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Rothmann-Meyer W, Naidoo K, de Waal PJ. Spirocerca lupi draft genome, vaccine and anthelmintic targets. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 259:111632. [PMID: 38834134 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Spirocerca lupi is a parasitic nematode affecting predominantly domestic dogs. It causes spirocercosis, a disease that is often fatal. The assembled draft genome of S. lupi consists of 13,627 predicted protein-coding genes and is approximately 150 Mb in length. Several known anthelmintic gene targets such as for β-Tubulin, glutamate, and GABA receptors as well as known vaccine gene targets such as cysteine protease inhibitor and cytokines were identified in S. lupi by comparing orthologs of C. elegans anthelmintic gene targets as well as orthologs to known vaccine candidates. New anthelmintic targets were predicted through an inclusion-exclusion strategy and new vaccine targets were predicted through an immunoinformatics approach. New anthelminthic targets include DNA-directed RNA polymerases, chitin synthase, polymerases, and other enzymes. New vaccine targets include cuticle collagens. These gene targets provide a starting platform for new drug identification and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiekolize Rothmann-Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kershney Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hybrid Field Application Scientist & Field Service Engineer, South Africa
| | - Pamela J de Waal
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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2
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Hotez PJ. A Journey in Science: Molecular vaccines for global child health in troubled times of anti-science. Mol Med 2024; 30:37. [PMID: 38491420 PMCID: PMC10943906 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
My scientific life in translational medicine runs in two parallel, yet often converging paths. The first, is four-decade-long commitment to develop new vaccines for parasitic and neglected tropical diseases, as well as pandemic threats. This includes a vaccine for human hookworm infection that I began as an MD-PhD student in New York City in the 1980s, and a new low-cost COVID vaccine that reached almost 100 million people in low- and middle-income countries. Alongside this life in scientific research, is one in public engagement for vaccine and neglected disease diplomacy to ensure that people who live in extreme poverty can benefit from access to biomedical innovations. A troubling element has been the daunting task of countering rising antivaccine activism, which threatens to undermine our global vaccine ecosystem. Yet, this activity may turn out to become just as important for saving lives as developing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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3
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Puchner KP, Bottazzi ME, Periago V, Grobusch M, Maizels R, McCarthy J, Lee B, Gaspari E, Diemert D, Hotez P. Vaccine value profile for Hookworm. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00540-6. [PMID: 37863671 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Hookworm, a parasitic infection, retains a considerable burden of disease, affecting the most underprivileged segments of the general population in endemic countries and remains one of the leading causes of mild to severe anemia in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs), particularly in pregnancy and children under 5. Despite repeated large scale Preventive Chemotherapy (PC) interventions since more than 3 decades, there is broad consensus among scholars that elimination targets set in the newly launched NTD roadmap will require additional tools and interventions. Development of a vaccine could constitute a promising expansion of the existing arsenal against hookworm. Therefore, we have evaluated the biological and implementation feasibility of the vaccine development as well as the added value of such a novel tool. Based on pipeline landscaping and the current knowledge on key biological aspects of the pathogen and its interactions with the host, we found biological feasibility of development of a hookworm vaccine to be moderate. Also, our analysis on manufacturing and regulatory issues as well as potential uptake yielded moderate implementation feasibility. Modelling studies suggest a that introduction of a vaccine in parallel with ongoing integrated interventions (PC, WASH, shoe campaigns), could substantially reduce burden of disease in a cost - saving mode. Finally a set of actions are recommended that might impact positively the likelihood of timely development and introduction of a hookworm vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor, TX, USA
| | | | - Martin Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James McCarthy
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce Lee
- Public Health Informatics, Computational, and Operations Research, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Gaspari
- European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor, TX, USA
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Maritz-Olivier C, Ferreira M, Olivier NA, Crafford J, Stutzer C. Mining gene expression data for rational identification of novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:291-317. [PMID: 37755526 PMCID: PMC10562289 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Control of complex parasites via vaccination remains challenging, with the current combination of vaccines and small drugs remaining the choice for an integrated control strategy. Studies conducted to date, are providing evidence that multicomponent vaccines will be needed for the development of protective vaccines against endo- and ectoparasites, though multicomponent vaccines require an in-depth understanding of parasite biology which remains insufficient for ticks. With the rapid development and spread of acaricide resistance in ticks, new targets for acaricide development also remains to be identified, along with novel targets that can be exploited for the design of lead compounds. In this study, we analysed the differential gene expression of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks that were fed on cattle vaccinated with a multi-component vaccine (Bm86 and 3 putative Bm86-binding proteins). The data was scrutinised for the identification of vaccine targets, small drug targets and novel pathways that can be evaluated in future studies. Limitations associated with targeting novel proteins for vaccine and/or drug design is also discussed and placed into the context of challenges arising when targeting large protein families and intracellular localised proteins. Lastly, this study provide insight into how Bm86-based vaccines may reduce successful uptake and digestion of the bloodmeal and overall tick fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Mariëtte Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nicholas A Olivier
- DNA Microarray Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jan Crafford
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Christian Stutzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Wong MTJ, Anuar NS, Noordin R, Tye GJ. Soil-transmitted helminthic vaccines: Where are we now? Acta Trop 2023; 239:106796. [PMID: 36586174 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been tested and proven that vaccination is still the best strategy to combat infectious diseases. However, to date, there are still no vaccines against human soil-transmitted helminthic diseases, despite their high prevalence globally, particularly in developing countries and rural areas with tropical climates and poor sanitation. The development of vaccines against helminths is riddled with obstacles. Helminths have a complex life cycle, multiple stages within the same host with stage-specific antigen expression, and the ability to regulate host immune reactions to evade the immune response. These elements contribute to the main challenge of helminthic vaccines: the identification of effective vaccine candidates. Therefore, this article reviews the current progress and potential future direction of soil-transmitted helminthic vaccines, particularly against Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. The study design employed was a systematic review, using qualitative meta-summary synthesis. Preclinical studies and clinical trials on the development of protein subunit vaccines against the five soil-transmitted helminths were searched on PubMed and Scopus. Effectiveness was indicated by a reduction in worm burden or larval output, an increase in specific IgG levels, or an increase in cytokine production. Our findings show that only the hookworm vaccine against N. americanus is in the clinical trial phase, while the rest is still in exploratory research and pre-clinical development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tze Jian Wong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Suhada Anuar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Yang Y, Zhou J, Wu F, Tong D, Chen X, Jiang S, Duan Y, Yao C, Wang T, Du A, Gasser RB, Ma G. Haem transporter HRG-1 is essential in the barber's pole worm and an intervention target candidate. