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Marrufo AM, Flores-Mireles AL. Macrophage fate: to kill or not to kill? Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0047623. [PMID: 38829045 PMCID: PMC11385966 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00476-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic innate immune cells that either reside in tissue, serving as sentinels, or recruited as monocytes from bone marrow into inflamed and infected tissue. In response to cues in the tissue microenvironment (TME), macrophages polarize on a continuum toward M1 or M2 with diverse roles in progression and resolution of disease. M1-like macrophages exhibit proinflammatory functions with antimicrobial and anti-tumorigenic activities, while M2-like macrophages have anti-inflammatory functions that generally resolve inflammatory responses and orchestrate a tissue healing process. Given these opposite phenotypes, proper spatiotemporal coordination of macrophage polarization in response to cues within the TME is critical to effectively resolve infectious disease and regulate wound healing. However, if this spatiotemporal coordination becomes disrupted due to persistent infection or dysregulated coagulation, macrophages' inappropriate response to these cues will result in the development of diseases with clinically unfavorable outcomes. Since plasticity and heterogeneity are hallmarks of macrophages, they are attractive targets for therapies to reprogram toward specific phenotypes that could resolve disease and favor clinical prognosis. In this review, we discuss how basic science studies have elucidated macrophage polarization mechanisms in TMEs during infections and inflammation, particularly coagulation. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of macrophage polarization within TMEs in diseases is important in further development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M Marrufo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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2
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Sun D, Bian G, Zhang K, Liu N, Yin Y, Hou Y, Xie F, Zhu W, Mao S, Liu J. Early-life ruminal microbiome-derived indole-3-carboxaldehyde and prostaglandin D2 are effective promoters of rumen development. Genome Biol 2024; 25:64. [PMID: 38438919 PMCID: PMC10910749 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of diverse ruminal microbes is tightly linked to rumen development and host physiology. The system of ruminal microbes is an excellent model to clarify the fundamental ecological relationships among complex nutrient-microbiome-host interactions. Here, neonatal lambs are introduced to different dietary regimes to investigate the influences of early-life crosstalk between nutrients and microbiome on rumen development. RESULTS We find starchy corn-soybean starter-fed lambs exhibit the thickest ruminal epithelia and fiber-rich alfalfa hay-fed lambs have the thickest rumen muscle. Metabolome and metagenome data reveal that indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-IAld) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) are the top characteristic ruminal metabolites associated with ruminal epithelial and muscular development, which depend on the enhanced ruminal microbial synthesis potential of 3-IAld and PGD2. Moreover, microbial culture experiment first demonstrates that Bifidobacterium pseudolongum is able to convert tryptophan into 3-IAld and Candida albicans is a key producer for PGD2. Transcriptome sequencing of the ruminal epithelia and smooth muscle shows that ruminal epithelial and muscular development is accompanied by Wnt and Ca2+ signaling pathway activation. Primary cell cultures further confirm that 3-IAld promotes ruminal epithelial cell proliferation depending on AhR-wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and PGD2 accelerates ruminal smooth muscle cell proliferation via Ca2+ signaling pathway. Furthermore, we find that 3-IAld and PGD2 infusion promote ruminal epithelial and musculature development in lambs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that early-life ruminal microbiome-derived 3-IAld and PGD2 are effective promoters of rumen development, which enhances our understanding of nutrient-microbiome-host interactions in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Drug Target Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Gaorui Bian
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuyang Yin
- Huzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Yuanlong Hou
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Drug Target Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research On Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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3
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Babaei F, Mirzababaei M, Tavakkoli A, Nassiri-Asl M, Hosseinzadeh H. Can nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) be repurposed for fungal infection? NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:59-75. [PMID: 37589736 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important class of anti-inflammatory drugs widely used for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, mild-to-moderate pain, and fever. This review aimed to explain the functional role and possible mechanisms of the antifungal effects of NSAIDs alone or in combination with antifungal drugs in vitro and in vivo. Several studies reported that NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin, ketorolac, celecoxib, flurbiprofen, and nimesulide had antifungal activities in vitro, either fungistatic or fungicidal, against different strains of Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Microsporum, and Trichophyton species. These drugs inhibited biofilm adhesion and development, and yeast-to-hypha conversion which may be related to a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)/PGEx-dependent mechanism. Modulating PGE2 levels by NSAIDs during fungal infection can be introduced as a possible mechanism to overcome. In addition, some important mechanisms of the antifungal activities of NSAIDs and their new derivatives on fungi and host immune responses are summarized. Overall, we believe that using NSAIDs along with classical antifungal drugs has the potential to be investigated as a novel therapeutic strategy in clinical studies. Furthermore, combination therapy can help manage resistant strains, increase the efficacy of antifungal drugs, and reduce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Babaei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mirzababaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran.
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 9177948954, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sokołowska B, Orłowska M, Okrasińska A, Piłsyk S, Pawłowska J, Muszewska A. What can be lost? Genomic perspective on the lipid metabolism of Mucoromycota. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:22. [PMID: 37932857 PMCID: PMC10629195 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoromycota is a phylum of early diverging fungal (EDF) lineages, of mostly plant-associated terrestrial fungi. Some strains have been selected as promising biotechnological organisms due to their ability to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids and efficient conversion of nutrients into lipids. Others get their lipids from the host plant and are unable to produce even the essential ones on their own. Following the advancement in EDF genome sequencing, we carried out a systematic survey of lipid metabolism protein families across different EDF lineages. This enabled us to explore the genomic basis of the previously documented ability to produce several types of lipids within the fungal tree of life. The core lipid metabolism genes showed no significant diversity in distribution, however specialized lipid metabolic pathways differed in this regard among different fungal lineages. In total 165 out of 202 genes involved in lipid metabolism were present in all tested fungal lineages, while remaining 37 genes were found to be absent in some of fungal lineages. Duplications were observed for 69 genes. For the first time we demonstrate that ergosterol is not being produced by several independent groups of plant-associated fungi due to the losses of different ERG genes. Instead, they possess an ancestral pathway leading to the synthesis of cholesterol, which is absent in other fungal lineages. The lack of diacylglycerol kinase in both Mortierellomycotina and Blastocladiomycota opens the question on sterol equilibrium regulation in these organisms. Early diverging fungi retained most of beta oxidation components common with animals including Nudt7, Nudt12 and Nudt19 pointing at peroxisome divergence in Dikarya. Finally, Glomeromycotina and Mortierellomycotina representatives have a similar set of desaturases and elongases related to the synthesis of complex, polyunsaturated fatty acids pointing at an ancient expansion of fatty acid metabolism currently being explored by biotechnological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Sokołowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Orłowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Okrasińska
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Pawłowska
