the different abilities of serotype A1 and A2 strains to cause disease. In the present study, host-pathogen interactions in the bovine respiratory tract were mimicked using a novel differentiated bovine bronchial epithelial cell (BBEC) infection model. In this model, differentiated BBECs were inoculated with serotype A1 or A2 strains of M. haemolytica and the course of infection followed over a 5-day period by microscopic assessment and measurement of key proinflammatory mediators. We have demonstrated that serotype A1, but not A2, M. haemolytica invades differentiated BBECs by transcytosis and subsequently undergoes rapid intracellular replication before spreading to adjacent cells and causing extensive cellular damage. Our findings suggest that the explosive proliferation of serotype A1 M. haemolytica that occurs within the bovine respiratory tract prior to the onset of pneumonic disease is potentially due to bacterial invasion of, and rapid proliferation within, the mucosal epithelium. The discovery of this previously unrecognized mechanism of pathogenesis is important because it will allow the serotype A1-specific virulence determinants responsible for invasion to be identified and thereby provide opportunities for the development of new strategies for combatting BRD aimed at preventing early colonization and infection of the bovine respiratory tract.
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Wan L, Lin J, Du H, Zhang Y, Bravo A, Soberón M, Sun M, Peng D. Bacillus thuringiensistargets the host intestinal epithelial junctions for successful infection ofCaenorhabditis elegans. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1086-1098. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Apdo. postal 510‐3, Cuernavaca, 62250 Morelos Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Apdo. postal 510‐3, Cuernavaca, 62250 Morelos Mexico
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 Hubei People's Republic of China
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43
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Kikuchi Y, Kimizuka R, Kato T, Okuda K, Kokubu E, Ishihara K. Treponema denticola Induces Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Polarized Epithelial Cells. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2018; 59:265-275. [PMID: 30333370 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola, an anaerobic spirochete found mainly in the oral cavity, is associated with periodontal disease and has a variety of virulence factors. Although in vitro studies have shown that T. denticola is able to penetrate epithelial cell monolayers, its effect on the epithelial barrier junction is not known. Human gingival epithelial cells are closely associated with adjacent membranes, forming barriers in the presence of tight junction proteins, including zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, and occludin. Tight junction proteins are also expressed by Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in culture. In this study, the MDCK cell profile was investigated following infection with T. denticola (ATCC 35405) wild-type, as well as with its dentilisin-deficient mutant, K1. Basolateral exposure of MDCK cell monolayers to T. denticola at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 104 resulted in a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Transepithelial electrical resistance in MDCK cell monolayers also decreased following apical exposure to T. denticola (MOI=104), although this took longer with basolateral exposure. The effect on the TER was time-dependent and required the presence of live bacteria. Meanwhile, MDCK cell viability showed a decrease with either basolateral or apical exposure. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated decreases in the amounts of immunoreactive ZO-1 and claudin-1 in association with disruption of cell-cell junctions in MDCK cells exposed apically or basolaterally to T. denticola. Western blot analysis demonstrated degradation of ZO-1 and claudin-1 in culture lysates derived from T. denticola-exposed MDCK cells, suggesting a bacteria-induced protease capable of cleaving these tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Tetsuo Kato
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
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Bugueno IM, Batool F, Keller L, Kuchler-Bopp S, Benkirane-Jessel N, Huck O. Porphyromonas gingivalis bypasses epithelial barrier and modulates fibroblastic inflammatory response in an in vitro 3D spheroid model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14914. [PMID: 30297793 PMCID: PMC6175856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammatory effects are mostly investigated in monolayer cultured cells. The aim of this study was to develop a 3D spheroid model of gingiva to take into account epithelio-fibroblastic interactions. Human gingival epithelial cells (ECs) and human oral fibroblasts (FBs) were cultured by hanging drop method to generate 3D microtissue (MT) whose structure was analyzed on histological sections and the cell-to-cell interactions were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). MTs were infected by P. gingivalis and the impact on cell death (Apaf-1, caspase-3), inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) and extracellular matrix components (Col-IV, E-cadherin, integrin β1) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. Results were compared to those observed in situ in experimental periodontitis and in human gingival biopsies. MTs exhibited a well-defined spatial organization where ECs were organized in an external cellular multilayer, while, FBs constituted the core. The infection of MT demonstrated the ability of P. gingivalis to bypass the epithelial barrier in order to reach the fibroblastic core and induce disorganization of the spheroid structure. An increased cell death was observed in fibroblastic core. The development of such 3D model may be useful to define the role of EC–FB interactions on periodontal host-immune response and to assess the efficacy of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Maximiliano Bugueno
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, 67000, France.,Université de Strasbourg (UDS), Faculté de Chirurgie-dentaire, 8 rue Sainte-Elisabeth, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Fareeha Batool
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, 67000, France.,Université de Strasbourg (UDS), Faculté de Chirurgie-dentaire, 8 rue Sainte-Elisabeth, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Laetitia Keller
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, 67000, France.,Université de Strasbourg (UDS), Faculté de Chirurgie-dentaire, 8 rue Sainte-Elisabeth, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Sabine Kuchler-Bopp
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, 67000, France.,Université de Strasbourg (UDS), Faculté de Chirurgie-dentaire, 8 rue Sainte-Elisabeth, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Olivier Huck
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg, 67000, France. .,Université de Strasbourg (UDS), Faculté de Chirurgie-dentaire, 8 rue Sainte-Elisabeth, Strasbourg, 67000, France. .,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Department of Periodontology, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, 67000, France.