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011129. [PMID: 36716341 PMCID: PMC9910794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic roundworms (nematodes) have lost genes involved in the de novo biosynthesis of haem, but have evolved the capacity to acquire and utilise exogenous haem from host animals. However, very little is known about the processes or mechanisms underlying haem acquisition and utilisation in parasites. Here, we reveal that HRG-1 is a conserved and unique haem transporter in a broad range of parasitic nematodes of socioeconomic importance, which enables haem uptake via intestinal cells, facilitates cellular haem utilisation through the endo-lysosomal system, and exhibits a conspicuous distribution at the basal laminae covering the alimentary tract, muscles and gonads. The broader tissue expression pattern of HRG-1 in Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm) compared with its orthologues in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans indicates critical involvement of this unique haem transporter in haem homeostasis in tissues and organs of the parasitic nematode. RNAi-mediated gene knockdown of hrg-1 resulted in sick and lethal phenotypes of infective larvae of H. contortus, which could only be rescued by supplementation of exogenous haem in the early developmental stage. Notably, the RNAi-treated infective larvae could not establish infection or survive in the mammalian host, suggesting an indispensable role of this haem transporter in the survival of this parasite. This study provides new insights into the haem biology of a parasitic nematode, demonstrates that haem acquisition by HRG-1 is essential for H. contortus survival and infection, and suggests that HRG-1 could be an intervention target candidate in a range of parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danni Tong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengjun Jiang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (AD); (RBG); (GM)
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (AD); (RBG); (GM)
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (AD); (RBG); (GM)
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7
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Inspiring Anti-Tick Vaccine Research, Development and Deployment in Tropical Africa for the Control of Cattle Ticks: Review and Insights. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010099. [PMID: 36679944 PMCID: PMC9866923 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are worldwide ectoparasites to humans and animals, and are associated with numerous health and economic effects. Threatening over 80% of the global cattle population, tick and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) particularly constrain livestock production in the East, Central and Southern Africa. This, therefore, makes their control critical to the sustainability of the animal industry in the region. Since ticks are developing resistance against acaricides, anti-tick vaccines (ATVs) have been proposed as an environmentally friendly control alternative. Whereas they have been used in Latin America and Australia to reduce tick populations, pathogenic infections and number of acaricide treatments, commercially registered ATVs have not been adopted in tropical Africa for tick control. This is majorly due to their limited protection against economically important tick species of Africa and lack of research. Recent advances in various omics technologies and reverse vaccinology have enabled the identification of many candidate anti-tick antigens (ATAs), and are likely to usher in the next generation of vaccines, for which Africa should prepare to embrace. Herein, we highlight some scientific principles and approaches that have been used to identify ATAs, outline characteristics of a desirable ATA for vaccine design and propose the need for African governments to investment in ATV research to develop vaccines relevant to local tick species (personalized vaccines). We have also discussed the prospect of incorporating anti-tick vaccines into the integrated TTBDs control strategies in the sub-Saharan Africa, citing the case of Uganda.
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Chen WQ, Liu SS, Cheng C, Cui J, Wang ZQ, Zhang X. Molecular characteristics of glutathione transferase gene family in a neglect medical Spirometra tapeworm. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1035767. [PMID: 36406076 PMCID: PMC9666886 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1035767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spirometra mansoni is a neglect medical tapeworm, its plerocercoid larvae can parasitize in humans and animals, causing sparganosis. In this study, 17 new members of the glutathione transferase (GST) family were sequenced and characterized in S. mansoni. Clustering analysis displayed the categorization of SmGSTs into two main clades. RT-qPCR illustrated that 7 GST genes were highly expressed in the plerocercoid stage while 8 GSTs were highly expressed in the adult. rSmGST has the typical C- and N-terminal double domains of glutathione transferase. Immunolocalization revealed that natural SmGST is mainly located in the epidermis and parenchyma of plerocercoid, and in the epidermis, parenchyma, uterus and egg shell of adult worm. The optimum activity for rSmGST was found to be pH 6.5 and 25°C. The evolutionary tree showed a high level of diversity of cestodes GSTs. SmGSTs contained both conserved family members and members in the process of further diversification. The findings in this study will lay a foundation to better explore the underlying mechanisms of GSTs involved in Spirometra tapeworms.
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Caldrer S, Ursini T, Santucci B, Motta L, Angheben A. Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Anaemia: A Neglected Association Outside the Tropics. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051027. [PMID: 35630469 PMCID: PMC9143297 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Among infectious agents responsible for anaemia, helminthic infections are often neglected, particularly in non-endemic countries. However, they should not be neglected in this setting, as international travel and migration are on the rise. In this narrative review, we aimed to describe soil-transmitted helminths as a cause of or contributing factor to anaemia, focusing on hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), the roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), and the threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis). A general review on the epidemiology, lifecycle, and clinical spectrum of anaemia is proposed, with a special focus on helminthic infections’ association with anaemia as well as the diagnostic approach, which are both particularly important in non-endemic settings.
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10
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Bma-LAD-2, an Intestinal Cell Adhesion Protein, as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Lymphatic Filariasis. mBio 2022; 13:e0374221. [PMID: 35475643 PMCID: PMC9239158 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03742-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease that afflicts over 70 million people worldwide. It is caused by the parasitic nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Despite substantial success, efforts to eliminate LF will likely require more time and resources than predicted. Identifying new drug and vaccine targets in adult filariae could help elimination efforts. This study’s aim was to evaluate intestinal proteins in adult Brugia malayi worms as possible therapeutic targets. Using short interfering RNA (siRNA), we successfully targeted four candidate gene transcripts: Bma-Serpin, Bma-ShTK, Bma-Reprolysin, and Bma-LAD-2. Of those, Bma-LAD-2, an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule (IgSF CAM), was determined to be essential for adult worm survival. We observed a 70.42% knockdown in Bma-LAD-2 transcript levels 1 day post-siRNA incubation and an 87.02% reduction in protein expression 2 days post-siRNA incubation. This inhibition of Bma-LAD-2 expression resulted in an 80% decrease in worm motility over 6 days, a 93.43% reduction in microfilaria release (Mf) by day 6 post-siRNA incubation, and a dramatic decrease in (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the loss of microvilli and unraveling of mitochondrial cristae in the intestinal epithelium of Bma-LAD-2 siRNA-treated worms. Strikingly, Bma-LAD-2 siRNA-treated worms exhibited an almost complete loss of pseudocoelomic fluid. A luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay did not detect anti-Bma-LAD-2 IgE in the serum of 30 LF patients, indicating that LF exposure does not result in IgE sensitization to this antigen. These results indicate that Bma-LAD-2 is an essential protein for adult Brugia malayi and may be an effective therapeutic target.