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Oliveira BTM, Dourado TMH, Santos PWS, Bitencourt TA, Tirapelli CR, Colombo AL, Almeida F. Extracellular Vesicles from Candida haemulonii var. vulnera Modulate Macrophage Oxidative Burst. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050562. [PMID: 37233272 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Candida haemulonii species complex are multidrug-resistant emergent yeast pathogens able to cause superficial and invasive infections in risk populations. Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role in the pathogenicity and virulence of several species and may perform essential functions during infections, such as carrying virulence factors that behave in two-way communications with the host, affecting survival and fungal resistance. Our study aimed to describe EV production from Candida haemulonii var. vulnera and evaluate whether murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells respond to their stimuli by generating an oxidative response after 24 h. For this purpose, reactive oxygen species detection assays demonstrated that high concentrations of yeast and EVs (1010 particles/mL) of Candida haemulonii did not change macrophage viability. However, the macrophages recognized these EVs and triggered an oxidative response through the classical NOX-2 pathway, increasing O2•- and H2O2 levels. However, this stress did not cause lipid peroxidation in the RAW 264.7 cells and neither lead to the activation of the COX-2-PGE2 pathway. Thus, our data suggest that low concentrations of C. haemulonii EVs are not recognized by the classical pathway of the oxidative burst generated by macrophages, which might be an advantage allowing the transport of virulence factors via EVs, not identified by the host immune system that could work as fine tube regulators during infections caused by C. haemulonii. In contrast, C. haemulonii var. vulnera and high EV concentrations activated microbicidal actions in macrophages. Therefore, we propose that EVs could participate in the virulence of the species and that these particles could be a source of antigens to be exploited as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca T M Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Thales M H Dourado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick W S Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo L Colombo
- Special Laboratory of Mycology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
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Gupta C, Das S, Gaurav V, Singh PK, Rai G, Datt S, Tigga RA, Pandhi D, Bhattacharya SN, Ansari MA, Dar SA. Review on host-pathogen interaction in dermatophyte infections. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101331. [PMID: 36272379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a common superficial fungal infection of the skin and its appendages caused by dermatophytes. Recent times have witnessed a dynamic evolution of dermatophytes driven by their ecology, reproduction, pathogenicity and host immune response, influenced by population migration and socioeconomic status. Dermatophytes establish infection following successful adherence of arthroconidia to the surface of keratinized tissues. The proteolytic enzymes released during adherence and invasion not only ascertain their survival but also allow the persistence of infection in the host. While the cutaneous immune surveillance mechanism, after antigen exposure and presentation, leads to activation of T lymphocytes and subsequent clonal expansion generating effector T cells that differentially polarize to a predominant Th17 response, the response fails to eliminate the pathogen despite the presence of high levels of IFN-γ. In chronic dermatophytosis, antigens are a constant source of stimulus promoting a dysregulated Th17 response causing inflammation. The host-derived iTreg response fails to counterbalance the inflammation and instead polarizes to Th17 lineage, aggravating the chronicity of the infection. Increasing antifungal resistance and recalcitrant dermatophytosis has impeded the overall clinical remission. Human genetic research has the potential to generate knowledge to explore new therapeutic targets. The review focuses on understanding specific virulence factors involved in pathogenesis and defining the role of dysregulated host immune response against chronic dermatophytic infections for future management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, 110029, India; Present Address: Consultant Infectious Diseases, Fortis Hospital, Sector 62, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Shukla Das
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Vishal Gaurav
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Praveen K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Gargi Rai
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Shyama Datt
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Richa A Tigga
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Deepika Pandhi
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Sambit N Bhattacharya
- Department of Dermatology & STD, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Mohammad A Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), and GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Sajad A Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia.
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Seibert G, Poletto ALR, Prade JV, Mario DN, Stopiglia CDO. Reversal of itraconazole resistance in Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Rev Iberoam Micol 2022; 39:68-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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8
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Sequeira P, Rothkegel M, Domingos P, Martins I, Leclercq CC, Renaut J, Goldman GH, Silva Pereira C. Untargeted Metabolomics Sheds Light on the Secondary Metabolism of Fungi Triggered by Choline-Based Ionic Liquids. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946286. [PMID: 35958129 PMCID: PMC9361774 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites constitute a rich source of yet undiscovered bioactive compounds. Their production is often silent under standard laboratory conditions, but the production of some compounds can be triggered simply by altering the cultivation conditions. The usage of an organic salt – ionic liquid – as growth medium supplement can greatly impact the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, leading to higher diversity of compounds accumulating extracellularly. This study examines if such supplements, specifically cholinium-based ionic liquids, can support the discovery of bioactive secondary metabolites across three model species: Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Enriched organic extracts obtained from medium supernatant revealed high diversity in metabolites. The supplementation led apparently to increased levels of either 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate or α-aminoisobutyric acid. The extracts where bioactive against two major foodborne bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In particular, those retrieved from N. crassa cultures showed greater bactericidal potential compared to control extracts derived from non-supplemented cultures. An untargeted mass spectrometry analysis using the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking tool enabled to capture the chemical diversity driven by the ionic liquid stimuli. Diverse macrolides, among other compounds, were putatively associated with A. fumigatus; whereas an unexpected richness of cyclic (depsi)peptides with N. crassa. Further studies are required to understand if the identified peptides are the major players of the bioactivity of N. crassa extracts, and to decode their biosynthesis pathways as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Sequeira
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maika Rothkegel
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Domingos
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Martins
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Céline C. Leclercq
- Integrative Biology Platform, Environmental Research and Technology Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Integrative Biology Platform, Environmental Research and Technology Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Cristina Silva Pereira,
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9
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Stuart AKDC, Furuie JL, Cataldi TR, Stuart RM, Zawadneak MAC, Labate CA, Pimentel IC. Fungal consortium of two Beauveria bassiana strains increases their virulence, growth, and resistance to stress: A metabolomic approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271460. [PMID: 35834517 PMCID: PMC9282594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of two or more microorganisms in a microbial consortium has been increasingly applied in the biological control of diseases and pests. Beauveria bassiana is one of the most widely studied fungal species in biological control, yet little is known about its role in fungal consortiums. In a previous study, our group found that a consortium formed by two strains of B. bassiana had significantly greater biocontrol potential against the polyphagous caterpillars Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) than either strain on its own. In this study, we use GC-MS and LC-MS/MS to evaluate and discuss the metabolomics of the consortium. A total of 21 consortium biomarkers were identified, corresponding to 14 detected by LC-MS/MS and seven by GC-MS. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms are the main properties of the metabolites produced by the consortium. These metabolites can depress the insect’s immune system, increasing its vulnerability and, hence, the fungal virulence of the consortium. In light of these results, we propose an action model of insect mortality due to the metabolites secreted by the consortium. The model includes the inhibition of defense mechanisms such as pro-inflammatory interleukin secretion, cell migration, cell aggregation, Dif, Dorsal and Relish gene transcription, and JAK/STAT and JNK signaling pathways. It also promotes the cleaning of oxidative molecules, like ROS, NOS, and H2O2, and the induction of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Katiski da Costa Stuart
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason Lee Furuie
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thais Regiani Cataldi
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética de Plantas Max Feffer, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz – Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Makowiecky Stuart
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Cassilha Zawadneak
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanitaríssimo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética de Plantas Max Feffer, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz – Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ida Chapaval Pimentel
