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Wang XY, Miao T, Wang Y, Guo Z, Yang JL, Liang X. Complete genome sequence of Psychrobacter cibarius AOSW16051, a trimeric autotransporter adhesin synthesizing bacterium isolated from the Baltic Sea. Mar Genomics 2024; 74:101082. [PMID: 38485290 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2023.101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Psychrobacter are widely distributed in the global low-temperature marine environment and have been studied for their effects on the settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrates. Psychrobacter cibarius AOSW16051 was isolated from the surface water samples of the Baltic Sea on the edge of the Arctic Ocean. Here, we present the complete genome of strain AOSW16051, which consists of a circular chromosome composed of 3,425,040 nucleotides with 42.98% G + C content and a circular plasmid composed of 5846 nucleotides with 38.66% G + C content. The genes predicted in this strain showed its strong outer membrane system, type VI secretion system and adhesion system. Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) has been identified in the genome of P. cibarius AOSW16051, which has a variety of biological functions in interacting with host cells. However, there are no reports on TAAs in marine bacteria and aquatic pathogenic bacteria. By analyzing the genomic data, we can gain valuable insights to enhance our understanding of the physiological characteristics of P. cibarius, as well as the biological functions of TAAs and their role in triggering metamorphosis of invertebrate larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; China-Portugal Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Space & Sea Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture animals, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyin Miao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; China-Portugal Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Space & Sea Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyi Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; China-Portugal Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Space & Sea Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture animals, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangwei Guo
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; China-Portugal Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Space & Sea Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture animals, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; China-Portugal Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Space & Sea Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture animals, Shanghai, China.
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Fang X, Kang L, Qiu YF, Li ZS, Bai Y. Yersinia enterocolitica in Crohn’s disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1129996. [PMID: 36968108 PMCID: PMC10031030 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1129996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention is being paid to the unique roles gut microbes play in both physiological and pathological processes. Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. Currently, gastrointestinal infection has been proposed as one initiating factor of CD. Yersinia enterocolitica, a zoonotic pathogen that exists widely in nature, is one of the most common bacteria causing acute infectious gastroenteritis, which displays clinical manifestations similar to CD. However, the specific role of Y. enterocolitica in CD is controversial. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on how Y. enterocolitica and derived microbial compounds may link to the pathogenesis of CD. We highlight examples of Y. enterocolitica-targeted interventions in the diagnosis and treatment of CD, and provide perspectives for future basic and translational investigations on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Bai
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Shen Li, ; Yu Bai,
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3
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Bekere I, Huang J, Schnapp M, Rudolph M, Berneking L, Ruckdeschel K, Grundhoff A, Günther T, Fischer N, Aepfelbacher M. Yersinia remodels epigenetic histone modifications in human macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010074. [PMID: 34793580 PMCID: PMC8639070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various pathogens systematically reprogram gene expression in macrophages, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We investigated whether the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica alters chromatin states to reprogram gene expression in primary human macrophages. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) seq analyses showed that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induced up- or down-regulation of histone modifications (HMod) at approximately 14500 loci in promoters and enhancers. Effectors of Y. enterocolitica reorganized about half of these dynamic HMod, with the effector YopP being responsible for about half of these modulatory activities. The reorganized HMod were associated with genes involved in immune response and metabolism. Remarkably, the altered HMod also associated with 61% of all 534 known Rho GTPase pathway genes, revealing a new level in Rho GTPase regulation and a new aspect of bacterial pathogenicity. Changes in HMod were associated to varying degrees with corresponding gene expression, e. g. depending on chromatin localization and cooperation of the HMod. In summary, infection with Y. enterocolitica remodels HMod in human macrophages to modulate key gene expression programs of the innate immune response. Human pathogenic bacteria can affect epigenetic histone modifications to modulate gene expression in host cells. However, a systems biology analysis of this bacterial virulence mechanism in immune cells has not been performed. Here we analyzed genome-wide epigenetic histone modifications and associated gene expression changes in primary human macrophages infected with enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. We demonstrate that Yersinia virulence factors extensively modulate histone modifications and associated gene expression triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the bacteria. The epigenetically modulated genes are involved in several key pathways of the macrophage immune response, including the Rho GTPase pathway, revealing a novel level of Rho GTPase regulation by a bacterial pathogen. Overall, our findings provide an in-depth view of epigenetic and gene expression changes during host-pathogen interaction and might have further implications for understanding of the innate immune memory in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Bekere
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IB); (MA)
| | - Jiabin Huang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Schnapp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Rudolph
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Berneking
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ruckdeschel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IB); (MA)
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Wang J, Liu M, Wang H, Wu Q, Ding Y, Xu T, Ma G, Zhong Y, Zhang J, Chen M, Xue L, Ye Q, Zeng H, Yang X, Yang R. Occurrence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from retail food samples in China. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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van Belkum A, Almeida C, Bardiaux B, Barrass SV, Butcher SJ, Çaykara T, Chowdhury S, Datar R, Eastwood I, Goldman A, Goyal M, Happonen L, Izadi-Pruneyre N, Jacobsen T, Johnson PH, Kempf VAJ, Kiessling A, Bueno JL, Malik A, Malmström J, Meuskens I, Milner PA, Nilges M, Pamme N, Peyman SA, Rodrigues LR, Rodriguez-Mateos P, Sande MG, Silva CJ, Stasiak AC, Stehle T, Thibau A, Vaca DJ, Linke D. Host-Pathogen Adhesion as the Basis of Innovative Diagnostics for Emerging Pathogens. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071259. [PMID: 34359341 PMCID: PMC8305138 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are an existential health threat, potentiated by emerging and re-emerging viruses and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance. Targeted treatment of infectious diseases requires precision diagnostics, especially in cases where broad-range therapeutics such as antibiotics fail. There is thus an increasing need for new approaches to develop sensitive and specific in vitro diagnostic (IVD) tests. Basic science and translational research are needed to identify key microbial molecules as diagnostic targets, to identify relevant host counterparts, and to use this knowledge in developing or improving IVD. In this regard, an overlooked feature is the capacity of pathogens to adhere specifically to host cells and tissues. The molecular entities relevant for pathogen–surface interaction are the so-called adhesins. Adhesins vary from protein compounds to (poly-)saccharides or lipid structures that interact with eukaryotic host cell matrix molecules and receptors. Such interactions co-define the specificity and sensitivity of a diagnostic test. Currently, adhesin-receptor binding is typically used in the pre-analytical phase of IVD tests, focusing on pathogen enrichment. Further exploration of adhesin–ligand interaction, supported by present high-throughput “omics” technologies, might stimulate a new generation of broadly applicable pathogen detection and characterization tools. This review describes recent results of novel structure-defining technologies allowing for detailed molecular analysis of adhesins, their receptors and complexes. Since the host ligands evolve slowly, the corresponding adhesin interaction is under selective pressure to maintain a constant receptor binding domain. IVD should exploit such conserved binding sites and, in particular, use the human ligand to enrich the pathogen. We provide an inventory of methods based on adhesion factors and pathogen attachment mechanisms, which can also be of relevance to currently emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex van Belkum
- BioMérieux, Open Innovation & Partnerships, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
- Correspondence: (A.v.B.); (D.L.)
| | | | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Sarah V. Barrass
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Sarah J. Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Tuğçe Çaykara
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (T.Ç.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Sounak Chowdhury
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Rucha Datar
- BioMérieux, Microbiology R&D, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
| | | | - Adrian Goldman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.V.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Manisha Goyal
- BioMérieux, Open Innovation & Partnerships, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France;
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Theis Jacobsen
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Pirjo H. Johnson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Andreas Kiessling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Juan Leva Bueno
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Anchal Malik
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Johan Malmström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden; (S.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Ina Meuskens
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Paul A. Milner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Michael Nilges
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Biology and Chemistry, 75724 Paris, France; (B.B.); (N.I.-P.); (T.J.); (M.N.)
| | - Nicole Pamme
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (N.P.); (P.R.-M.)
| | - Sally A. Peyman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (P.H.J.); (A.K.); (J.L.B.); (A.M.); (P.A.M.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Ligia R. Rodrigues
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (L.R.R.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Pablo Rodriguez-Mateos
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; (N.P.); (P.R.-M.)
| | - Maria G. Sande
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (L.R.R.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Carla Joana Silva
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal; (T.Ç.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Cecylia Stasiak
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.C.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (A.C.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Arno Thibau
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Diana J. Vaca
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (V.A.J.K.); (A.T.); (D.J.V.)