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Bungiro RD, Harrison LM, Dondji B, Cappello M. Comparison of percutaneous vs oral infection of hamsters with the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum: Parasite development, pathology and primary immune response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010098. [PMID: 34986139 PMCID: PMC8765627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of millions of people in poor countries continue to suffer from disease caused by bloodfeeding hookworms. While mice and rats are not reliably permissive hosts for any human hookworm species, adult Golden Syrian hamsters are fully permissive for the human and animal pathogen Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Similar to humans, hamsters may be infected with A. ceylanicum third-stage larvae orally or percutaneously. Oral infection typically leads to consistent worm yields in hamsters but may not accurately reflect the clinical and immunological manifestations of human infection resulting from skin penetration. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we compared host responses following percutaneous infection to those utilizing an established oral infection protocol. Infected hamsters exhibited a dose-dependent pathology, with 1000 percutaneous larvae (L3) causing anemia and adult worm recovery comparable to that of 50 orally administered L3. A delayed arrival and maturity of worms in the intestine was observed, as was variation in measured cellular immune responses. A long-term study found that the decline in blood hemoglobin was more gradual and did not reach levels as low, with the nadir of disease coming later in percutaneously infected hamsters. Both groups exhibited moderate growth delay, an effect that was more persistent in the percutaneously infected group. Fecal egg output also peaked later and at lower levels in the percutaneously infected animals. In contrast to orally infected hamsters, antibody titers to larval antigens continued to increase throughout the course of the experiment in the percutaneous group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that the route of infection with A. ceylanicum impacts disease pathogenesis, as well as humoral and cellular immune responses in an experimental setting. These data further validate the utility of the Golden Syrian hamster as a model of both oral and percutaneous infection with human hookworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Bungiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Blaise Dondji
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Cappello
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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12
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Shalash AO, Hussein WM, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Hookworm infection: Toward development of safe and effective peptide vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1394-1419.e6. [PMID: 34872650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms are hematophagous nematode parasites that have infected a billion people worldwide. Anthelmintic drugs have limited efficacy and do not prevent reinfection. Therefore, prophylactic vaccines are in high demand. Whole parasite vaccines are allergic and unsafe; thus, research into subunit vaccines has been warranted. A comprehensive overview of protein or peptide subunit vaccines' safety, protective efficacy, and associated immune responses is provided herein. The differences between the immune responses against hookworm infection by patients from epidemic versus nonepidemic areas are discussed in detail. Moreover, the different immunologic mechanisms of protection are discussed, including those that rely on allergic and nonallergic humoral and antibody-dependent cellular responses. The allergic and autoimmune potential of hookworm antigens is also explored, as are the immunoregulatory responses induced by the hookworm secretome. The potential of oral mucosal immunizations has been overlooked. Oral immunity against hookworms is a long-lived and safer immune response that is associated with elimination of infection and protective against reinfections. However, the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal environment necessitates special oral delivery systems to unlock vaccines' protective potential. The potential for development of safer and more effective peptide- and protein-based anthelmintic vaccines is explored herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Shalash
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Xie H, Wu L, Chen X, Gao S, Li H, Yuan Y, Liang J, Wang X, Wang S, Xu C, Chu L, Zhan B, Zhou R, Yang X. Schistosoma japonicum Cystatin Alleviates Sepsis Through Activating Regulatory Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:617461. [PMID: 33718268 PMCID: PMC7943722 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.617461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-organ failure caused by the inflammatory cytokine storm induced by severe infection is the major cause of death for sepsis. Sj-Cys is a cysteine protease inhibitor secreted by Schistosoma japonicum with strong immunomodulatory functions on host immune system. Our previous studies have shown that treatment with Sj-Cys recombinant protein (rSj-Cys) attenuated inflammation caused by sepsis. However, the immunological mechanism underlying the immunomodulation of Sj-Cys for regulating inflammatory diseases is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effect of Sj-Cys on the macrophage M2 polarization and subsequent therapeutic effect on sepsis. The rSj-Cys was expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris. Incubation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with yeast-expressed rSj-Cys significantly activated the polarization of macrophages to M2 subtype characterized by the expression of F4/80+ CD206+ with the elated secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β. Adoptive transfer of rSj-Cys treated BMDMs to mice with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) significantly improved their survival rates and the systemic clinical manifestations of sepsis compared with mice receiving non-treated normal BMDMs. The therapeutic effect of Sj-Cys-induced M2 macrophages on sepsis was also reflected by the reduced pathological damages in organs of heart, lung, liver and kidney and reduced serological levels of tissue damage-related ALT, AST, BUN and Cr, associated with downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-6) and upregulated regulatory anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β). Our results demonstrated that Sj-Cys is a strong immunomodulatory protein with anti-inflammatory features through activating M2 macrophage polarization. The findings of this study suggested that Sj-Cys itself or Sj-Cys-induced M2 macrophages could be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of sepsis or other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lingqin Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xingzhi Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shifang Gao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Jinbao Liang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Changyan Xu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Pediatric, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Basic Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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14
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Chambers IG, Willoughby MM, Hamza I, Reddi AR. One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them: The trafficking of heme without deliverers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118881. [PMID: 33022276 PMCID: PMC7756907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme, as a hydrophobic iron-containing organic ring, is lipid soluble and can interact with biological membranes. The very same properties of heme that nature exploits to support life also renders heme potentially cytotoxic. In order to utilize heme, while also mitigating its toxicity, cells are challenged to tightly control the concentration and bioavailability of heme. On the bright side, it is reasonable to envision that, analogous to other transition metals, a combination of membrane-bound transporters, soluble carriers, and chaperones coordinate heme trafficking to subcellular compartments. However, given the dual properties exhibited by heme as a transition metal and lipid, it is compelling to consider the dark side: the potential role of non-proteinaceous biomolecules including lipids and nucleic acids that bind, sequester, and control heme trafficking and bioavailability. The emergence of inter-organellar membrane contact sites, as well as intracellular vesicles derived from various organelles, have raised the prospect that heme can be trafficked through hydrophobic channels. In this review, we aim to focus on heme delivery without deliverers - an alternate paradigm for the regulation of heme homeostasis through chaperone-less pathways for heme trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Chambers
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Mathilda M Willoughby
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America.
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15
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Zawawi A, Else KJ. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Vaccines: Are We Getting Closer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:576748. [PMID: 33133094 PMCID: PMC7565266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths infect over one-fourth of the human population resulting in significant morbidity, and in some cases, death in endemic countries. Despite mass drug administration (MDA) to school-aged children and other control measures, helminth infections are spreading into new areas. Thus, there is a strong rationale for developing anthelminthic vaccines as cost-effective, long-term immunological control strategies, which, unlike MDA, are not haunted by the threat of emerging drug-resistant helminths nor limited by reinfection risk. Advances in vaccinology, immunology, and immunomics include the development of new tools that improve the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of vaccines; and some of these tools have been used in the development of helminth vaccines. The development of anthelminthic vaccines is fraught with difficulty. Multiple lifecycle stages exist each presenting stage-specific antigens. Further, helminth parasites are notorious for their ability to dampen down and regulate host immunity. One of the first significant challenges in developing any vaccine is identifying suitable candidate protective antigens. This review explores our current knowledge in lead antigen identification and reports on recent pre-clinical and clinical trials in the context of the soil-transmitted helminths Trichuris, the hookworms and Ascaris. Ultimately, a multivalent anthelminthic vaccine could become an essential tool for achieving the medium-to long-term goal of controlling, or even eliminating helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Ayat Zawawi
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Kathryn J. Else
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16
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Safety and immunogenicity of co-administered hookworm vaccine candidates Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 in Gabonese adults: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, phase 1 dose-escalation trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 21:275-285. [PMID: 32926834 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hookworms cause substantial morbidity in children and women of reproductive age. The control strategy of mass drug administration is suboptimal, hence the need for a vaccine. Necator americanus aspartic protease-1 (Na-APR-1) and N americanus glutathione S-transferase-1 (Na-GST-1) are involved in the digestion and detoxification of haemoglobin in the hookworm digestive tract. In animal models, vaccination against these antigens resulted in protection from challenge infection. Both vaccine candidates were shown to be safe and well tolerated when administered separately to healthy adults. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of co-administered Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 (M74) vaccines in healthy Gabonese adults. METHODS This randomised, controlled, double-blind, phase 1, dose-escalation trial was done at the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, in a region of Gabon where N americanus and other helminths are prevalent. Healthy adults aged 18-50 years and living in Lambaréné or the surrounding areas were recruited to the study. Participants were enrolled consecutively into two dose cohorts (30 μg or 100 μg of the experimental vaccines) and randomly assigned in blocks (block size four) to receive three doses of either co-administered Na-GST-1 plus Na-APR-1 (M74; 30 μg or 100 μg of each), adjuvanted with Alhydrogel (aluminium hydroxide gel suspension) together with an aqueous formulation of glucopyranosyl lipid A, or hepatitis B vaccine plus saline (control group). Vaccines were administered intramuscularly on days 0, 28, and 180. The primary endpoint was safety, with immunogenicity a secondary endpoint. The intention-to-treat population was used for safety analyses, whereas for immunogenicity analyses, the per-protocol population was used (participants who received all scheduled vaccinations). Control vaccine recipients for both dose cohorts were combined for the analyses. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02126462. FINDINGS Between Oct 27, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 56 individuals were screened for eligibility, of whom 32 were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the three study groups (12 each in the 30 μg and 100 μg experimental vaccine groups and eight in the control group). Both study vaccines were well tolerated in both dose groups. The most common adverse events were mild-to-moderate injection-site pain, headache, myalgia, and nausea. No severe or serious adverse events related to the vaccines were recorded. 52 unsolicited vaccine-related adverse events occurred during the study, but there was no difference in frequency between vaccine groups. IgG antibodies were induced to each of the vaccine antigens, with mean IgG levels increasing after each vaccination. Vaccination with 100 μg of each vaccine antigen consistently induced IgG seroconversion (IgG levels above the reactivity threshold). Peak IgG responses were observed 2 weeks after the third vaccine dose for both antigens, with all participants who received the 100 μg doses seroconverting at that timepoint. IgG levels steadily declined until the final study visit 6 months after the third vaccination, although they remained significantly higher than baseline in the 100 μg dose group. INTERPRETATION Vaccination with recombinant Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 (M74) in healthy adults living in N americanus-endemic areas of Gabon was safe and induced IgG to each antigen. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report results of Na-APR-1 (M74) co-administered with Alhydrogel in participants from an N americanus-endemic area. Further clinical development of these vaccines should involve efficacy studies. FUNDING European Union Seventh Framework Programme.