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Schei K, Simpson MR, Øien T, Salamati S, Rudi K, Ødegård RA. Allergy-related diseases and early gut fungal and bacterial microbiota abundances in children. Clin Transl Allergy 2021; 11:e12041. [PMID: 34194728 PMCID: PMC8238386 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early gut microbiota has been proposed as an important link between environmental exposures and development of allergy-related diseases. Beyond the widely investigated associations between the gut bacterial microbiota, we investigated the involvement of early gut mycobiota and gut permeability in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) and eczema. METHODS In the Probiotics in the Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim trial with maternal probiotic supplementation, we collected faecal samples at four timepoints between 0 and 2 years from a cohort of 278 children. Clinical information on allergy-related diseases was collected in a paediatric examination at 2 years and questionnaires at 6 weeks and 1, 2 and 6 years. By quantitative PCR and 16S/ITS1 MiSeq rRNA gene sequencing, we analysed the gut bacterial and fungal microbiota abundance and bacterial diversity and explored associations with allergy-related diseases. We also measured gut permeability markers (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP] and fatty acid-binding protein 2 [FABP2]). RESULTS Children with higher fungal abundance at 2 years were more likely to develop asthma and AR by 6 years, odds ratios 1.70 (95% CI: 1.06-2.75) and 1.41 (1.03-1.93), respectively. We explored causal connections, and children with eczema at 1-2 years appeared to have more mature bacterial microbiota, as well as being depleted of Enterococcus genus. Although LBP and FABP2 did not correlate with eczema, increased bacterial abundance was associated with increased serum FABP2. CONCLUSIONS We observed positive associations between gut fungal abundance and allergy-related disease, but increased gut permeability does not appear to be involved in the underlying mechanisms for this association. Our findings should be confirmed in future microbiota studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Schei
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and NursingFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Clinic of Laboratory MedicineSt. Olav's HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Torbjørn Øien
- Department of Public Health and NursingFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Saideh Salamati
- Regional Centre of Obesity Research and Innovation (ObeCe)St. Olav's HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Knut Rudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Rønnaug Astri Ødegård
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNTNU–Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Regional Centre of Obesity Research and Innovation (ObeCe)St. Olav's HospitalTrondheimNorway
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11
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Chan AKY, Tsang YC, Chu CH, Tsang CSP. Aspirin as an Antifungal-Lock Agent in Inhibition of Candidal Biofilm Formation in Surgical Catheters. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1427-1433. [PMID: 33888996 PMCID: PMC8058035 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s308262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The antibiotic lock technique (ALT) has been recommended for the prevention and treatment of catheter-related candidaemia. Biofilms of Candida species are resistant to some of the antifungal agents currently used. Aspirin has been shown to have anti-fungal effect but its effect on candidal biofilm is poorly understood. Purpose The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm effect of aspirin on Candida biofilms including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis formed on surgical catheters and the concentration and time required to eradicate the biofilms. Methods Biofilms of Candida species were grown on silicone catheters and incubated in aspirin at different concentrations for 2, 4 and 24 hours. The biofilms remaining were then determined quantitatively by colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and XTT assays. Results The results demonstrated that among the tested Candida species, C. albicans was the most sensitive species towards aspirin. Aspirin at a concentration of 40 mg/mL in 4 hours was effective in eradicating the biofilm. For all the other tested species, they were eradicated by aspirin at a concentration of 40 mg/mL in 24 hours. Conclusion Our results showed that aspirin may be used as an anti-fungal agent in lock therapy in the treatment of catheter-related candidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Kit Ying Chan
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Yiu Cheung Tsang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Chiu Shun Peter Tsang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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12
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Complex and Controversial Roles of Eicosanoids in Fungal Pathogenesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040254. [PMID: 33800694 PMCID: PMC8065571 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fungal infections has increased in immunocompromised patients, leading to millions of deaths annually. Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, such as eicosanoids, play important roles in regulating innate and adaptative immune function, particularly since they can function as virulence factors enhancing fungal colonization and are produced by mammalian and lower eukaryotes, such as yeasts and other fungi (Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans). C. albicans produces prostaglandins (PG), Leukotrienes (LT) and Resolvins (Rvs), whereas the first two have been well documented in Cryptococcus sp. and H. capsulatum. In this review, we cover the eicosanoids produced by the host and fungi during fungal infections. These fungal-derived PGs have immunomodulatory functions analogous to their mammalian counterparts. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) protects C. albicans and C. parapsilosis cells from the phagocytic and killing activity of macrophages. H. capsulatum PGs augment the fungal burden and host mortality rates in histoplasmosis. However, PGD2 potentiates the effects and production of LTB4, which is a very potent neutrophil chemoattractant that enhances host responses. Altogether, these data suggest that eicosanoids, mainly PGE2, may serve as a new potential target to combat diverse fungal infections.
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13
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Wu X, Xia Y, He F, Zhu C, Ren W. Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:60. [PMID: 33715629 PMCID: PMC7958491 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi establish a complex ecosystem in the gut. Like other microbiota, gut mycobiota plays an indispensable role in modulating intestinal physiology. Notably, the most striking characteristics of intestinal fungi are their extraintestinal functions. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the importance of gut fungi in the regulation of intestinal, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and brain functions, and we present possible opportunities for the application of gut mycobiota to alleviate/treat human diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Congrui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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14
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Niu M, Keller NP. Co-opting oxylipin signals in microbial disease. Cell Microbiol 2020; 21:e13025. [PMID: 30866138 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins, or oxygenated lipids, are universal signalling molecules across all kingdoms of life. These molecules, either produced by microbial pathogens or their mammalian host, regulate inflammation during microbial infection. In this review, we summarise current literature on the biosynthesis pathways of microbial oxylipins and their biological activity towards mammalian cells. Collectively, these studies have illustrated how microbial pathogens can modulate immune rsponse and disease outcome via oxylipin-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Niu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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15
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Melo CFOR, Bachur LF, Delafiori J, Dabaja MZ, de Oliveira DN, Guerreiro TM, Tararam CA, Busso-Lopes AF, Moretti ML, Catharino RR. Does leukotriene F4 play a major role in the infection mechanism of Candida sp.? Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104394. [PMID: 32707317 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection affecting hospitalized patients, especially immunocompromised and critical patients. Limitations regarding the assertive diagnosis of both Candidemia and Candidiasis not only impairs the introduction of effective treatments but also lays a heavy financial burden over the health system. Furthermore, it is still challenging to ascertain whether diagnostic methods are accurate and whether treatment is effective for patients with Candidemia. These constraints come from the uncertainty of the pathophysiological mechanism by which the pathogen establishes the opportunistic infection. Additionally, it is the reason why some patients present positive blood culture results, and others do not, and why it is very difficult during clinical routines to prove Candidemia or invasive candidiasis. Taking into account the current situation, this contribution proposes two markers that may help to understand the mechanisms of infection by the pathogen: Leukotriene F4 and 5,6-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic. These two lipids putatively modulate the host's immune response, and the initial data presented in this contribution suggest that these lipids allow the opportunistic infection to be installed. The study was carried out using an omics-based platform using direct-infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry and allied with bioinformatics tools to provide accurate and reliable results for biomarker candidates screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Felipe Bachur
- Division of Hospital Epidemiology, Hospital & Clinics, University of Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Jeany Delafiori
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Ziad Dabaja
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Diogo Noin de Oliveira
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Melina Guerreiro
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Cibele Aparecida Tararam
- Molecular Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-888, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luiza Moretti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramos Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil.