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (A.v.B.); (D.L.)
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Weidensdorfer M, Ishikawa M, Hori K, Linke D, Djahanschiri B, Iruegas R, Ebersberger I, Riedel-Christ S, Enders G, Leukert L, Kraiczy P, Rothweiler F, Cinatl J, Berger J, Hipp K, Kempf VAJ, Göttig S. The Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter adhesin Ata controls key virulence traits of Acinetobacter baumannii. Virulence 2020; 10:68-81. [PMID: 31874074 PMCID: PMC6363060 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1558693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes a multitude of nosocomial infections. The Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter adhesin (Ata) belongs to the superfamily of trimeric autotransporter adhesins which are important virulence factors in many Gram-negative species. Phylogenetic profiling revealed that ata is present in 78% of all sequenced A. baumannii isolates but only in 2% of the closely related species A. calcoaceticus and A. pittii. Employing a markerless ata deletion mutant of A. baumannii ATCC 19606 we show that adhesion to and invasion into human endothelial and epithelial cells depend on Ata. Infection of primary human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with A. baumannii led to the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in a time- and Ata-dependent manner. Furthermore, infection of HUVECs by WT A. baumannii was associated with higher rates of apoptosis via activation of caspases-3 and caspase-7, but not necrosis, in comparison to ∆ata. Ata deletion mutants were furthermore attenuated in their ability to kill larvae of Galleria mellonella and to survive in larvae when injected at sublethal doses. This indicates that Ata is an important multifunctional virulence factor in A. baumannii that mediates adhesion and invasion, induces apoptosis and contributes to pathogenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Weidensdorfer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Masahito Ishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Hori
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bardya Djahanschiri
- Department for Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ruben Iruegas
- Department for Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Department for Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Frankfurt (BIK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sara Riedel-Christ
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Giulia Enders
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Leukert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Rothweiler
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Göttig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Thibau A, Dichter AA, Vaca DJ, Linke D, Goldman A, Kempf VAJ. Immunogenicity of trimeric autotransporter adhesins and their potential as vaccine targets. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:243-263. [PMID: 31788746 PMCID: PMC7247748 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current problem of increasing antibiotic resistance and the resurgence of numerous infections indicate the need for novel vaccination strategies more than ever. In vaccine development, the search for and the selection of adequate vaccine antigens is the first important step. In recent years, bacterial outer membrane proteins have become of major interest, as they are the main proteins interacting with the extracellular environment. Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) are important virulence factors in many Gram-negative bacteria, are localised on the bacterial surface, and mediate the first adherence to host cells in the course of infection. One example is the Neisseria adhesin A (NadA), which is currently used as a subunit in a licensed vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis. Other TAAs that seem promising vaccine candidates are the Acinetobacter trimeric autotransporter (Ata), the Haemophilus influenzae adhesin (Hia), and TAAs of the genus Bartonella. Here, we review the suitability of various TAAs as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Thibau
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Dichter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Diana J. Vaca
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Goldman
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Volkhard A. J. Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Phenotypic and genotypic presence of the Yersinia virulence plasmid do not affect the production of enterotoxin YstA by Yersinia enterocolitica strains. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 63:131-135. [PMID: 30961808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether the presence of the Yersinia virulence plasmid could affect the production of enterotoxin YstA by Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from pigs which are the main source of infection for humans. The phenotypic features characteristic for the Yersinia virulence plasmid were detected on CRMOX agar in 8 out of 12 strains producing enterotoxin YstA, in 5 out of 12 doubtful strains, and in 11 out of 12 strains not producing YstA. Autoagglutination ability was detected in all 12 Y. enterocolitica strains that were positive in the suckling mice bioassay, in 11 doubtful strains and 10 negative strains. CRMOX+ colonies were generally ystA, myfA, virF and yadA positive, while CRMOX- colonies were only ystA and myfA positive. The amplicons of yadA were not detected in 2 (8.3%) out of 24 CRMOX+ and virF positive strains. The results of this study indicate that the presence of pYV does not affect the enterotoxin-producing ability of Y. enterocolitica strains.
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Bancerz-Kisiel A, Pieczywek M, Łada P, Szweda W. The Most Important Virulence Markers of Yersinia enterocolitica and Their Role during Infection. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E235. [PMID: 29751540 PMCID: PMC5977175 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is the causative agent of yersiniosis, a zoonotic disease of growing epidemiological importance with significant consequences for public health. This pathogenic species has been intensively studied for many years. Six biotypes (1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5) and more than 70 serotypes of Y. enterocolitica have been identified to date. The biotypes of Y. enterocolitica are divided according to their pathogenic properties: the non-pathogenic biotype 1A, weakly pathogenic biotypes 2⁻5, and the highly pathogenic biotype 1B. Due to the complex pathogenesis of yersiniosis, further research is needed to expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the infection process and the clinical course of the disease. Many factors, both plasmid and chromosomal, significantly influence these processes. The aim of this study was to present the most important virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica and their role during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Bancerz-Kisiel
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marta Pieczywek
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Łada
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Szweda
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Against the tide: the role of bacterial adhesion in host colonization. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1571-1580. [PMID: 27913666 PMCID: PMC5134996 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolving under the constant exposure to an abundance of diverse microbial life, the human body has developed many ways of defining the boundaries between self and non-self. Many physical and immunological barriers to microbial invasion exist, and yet bacteria have found a multitude of ways to overcome these, initiate interactions with and colonize the human host. Adhesion to host cells and tissues is a key feature allowing bacteria to persist in an environment under constant flux and to initiate transient or permanent symbioses with the host. This review discusses reasons why adhesion is such a seemingly indispensable requirement for bacteria–host interactions, and whether bacteria can bypass the need to adhere and still persist. It further outlines open questions about the role of adhesion in bacterial colonization and persistence within the host.