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17
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Umair S, Bouchet CLG, Deng Q, Palevich N, Simpson HV. Characterisation of a Teladorsagia circumcincta glutathione transferase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 239:111316. [PMID: 32889102 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A 615 bp full length cDNA encoding a Teladorsagia circumcincta glutathione transferase (TcGST) was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified and its kinetic properties determined. The predicted protein consisted of 205 amino acids and was present as a single band of about 24 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Multiple alignments of the protein sequence of TcGST with homologues from other helminths showed that the highest identity of 53-68% with haem-binding nematode proteins designated as members of the nu class of GSTs. Substrate binding sites and conserved regions were identified and were generally conserved. The predicted 3-dimensional structures of TcGST and HcGST revealed highly open binding cavities typical of this class of GST, considered to allow greater accessibility to diverse ligands compared with other classes of GST. At 25 °C, the optimum pH for TcGST activity was pH 7, the Vmax was 1535 ± 33 nmoles.min-1. mg-1 protein and the apparent Km for the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was 0.22 ± 0.01 mM (mean ± SD, n = 2). Antibodies in both serum and saliva from field-immune, but not nematode-naïve, sheep, recognised recombinant TcGST in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The recognition of the recombinant protein by antibodies generated by exposure of sheep to the native enzyme indicates similar antigenicity of the two proteins. These findings could aid in the design of novel drugs and vaccine antigens for economically important parasites of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Umair
- AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | - Qing Deng
- AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11-008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Heather V Simpson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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18
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Abuzeid AMI, Zhou X, Huang Y, Li G. Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:136. [PMID: 32171305 PMCID: PMC7071665 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworm infection is a major public health problem that threatens about 500 million people throughout tropical areas of the world. Adult hookworms survive for many years in the host intestine, where they suck blood, causing iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition. Numerous molecules, named excretory/secretory (ES) products, are secreted by hookworm adults and/or larvae to aid in parasite survival and pathobiology. Although the molecular cloning and characterization of hookworm ES products began 25 years ago, the biological role and molecular nature of many of them are still unclear. Hookworm ES products, with distinct structures and functions, have been linked to many essential events in the disease pathogenesis. These events include host invasion and tissue migration, parasite nourishment and reproduction, and immune modulation. Several of these products represent promising vaccine targets for controlling hookworm disease and therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize our present knowledge about hookworm ES products, including their role in parasite biology, host-parasite interactions, and as vaccine and pharmaceutical targets and to identify research gaps and future research directions in this field.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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19
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Furtado LFV, Dias LTDO, Rodrigues TDO, Silva VJD, Oliveira VNGMD, Rabelo ÉML. Egg genotyping reveals the possibility of patent Ancylostoma caninum infection in human intestine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3006. [PMID: 32080267 PMCID: PMC7033205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworms are intestinal parasites that cause major public health problems, especially in developing countries. To differentiate eggs from different hookworm species, it is necessary to use molecular methodologies, since the eggs are morphologically similar. Here, we performed the molecular identification of single hookworm eggs from six Brazilian states. Of the 634 eggs individually analyzed, 98.1% (622/634) represented Necator americanus, and surprisingly, 1.9% (12/634 eggs from the same patient) represented Ancylostoma caninum. DNA analysis of the A. caninum-positive stool sample revealed no contamination with animal feces. This is the first report of the presence of A. caninum eggs in human feces, which may have a direct implication for the epidemiology of hookworm infection caused by this species. This suggests the need for special attention regarding prophylaxis, as different reservoirs, previously not described, may have great relevance for the spread of A. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Viana Furtado
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Avenida Juca Stockler, 1130, CEP 37900-106, Nossa Sra. das Gracas, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Teixeira de Oliveira Dias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thais de Oliveira Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian Jordania da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Nayara Gomes Mendes de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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20
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Zhou JR, Bu DR, Zhao XF, Wu F, Chen XQ, Shi HZ, Yao CQ, Du AF, Yang Y. Hc-hrg-2, a glutathione transferase gene, regulates heme homeostasis in the blood-feeding parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:40. [PMID: 31996262 PMCID: PMC6988263 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchus contortus, a blood-feeding parasite, is constantly surrounded by large quantities of heme released from the catabolism of host red blood cells. To cope with the toxicity of free heme, H. contortus needs to uptake and detoxify the heme, a process believed to be paramount for parasite survival. METHODS A heme-responsive gene Hc-hrg-2 was identified which is the homologue of Ce-hrg-2. The transcriptional levels in all developmental stages and heme-responsive ability of Hc-hrg-2 were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Immunofluorescence analysis and cell transfections were performed to analyze the expression pattern of Hc-HGR-2. Statistical analyses were performed with GraghPad Prism 6.0 using Student's t-test. RESULTS To investigate the heme homeostasis of H. contortus, we first identified a heme-responsive gene Hc-hrg-2, a homolog of Ce-hrg-2 that is involved in heme transport in the hypodermis of Caenorhabditis elegans. Using qRT-PCR, we showed that Hc-hrg-2 mRNA was expressed throughout all life-cycle stages of H. contortus with the highest level in the third-stage larvae (L3s). Notably, transcription of Hc-hrg-2 in the exsheathed L3s was significantly upregulated in the presence of high concentration of heme. We found that Hc-HRG-2 protein was mainly located in the hypodermal tissues of adult H. contortus in vivo and the endoplasmic reticulum in the transfected mammalian cells. Our in vitro assay demonstrated that Hc-HRG-2 is a heme-binding protein with glutathione S-transferase activity and heme had a significant effect on its enzymatic activity when a model substrate 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was used. CONCLUSIONS Hc-hrg-2 is a heme-responsive gene and engaged in heme homeostasis regulation in hypodermal tissues during the free-living stages of H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Ru Bu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Feng Zhao
- Shenzhen Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Zhi Shi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Qun Yao
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Ai-Fang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Molecular characterization and tissue localization of glutathione S-transferase from adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e118. [PMID: 31959266 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a detoxifying enzyme family that is essential for parasite blood-feeding and survival, and represent potential targets for hookworm vaccine development. Multiple GST-encoding complementary DNAs (cDNAs) have been cloned from Ancylostoma caninum and Necator americanus, but there are no reports about the cloning of this enzyme from Ancylostoma ceylanicum, the animal-derived zoonotic hookworm. To study the molecular nature and tissue localization of GST of A. ceylanicum (Ace-GST), we designed primers based on the GST gene sequence of A. ceylanicum in GenBank, amplified the Ace-GST cDNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and analysed its homology and genetic evolution relationship. The amplified product was cloned into the pET-32a vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for expression. To prepare anti-GST polyclonal antibodies, the recombinant protein was purified and used to immunize Kunming mice. The level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in the serum of immunized mice was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the Ace-GST localization in adult worm was determined using the immunofluorescence method. The results showed that the full-length cDNA encoding Ace-GST was 468 bp, which had the highest homology with Ac-GST-1 (60.1%) and clustered into one branch (v-class) with Ac-GST-1 and Na-GST-1 in a phylogenetic tree. Mice immunized with recombinant Ace-GST showed specific IgG antibody response. Immunolocalization revealed that natural Ace-GST is mainly located in the epidermis, muscle and intestine of the adult. These results may lay a foundation for further studies on the biological function of Ace-GST.