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16
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Studer MB, Roland LT, Ochsner MC, Cox D, DelGaudio JM, Wise SK, Levy JM. Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease With Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis: A Case Series of Overlapping Sinonasal Endotypes. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 34:422-427. [PMID: 32036687 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420903587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren T Roland
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew C Ochsner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - John M DelGaudio
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah K Wise
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Maseda D, Ricciotti E. NSAID-Gut Microbiota Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1153. [PMID: 32848762 PMCID: PMC7426480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)s relieve pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase isozymes (COX-1 and COX-2). Despite their clinical efficacy, NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) complications. Moreover, NSAID use is characterized by a remarkable individual variability in the extent of COX isozyme inhibition, therapeutic efficacy, and incidence of adverse effects. The interaction between the gut microbiota and host has emerged as a key player in modulating host physiology, gut microbiota-related disorders, and metabolism of xenobiotics. Indeed, host-gut microbiota dynamic interactions influence NSAID disposition, therapeutic efficacy, and toxicity. The gut microbiota can directly cause chemical modifications of the NSAID or can indirectly influence its absorption or metabolism by regulating host metabolic enzymes or processes, which may have consequences for drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. NSAID itself can directly impact the composition and function of the gut microbiota or indirectly alter the physiological properties or functions of the host which may, in turn, precipitate in dysbiosis. Thus, the complex interconnectedness between host-gut microbiota and drug may contribute to the variability in NSAID response and ultimately influence the outcome of NSAID therapy. Herein, we review the interplay between host-gut microbiota and NSAID and its consequences for both drug efficacy and toxicity, mainly in the GI tract. In addition, we highlight progress towards microbiota-based intervention to reduce NSAID-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emanuela Ricciotti,
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18
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Tan TG, Lim YS, Tan A, Leong R, Pavelka N. Fungal Symbionts Produce Prostaglandin E 2 to Promote Their Intestinal Colonization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:359. [PMID: 31681635 PMCID: PMC6813641 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a ubiquitous fungal symbiont that resides on diverse human barrier surfaces. Both mammalian and fungal cells can convert arachidonic acid into the lipid mediator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), but the physiological significance of fungus-derived PGE2 remains elusive. Here we report that a C. albicans mutant deficient in PGE2 production suffered a loss of competitive fitness in the murine gastrointestinal (GI) tract and that PGE2 supplementation mitigated this fitness defect. Impaired fungal PGE2 production affected neither the in vitro fitness of C. albicans nor hyphal morphogenesis and virulence in either systemic or mucosal infection models. Instead, fungal production of PGE2 was associated with enhanced fungal survival within phagocytes. Consequently, ablation of colonic phagocytes abrogated the intra-GI fitness boost conferred by fungal PGE2. These observations suggest that C. albicans has evolved the capacity to produce PGE2 from arachidonic acid, a host-derived precursor, to promote its own colonization of the host gut. Analogous mechanisms might undergird host-microbe interactions of other symbiont fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Guan Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Nakamura K, Kageyama S, Ito T, Hirao H, Kadono K, Aziz A, Dery KJ, Everly MJ, Taura K, Uemoto S, Farmer DG, Kaldas FM, Busuttil RW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW. Antibiotic pretreatment alleviates liver transplant damage in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3420-3434. [PMID: 31329160 PMCID: PMC6668671 DOI: 10.1172/jci127550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although modifications of gut microbiota with antibiotics (Abx) influence mouse skin and cardiac allografts, its role in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) remains unknown. We aimed to determine whether and how recipient Abx pretreatment may affect hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and OLT outcomes. Mice (C57BL/6) with or without Abx treatment (10 days) were transplanted with allogeneic (BALB/c) cold-stored (18 hours) livers, followed by liver and blood sampling (6 hours). We divided 264 human OLT recipients on the basis of duration of pre-OLT Abx treatment into control (Abx-free/Abx <10 days; n = 108) and Abx treatment (Abx ≥10days; n = 156) groups; OLT biopsy (Bx) samples were collected 2 hours after OLT (n = 52). Abx in mice mitigated IRI-stressed OLT (IRI-OLT), decreased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) (endoplasmic reticulum [ER] stress), enhanced LC3B (autophagy), and inhibited inflammation, whereas it increased serum prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hepatic PGE2 receptor 4 (EP4) expression. PGE2 increased EP4, suppressed CHOP, and induced autophagosome formation in hepatocyte cultures in an EP4-dependent manner. An EP4 antagonist restored CHOP, suppressed LC3B, and recreated IRI-OLT. Remarkably, human recipients of Abx treatment plus OLT (Abx-OLT), despite severe pretransplantation clinical acuity, had higher EP4 and LC3B levels but lower CHOP levels, which coincided with improved hepatocellular function (serum aspartate aminotransferase/serum aspartate aminotransferase [sALT/sAST]) and a decreased incidence of early allograft dysfunction (EAD). Multivariate analysis identified "Abx-free/Abx <10 days" as a predictive factor of EAD. This study documents the benefits of Abx pretreatment in liver transplant recipients, identifies ER stress and autophagy regulation by the PGE2/EP4 axis as a homeostatic underpinning, and points to the microbiome as a therapeutic target in OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Nakamura
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shoichi Kageyama
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hirofumi Hirao
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kentaro Kadono
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Antony Aziz
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Dery
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Kojiro Taura
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Douglas G. Farmer
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fady M. Kaldas
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ronald W. Busuttil
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
- Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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20
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Flavonoid Composition of Salacia senegalensis (Lam.) DC. Leaves, Evaluation of Antidermatophytic Effects, and Potential Amelioration of the Associated Inflammatory Response. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142530. [PMID: 31295972 PMCID: PMC6680804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Predominantly spread in West Tropical Africa, the shrub Salacia senegalensis (Lam.) DC. is known because of its medicinal properties, the leaves being used in the treatment of skin diseases. Prompted by the ethnomedicinal use, a hydroethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of the plant was screened against a panel of microbial strains, the majority of which involved in superficial infections. The extract was found to be active against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum. Notable results were also recorded regarding the attenuation of the inflammatory response, namely the inhibitory effects observed against soybean 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 71.14 μg mL-1), no interference being recorded in the cellular viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages and NO levels. Relevantly, the extract did not lead to detrimental effects against the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, at concentrations displaying antidermatophytic and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoid profiling of S. senegalensis leaves was achieved for the first time, allowing the identification and quantitation of myricitrin, three 3-O-substituted quercetin derivatives, and three other flavonoid derivatives, which may contribute, at least partially, to the observed antidermatophytic and anti-inflammatory effects. In the current study, the plant S. senegalensis is assessed concerning its antidermatophytic and anti-inflammatory properties.
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21
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Fourie R, Pohl CH. Beyond Antagonism: The Interaction Between Candida Species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5020034. [PMID: 31010211 PMCID: PMC6617365 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many examples of the interaction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One such example is the polymicrobial colonization/infection by the various opportunistic pathogenic yeasts belonging to the genus Candida and the ubiquitous bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although this interaction has simplistically been characterized as antagonistic to the yeast, this review highlights the complexity of the interaction with various factors influencing both microbes. The first section deals with the interactions in vitro, looking specifically at the role of cell wall components, quorum sensing molecules, phenazines, fatty acid metabolites and competition for iron in the interaction. The second part of this review places all these interactions in the context of various infection or colonization sites, i.e., lungs, wounds, and the gastrointestinal tract. Here we see that the role of the host, as well as the methodology used to establish co-infection, are important factors, influencing the outcome of the disease. Suggested future perspectives for the study of this interaction include determining the influence of newly identified participants of the QS network of P. aeruginosa, oxylipin production by both species, as well as the genetic and phenotypic plasticity of these microbes, on the interaction and outcome of co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Fourie
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa.
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa.
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Abstract
Patients with suppressed immunity are at the highest risk for hospital-acquired infections. Among these, invasive candidiasis is the most prevalent systemic fungal nosocomial infection. Over recent decades, the combined prevalence of non-albicans Candida species outranked Candida albicans infections in several geographical regions worldwide, highlighting the need to understand their pathobiology in order to develop effective treatment and to prevent future outbreaks. Candida parapsilosis is the second or third most frequently isolated Candida species from patients. Besides being highly prevalent, its biology differs markedly from that of C. albicans, which may be associated with C. parapsilosis' increased incidence. Differences in virulence, regulatory and antifungal drug resistance mechanisms, and the patient groups at risk indicate that conclusions drawn from C. albicans pathobiology cannot be simply extrapolated to C. parapsilosis Such species-specific characteristics may also influence their recognition and elimination by the host and the efficacy of antifungal drugs. Due to the availability of high-throughput, state-of-the-art experimental tools and molecular genetic methods adapted to C. parapsilosis, genome and transcriptome studies are now available that greatly contribute to our understanding of what makes this species a threat. In this review, we summarize 10 years of findings on C. parapsilosis pathogenesis, including the species' genetic properties, transcriptome studies, host responses, and molecular mechanisms of virulence. Antifungal susceptibility studies and clinician perspectives are discussed. We also present regional incidence reports in order to provide an updated worldwide epidemiology summary.