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45
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Bierbaumer L, Schwarze UY, Gruber R, Neuhaus W. Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:1479568. [PMID: 30252599 PMCID: PMC6389128 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1479568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of oral mucosal epithelial barriers is essential for a plethora of research fields such as tumor biology, inflammation and infection diseases, microbiomics, pharmacology, drug delivery, dental and biomarker research. The barrier properties are comprised by a physical, a transport and a metabolic barrier, and all these barrier components play pivotal roles in the communication between saliva and blood. The sum of all epithelia of the oral cavity and salivary glands is defined as the blood-saliva barrier. The functionality of the barrier is regulated by its microenvironment and often altered during diseases. A huge array of cell culture models have been developed to mimic specific parts of the blood-saliva barrier, but no ultimate standard in vitro models have been established. This review provides a comprehensive overview about developed in vitro models of oral mucosal barriers, their applications, various cultivation protocols and corresponding barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bierbaumer
- a Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | - Uwe Yacine Schwarze
- b Department of Oral Biology , School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Vienna , Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- b Department of Oral Biology , School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Vienna , Austria.,d Department of Periodontology , School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- a Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH , Vienna , Austria
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Tâlvan ET, Mohor CI, Chisnoiu D, Făgețan IM, Tâlvan CD, Cristea V, Câmpian RS. Correlation of chronic periodontitis progression with sTREM-1 and E-Cadherin salivary levels. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/rrlm-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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An early report: a modified porphyrin-linked metronidazole targeting intracellular Porphyromonas gingivalis in cultured oral epithelial cells. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 9:167-173. [PMID: 28960193 PMCID: PMC5709547 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) has a strong association with the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Recurrence of periodontal disease following therapy is attributed to numerous factors, and of growing interest is the potential problem of intracellular bacteria that are able to persist and multiply within the host cell, thereby facilitating relapse of infection. The effect of antibiotic therapy in controlling P. gingivalis is questionable. Accordingly, while metronidazole is very effective against anaerobic extracellular P. gingivalis by disrupting the DNA of anaerobic microbial cells, this antibiotic does not effectively penetrate into mammalian cells to inhibit intracellular bacteria. Therefore in the present study, a modified porphyrin-linked metronidazole adducts, developed in our laboratory, was used to kill intracellular P. gingivalis. A series of experiments were performed, including cytotoxicity assays and cellular uptake of adducts by flow cytometry coupled with live cell imaging analysis, P. gingivalis invasion and elimination assays, and the analysis of colocalization of P. gingivalis and porphyrin-linked metronidazole by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Findings indicated that P. gingivalis and porphyrin-linked metronidazole were colocalized in the cytoplasm, and this compound was able to kill P. gingivalis intracellular with a sufficient culture time. This is a novel antimicrobial approach in the elimination of P. gingivalis from the oral cavity.