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11
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Maza PK, Suzuki E. Histoplasma capsulatum-Induced Cytokine Secretion in Lung Epithelial Cells Is Dependent on Host Integrins, Src-Family Kinase Activation, and Membrane Raft Recruitment. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:580. [PMID: 27148251 PMCID: PMC4840283 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a human systemic mycosis with worldwide distribution. In the present work, we demonstrate that H. capsulatum yeasts are able to induce cytokine secretion by the human lung epithelial cell line A549 in integrin- and Src-family kinase (SFK)-dependent manners. This conclusion is supported by small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed to α3 and α5 integrins, and PP2, an inhibitor of SFK activation. siRNA and PP2 reduced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in H. capsulatum-infected A549 cell cultures. In addition, α3 and α5 integrins from A549 cells were capable of associating with H. capsulatum yeasts, and this fungus promotes recruitment of these integrins and SFKs to A549 cell membrane rafts. Corroborating this finding, membrane raft disruption with the cholesterol-chelator methyl-β-cyclodextrin reduced the levels of integrins and SFKs in these cell membrane domains. Finally, pretreatment of A549 cells with the cholesterol-binding compound, and also a membrane raft disruptor, filipin, significantly reduced IL-6 and IL-8 levels in A549-H.capsulatum cultures. Taken together, these results indicate that H. capsulatum yeasts induce secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in human lung epithelial cells by interacting with α3 and α5 integrins, recruiting these integrins to membrane rafts, and promoting SFK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma K Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Ulrich T, Oberhettinger P, Autenrieth IB, Rapaport D. Yeast Mitochondria as a Model System to Study the Biogenesis of Bacterial β-Barrel Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1329:17-31. [PMID: 26427673 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2871-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Beta-barrel proteins are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The evolutionary conservation in the biogenesis of these proteins allows mitochondria to assemble bacterial β-barrel proteins in their functional form. In this chapter, we describe exemplarily how the capacity of yeast mitochondria to process the trimeric autotransporter YadA can be used to study the role of bacterial periplasmic chaperones in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ulrich
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Philipp Oberhettinger
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Ingo B Autenrieth
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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Qin W, Wang L, Lei L. New findings on the function and potential applications of the trimeric autotransporter adhesin. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1-14. [PMID: 26014492 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) are located on the surface of many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. TAAs belong to the autotransporter protein family and consist of three identical monomers. These obligate homotrimeric proteins are secreted through the bacterial type Vc secretion system and share a common molecular organization that each monomer consists of a N-terminal "passenger" domain and a C-terminal translocation domain. TAAs are important virulence factors that are involved in bacterial life cycle and participate in mediating infection, invasion, dissemination and evasion of host immune responses. TAAs have also proved to be useful for many applications, such as vaccines and disease biomarkers. We here mainly focused on new findings on bio-function and application of TAAs in addition to their common structure and secretion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, China,
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Valentin-Weigand P, Heesemann J, Dersch P. Unique virulence properties of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 – An emerging zoonotic pathogen using pigs as preferred reservoir host. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:824-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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15
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Ulrich T, Oberhettinger P, Schütz M, Holzer K, Ramms AS, Linke D, Autenrieth IB, Rapaport D. Evolutionary conservation in biogenesis of β-barrel proteins allows mitochondria to assemble a functional bacterial trimeric autotransporter protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29457-70. [PMID: 25190806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.565655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) belongs to a class of bacterial adhesins that form trimeric structures. Their mature form contains a passenger domain and a C-terminal β-domain that anchors the protein in the outer membrane (OM). Little is known about how precursors of such proteins cross the periplasm and assemble into the OM. In the present study we took advantage of the evolutionary conservation in the biogenesis of β-barrel proteins between bacteria and mitochondria. We previously observed that upon expression in yeast cells, bacterial β-barrel proteins including the transmembrane domain of YadA assemble into the mitochondrial OM. In the current study we found that when expressed in yeast cells both the monomeric and trimeric forms of full-length YadA were detected in mitochondria but only the trimeric species was fully integrated into the OM. The oligomeric form was exposed on the surface of the organelle in its native conformation and maintained its capacity to adhere to host cells. The co-expression of YadA with a mitochondria-targeted form of the bacterial periplasmic chaperone Skp, but not with SurA or SecB, resulted in enhanced levels of both forms of YadA. Taken together, these results indicate that the proper assembly of trimeric autotransporter can occur also in a system lacking the lipoproteins of the BAM machinery and is specifically enhanced by the chaperone Skp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ulrich
- From the Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Oberhettinger
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, and
| | - Monika Schütz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, and
| | - Katharina Holzer
- From the Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne S Ramms
- From the Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo B Autenrieth
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, and
| | - Doron Rapaport
- From the Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,
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Abstract
The genus Yersinia has been used as a model system to study pathogen evolution. Using whole-genome sequencing of all Yersinia species, we delineate the gene complement of the whole genus and define patterns of virulence evolution. Multiple distinct ecological specializations appear to have split pathogenic strains from environmental, nonpathogenic lineages. This split demonstrates that contrary to hypotheses that all pathogenic Yersinia species share a recent common pathogenic ancestor, they have evolved independently but followed parallel evolutionary paths in acquiring the same virulence determinants as well as becoming progressively more limited metabolically. Shared virulence determinants are limited to the virulence plasmid pYV and the attachment invasion locus ail. These acquisitions, together with genomic variations in metabolic pathways, have resulted in the parallel emergence of related pathogens displaying an increasingly specialized lifestyle with a spectrum of virulence potential, an emerging theme in the evolution of other important human pathogens.
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Human and animal isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica show significant serotype-specific colonization and host-specific immune defense properties. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4013-25. [PMID: 23959720 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00572-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a human pathogen that is ubiquitous in livestock, especially pigs. The bacteria are able to colonize the intestinal tract of a variety of mammalian hosts, but the severity of induced gut-associated diseases (yersiniosis) differs significantly between hosts. To gain more information about the individual virulence determinants that contribute to colonization and induction of immune responses in different hosts, we analyzed and compared the interactions of different human- and animal-derived isolates of serotypes O:3, O:5,27, O:8, and O:9 with murine, porcine, and human intestinal cells and macrophages. The examined strains exhibited significant serotype-specific cell binding and entry characteristics, but adhesion and uptake into different host cells were not host specific and were independent of the source of the isolate. In contrast, survival and replication within macrophages and the induced proinflammatory response differed between murine, porcine, and human macrophages, suggesting a host-specific immune response. In fact, similar levels of the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) were secreted by murine bone marrow-derived macrophages with all tested isolates, but the equivalent interleukin-8 (IL-8) response of porcine bone marrow-derived macrophages was strongly serotype specific and considerably lower in O:3 than in O:8 strains. In addition, all tested Y. enterocolitica strains caused a considerably higher level of secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by porcine than by murine macrophages. This could contribute to limiting the severity of the infection (in particular of serotype O:3 strains) in pigs, which are the primary reservoir of Y. enterocolitica strains pathogenic to humans.