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Abstract
Eicosanoids are bioactive lipid mediators generated in almost all mammalian cells from the oxidation of arachidonic acid and other related twenty-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Eicosanoids regulate various physiological functions, including cellular homoeostasis and modulation of inflammatory responses in mammals. The mode of action of these lipid mediators depend on their binding to different G-protein coupled receptors. The three main enzymatic pathways associated with their production are the COX pathway, LOX pathway and cytochrome P450 pathway. Interestingly, investigations have also revealed that several human pathogenic fungi are capable of producing these bioactive lipid mediators; however, the exact biosynthetic pathways and their function in pathogenicity are not yet extensively characterized. The aim of the current review is to summarize the recent discoveries pertaining to eicosanoid production by human pathogenic yeasts with a special focus on the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Chakraborty
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Tóth
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácser
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" "Mycobiome" Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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The Significance of Lipids to Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans: An Emerging Perspective. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040140. [PMID: 30567300 PMCID: PMC6308932 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, the dimorphic opportunistic human fungal pathogen, is capable of forming highly drug-resistant biofilms in the human host. Formation of biofilm is a multistep and multiregulatory process involving various adaptive mechanisms. The ability of cells in a biofilm to alter membrane lipid composition is one such adaptation crucial for biofilm development in C. albicans. Lipids modulate mixed species biofilm formation in vivo and inherent antifungal resistance associated with these organized communities. Cells in C. albicans biofilms display phase-dependent changes in phospholipid classes and in levels of lipid raft formation. Systematic studies with genetically modified strains in which the membrane phospholipid composition can be manipulated are limited in C. albicans. In this review, we summarize the knowledge accumulated on the impact that alterations in phospholipids may have on the biofilm forming ability of C. albicans in the human host. This review may provide the requisite impetus to analyze lipids from a therapeutic standpoint in managing C. albicans biofilms.
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25
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Response to Fungal Dysbiosis by Gut-Resident CX3CR1 + Mononuclear Phagocytes Aggravates Allergic Airway Disease. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:847-856.e4. [PMID: 30503509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sensing of the gut microbiota, including fungi, regulates mucosal immunity. Whether fungal sensing in the gut can influence immunity at other body sites is unknown. Here we show that fluconazole-induced gut fungal dysbiosis has persistent effects on allergic airway disease in a house dust mite challenge model. Mice with a defined community of bacteria, but lacking intestinal fungi were not susceptible to fluconazole-induced dysbiosis, while colonization with a fungal mixture recapitulated the detrimental effects. Gut-resident mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) expressing the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 were essential for the effect of gut fungal dysbiosis on peripheral immunity. Depletion of CX3CR1+ MNPs or selective inhibition of Syk signaling downstream of fungal sensing in these cells ameliorated lung allergy. These results indicate that disruption of intestinal fungal communities can have persistent effects on peripheral immunity and aggravate disease severity through fungal sensing by gut-resident CX3CR1+ MNPs.
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26
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Lai GC, Tan TG, Pavelka N. The mammalian mycobiome: A complex system in a dynamic relationship with the host. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 11:e1438. [PMID: 30255552 PMCID: PMC6586165 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian barrier surfaces are densely populated by symbiont fungi in much the same way the former are colonized by symbiont bacteria. The fungal microbiota, otherwise known as the mycobiota, is increasingly recognized as a critical player in the maintenance of health and homeostasis of the host. Here we discuss the impact of the mycobiota on host physiology and disease, the factors influencing mycobiota composition, and the current technologies used for identifying symbiont fungal species. Understanding the tripartite interactions among the host, mycobiota, and other members of the microbiota, will help to guide the development of novel prevention and therapeutic strategies for a variety of human diseases. This article is categorized under:
Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organismal Models
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27
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Abstract
The body is exposed to foreign pathogens every day, but remarkably, most pathogens are effectively cleared by the innate immune system without the need to invoke the adaptive immune response. Key cellular components of the innate immune system include macrophages and neutrophils and the recruitment and function of these cells are tightly regulated by chemokines and cytokines in the tissue space. Innate immune responses are also known to regulate development of adaptive immune responses often via the secretion of various cytokines. In addition to these protein regulators, numerous lipid mediators can also influence innate and adaptive immune functions. In this review, we cover one particular lipid regulator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and describe its synthesis and signaling and what is known about the ability of this lipid to regulate immunity and host defense against viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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28
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Boyce KJ, De Souza DP, Dayalan S, Pasricha S, Tull D, McConville MJ, Andrianopoulos A. Talaromyces marneffei simA Encodes a Fungal Cytochrome P450 Essential for Survival in Macrophages. mSphere 2018; 3:e00056-18. [PMID: 29577082 PMCID: PMC5863032 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00056-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are adept at occupying specific environmental niches and often exploit numerous secondary metabolites generated by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) monoxygenases. This report describes the characterization of a yeast-specific CYP encoded by simA ("survival in macrophages"). Deletion of simA does not affect yeast growth at 37°C in vitro but is essential for yeast cell production during macrophage infection. The ΔsimA strain exhibits reduced conidial germination and intracellular growth of yeast in macrophages, suggesting that the enzymatic product of SimA is required for normal fungal growth in vivo. Intracellular ΔsimA yeast cells exhibit cell wall defects, and metabolomic and chemical sensitivity data suggest that SimA may promote chitin synthesis or deposition in vitro. In vivo, ΔsimA yeast cells subsequently lyse and are degraded, suggesting that SimA may increase resistance to and/or suppress host cell biocidal effectors. The results suggest that simA synthesizes a secondary metabolite that allows T. marneffei to occupy the specific intracellular environmental niche within the macrophage. IMPORTANCE This study in a dimorphic fungal pathogen uncovered a role for a yeast-specific cytochrome P450 (CYP)-encoding gene in the ability of T. marneffei to grow as yeast cells within the host macrophages. This report will inspire further research into the role of CYPs and secondary metabolite synthesis during fungal pathogenic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie J. Boyce
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P. De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shivani Pasricha
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malcolm J. McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Caffrey-Carr AK, Hilmer KM, Kowalski CH, Shepardson KM, Temple RM, Cramer RA, Obar JJ. Host-Derived Leukotriene B 4 Is Critical for Resistance against Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1984. [PMID: 29375586 PMCID: PMC5768911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a mold that causes severe pulmonary infections. Our knowledge of how immune competent hosts maintain control of fungal infections while constantly being exposed to fungi is rapidly emerging. It is known that timely neutrophil recruitment to and activation in the lungs is critical to the host defense against development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, but the inflammatory sequelae necessary remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) and Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) are critical for leukocyte recruitment and resistance to pulmonary A. fumigatus challenge in a fungal-strain-dependent manner. 5-LO activity was needed in radiosensitive cells for an optimal anti-fungal response and in vivo LTB4 production was at least partially dependent on myeloid-derived hypoxia inducible factor-1α. Overall, this study reveals a role for host-derived leukotriene synthesis in innate immunity to A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna K Caffrey-Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kimberly M Hilmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Caitlin H Kowalski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kelly M Shepardson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Rachel M Temple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Joshua J Obar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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30
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Wakayama N, Matsune S, Okubo K. Delayed type of allergic skin reaction to Candida albicans in eosinophilic rhinosinusitis cases. Auris Nasus Larynx 2017; 45:111-115. [PMID: 28552275 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is frequently complicated by asthma, and recognized as refractory and persistent rhinosinusitis. However, the detailed pathophysiology of ECRS has not been elucidated yet. In this study, we investigated the association between recurrent ECRS and intradermal testing to multi-antigens including Candida albicans. METHODS The subjects were 49 cases of bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis including 24 ECRS cases. They underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and submitted to pathological examination. Prior to surgery, peripheral blood eosinophil count, total and antigen-specific IgE levels (11 categories), and intradermal tests (5 categories) were carried out in all patients. These patients were followed-up for longer than 3 months. We compared the results of preoperative and postoperative clinical examination data between ECRS and non-ECRS (NECRS) cases. RESULTS Positive reaction of the delayed type of intradermal testing to C. albicans was significantly more often observed in ECRS than NECRS cases. (P<0.01) Additionally, these positive reaction cases exhibited significantly higher recurrence of nasal polyps and symptoms of ECRS (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest the involvement of (Coombs) type IV allergic reaction to C. albicans in the pathophysiology of ECRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Wakayama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, 1-396, Kosugimachi, Nakahara-ku Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa Prefecture 211-0063, Japan.