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Schistosomiasis and hookworm infection in humans: Disease burden, pathobiology and anthelmintic vaccines. Parasitol Int 2020; 75:102051. [PMID: 31911156 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helminth diseases are the ancient scourges of humans and their damages are 'silent and insidious'. Of the helminth infections, schistosomiasis and hookworm infection have a great impact. This review covers information regarding vaccine candidates against schistosomiasis and hookworms that reached at least up to the phase-1 trial and literatures regarding other vaccine candidates have been excluded. For clinical manifestations, all available literatures were included, and for epidemiology and global burden of the diseases (GBD), literatures only within 2000-2019 were included. Literatures were searched surfing various databases including PubMED, Google Scholar, and Science Direct and overall over 150 literatures were identified. Globally ~250 million people are suffering from schistosomiasis, resulting 1430 thousand DALY (disability adjusted life year) per year. On the other hand, about 1.3 billion people are infected with hookworm (HW), and according to WHO, ~878 million school-age children (SAC) are at risk. HW is estimated to cause 65,000 deaths annually, accounts for 845 thousand DALYs as well as to cause 6-35.3% loss in productivity. Despite tremendous efforts, very few anthelmintic vaccine candidates such as Na-GST-1, Na-APR-1 and Na-ASP-2 against HW, and Sm28GST/Sh28GST, Sm-p80, Sm14 and Sm-TSP-1/SmTSP-2 against schistosomiasis reached up to the clinical trials. More efforts are needed to achieve the WHO targets taken against the maladies.
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23
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Flynn AF, Joyce MG, Taylor RT, Bennuru S, Lindrose AR, Sterling SL, Morris CP, Nutman TB, Mitre E. Intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase as a potential target for the treatment and prevention of lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007687. [PMID: 31513587 PMCID: PMC6742224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), a morbid disease caused by the tissue-invasive nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori, affects millions of people worldwide. Global eradication efforts have significantly reduced worldwide prevalence, but complete elimination has been hampered by limitations of current anti-filarial drugs and the lack of a vaccine. The goal of this study was to evaluate B. malayi intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Bm-UGT) as a potential therapeutic target. To evaluate whether Bm-UGT is essential for adult filarial worms, we inhibited its expression using siRNA. This resulted in a 75% knockdown of Bm-ugt mRNA for 6 days and almost complete suppression of detectable Bm-UGT by immunoblot. Reduction in Bm-UGT expression resulted in decreased worm motility for 6 days, 70% reduction in microfilaria release from adult worms, and significant reduction in adult worm metabolism as detected by MTT assays. Because prior allergic-sensitization to a filarial antigen would be a contraindication for its use as a vaccine candidate, we tested plasma from infected and endemic normal populations for Bm-UGT-specific IgE using a luciferase immunoprecipitation assay. All samples (n = 35) tested negative. We then tested two commercially available medicines known to be broad inhibitors of UGTs, sulfinpyrazone and probenecid, for in vitro activity against B. malayi. There were marked macrofilaricidal effects at concentrations achievable in humans and very little effect on microfilariae. In addition, we observed that probenecid and sulfinpyrazone exhibit a synergistic macrofilaricidal effect when used in combination with albendazole. The results of this study demonstrate that Bm-UGT is an essential protein for adult worm survival. Lack of prior IgE sensitization in infected and endemic populations suggest it may be a feasible vaccine candidate. The finding that sulfinpyrazone and probenecid have in vitro effects against adult B. malayi worms suggests that these medications have promise as potential macrofilaricides in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebekah T. Taylor
- Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sasisekhar Bennuru
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alyssa R. Lindrose
- Department of Microbiology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Spencer L. Sterling
- Department of Microbiology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - C. Paul Morris
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Glutathione-S-transferase of Trichinella spiralis regulates maturation and function of dendritic cells. Parasitology 2019; 146:1725-1732. [PMID: 31405388 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201900115x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulation by molecules from Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) has been widely reported. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a major immune-modulator of the family of detoxification enzymes. Dendritic cells (DCs) are an important target for the regulation of the immune response by T. spiralis. In this study, the recombinant GST of T. spiralis (rTs-GST) was expressed and purified. rTs-GST induced low CD40 expression and moderate CD80, CD86 and MHC-II expressions and inhibited the increase of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on DCs induced by LPS. We showed that rTs-GST decreased the LPS-induced elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines of DCs and enhanced the level of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. Furthermore, co-culture of DCs and CD4+ T cells demonstrated that rTs-GST-treated DCs suppressed the proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells and increased the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs). rTs-GST-treated DCs induced a higher level of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β, but inhibited the level of IFN-γ. This indicates that rTs-GST-pulsed DCs induce both Th2-type responses and Tregs. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the immunomodulation of Ts-GST on cellular response and immunomodulation of T. spiralis.