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Wang X, Gu W, Qiu H, Xia S, Zheng H, Xiao Y, Liang J, Jing H. Comparison of the cytokine immune response to pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O:8 and 2/O:9 in susceptible BALB/C and resistant C57BL/6 mice. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:365-71. [PMID: 23582306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the lethality of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotypes 1B/O:8 and 2/O:9 in susceptible BALB/C and resistant C57BL/6 mice; the cytokine alterations and histopathological changes were observed comparing the two strains in BALB/C mice. The data showed the 50% lethal dose (LD50) for the pathogenic Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O:8 was 10³ cfu in both BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice; while the LD50 for the 2/O:9 was 10⁸ cfu in BALB/C mice and 10⁹ cfu in C57BL/6 mice, a large difference. After infection with the two strains in BALB/C mice, GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor), IFN-γ (interferon-γ), IL-1β (interleukin-1β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) appeared as a cytokine storm in a short period, reached peak values, and then quickly decreased. This appeared important for the immune response and cytokine immunopathogenesis in pathogenic Y. enterocolitica infections. In the initial infection stage, GM-CSF, IL-6, and TNF-α of 2/O:9 were higher than 1B/O:8; and subsequently the status was reversed. However, levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12 following infection with 1B/O:8 were always higher than with 2/O:9. The histopathological changes in the liver and spleen in BALB/C mice infected with the two strains were similar at different times and doses. These observations show the different immunological effects and changes for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica 1B/O:8 and 2/O:9 infections using the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 102206 Beijing, China
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20
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Oberhettinger P, Schütz M, Leo JC, Heinz N, Berger J, Autenrieth IB, Linke D. Intimin and invasin export their C-terminus to the bacterial cell surface using an inverse mechanism compared to classical autotransport. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47069. [PMID: 23056583 PMCID: PMC3467248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasin and intimin are major virulence factors of enteropathogenic Yersiniae and Escherichia coli, mediating invasion into and intimate adherence to host cells, respectively. Several studies have hinted that extracellular portion of these homologous proteins might be exported via an autotransport mechanism, but rigorous experimental proof has been lacking. Here, we present a topology model for invasin and intimin, consistent with the hypothesis that the N-terminal β-barrel domain acts as a translocation pore to secrete the C-terminal passenger domain. We confirmed this topology model by inserting epitope tags into the loops of the β-barrel. We further show that obstructing the pore of β-barrel hinders the export of the passenger domain. As for classical autotransport, the biogenesis of invasin and intimin is dependent on the Bam complex and the periplasmic chaperone SurA, whereas the chaperone/protease DegP is involved in quality control. However, compared to classical autotransporters (Type Va secretion), the domain structure of intimin and invasin is inverted. We conclude that proteins of the intimin and invasin family constitute a novel group of autotransported proteins, and propose that this class of autotransporters be termed Type Ve secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Oberhettinger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jack C. Leo
- Abteilung 1, Max Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nadja Heinz
- Abteilung 1, Max Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Berger
- Abteilung 1, Max Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Autenrieth
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Linke
- Abteilung 1, Max Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Köberle M, Göppel D, Grandl T, Gaentzsch P, Manncke B, Berchtold S, Müller S, Lüscher B, Asselin-Labat ML, Pallardy M, Sorg I, Langer S, Barth H, Zumbihl R, Autenrieth IB, Bohn E. Yersinia enterocolitica YopT and Clostridium difficile toxin B induce expression of GILZ in epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40730. [PMID: 22792400 PMCID: PMC3392236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid induced-leucine zipper (GILZ) has been shown to be induced in cells by different stimuli such as glucocorticoids, IL-10 or deprivation of IL-2. GILZ has anti-inflammatory properties and may be involved in signalling modulating apoptosis. Herein we demonstrate that wildtype Yersinia enterocolitica which carry the pYV plasmid upregulated GILZ mRNA levels and protein expression in epithelial cells. Infection of HeLa cells with different Yersinia mutant strains revealed that the protease activity of YopT, which cleaves the membrane-bound form of Rho GTPases was sufficient to induce GILZ expression. Similarly, Clostridium difficile toxin B, another bacterial inhibitor of Rho GTPases induced GILZ expression. YopT and toxin B both increased transcriptional activity of the GILZ promoter in HeLa cells. GILZ expression could not be linked to the inactivation of an individual Rho GTPase by these toxins. However, forced expression of RhoA and RhoB decreased basal GILZ promoter activity. Furthermore, MAPK activation proved necessary for profound GILZ induction by toxin B. Promoter studies and gel shift analyses defined binding of upstream stimulatory factor (USF) 1 and 2 to a canonical c-Myc binding site (E-box) in the GILZ promoter as a crucial step of its trans-activation. In addition we could show that USF-1 and USF-2 are essential for basal as well as toxin B induced GILZ expression. These findings define a novel way of GILZ promoter trans-activation mediated by bacterial toxins and differentiate it from those mediated by dexamethasone or deprivation of IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köberle
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Göppel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Grandl
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peer Gaentzsch
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Manncke
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Berchtold
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Müller
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- Universud, NSERM UMR-S 996, Faculte de Pharmacie Paris-Sud, Chatenay-Malabry, France
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Universud, NSERM UMR-S 996, Faculte de Pharmacie Paris-Sud, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Isabel Sorg
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Langer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Zumbihl
- INRA, UMR1333, Laboratoire Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes Insectes, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Ingo B. Autenrieth
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erwin Bohn
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Uliczka F, Dersch P. Unique virulence properties of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 954:281-7. [PMID: 22782774 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3561-7_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Uliczka
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Abstract
Bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that employ a unique stealth infection strategy comprising immune evasion and modulation, intimate interaction with nucleated cells, and intraerythrocytic persistence. Infections with Bartonella are ubiquitous among mammals, and many species can infect humans either as their natural host or incidentally as zoonotic pathogens. Upon inoculation into a naive host, the bartonellae first colonize a primary niche that is widely accepted to involve the manipulation of nucleated host cells, e.g., in the microvasculature. Consistently, in vitro research showed that Bartonella harbors an ample arsenal of virulence factors to modulate the response of such cells, gain entrance, and establish an intracellular niche. Subsequently, the bacteria are seeded into the bloodstream where they invade erythrocytes and give rise to a typically asymptomatic intraerythrocytic bacteremia. While this course of infection is characteristic for natural hosts, zoonotic infections or the infection of immunocompromised patients may alter the path of Bartonella and result in considerable morbidity. In this review we compile current knowledge on the molecular processes underlying both the infection strategy and pathogenesis of Bartonella and discuss their connection to the clinical presentation of human patients, which ranges from minor complaints to life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Harms
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Fàbrega A, Vila J. Yersinia enterocolitica: Pathogenesis, virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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In vivo-induced InvA-like autotransporters Ifp and InvC of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis promote interactions with intestinal epithelial cells and contribute to virulence. Infect Immun 2011; 80:1050-64. [PMID: 22158741 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05715-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Ifp and InvC molecules are putative autotransporter proteins with a high homology to the invasin (InvA) protein. To characterize the function of these surface proteins, we expressed both factors in Escherichia coli K-12 and demonstrated the attachment of Ifp- and InvC-expressing bacteria to human-, mouse-, and pig-derived intestinal epithelial cells. Ifp also was found to mediate microcolony formation and internalization into polarized human enterocytes. The ifp and invC genes were not expressed under in vitro conditions but were found to be induced in the Peyer's patches of the mouse intestinal tract. In a murine coinfection model, the colonization of the Peyer's patches and the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice by the ifp-deficient strain was significantly reduced, and considerably fewer bacteria reached liver and spleen. The absence of InvC did not have a severe influence on bacterial colonization in the murine infection model, and it resulted in only a slightly reduced number of invC mutants in the Peyer's patches. The analysis of the host immune response demonstrated that the presence of Ifp and InvC reduced the recruitment of professional phagocytes, especially neutrophils, in the Peyer's patches. These findings support a role for the adhesins in modulating host-pathogen interactions that are important for immune defense.