| | - Shoji Matsune
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, 1-396, Kosugimachi, Nakahara-ku Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa Prefecture 211-0063, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Okubo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, 1-396, Kosugimachi, Nakahara-ku Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa Prefecture 211-0063, Japan
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31
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Ząbek A, Junka A, Szymczyk P, Wojtowicz W, Klimek-Ochab M, Młynarz P. Metabolomics analysis of fungal biofilm development and of arachidonic acid-based quorum sensing mechanism. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:428-439. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ząbek
- Department of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Adam Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology; Wroclaw Medical University; 50-556 Wrocław Poland
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk
- Centre of Advance Manufacturing Technologies; Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojtowicz
- Department of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | | | - Piotr Młynarz
- Department of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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32
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Seo MJ, Oh DK. Prostaglandin synthases: Molecular characterization and involvement in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:50-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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33
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Jyothilakshmi M, Jyothis M, Narayanan GNH, Latha MS. Antidermatophytic and Protease-inhibiting Activities of Zerumbone: A Natural Sesquiterpene from the Rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex J.E; Smith. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:2-6. [PMID: 28216875 PMCID: PMC5307908 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.197649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Due to increase in the number of patients with impaired immunity, incidence of dermatophytoses has increased considerably. Antidermatophytic agents with anti-inflammatory and protease-inhibiting activities will help in restricting inflammatory response associated with dermatophytoses. AIMS The present study aims to evaluate antidermatophytic and protease-inhibiting activities of zerumbone. Cytotoxicity was tested using Chang liver cell line as a preliminary step in toxicity study. METHODS AND MATERIALS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of zerumbone purified from the rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet were determined against Epidermophyton floccosum var. nigricans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton rubrum. MIC was determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method M38-A2. Protease-inhibiting property was tested using trypsin as the enzyme. In vitro cytotoxic effect was studied using the MTT assay. RESULTS MIC of zerumbone was 8 mg/L against E. floccosum and M. canis and 16 mg/L for M. gypseum and T. rubrum. MFC of zerumbone was 64 mg/L against E. floccosum and M. canis and 128 mg/L for M. gypseum and T. rubrum. Zerumbone exhibited remarkable protease-inhibiting activity. In the MTT assay, IC50 values were 150 and 0.31 µg, respectively, for zerumbone and reference drug. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED For protease inhibition, assay and cytotoxicity assay control and tests were done in triplicate and the results are expressed as mean ± SD, where n = 3. CONCLUSIONS Zerumbone is a novel candidate for use in dermatophytoses therapy because of the combined antifungal, anti-inflammatory (unpublished results), and protease-inhibiting properties. Cytotoxicity of zerumbone was found to be very low compared with the reference drug. KEY MESSAGES Zerumbone possesses antidermatophytic, anti-inflammatory, and protease-inhibiting activities. Hence, it is a novel candidate for the development of new antidermatophytic drug.Cytotoxicity of zerumbone against Chang liver cell line was found to be very low compared with the reference drug doxorubicin. SUMMARY Zerumbone isolated from the rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet exhibited antidermatophytic activity against E. floccosum and M. canis (MIC 8 mg/L) and M. gypseum and T. Rubrum (MIC 16 mg/L).Zerumbone exhibited remarkable protease-inhibiting activity.Zerumbone is a novel candidate for the development of new antidermatophytic drug.Cytotoxicity of zerumbone against Chang liver cell line was found to be very low compared with the reference drug doxorubicin. Abbreviations used: CFU: colony forming unit, CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, COX: cyclooxygenase, DMSO: dimethyl sulphoxide, EDTA: ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, FT-IR: Fourier transform-infra red spectroscopy, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography, LOX: lipoxygenase, IMTECH: Institute of Microbial Technology, LCMS: liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, MTT: 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTCC: microbial type culture collection, MFC: minimum fungicidal concentration, MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration, MPO: myeloperoxidase, NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, PAR: proteinase-activated receptor, PBS: phosphate-buffered saline, TCA: trichloro acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavankutty Jyothilakshmi
- Biochemistry and Pharmacognosy Research Lab, School of Biosciences, M.G. University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Mathew Jyothis
- Microbiology Research Lab, School of Biosciences, M.G. University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | | | - Mukalel Sankunni Latha
- Biochemistry and Pharmacognosy Research Lab, School of Biosciences, M.G. University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Liu X, Wang D, Yu C, Li T, Liu J, Sun S. Potential Antifungal Targets against a Candida Biofilm Based on an Enzyme in the Arachidonic Acid Cascade-A Review. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1925. [PMID: 27999568 PMCID: PMC5138225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen, especially in biofilm associated infections. The formation of a Candida biofilm can decrease Candida sensitivity to antifungal drugs and cause drug resistance. Although many effective antifungal drugs are available, their applications are limited due to their high toxicity and cost. Seeking new antifungal agents that are effective against biofilm-associated infection is an urgent need. Many research efforts are underway, and some progress has been made in this field. It has been shown that the arachidonic acid cascade plays an important role in fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity. Notably, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can promote the formation of a Candida biofilm. Recently, the inhibition of PGE2 has received much attention. Studies have shown that cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and indomethacin, combined with fluconazole can significantly reduce Candida adhesion and biofilm development and increase fluconazole susceptibility; the MIC of fluconazole can be decrease from 64 to 2 μg/ml when used in combination with ibuprofen. In addition, in vivo studies have also confirmed the antifungal activities of these inhibitors. In this article, we mainly review the relationship between PGE2 and Candida biofilm, summarize the antifungal activities of COX inhibitors and analyze the possible antifungal activity of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (MPGES-1) inhibitors; additionally, other factors that influence PGE2 production are also discussed. Hopefully this review can disclose potential antifungal targets based on the arachidonic acid cascade and provide a prevailing strategy to alleviate Candida albicans biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University Taian, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University Taian, China
| | - Cuixiang Yu
- Respiration Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinnan, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- General Practice, Shandong Provincial Hospital Jinnan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Pharmaceutical Department, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinnan, China
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35
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Nimesulide inhibits pathogenic fungi: PGE2-dependent mechanisms. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 62:169-174. [PMID: 27866353 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can inhibit fungal growth, fungal prostaglandin E2 production, and enzyme activation. This study aims to investigate the antifungal effect of nimesulide against pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast. The experiments detailed below were also designed to investigate whether the action is dependent on E2 fungal prostaglandins. Our data showed that nimesulide exhibited potent antifungal activity, mainly against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 2 and 62 μg/mL, respectively. This drug was also able to inhibit the growth of clinic isolates of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, and dermatophytes, such as T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, and M. gypseum, with MIC values ranging from 112 to 770 μg/mL. Our data also showed that the inhibition of fungal growth by nimesulide was mediated by a mechanism dependent on PGE2, which led to the inhibition of essential fungal enzymes. Thus, we concluded that nimesulide exerts a fungicidal effect against pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast, involving the inhibition of fungal prostaglandins and fungal enzymes important to the fungal growth and colonization.