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Noon JB, Schwarz EM, Ostroff GR, Aroian RV. A highly expressed intestinal cysteine protease of Ancylostoma ceylanicum protects vaccinated hamsters from hookworm infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007345. [PMID: 31009474 PMCID: PMC6497320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Ancylostoma ceylanicum) are intestinal blood-feeding parasites that infect ~500 million people worldwide and are among the leading causes of iron-deficiency anemia in the developing world. Drugs are useful against hookworm infections, but hookworms rapidly reinfect people, and the parasites can develop drug resistance. Therefore, having a hookworm vaccine would be of tremendous benefit. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the vaccine efficacy in outbred Syrian hamsters of three A. ceylanicum hookworm antigen candidates from two classes of proteins previously identified as promising vaccine candidates. These include two intestinally-enriched, putatively secreted cathepsin B cysteine proteases (AceyCP1, AceyCPL) and one small Kunitz-type protease inhibitor (AceySKPI3). Recombinant proteins were produced in Pichia pastoris, and adsorbed to Alhydrogel. Recombinant AceyCPL (rAceyCPL)/Alhydrogel and rAceySKPI3/Alhydrogel induced high serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers in 8/8 vaccinates, but were not protective. rAceyCP1/Alhydrogel induced intermediate serum IgG titers in ~60% of vaccinates in two different trials. rAceyCP1 serum IgG responders had highly significantly decreased hookworm burdens, fecal egg counts and clinical pathology compared to Alhydrogel controls and nonresponders. Protection was highly correlated with rAceyCP1 serum IgG titer. Antisera from rAceyCP1 serum IgG responders, but not nonresponders or rAceyCPL/Alhydrogel vaccinates, significantly reduced adult A. ceylanicum motility in vitro. Furthermore, rAceyCP1 serum IgG responders had canonical Th2-specific recall responses (IL4, IL5, IL13) in splenocytes stimulated ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that rAceyCP1 is a promising vaccine candidate and validates a genomic/transcriptomic approach to human hookworm vaccine discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B. Noon
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erich M. Schwarz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raffi V. Aroian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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26
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Ndawula C, Sabadin GA, Parizi LF, da Silva Vaz I. Constituting a glutathione S-transferase-cocktail vaccine against tick infestation. Vaccine 2019; 37:1918-1927. [PMID: 30824358 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cocktail vaccines are proposed as an attractive way to increase protection efficacy against specific tick species. Furthermore, such vaccines made with different tick antigens have the potential of cross-protecting against a broad range of tick species. However, there are still limitations to the selection of immunogen candidates. Acknowledging that glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been exploited as vaccines against ticks and other parasites, this study aimed to analyze a GST-cocktail vaccine as a potential broad-spectrum tick vaccine. To constitute the GST-cocktail vaccine, five tick species of economic importance for livestock industry were studied (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus microplus, Amblyomma variegatum, and Haemaphysalis longicornis). Tick GST ORF sequences were cloned, and the recombinant GSTs were produced in Escherichia coli. rGSTs were purified and inoculated into rabbits, and the immunological response was characterized. The humoral response against rGST-Rd and rGST-Av showed a stronger cross-reactivity against heterologous rGSTs compared to rGST-Hl, rGST-Ra, and rGST-Rm. Therefore, rGST-Rd and rGST-Av were selected for constituting an experimental rGST-cocktail vaccine. Vaccination experiment in rabbits showed that rGST-cocktail caused 35% reduction in female numbers in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation. This study brings forward an approach to selecting immunogens for cocktail vaccines, and the results highlight rGST-Rd and rGST-Av as potentially useful tools for the development of a broad-spectrum tick vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ndawula
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alves Sabadin
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
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Abdelgelil NH, Abdellatif MZM, Abdel-Hafeez EH, Belal US, Mohamed RM, Abdel-Razik ARH, Hassanin KMA, Abdel-Wahab A. Effects of iron chelating agent on Schistosoma mansoni infected murine model. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:28-38. [PMID: 30391706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the major health problems in many tropical and developing countries. Infection takes place once cerceriae penetrate human skin, then it changed into schistosomules. The schistosomules takes iron in the form of heme from host's haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin. Iron is a vital element not only for growth and sexual maturity of schistosomules to adults but also for oogenesis. Since the trapped eggs are the pathological causative agent for most of pathogenesis and complications, the current work was designed to study the effects of early deprivation of schistosomules from iron in the host (in vivo) by chelating it with deferoxamine (DFO). The iron chelation has effects on growth, maturity and egg deposition, as well as it has ameliorative effects on liver pathology such as hepatic fibrosis. Mice were classified into four groups, normal control, DFO treated only, Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infected DFO untreated and S. mansoni infected DFO treated. The infected DFO treated mice showed significant reduction in fecal egg excretion with increased percentage of dead eggs and this was accompanied with a significant reduction of both total worm burden and hepatic egg load and increased dead egg percentage compared to the infected DFO untreated group. There was also a significant reduction in both serum and hepatic tissue ferritin concentrations in the infected DFO treated mice in comparison to the infected DFO untreated group. Additionally, a significant decrease in number and size of granulomas with subsequent improvement of liver fibrosis was recorded in the infected DFO treated group. This immunopathology was also associated with significant up regulation of Interlukine12 (IL12), Interferon gamma (IFN γ) and significant down regulation in interleukin4 (IL4), interleukin10 (IL10) in both serum and hepatic tissue in the infected DFO treated compared to other groups. Entirely, DFO succeeded in diminishing the growth, maturity and fecundity of S. mansoni with a subsequent improvement of hepatic pathology. As a result of the above findings, it can be concluded that DFO could be considered as a useful treatment against schistosomal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha H Abdelgelil
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Manal Z M Abdellatif
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ekhlas H Abdel-Hafeez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Usama S Belal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Rabie M Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Razik H Abdel-Razik
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni - Suef University, Beni - Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Kamel M A Hassanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
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Diemert DJ, Bottazzi ME, Plieskatt J, Hotez PJ, Bethony JM. Lessons along the Critical Path: Developing Vaccines against Human Helminths. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:747-758. [PMID: 30064902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic parasites are important targets for vaccine research as they infect an estimated 1 billion people worldwide. Despite significant progress in the discovery of defined antigens as candidates for vaccines, the potential of a helminth vaccine advancing to an investigational product to be tested in humans remains as challenging as it did 50 years ago. Candidate helminth vaccines must still advance along a 'critical path' of preclinical research, vaccine process development (which includes 'chemistry, manufacturing, and controls' or CMC), current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) production of the vaccine, and clinical trials. This path is highly targeted towards meeting the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy criteria of regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For nearly 20 years our product development partnership (PDP), the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development (TCH-CVD), has followed the critical paths of several novel subunit vaccines for the human hookworm Necator americanus and the intestinal trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Herein, we describe the critical lessons learned along this critical path.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA; Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development - a Product Development Partnership, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development - a Product Development Partnership, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan Plieskatt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development - a Product Development Partnership, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development - a Product Development Partnership, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA; Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development - a Product Development Partnership, Houston, TX, USA.