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Rajakaruna GA, Negi M, Uchida K, Sekine M, Furukawa A, Ito T, Kobayashi D, Suzuki Y, Akashi T, Umeda M, Meinzer W, Izumi Y, Eishi Y. Localization and density of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia in gingival and subgingival granulation tissues affected by chronic or aggressive periodontitis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9507. [PMID: 29934515 PMCID: PMC6014976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia have been thought to be associated with periodontitis; however comprehensive histopathological localization of bacteria in affected human periodontal tissues is not well documented. In the present study, we examined formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gingival and subgingival granulation tissues from 71 patients with chronic periodontitis and 11 patients with aggressive periodontitis, using immunohistochemistry with novel monoclonal antibodies specific to P. gingivalis or T. forsythia, together with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for each bacterial DNA. Immunohistochemisty revealed both bacterial species extracellularly, as aggregates or within bacterial plaque, and intracellularly in stromal inflammatory cells, squamous epithelium, and capillary endothelium of granulation tissue. Combined analysis with the results from polymerase chain reaction suggested that localization and density of T. forsythia is closely associated with those of P. gingivalis, and that bacterial density is a factor responsible for the cell-invasiveness and tissue-invasiveness of these periodontal bacteria. Detection of these bacteria in the capillary endothelium in some samples suggested possible bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation from inflamed gingival and subgingival granulation tissues. Immunohistochemistry with the novel antibodies showed high specificity and sensitivity, and can be used to locate these periodontal bacteria in routinely-used formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissue sections from systemic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Amodini Rajakaruna
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School and Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Global Center of Excellence for Tooth and Bone Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Research Fellow, International Scientific Exchange Fund Program, Japan Dental Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Negi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Uchida
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekine
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Asuka Furukawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Suzuki
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takumi Akashi
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Umeda
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Walter Meinzer
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School and Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School and Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.,Global Center of Excellence for Tooth and Bone Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. .,Division of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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Yamada M, Takahashi N, Matsuda Y, Sato K, Yokoji M, Sulijaya B, Maekawa T, Ushiki T, Mikami Y, Hayatsu M, Mizutani Y, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Arita M, Tabeta K, Maeda T, Yamazaki K. A bacterial metabolite ameliorates periodontal pathogen-induced gingival epithelial barrier disruption via GPR40 signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9008. [PMID: 29899364 PMCID: PMC5998053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the remarkable properties of microbiota and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. 10-Hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (HYA), a bioactive metabolite generated by probiotic microorganisms during the process of fatty acid metabolism, has been studied for its protective effects against epithelial barrier impairment in the intestines. Herein, we examined the effect of HYA on gingival epithelial barrier function and its possible application for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. We found that GPR40, a fatty acid receptor, was expressed on gingival epithelial cells; activation of GPR40 by HYA significantly inhibited barrier impairment induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a representative periodontopathic bacterium. The degradation of E-cadherin and beta-catenin, basic components of the epithelial barrier, was prevented in a GPR40-dependent manner in vitro. Oral inoculation of HYA in a mouse experimental periodontitis model suppressed the bacteria-induced degradation of E-cadherin and subsequent inflammatory cytokine production in the gingival tissue. Collectively, these results suggest that HYA exerts a protective function, through GPR40 signaling, against periodontopathic bacteria-induced gingival epithelial barrier impairment and contributes to the suppression of inflammatory responses in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Yamada
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Yumi Matsuda
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mai Yokoji
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ushiki
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Mikami
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Manabu Hayatsu
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizutani
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamazaki
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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50
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Abdulkareem AA, Shelton RM, Landini G, Cooper PR, Milward MR. Potential role of periodontal pathogens in compromising epithelial barrier function by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:565-574. [PMID: 29704258 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymal-like phenotype and this may be induced by exposure to gram-negative bacteria. It has been proposed that EMT is responsible for compromising epithelial barrier function in the pathogenesis of several diseases. However, the possible role of EMT in the pathogenesis of periodontitis has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study therefore was to investigate whether gram-negative, anaerobic periodontal pathogens could trigger EMT in primary oral keratinocytes in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary oral keratinocytes were harvested from labial mandibular mucosa of Wistar Han rats. Cells were exposed to heat-killed Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis (100 bacteria/epithelial cell) and to 20 μg/mL of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide over an 8-day period. Exposure to bacteria did not significantly change epithelial cell number or vitality in comparison with unstimulated controls at the majority of time-points examined. Expression of EMT marker genes was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR at 1, 5, and 8 days following stimulation. The expression of EMT markers was also assessed by immunofluorescence (E-cadherin and vimentin) and using immunocytochemistry to determine Snail activation. The loss of epithelial monolayer coherence, in response to bacterial challenge, was determined by measuring trans-epithelial electrical resistance. The induction of a migratory phenotype was investigated using scratch-wound and transwell migration assays. RESULTS Exposure of primary epithelial cell cultures to periodontal pathogens was associated with a significant decrease in transcription (~3-fold) of E-cadherin and the upregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (~3-5 fold) and toll-like receptor 4. Bacterial stimulation (for 8 days) also resulted in an increased percentage of vimentin-positive cells (an increase of 20% after stimulation with P. gingivalis and an increase of 30% after stimulation with F. nucleatum, compared with controls). Furthermore, periodontal pathogens significantly increased the activation of Snail (60%) and cultures exhibited a decrease in electrical impedance (P < .001) in comparison with unexposed controls. The migratory ability of the cells increased significantly in response to bacterial stimulation, as shown by both the number of migrated cells and scratch-wound closure rates. CONCLUSION Prolonged exposure of primary rat oral keratinocyte cultures to periodontal pathogens generated EMT-like features, which introduces the possibility that this process may be involved in loss of epithelial integrity during periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdulkareem
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - R M Shelton
- Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G Landini
- Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P R Cooper
- Oral Biology & Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M R Milward
- Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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