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36
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Fischer GJ, Keller NP. Production of cross-kingdom oxylipins by pathogenic fungi: An update on their role in development and pathogenicity. J Microbiol 2016; 54:254-64. [PMID: 26920885 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a class of molecules derived from the incorporation of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates through the action of oxygenases. While extensively investigated in the context of mammalian immune responses, over the last decade it has become apparent that oxylipins are a common means of communication among and between plants, animals, and fungi to control development and alter host-microbe interactions. In fungi, some oxylipins are derived nonenzymatically while others are produced by lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and monooxygenases with homology to plant and human enzymes. Recent investigations of numerous plant and human fungal pathogens have revealed oxylipins to be involved in the establishment and progression of disease. This review highlights oxylipin production by pathogenic fungi and their role in fungal development and pathogen/host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Fischer
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Grózer Z, Tóth A, Tóth R, Kecskeméti A, Vágvölgyi C, Nosanchuk JD, Szekeres A, Gácser A. Candida parapsilosis produces prostaglandins from exogenous arachidonic acid and OLE2 is not required for their synthesis. Virulence 2016; 6:85-92. [PMID: 25654274 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.988097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are C20 fatty acid metabolites with diverse biological functions. In mammalian cells, prostaglandins are produced from arachidonic acid (AA) via cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2). Although fungi do not possess cyclooxygenase homologues, several pathogenic species are able to produce prostaglandins from host-derived arachidonic acid. In this study, we characterized the prostaglandin profile of the emerging human pathogen Candida parapsilosis with HPLC-MS and compared it to that of C. albicans. We found that both species synthesized prostaglandins (mainly PGD2 and PGE2) from exogenous AA. Furthermore, as OLE2 has been associated with prostaglandin synthesis in C. albicans, we generated homozygous OLE2 deletion mutants in C. parapsilosis and examined their PGE2 production. However, the PGE2 production of the OLE2 KO strain was similar to that of wild type (WT), indicating that OLE2 is not required for prostaglandin synthesis in C. parapsilosis. Interestingly, analyses of the fatty acid composition of WT and OLE2 KO cells by gas chromatography (GC) highlighted the accumulation of palmitoleic and oleic acid in the OLE2 deletion mutant. The OLE2 KO cells were killed more efficiently by human monocytes-derived macrophages (MDMs) as well as induced higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion, indicating that OLE2 affects the virulence of C. parapsilosis. Taken together, these results contribute to the better understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways in C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Grózer
- a Department of Microbiology ; University of Szeged ; Szeged , Hungary
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38
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Chen X, Xu C, Qian Y, Liu R, Zhang Q, Zeng G, Zhang X, Zhao H, Fang W. MAPK cascade-mediated regulation of pathogenicity, conidiation and tolerance to abiotic stresses in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1048-62. [PMID: 26714892 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium robertsii has been used as a model to study fungal pathogenesis in insects, and its pathogenicity has many parallels with plant and mammal pathogenic fungi. MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades play pivotal roles in cellular regulation in fungi, but their functions have not been characterized in M. robertsii. In this study, we identified the full complement of MAPK cascade components in M. robertsii and dissected their regulatory roles in pathogenesis, conidiation and stress tolerance. The nine components of the Fus3, Hog1 and Slt2-MAPK cascades are all involved in conidiation. The Fus3- and Hog1-MAPK cascades are necessary for tolerance to hyperosmotic stress, and the Slt2- and Fus3-MAPK cascades both mediate cell wall integrity. The Hog1 and Slt2-MAPK cascades contribute to pathogenicity; the Fus3-MAPK cascade is indispensable for fungal pathogenesis. During its life cycle, M. robertsii experiences multiple microenvironments as it transverses the cuticle into the haemocoel. RNA-seq analysis revealed that MAPK cascades collectively play a major role in regulating the adaptation of M. robertsii to the microenvironmental change from the cuticle to the haemolymph. The three MAPKs each regulate their own distinctive subset of genes during penetration of the cuticle and haemocoel colonization, but they function redundantly to regulate adaptation to microenvironmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Chen
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ying Qian
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Guohong Zeng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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In vitro interactions between anidulafungin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on biofilms of Candida spp. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1002-5. [PMID: 26833243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida spp. are responsible for many biomaterial-related infections; they give rise to infective pathologies typically associated with biofilm formation. We recently reported that the echinocandin anidulafungin (ANF) showed a strong in vitro activity against both planktonic and biofilms cells. Herein, we report the antifungal activities of ANF alone and in association with some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against nine Candida strain biofilms: four Candida albicans, two Candida glabrata and three Candida guilliermondii. The activity of ANF was assessed using an in vitro microbiological model relevant for clinical practice. ANF proved oneself to be active against biofilms cells, and a clear-cut synergism was found against Candida species biofilms when ANF was used in combination with three NSAIDs: aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen. The positive synergism against Candida spp. of ANF in association with aspirin or the other NSAIDs proved to be a very effective antifungal treatment (FICI<0.5). These results may provide the starting point for new combination therapies of ANF with NSAIDs against Candida biofilm pathologies.
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Pereira PAT, Bini D, Bovo F, Faccioli LH, Monteiro MC. Neutrophils influx and proinflammatory cytokines inhibition by sodium salicylate, unlike aspirin, in Candida albicans-induced peritonitis model. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:337-46. [PMID: 26762336 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sodium salicylate (NaS) and aspirin (ASA) are known to have a variety of effects on microorganisms, such as fungus (C. albicans and C. neoformans), moreover, it have effects in leukocyte adhesion and migration in vitro. In this report, we investigated the effect of ASA and NaS in neutrophil migration and cytokine production in C. albicans-induced peritonitis murine model. For this, mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p) or orally (po) with NaS or ASA; after they were stimulated i.p. with C. albicans, the cellular migration was evaluated 24 h after stimulation. NaS, in mice treated i.p., unlike ASA, was able to inhibit the neutrophil migration and proinflammatory cytokine production induced by C. albicans, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-10, but did not alter the IL-4 levels in these animals. However, the po treatment with same the dose of NaS or ASA did not affect the influx of this cell for inflammatory site. These results suggest that the NaS inhibits cellular migration and proinflammatory cytokine by different anti-inflammatory mechanism compared to ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Aparecida Tártari Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bini
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bovo
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná/PR, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Pós-graduação em Neurociências e Biologia celular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Endereço: Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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Karnam A, Holla S, Balaji KN. Sonic hedgehog-responsive lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenase-2 modulate Dectin-1-induced inflammatory cytokines. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:280-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Krause J, Geginat G, Tammer I. Prostaglandin E2 from Candida albicans Stimulates the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Mixed Biofilms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135404. [PMID: 26262843 PMCID: PMC4532413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans interact synergistically in dual species biofilms resulting in enhanced mortality in animal models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The aim of the current study was to test possible candidate molecules which might mediate this synergistic interaction in an in vitro model of mixed biofilms, such as farnesol, tyrosol and prostaglandin (PG) E2. In mono-microbial and dual biofilms of C.albicans wild type strains PGE2 levels between 25 and 250 pg/mL were measured. Similar concentrations of purified PGE2 significantly enhanced S.aureus biofilm formation in a mode comparable to that observed in dual species biofilms. Supernatants of the null mutant deficient in PGE2 production did not stimulate the proliferation of S.aureus and the addition of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin blocked the S.aureus biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, S. aureus biofilm formation was boosted by low and inhibited by high farnesol concentrations. Supernatants of the farnesol-deficient C. albicans ATCC10231 strain significantly enhanced the biofilm formation of S. aureus but at a lower level than the farnesol producer SC5314. However, C. albicans ATCC10231 also produced PGE2 but amounts were significantly lower compared to SC5314. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE In conclision, we identified C. albicans PGE2 as a key molecule stimulating the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus in dual S. aureus/C. albicans biofilms, although C. albicans derived farnesol, but not tyrosol, may also contribute to this effect but to a lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krause
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hospital Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Geginat
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hospital Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ina Tammer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hospital Control and Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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43
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The mycobiota: interactions between commensal fungi and the host immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:405-16. [PMID: 24854590 DOI: 10.1038/nri3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The body is host to a wide variety of microbial communities from which the immune system protects us and that are important for the normal development of the immune system and for the maintenance of healthy tissues and physiological processes. Investigators have mostly focused on the bacterial members of these communities, but fungi are increasingly being recognized to have a role in defining these communities and to interact with immune cells. In this Review, we discuss what is currently known about the makeup of fungal communities in the body and the features of the immune system that are particularly important for interacting with fungi at these sites.