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Perner J, Kotál J, Hatalová T, Urbanová V, Bartošová-Sojková P, Brophy PM, Kopáček P. Inducible glutathione S-transferase (IrGST1) from the tick Ixodes ricinus is a haem-binding protein. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29526768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood-feeding parasites are inadvertently exposed to high doses of potentially cytotoxic haem liberated upon host blood digestion. Detoxification of free haem is a special challenge for ticks, which digest haemoglobin intracellularly. Ticks lack a haem catabolic mechanism, mediated by haem oxygenase, and need to dispose of vast majority of acquired haem via its accumulation in haemosomes. The knowledge of individual molecules involved in the maintenance of haem homeostasis in ticks is still rather limited. RNA-seq analyses of the Ixodes ricinus midguts from blood- and serum-fed females identified an abundant transcript of glutathione S-transferase (gst) to be substantially up-regulated in the presence of red blood cells in the diet. Here, we have determined the full sequence of this encoding gene, ir-gst1, and found that it is homologous to the delta-/epsilon-class of GSTs. Phylogenetic analyses across related chelicerates revealed that only one clear IrGST1 orthologue could be found in each available transcriptome from hard and soft ticks. These orthologues create a well-supported clade clearly separated from other ticks' or mites' delta-/epsilon-class GSTs and most likely evolved as an adaptation to tick blood-feeding life style. We have confirmed that IrGST1 expression is induced by dietary haem(oglobin), and not by iron or other components of host blood. Kinetic properties of recombinant IrGST1 were evaluated by model and natural GST substrates. The enzyme was also shown to bind haemin in vitro as evidenced by inhibition assay, VIS spectrophotometry, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography. In the native state, IrGST1 forms a dimer which further polymerises upon binding of excessive amount of haemin molecules. Due to susceptibility of ticks to haem as a signalling molecule, we speculate that the expression of IrGST1 in tick midgut functions as intracellular buffer of labile haem pool to ameliorate its cytotoxic effects upon haemoglobin intracellular hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Perner
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kotál
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hatalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Peter M Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Bouchery T, Filbey K, Shepherd A, Chandler J, Patel D, Schmidt A, Camberis M, Peignier A, Smith AAT, Johnston K, Painter G, Pearson M, Giacomin P, Loukas A, Bottazzi ME, Hotez P, LeGros G. A novel blood-feeding detoxification pathway in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 reveals a potential checkpoint for arresting hookworm development. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006931. [PMID: 29566094 PMCID: PMC5864084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of on-going efforts to control hookworm infection, the "human hookworm vaccine initiative" has recognised blood feeding as a feasible therapeutic target for inducing immunity against hookworm infection. To this end, molecular approaches have been used to identify candidate targets, such as Necator americanus (Na) haemoglobinase aspartic protease-1 (APR-1), with immunogenicity profiled in canine and hamster models. We sought to accelerate the immune analysis of these identified therapeutic targets by developing an appropriate mouse model. Here we demonstrate that Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), a phylogenetically distant strongylid nematode of rodents, begins blood feeding early in its development and that immunisation with Na-APR-1 can block its growth and completion of its life cycle. Furthermore, we identify a new haem detoxification pathway in Nb required for blood feeding that can be blocked by drugs of the quinolone family, reducing both infection burden and the associated anaemia in rodents. Collectively, our findings show that haem metabolism has potential as a checkpoint for interrupting hookworm development in early stages of the hookworm life cycle and that the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis rodent model is relevant for identifying novel therapeutic targets against human hookworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (GL); (TB)
| | - Kara Filbey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amy Shepherd
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jodie Chandler
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Deepa Patel
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Karen Johnston
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Giacomin
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria-Elena Bottazzi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Graham LeGros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (GL); (TB)
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Liu CY, Ren HN, Song YY, Sun GG, Liu RD, Jiang P, Long SR, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Characterization of a putative glutathione S-transferase of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis. Exp Parasitol 2018; 187:59-66. [PMID: 29496524 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the biological characteristics and functions of a putative Trichinella spiralis glutathione S-transferase (TspGST). The results of real-time PCR and immunofluorescent test (IFT) showed that the TspGST gene was expressed at all of T. spiralis different developmental stages (muscle larvae, intestinal infective larvae, adult worms and newborn larvae). When anti-rTspGST serum, mouse infection serum, and pre-immune serum were added to the medium, the inhibition rate of the larvae penetrated into the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) was 25.72%, 49.55%, and 4.51%, respectively (P < 0.01). The inhibition of anti-rTspGST serum on larval invasion of IECs was dose-dependent (P < 0.05). Anti-rTspGST antibodies killed T. spiralis newborn larvae by an ADCC-mediated mechanism. Our results showed that the TspGST seemed to be an indispensable protein for T. spiralis invasion, growth and survival in host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ying Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Hua Na Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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Liu CY, Song YY, Ren HN, Sun GG, Liu RD, Jiang P, Long SR, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Cloning and expression of a Trichinella spiralis putative glutathione S-transferase and its elicited protective immunity against challenge infections. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:448. [PMID: 28962639 PMCID: PMC5622431 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a widespread multigene family of detoxification enzymes. The vaccination of mice with recombinant GST of 24 kDa from Trichinella spiralis elicited a low immune protection against challenge infection. The objective of this study was to characterize the T. spiralis putative GST gene (TspGST) encoding a 30.8 kDa protein and to evaluate its potential as a candidate antigen for anti-Trichinella vaccine. Methods The full-length cDNA sequence of TspGST from T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML) was expressed in E. coli. The enzymatic activity and antigenicity of the rTspGST were identified by spectrophotometry, Western blot, and ELISA. The expression of TspGST at T. spiralis various stages was investigated by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescent test (IIFT). Serum level of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies against rTspGST were measured by ELISA. The immune protection produced by vaccination with rTspGST against T. spiralis was evaluated. Results The sequencing results showed that the cDNA of TspGST was 840 bp, and encoded a protein of 279 amino acids, which had a molecular size of 30.8 kDa and a pI of 5.21. Its amino acid sequence shares 37% similarity with TsGST. The rTspGST protein had enzymatic activity of GST. On Western blot and ELISA analysis, the native TspGST protein with 30.8 kDa in crude antigens derived from adult worms (AW), newborn larvae (NBL), infective intestinal larvae (IIL) and ML was recognized by anti-rTspGST sera, but the ML ES antigens could be not recognized by anti-rTspGST sera. Expression of TspGST was found in all of T. spiralis various stages (AW, NBL, ML, and IIL). An immunolocalization analysis identified TspGST in different stages (mainly in cuticles) of the nematode. The mice vaccinated with the rTspGST elicited Th2-predominant immune responses, showed a 34.38% reduction of adult worms and a 43.70% reduction of muscle larvae. Conclusions Immunization with rTspGST produced a partial immune protection, and the rTspGST could be regarded as a potential candidate target for an anti-Trichinella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ying Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hua Na Ren
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) collectively infect one fourth of all human beings, and the majority of livestock in the developing world. These gastrointestinal nematodes are the most important parasites on earth with regard to their prevalence in humans and livestock. Current anthelmintic drugs are losing their efficacies due to increasing drug resistance, particularly in STHs of livestock and drug treatment is often followed by rapid reinfection due to failure of the immune system to develop a protective response. Vaccines against STHs offer what drugs cannot accomplish alone. Because such vaccines would have to be produced on such a large scale, and be cost effective, recombinant subunit vaccines that include a minimum number of proteins produced in relatively simple and inexpensive expression systems are required. Here, we summarize all of the previous studies pertaining to recombinant subunit vaccines for STHs of humans and livestock with the goal of both informing the public of just how critical these parasites are, and to help guide future developments. We also discuss several key areas of vaccine development, which we believe to be critical for developing more potent recombinant subunit vaccines with broad-spectrum protection.