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Galindo CL, Rosenzweig JA, Kirtley ML, Chopra AK. Pathogenesis of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis in Human Yersiniosis. J Pathog 2011; 2011:182051. [PMID: 22567322 PMCID: PMC3335670 DOI: 10.4061/2011/182051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersiniosis is a food-borne illness that has become more prevalent in recent years due to human transmission via the fecal-oral route and prevalence in farm animals. Yersiniosis is primarily caused by Yersinia enterocolitica and less frequently by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Infection is usually characterized by a self-limiting acute infection beginning in the intestine and spreading to the mesenteric lymph nodes. However, more serious infections and chronic conditions can also occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are both heterogeneous organisms that vary considerably in their degrees of pathogenicity, although some generalizations can be ascribed to pathogenic variants. Adhesion molecules and a type III secretion system are critical for the establishment and progression of infection. Additionally, host innate and adaptive immune responses are both required for yersiniae clearance. Despite the ubiquity of enteric Yersinia species and their association as important causes of food poisoning world-wide, few national enteric pathogen surveillance programs include the yersiniae as notifiable pathogens. Moreover, no standard exists whereby identification and reporting systems can be effectively compared and global trends developed. This review discusses yersinial virulence factors, mechanisms of infection, and host responses in addition to the current state of surveillance, detection, and prevention of yersiniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi L Galindo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Human Infections & Immunity, and the Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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Kajiya M, Komatsuzawa H, Papantonakis A, Seki M, Makihira S, Ouhara K, Kusumoto Y, Murakami S, Taubman MA, Kawai T. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Omp29 is associated with bacterial entry to gingival epithelial cells by F-actin rearrangement. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18287. [PMID: 21559515 PMCID: PMC3084700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset and progressive pathogenesis of periodontal disease is thought to be initiated by the entry of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) into periodontal tissue, especially gingival epithelium. Nonetheless, the mechanism underlying such bacterial entry remains to be clarified. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible role of Aa outer membrane protein 29 kD (Omp29), a homologue of E. coli OmpA, in promoting bacterial entry into gingival epithelial cells. To accomplish this, Omp29 expression vector was incorporated in an OmpA-deficient mutant of E. coli. Omp29+/OmpA−E. coli demonstrated 22-fold higher entry into human gingival epithelial line cells (OBA9) than Omp29−/OmpA−E. coli. While the entry of Aa and Omp29+/OmpA−E. coli into OBA9 cells were inhibited by anti-Omp29 antibody, their adherence to OBA9 cells was not inhibited. Stimulation of OBA9 cells with purified Omp29 increased the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a pivotal cell-signaling molecule that can up-regulate actin rearrangement. Furthermore, Omp29 increased the formation of F-actin in OBA9 cells. The internalization of Omp29-coated beads and the entry of Aa into OBA9 were partially inhibited by treatment with PI3-kinase inhibitor (Wortmannin) and Rho GTPases inhibitor (EDIN), both known to convey FAK-signaling to actin-rearrangement. These results suggest that Omp29 is associated with the entry of Aa into gingival epithelial cells by up-regulating F-actin rearrangement via the FAK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Annatoula Papantonakis
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Makoto Seki
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seicho Makihira
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yutaka Kusumoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Martin A. Taubman
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology, Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bonardi S, Paris A, Bassi L, Salmi F, Bacci C, Riboldi E, Boni E, D'Incau M, Tagliabue S, Brindani F. Detection, semiquantitative enumeration, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica in pork and chicken meats in Italy. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1785-92. [PMID: 21067665 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.10.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is recognized as an etiological agent of gastroenteritis, lymphadenitis, and chronic sequelae. During 2006 and 2007, 205 samples (125 pork and 80 chicken meats) were collected in Italy and tested for detection and most-probable-number (MPN) enumeration of Y. enterocolitica organisms. The microorganism was isolated from 45 samples (21.9%): 19 (15.2%) pork samples and 26 (32.5%) chicken samples. Y. enterocolitica MPN contamination levels were low, ranging from 0.30 to 1.50/g. Most (94.4%) Y. enterocolitica strains were biotype 1A (serotypes O:3; O:5; O:6,30; O:6,30-6,31; O:7,8-8-8,19; O:8; O:9; O:25,35; O:36; and O nontypeable), and 5.6% of the isolates were bioserotype 2/O:9. All isolates were tested for yadA, ail, inv, ystA, and ystB virulence sequences. The yadA gene was detected in two strains (3.7%) isolated from chicken samples: one Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 yadA+ ail+ ystA+, and one Y. enterocolitica 1A/O:7,8-8-8,19 yadA+ inv+ ystB+. Two (3.7%) 2/O:9 strains, isolated from pork products, were ail+ ystA+. Most biotype 1A strains were ystB+ (84.3%) and inv+ (39.2%). All strains were sensitive to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfonamide, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to gentamicin and aztreonam was observed in 1.9% of the isolates. High levels of resistance were detected toward amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (27.8%), ampicillin (75.9%), and erythromycin (100%). The authors hypothesize that Y. enterocolitica pathogenic biotypes are rather uncommon in foods when compared with their isolation rates from animal sources and that chicken meat could be contaminated as well as pig meat and its derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonardi
- Animal Health Department, Section of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Reis RSD, Horn F. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Samonella, Shigella and Yersinia: cellular aspects of host-bacteria interactions in enteric diseases. Gut Pathog 2010; 2:8. [PMID: 20649986 PMCID: PMC2921366 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful infection of the human intestine by enteropathogenic bacteria depends on the ability of bacteria to attach and colonize the intestinal epithelium and, in some cases, to invade the host cell, survive intracellularly and disseminate from cell to cell. To accomplish these processes bacteria have evolved an arsenal of molecules that are mostly secreted by dedicated type III secretion systems, and that interact with the host, subverting normal cellular functions. Here we overview the most important molecular strategies developed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Shigella flexneri, and Yersinia enterocolitica to cause enteric infections. Despite having evolved different effectors, these four microorganisms share common host cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Souza Dos Reis
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, P,O, Box 15005, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Trimer stability of YadA is critical for virulence of Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2677-90. [PMID: 20308293 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01350-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin with multiple functions in host-pathogen interactions. The aim of this study was to dissect the virulence functions promoted by YadA in vitro and in vivo. To accomplish this, we generated Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 mutants expressing point mutations in YadA G389, a highly conserved residue in the membrane anchor of YadA, and analyzed their impact on YadA expression and virulence functions. We found that point mutations of YadA G389 led to impaired transport, stability, and surface display of YadA. YadA G389A and G389S mutants showed comparable YadA surface expression, autoagglutination, and adhesion to those of wild-type YadA but displayed reduced trimer stability and complement resistance in vitro and were 10- to 1,000-fold attenuated in experimental Y. enterocolitica infection in mice. The G389T, G389N, and G389H mutants lost trimer stability, exhibited strongly reduced surface display, autoagglutination, adhesion properties, and complement resistance, and were avirulent (>10,000-fold attenuation) in mice. Our data demonstrate that G389 is a critical residue of YadA, required for optimal trimer stability, transport, surface display, and serum resistance. We also show that stable trimeric YadA protein is essential for virulence of Y. enterocolitica.
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Interaction of Yersinia with the gut: mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune evasion. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 337:61-91. [PMID: 19812980 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01846-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia entercolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are human foodborne pathogens that interact extensively with tissues of the gut and the host's immune system to cause disease. As part of their pathogenic strategies, the Yersinia have evolved numerous ways to invade host tissues, gain essential nutrients, and evade host immunity. Technological advances over the last 10 years have revolutionized our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. The application of these new technologies has also shown that even well-understood pathogens such as the Yersinia have many surprises waiting to be revealed. The complex interaction with the host has made Yersinia a paradigm for understanding bacterial pathogenesis and the host response to invasive bacterial infections. This review examines the mechanisms of immune evasion employed by the Yersinia and highlights recent advances in understanding the host-pathogen interaction.