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Kim YG, Udayanga KGS, Totsuka N, Weinberg JB, Núñez G, Shibuya A. Gut dysbiosis promotes M2 macrophage polarization and allergic airway inflammation via fungi-induced PGE₂. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:95-102. [PMID: 24439901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although imbalances in gut microbiota composition, or "dysbiosis," are associated with many diseases, the effects of gut dysbiosis on host systemic physiology are less well characterized. We report that gut dysbiosis induced by antibiotic (Abx) treatment promotes allergic airway inflammation by shifting macrophage polarization in the lung toward the alternatively activated M2 phenotype. Adoptive transfer of alveolar macrophages derived from Abx-treated mice was sufficient to increase allergic airway inflammation. Abx treatment resulted in the overgrowth of a commensal fungal Candida species in the gut and increased plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), which induced M2 macrophage polarization in the lung. Suppression of PGE₂ synthesis by the cyclooxygenase inhibitors aspirin and celecoxib suppressed M2 macrophage polarization and decreased allergic airway inflammatory cell infiltration in Abx-treated mice. Thus, Abx treatment can cause overgrowth of particular fungal species in the gut and promote M2 macrophage activation at distant sites to influence systemic responses including allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Gi Kim
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kankanam Gamage Sanath Udayanga
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoya Totsuka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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45
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Mohamed ME, Lazarus CM. Production of prostaglandins in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 102:74-79. [PMID: 24629803 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants do not naturally produce the very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are the precursors of prostaglandins, but in previous studies Arabidopsis thaliana had been transformed sequentially with genes encoding a Δ(9)-elongase and a Δ(8)-desaturase to produce dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), and subsequently with a gene encoding a Δ(5)-desaturase to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Transformation of A. thaliana with the first two genes consolidated on a single binary vector yielded transformants producing high levels of DGLA, and these plants were further transformed with mouse prostaglandin H synthase (PGH) genes to produce prostaglandins. Mouse PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 cDNAs were amplified for expression as three isoforms: PGHS-1 (complete coding sequence with signal peptide), PGHS-1-Ma (mature PGHS-1 sequence, without signal peptide) and PGHS-2 (complete coding sequence with signal peptide). PGHS-1 transformants showed the highest activity, followed by PGHS-2 transformants, whereas removal of the signal peptide resulted in almost complete loss of PGHS-1 activity. In order to produce a physiologically active prostaglandin, the Trypanosoma brucei prostaglandin F synthase gene was combined with the mouse PGHS-1 gene and the Mortierella alpina Δ(5)-desaturase on a binary vector. Transformation of DGLA-producing A. thaliana with this construct yielded transformants that successfully produced prostaglandin F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged E Mohamed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom; College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, P.O. 380, Ahsaa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Colin M Lazarus
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
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Mishra NN, Ali S, Shukla PK. Arachidonic acid affects biofilm formation and PGE2 level in Candida albicans and non-albicans species in presence of subinhibitory concentration of fluconazole and terbinafine. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:287-93. [PMID: 24389279 PMCID: PMC9427476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Pohl CH, Kock JLF. Oxidized fatty acids as inter-kingdom signaling molecules. Molecules 2014; 19:1273-85. [PMID: 24448067 PMCID: PMC6270766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19011273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins or oxidized fatty acids are a group of molecules found to play a role in signaling in many different cell types. These fatty acid derivatives have ancient evolutionary origins as signaling molecules and are ideal candidates for inter-kingdom communication. This review discusses examples of the ability of organisms from different kingdoms to “listen” and respond to oxylipin signals during interactions. The interactions that will be looked at are signaling between animals and plants; between animals and fungi; between animals and bacteria and between plants and fungi. This will aid in understanding these interactions, which often have implications in ecology, agriculture as well as human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Johan L F Kock
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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Abdelmegeed E, Shaaban MI. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors reduce biofilm formation and yeast-hypha conversion of fluconazole resistant Candida albicans. J Microbiol 2013; 51:598-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Early life exposure to antibiotics and the risk of childhood allergic diseases: an update from the perspective of the hygiene hypothesis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2013; 46:320-9. [PMID: 23751771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has been growing rapidly in industrial countries during recent decades. It is postulated that growing up with less microbial exposure may render the immune system susceptible to a T helper type 2 (Th2)-predominant allergic response-also known as the hygiene hypothesis. This review delineates recent epidemiological and experimental evidence for the hygiene hypothesis, and integrates this hypothesis into the association between early life exposure to antibiotics and the development of allergic diseases and asthma. Several retrospective or prospective epidemiological studies reveal that early exposure to antibiotics may be positively associated with the development of allergic diseases and asthma. However, the conclusion is inconsistent. Experimental studies show that antibiotics may induce the Th2-skewed response by suppressing the T helper type 1 (Th1) response through inhibition of Th1 cytokines and disruption of the natural course of infection, or by disturbing the microflora of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and therefore jeopardizing the establishment of oral tolerance and regulatory T cell immune responses. The hygiene hypothesis may not be the only explanation for the rapid increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases and asthma. Further epidemiological and experimental studies addressing the issue of the impact of environmental factors on the development of allergic diseases and the underlying mechanisms may unveil novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases in the future.
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Celecoxib improves host defense through prostaglandin inhibition during Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:950981. [PMID: 23818746 PMCID: PMC3681213 DOI: 10.1155/2013/950981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins act as mediators of inflammation and, similar to cytokines, function as immune modulators during innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, using a pharmacological inhibitor, celecoxib, we investigated the role of prostaglandins in host defense against Histoplasma capsulatum infection in C57BL/6 mice. Our results showed that treatment with celecoxib inhibited cyclooxygenase 2, reduced the total fungal burden, and reduced the concentration of PGE2, cytokines, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells in the bronchoalveolar space and lung parenchyma. In addition, celecoxib treatment increased the synthesis of nitric oxide, IFN-γ, LTB4, and the phagocytic capacity of alveolar macrophages. Moreover, celecoxib treatment increased the survival of mice after infection with a lethal inoculum of H. capsulatum. These results suggest that prostaglandins alter the host immune response and play an important role in the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis. Thus, the inhibition of prostaglandins could be a valuable immunomodulatory strategy and antifungal therapy for histoplasmosis treatment.
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