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Gravelle S, Barnes R, Hawdon N, Shewchuk L, Eibl J, Lam JS, Ulanova M. Up-regulation of integrin expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells caused by bacterial infection: in vitro study. Innate Immun 2009; 16:14-26. [PMID: 19710103 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of adhesion receptors that are known to be key signaling molecules in both physiological and pathological processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of integrin receptors in the pulmonary epithelium can change under various pathological conditions, such as injury, inflammation, or malignant transformation. We hypothesize that integrin expression can be altered by stimulation of lung epithelial cells with an opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using the A549 adenocarcinoma cell line that expressed a low level of several integrin subunits we have demonstrated that P. aeruginosa infection in vitro caused a rapid up-regulation of α5, αv, β1, and β4 integrins at both the mRNA and protein level. Neither heat-killed P. aeruginosa strain PAK nor its live isogenic mutants lacking pili or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core oligosaccharide showed any effect on integrin expression in A549 cells as compared to the use of the wild-type PAK strain. These results establish that up-regulation of integrin expression is dependent on the internalization of live bacteria possessing intact pili and LPS. Gene silencing of integrin-linked kinase in A549 cells caused a significant decrease in the release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to P. aeruginosa stimulation. Although further studies are warranted towards understanding the precise role of integrin receptors in prominent inflammation caused by P. aeruginosa, our findings suggest a possibility of using specific integrin inhibitors for therapy of pulmonary inflammatory conditions caused by pathogenic micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Gravelle
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Barnes
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Hawdon
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee Shewchuk
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Eibl
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine East Campus, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph S. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine West Campus, Ontario, Canada, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Köberle M, Klein-Günther A, Schütz M, Fritz M, Berchtold S, Tolosa E, Autenrieth IB, Bohn E. Yersinia enterocolitica targets cells of the innate and adaptive immune system by injection of Yops in a mouse infection model. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000551. [PMID: 19680448 PMCID: PMC2718809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) evades the immune system of the host by injection of Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) via a type three secretion system into host cells. In this study, a reporter system comprising a YopE-β-lactamase hybrid protein and a fluorescent staining sensitive to β-lactamase cleavage was used to track Yop injection in cell culture and in an experimental Ye mouse infection model. Experiments with GD25, GD25-β1A, and HeLa cells demonstrated that β1-integrins and RhoGTPases play a role for Yop injection. As demonstrated by infection of splenocyte suspensions in vitro, injection of Yops appears to occur randomly into all types of leukocytes. In contrast, upon infection of mice, Yop injection was detected in 13% of F4/80+, 11% of CD11c+, 7% of CD49b+, 5% of Gr1+ cells, 2.3% of CD19+, and 2.6% of CD3+ cells. Taking the different abundance of these cell types in the spleen into account, the highest total number of Yop-injected cells represents B cells, particularly CD19+CD21+CD23+ follicular B cells, followed by neutrophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages, suggesting a distinct cellular tropism of Ye. Yop-injected B cells displayed a significantly increased expression of CD69 compared to non-Yop-injected B cells, indicating activation of these cells by Ye. Infection of IFN-γR (receptor)- and TNFRp55-deficient mice resulted in increased numbers of Yop-injected spleen cells for yet unknown reasons. The YopE-β-lactamase hybrid protein reporter system provides new insights into the modulation of host cell and immune responses by Ye Yops. An important strategy of Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) to suppress the immune defense is to inject bacterial proteins (Yersinia outer proteins, Yops) after cell contact directly into host cells, which affects their functions. However, tracking of cells in which Yop injection occurred has only been described for Yersinia pestis thus far. We adapted the described reporter system specifically for the use of infections with Ye and report the usefulness and limitations of this system. Using cell culture experiments, we demonstrated that β1-integrins and the RhoGTPases RhoA and Rac1 are involved in Yop injection. Since cell culture experiments also revealed that Yop injection is detectable in a similar manner into all subpopulations of the spleen, the system can be used to detect interaction of bacteria with host cells in vivo. In a mouse infection model we found that follicular B cells, granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are the main targets of Yop injection. Interestingly, Yop-injected B cells displayed an increased activation as indicated by increased CD69 expression. In contrast, interaction of bacteria with T cells seems to be rather a rare event. In immunocompromised gene-targeted mice we found increased frequencies of Yop-injected host cells for yet unknown reasons. Taken together, this novel reporter system represents a powerful tool to further study interaction of host cells with Ye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köberle
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annegret Klein-Günther
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Schütz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Fritz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Berchtold
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Autenrieth
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erwin Bohn
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kaiser PO, Riess T, Wagner CL, Linke D, Lupas AN, Schwarz H, Raddatz G, Schäfer A, Kempf VAJ. The head of Bartonella adhesin A is crucial for host cell interaction of Bartonella henselae. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2223-34. [PMID: 18627378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human pathogenic Bartonella henselae cause cat scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders (e.g. bacillary angiomatosis). Expression of Bartonella adhesin A (BadA) is crucial for bacterial autoagglutination, adhesion to host cells, binding to extracellular matrix proteins and proangiogenic reprogramming via activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1. Like the prototypic Yersinia adhesin A, BadA belongs to the class of trimeric autotransporter adhesins and is constructed modularly consisting of a head, a long and repetitive neck-stalk module and a membrane anchor. Until now, the exact biological role of these domains is not known. Here, we analysed the function of the BadA head by truncating the repetitive neck-stalk module of BadA (B. henselae badA(-)/pHN23). Like B. henselae Marseille wild type, B. henselae badA(-)/pHN23 showed autoagglutination, adhesion to collagen and endothelial cells and activation of HIF-1 in host cells. Remarkably, B. henselae badA(-)/pHN23 did not bind to fibronectin (Fn) suggesting a crucial role of the deleted stalk domain in Fn binding. Additionally, the recombinantly expressed BadA head adhered to human umbilical vein endothelial cells and to a lesser degree to epithelial (HeLa 229) cells. Our data suggest that the head represents the major functional domain of BadA responsible for host adhesion and angiogenic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Kaiser
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Ulanova M, Gravelle S, Barnes R. The role of epithelial integrin receptors in recognition of pulmonary pathogens. J Innate Immun 2008; 1:4-17. [PMID: 20375562 PMCID: PMC7190199 DOI: 10.1159/000141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of heterodimeric transmembrane cell adhesion receptors. During the last decade, it has become clear that integrins significantly participate in various host-pathogen interactions involving pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Many bacteria possess adhesins that can bind either directly or indirectly to integrins. However, there appears to be an emerging role for integrins beyond simply adhesion molecules. Given the conserved nature of integrin structure and function, and the diversity of the pathogens which use integrins, it appears that they may act as pattern recognition receptors important for the innate immune response. Several clinically significant bacterial pathogens target lung epithelial integrins, and this review will focus on exploring various structures and mechanisms involved in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ulanova
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada.
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36
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Rajam G, Phillips DJ, White E, Anderton J, Hooper CW, Sampson JS, Carlone GM, Ades EW, Romero-Steiner S. A functional epitope of the pneumococcal surface adhesin A activates nasopharyngeal cells and increases bacterial internalization. Microb Pathog 2008; 44:186-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A conserved glycine residue of trimeric autotransporter domains plays a key role in Yersinia adhesin A autotransport. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:9011-9. [PMID: 17921300 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00985-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Yersinia adhesin A (YadA) is a trimeric autotransporter adhesin of enteric yersiniae. It consists of three major domains: a head mediating adherence to host cells, a stalk involved in serum resistance, and an anchor that forms a membrane pore and is responsible for the autotransport function. The anchor contains a glycine residue, nearly invariant throughout trimeric autotransporter adhesins, that faces the pore lumen. To address the role of this glycine, we replaced it with polar amino acids of increasing side chain size and expressed wild-type and mutant YadA in Escherichia coli. The mutations did not impair the YadA-mediated adhesion to collagen and to host cells or the host cell cytokine production, but they decreased the expression levels and stability of YadA trimers with increasing side chain size. Likewise, autoagglutination and resistance to serum were decreased in these mutants. We found that the periplasmic protease DegP is involved in the degradation of YadA and that in an E. coli degP deletion strain, mutant versions of YadA were expressed almost to wild-type levels. We conclude that the conserved glycine residue affects both the export and the stability of YadA and consequently some of its putative functions in pathogenesis.
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Handley SA, Miller VL. General and specific host responses to bacterial infection in Peyer's patches: a role for stromelysin-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-3) during Salmonella enterica infection. Mol Microbiol 2007; 64:94-110. [PMID: 17376075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Yersinia enterocolitica are enteric pathogens capable of colonizing and inducing inflammatory responses in Peyer's patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Although the tissue colonization pattern is similar between these two pathogens, their pathogenic lifestyles are quite different. For example, while S. typhimurium is primarily an intracellular pathogen, Y. enterocolitica survives primarily extracellularly. We determined and compared the transcriptional changes occurring in response to S. typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica colonization of PP using Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Both pathogens elicited a general inflammatory response indicated by the upregulation of cytokines and chemokines. However, specific differences were also observed, most notably in the transcriptional regulation of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IFN-gamma-regulated genes in response to S. typhimurium but not Y. enterocolitica. Of particular note, a group of genes encoding matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) had increased transcript numbers in the PPs following infection with both pathogens. The experiments described here compare oral S. typhimurium or Y. enterocolitica infection in stromelysin-1 (MMP-3)-deficient mice (mmp-3(-/-)) with mice possessing functional MMP-3 (mmp-3(+/+)). There was little difference in the survival of MMP-3-deficient mice infected with Y. enterocolitica when compared with littermate controls. Surprisingly though, mmp-3(-/-) mice were markedly more resistant to S. typhimurium infection than the control mice. S. typhimurium was able to colonize mmp-3(-/-) mice, albeit in a delayed fashion, to equivalent levels as mmp-3(+/+) mice. Nevertheless, significantly lower levels of inflammatory cytokines were detected in tissues and serum in the mmp-3(-/-) mice in comparison with mmp-3(+/+) mice. We hypothesize that MMP-3 is involved in initiating an early and lethal cytokine response to S. typhimurium colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Handley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Kohwiwattanagun J, Kawamura I, Fujimura T, Mitsuyama M. Mycobacterial mammalian cell entry protein 1A (Mce1A)-mediated adherence enhances the chemokine production by A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Microbiol Immunol 2007; 51:253-61. [PMID: 17310094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial mammalian cell entry protein 1A (Mce1A) is involved in the uptake of bacteria in non-phagocytic cells and also possibly in granuloma formation. However, it has not been clarified whether the interaction between mycobacterial Mce1A and epithelial cell induces chemokine and cytokine production which is required for granuloma formation. To this end, we infected A549 alveolar epithelial cells in vitro with E. coli expressing Mce1A on the cell surface and examined the resultant chemokine/cytokine production. Mce1A promoted bacterial adherence and internalization of E. coli into A549 cells, and these recombinant bacteria induced high levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 production, compared to E. coli harboring the plasmid vector alone. Chemokine production was enhanced by the internalization of recombinant E. coli expressing Mce1A because cytochalasin D treatment partially inhibited MCP-1 and IL-8 production. However, Mce1A-coated latex beads did not induce the chemokine production. These results suggest that although Mce1A does not induce production of chemokines, it may promote chemokine induction by augmenting the interaction between bacteria and epithelial cells.
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McNally A, La Ragione RM, Best A, Manning G, Newell DG. An aflagellate mutant Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A strain displays altered invasion of epithelial cells, persistence in macrophages, and cytokine secretion profiles in vitro. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:1339-1349. [PMID: 17464048 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/000919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being classically defined as non-pathogenic, there is growing evidence that biotype 1A Yersinia enterocolitica isolates may be aetiological agents of disease in humans. In previous studies, a potential link between motility and the ability of biotype 1A strains to invade cultured epithelial cells was observed. In an attempt to further investigate this finding, a flagella mutant was constructed in a human faecal Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A isolate. The flagella mutation abolished the ability of the strain to invade cultured human epithelial cells, although adherence was not affected. The aflagellate mutant was also attenuated in its ability to survive within cultured macrophages, being cleared after 3 h, whilst the wild-type persisted for 24 h after infection. Examination of cytokine secretion by infected macrophages also suggested that the flagella of biotype 1A strains act as anti-inflammatory agents, decreasing production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha whilst increasing secretion of interleukin (IL)-10. Preliminary studies using porcine in vitro organ culture (IVOC) tissue suggested that the flagella mutant was also attenuated in its ability to colonize intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McNally
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | - Angus Best
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | - Georgina Manning
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | - Diane G Newell
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
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McNally A, Dalton T, Ragione RML, Stapleton K, Manning G, Newell DG. Yersinia enterocolitica isolates of differing biotypes from humans and animals are adherent, invasive and persist in macrophages, but differ in cytokine secretion profiles in vitro. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1725-1734. [PMID: 17108278 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a potential link between the serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica recovered from cattle, sheep and pigs and those isolated from human disease cases. Further studies utilizing amplified fragment length polymorphisms have shown a relationship at the genetic level between strains of biotypes 3 and 4 from humans and livestock, and also suggested that some biotype 1A isolates, classically defined as non-pathogenic, are closely related to biotype 3 and 4 isolates. This study sought to understand further the pathogenic potential of Y. enterocolitica isolates from livestock in Great Britain. A range of surrogate in vitro models, such as invasion of epithelial tissue cultures, survival in cultured macrophages and cytokine secretion response, was employed to assess the pathogenicity of 88 strains. The results suggested that all isolates examined were capable of adhering to and invading epithelial cells and of surviving within macrophages. However, the inflammatory response of the infected macrophages differed with the infecting Y. enterocolitica subtype, with the response to pathogenic biotype 3 and 4 isolates different to that observed with biotype 1A isolates, and with the biotype 3 O : 5,27 isolates recovered exclusively from animals. Infections of porcine tissue also suggested the possibility of host-tissue tropism within Y. enterocolitica subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McNally
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tracey Dalton
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Stapleton
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Georgina Manning
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Diane G Newell
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Linke D, Riess T, Autenrieth IB, Lupas A, Kempf VAJ. Trimeric autotransporter adhesins: variable structure, common function. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14:264-70. [PMID: 16678419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs) are important virulence factors in gram-negative pathogens. Despite the variety of hosts ranging from plants to mammals and the specialized regulation of TAAs, their molecular organization follows surprisingly simple rules: they form trimeric surface structures with a head-stalk-anchor architecture. The head and stalk are composed of a small set of domains, building blocks that are frequently arranged repetitively. We propose that this repetitive arrangement facilitates recombination of domains to modulate the specificity of the common function: adhesion to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Linke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Proteinevolution, Spemannstr. 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Kinhikar AG, Vargas D, Li H, Mahaffey SB, Hinds L, Belisle JT, Laal S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis malate synthase is a laminin-binding adhesin. Mol Microbiol 2006; 60:999-1013. [PMID: 16677310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) uses the glyoxalate bypass for intracellular survival in vivo. These studies provide evidence that the M. tb malate synthase (MS) has adapted to function as an adhesin which binds to laminin and fibronectin. This binding is achieved via the unique C-terminal region of the M. tb MS. The ability to function as an adhesin necessitates extracellular localization. We provide evidence that despite the absence of a Sec-translocation signal sequence the M. tb MS is secreted/excreted, and is anchored on the cell wall by an undefined mechanism. The MS of Mycobacterium smegmatis is cytoplasmic but the M. tb MS expressed in M. smegmatis localizes to the cell wall and enhances the adherence of the bacteria to lung epithelial A549 cells. Antibodies to the C-terminal laminin/fibronectin-binding domain interfere with the binding of the M. tb MS to laminin and fibronectin and reduce the adherence of M. tb to A549 cells. Coupled to the earlier evidence of in vivo expression of M. tb MS during active but not latent infection in humans, these studies show that a housekeeping enzyme of M. tb contributes to its armamentarium of virulence promoting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind G Kinhikar
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Heise T, Dersch P. Identification of a domain in Yersinia virulence factor YadA that is crucial for extracellular matrix-specific cell adhesion and uptake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3375-80. [PMID: 16488979 PMCID: PMC1413876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507749103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For many pathogens, cell adhesion factors are critical virulence determinants. Enteropathogenic Yersinia species express the afimbrial adhesin YadA, the prototype of a class of homotrimeric outer membrane adhesins, which mediates adherence to host cells by binding to extracellular matrix components. In this study, we demonstrate that different pathogenic functions are attributable to highly homologous YadA proteins. YadA of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (YadA(pstb)) and Yersinia enterocolitica (YadA(ent)) exhibit fundamental differences in their specificity of extracellular matrix substrate binding, they cause dissimilar bacterial aggregation behaviors, and YadA(pstb), but not YadA(ent), promotes efficient uptake into human cells. Evidence is presented here that a unique N-terminal amino acid sequence of YadA(pstb), which is absent in YadA(ent), acts as an "uptake domain" by mediating tight binding to fibronectin bound on alpha(5)beta(1) integrin receptors, which are crucial for initiating the entry process. Deleting this motif in YadA(pstb) generated all features of the YadA(ent) protein, i.e., the molecule lost its adhesiveness to fibronectin and its invasiveness, but gained adhesion potential to collagen and laminin. Loss of the "uptake region" also attenuated host tissue colonization by Y. pseudotuberculosis during oral infections of mice, demonstrating that this motif plays a crucial role in defining pathogen-host cell interaction and pathogenesis. We conclude that even small variations in adhesion factors can provoke major differences in the virulence properties of related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Heise
- *Junior Research Group NG6, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Petra Dersch
- *Junior Research Group NG6, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Yang F, Yang J, Zhang X, Chen L, Jiang Y, Yan Y, Tang X, Wang J, Xiong Z, Dong J, Xue Y, Zhu Y, Xu X, Sun L, Chen S, Nie H, Peng J, Xu J, Wang Y, Yuan Z, Wen Y, Yao Z, Shen Y, Qiang B, Hou Y, Yu J, Jin Q. Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:6445-58. [PMID: 16275786 PMCID: PMC1278947 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Shigella bacteria cause bacillary dysentery, which remains a significant threat to public health. The genus status and species classification appear no longer valid, as compelling evidence indicates that Shigella, as well as enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, are derived from multiple origins of E.coli and form a single pathovar. Nevertheless, Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 causes deadly epidemics but Shigella boydii is restricted to the Indian subcontinent, while Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei are prevalent in developing and developed countries respectively. To begin to explain these distinctive epidemiological and pathological features at the genome level, we have carried out comparative genomics on four representative strains. Each of the Shigella genomes includes a virulence plasmid that encodes conserved primary virulence determinants. The Shigella chromosomes share most of their genes with that of E.coli K12 strain MG1655, but each has over 200 pseudogenes, 300∼700 copies of insertion sequence (IS) elements, and numerous deletions, insertions, translocations and inversions. There is extensive diversity of putative virulence genes, mostly acquired via bacteriophage-mediated lateral gene transfer. Hence, via convergent evolution involving gain and loss of functions, through bacteriophage-mediated gene acquisition, IS-mediated DNA rearrangements and formation of pseudogenes, the Shigella spp. became highly specific human pathogens with variable epidemiological and pathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Yongliang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Yafang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Xingye Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Lilian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Shuxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Huan Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Junping Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Microbial Genome Research Center, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Microbial Genome Research Center, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Microbial Genome Research Center, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Microbial Genome Research Center, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Zhijian Yao
- National Center of Human Genome ResearchBeijing 100176, China
| | - Yan Shen
- National Center of Human Genome ResearchBeijing 100176, China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- National Center of Human Genome ResearchBeijing 100176, China
| | - Yunde Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
| | - Jun Yu
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteWellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Qi Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
- Microbial Genome Research Center, Chinese Ministry of Public HealthBeijing 100052, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 10 6787 7732; Fax: +86 10 6787 7736;
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Edwards JL, Apicella MA. I-domain-containing integrins serve as pilus receptors for Neisseria gonorrhoeae adherence to human epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2005; 7:1197-211. [PMID: 16008586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two pilus receptors are identified for the pathogenic Neisseria, CD46 and complement receptor 3. An intimate association between the asialoglycoprotein receptor and gonococcal lipooligosaccharide mediates invasion of primary, male urethral epithelial cells (UECs); however, studies to identify pilus receptors on these cells have not been performed. Based on our previous studies we reasoned that the I-domain-containing (IDC), alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-integrins might serve as pilus receptors on UECs and on urethral tissue. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of pilus with alpha(1) and alpha(2) integrins on UECs and tissue. We found that recombinant I-domain and antibodies directed against the alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-integrins inhibited gonococcal association with UECs and with immortal cell lines of variable origin. Gonococcus-integrin colocalization occurred at early time points post infection, but this interaction dissociated with extended infection. Similarly, Western Blot analyses revealed that gonococcal pilin coimmunoprecipitates with alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-integrins. However, studies performed in parallel and that were designed to capture CD46-pilus immune complexes indicated that a CD46-pilus interaction did not occur. Collectively, these data suggest that while CD46 might be able to bind gonococcal pilus, IDC integrins are preferentially used as the initial docking site for gonococci on UECs, on urethral tissue and on some immortal cell lines.
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47
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Hudson KJ, Bliska JB, Bouton AH. Distinct mechanisms of integrin binding by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis adhesins determine the phagocytic response of host macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2005; 7:1474-89. [PMID: 16153246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The enteropathogenic yersiniae express two outer membrane adhesins, invasin and YadA, that contribute to pathogenesis. While invasin binds directly to beta1 integrin receptors with high affinity, YadA binds indirectly through extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In this study, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis inv and yadA mutants were used to investigate how these distinct binding mechanisms compare and potentially compete in activating signalling pathways and promoting bacterial uptake by host macrophages. The efficiency of adhesin-mediated phagocytic responses was found to be dependent on the relative expression of invasin and YadA on the bacterial surface as well as the expression of ECM proteins in the extracellular milieu. Under conditions of low concentrations of ECM, invasin was found to be the dominant adhesin, promoting high levels of phagocytosis coincident with robust and sustained activation of the protein tyrosine kinases Fak and Pyk2, phosphorylation of the adaptor molecule Cas and activation of the small GTPase Rac1. In the presence of higher concentrations of ECM, YadA became the dominant functional adhesin through its ability to engage integrin receptors via an ECM bridge. We propose a model whereby invasin promotes robust and prolonged activation of phagocytic signalling cascades by inducing a 'high-affinity' integrin conformation as well as integrin clustering. We postulate that YadA-ECM promotes phagocytosis through a more transient activation of signalling cascades that arises from integrin clustering in the context of a cross-linked fibrillar ECM network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krischan J Hudson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, 22908-0734, USA
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