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Diemert DJ, Freire J, Valente V, Fraga CG, Talles F, Grahek S, Campbell D, Jariwala A, Periago MV, Enk M, Gazzinelli MF, Bottazzi ME, Hamilton R, Brelsford J, Yakovleva A, Li G, Peng J, Correa-Oliveira R, Hotez P, Bethony J. Safety and immunogenicity of the Na-GST-1 hookworm vaccine in Brazilian and American adults. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005574. [PMID: 28464026 PMCID: PMC5441635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necator americanus Glutathione-S-Transferase-1 (Na-GST-1) plays a role in the digestion of host hemoglobin by adult N. americanus hookworms. Vaccination of laboratory animals with recombinant Na-GST-1 is associated with significant protection from challenge infection. Recombinant Na-GST-1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Alhydrogel) according to current Good Manufacturing Practice. Two Phase 1 trials were conducted in 142 healthy adult volunteers in the United States and Brazil, first in hookworm-naïve individuals and then in residents of a N. americanus endemic area in Brazil. Volunteers received one of three doses of recombinant Na-GST-1 (10, 30, or 100 μg) adjuvanted with Alhydrogel, adjuvanted with Alhydrogel and co-administered with an aqueous formulation of Glucopyranosyl Lipid A (GLA-AF), or the hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccinations were administered via intramuscular injection on days 0, 56, and 112. Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel was well tolerated in both hookworm-naïve and hookworm-exposed adults, with the most common adverse events being mild to moderate injection site pain and tenderness, and mild headache and nausea; no vaccine-related severe or serious adverse events were observed. Antigen-specific IgG antibodies were induced in a dose-dependent fashion, with increasing levels observed after each vaccination in both trials. The addition of GLA-AF to Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel did not result in significant increases in specific IgG responses. In both the US and Brazil studies, the predominant IgG subclass induced against Na-GST-1 was IgG1, with lesser amounts of IgG3. Vaccination of both hookworm-naïve and hookworm-exposed adults with recombinant Na-GST-1 was safe, well tolerated, and resulted in significant antigen-specific IgG responses. Based on these results, this vaccine will be advanced into clinical trials in children and eventual efficacy studies. Hookworm infection caused by Necator americanus is a major neglected tropical disease with significant associated morbidity. New tools, such as vaccines, are needed due to the inadequacy of current control strategies. Glutathione-S-Transferase-1 of N. americanus (Na-GST-1) is one of the lead hookworm vaccine candidates; antibodies induced by this vaccine are postulated to interfere with the digestion of host hemoglobin by adult N. americanus hookworms, thereby impairing their development and survival. We conducted two Phase 1 trials of recombinant Na-GST-1 adjuvanted with Alhydrogel in 142 healthy adults living in the United States and Brazil. Each participant received three vaccinations every 2 months by intramuscular injection of the vaccine administered with or without an aqueous solution of the Toll-like receptor-4 agonist, Glucopyranosyl Lipid A (GLA-AF). Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel was well tolerated in both hookworm-exposed and hookworm-naïve adults; no vaccine-related severe or serious adverse events were observed. Antigen-specific IgG antibodies were induced in a dose-dependent fashion with increasing levels observed after each vaccination. The addition of GLA-AF to the vaccine did not result in significantly higher antibody responses. Based on these results, the vaccine will be advanced into clinical trials in children and eventual efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Janaína Freire
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Valente
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Geraldo Fraga
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frederico Talles
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Shannon Grahek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Doreen Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Amar Jariwala
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Maria Victoria Periago
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Martin Enk
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert Hamilton
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jill Brelsford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Anna Yakovleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Guangzhao Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Peter Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
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Brelsford JB, Plieskatt JL, Yakovleva A, Jariwala A, Keegan BP, Peng J, Xia P, Li G, Campbell D, Periago MV, Correa-Oliveira R, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Bethony JM. Advances in neglected tropical disease vaccines: Developing relative potency and functional assays for the Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel hookworm vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005385. [PMID: 28192438 PMCID: PMC5325600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new generation of vaccines for the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have now advanced into clinical development, with the Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel Hookworm Vaccine already being tested in Phase 1 studies in healthy adults. The current manuscript focuses on the often overlooked critical aspects of NTD vaccine product development, more specifically, vaccine stability testing programs. A key measure of vaccine stability testing is "relative potency" or the immunogenicity of the vaccine during storage. As with most NTD vaccines, the Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel Hookworm Vaccine was not developed by attenuation or inactivation of the pathogen (Necator americanus), so conventional methods for measuring relative potency are not relevant for this investigational product. Herein, we describe a novel relative potency testing program and report for the first time on the clinical lot of this NTD vaccine during its first 60 months of storage at 2–8°C. We also describe the development of a complementary functional assay that measures the ability of IgG from animals or humans immunized with Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel to neutralize this important hookworm enzyme. While 90% inhibition of the catalytic activity of Na-GST-1 was achieved in animals immunized with Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel, lower levels of inhibition were observed in immunized humans. Moreover, anti-Na-GST-1 antibodies from volunteers in non-hookworm endemic areas were better able to inhibit catalytic activity than anti-Na-GST-1 antibodies from volunteers resident in hookworm endemic areas. The results described herein provide the critical tools for the product development of NTD vaccines. As vaccines targeting NTDs advance into clinical trials, product development and vaccine maintenance become critical activities for the success of these vaccines. A key activity during this phase of vaccine development is the “relative potency” of a vaccine or the quality of the immune response that the vaccine elicits in an animal model during storage to ensure its immunogenicity is maintained. As with most NTD vaccines, the Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel Hookworm Vaccine was not developed using traditional methods of attenuating the pathogen (Necator americanus), so traditional measures of relative potency, such as testing the vaccine’s ability to protect against lethal challenge, could not be used. For the first time, we describe the development of a relative potency testing program for an NTD vaccine during five years of storage at 2–8°C. We also describe the development of a complementary functional assay that measures the ability of IgG from animals or humans immunized with Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel to neutralize this important hookworm enzyme. The results described herein provide, for the first time in an open access format, critical tools for the development of future NTD vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Brelsford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jordan L. Plieskatt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Anna Yakovleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Amar Jariwala
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Keegan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Pengjun Xia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Guangzhao Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Doreen Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | | | | | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, Croese J, Bethony JM. Hookworm infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2:16088. [PMID: 27929101 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms are soil-transmitted nematode parasites that can reside for many years in the small intestine of their human hosts; Necator americanus is the predominant infecting species. Adult worms feed on the blood of a host and can cause iron deficiency anaemia, especially in high-risk populations (children and women of childbearing age). Almost 500 million people in developing tropical countries are infected, and simulation models estimate that hookworm infection is responsible for >4 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually. Humans mount an immune response to hookworms, but it is mostly unsuccessful at removing adult worms from the bowel. Accordingly, the host switches to an immune-tolerant state that enables hookworms to reside in the gut for many years. Although anthelmintic drugs are available and widely used, their efficacy varies and the drugs do not prevent reinfection. Thus, other control strategies aimed at improving water quality, sanitation and hygiene are needed. In addition, efforts are underway to develop a human hookworm vaccine through public-private partnerships. However, hookworms could also be a resource; as hookworms have the capability to regulate the host's inflammation, researchers are experimentally infecting patients to treat some inflammatory diseases as an approach to discover new anti-inflammatory molecules. This area of endeavour might well yield new biotherapeutics for autoimmune and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Building E4, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College Of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Sabin Vaccine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Tropical Medicine and Immunology, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James S McCarthy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - John Croese
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Building E4, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Tropical Medicine and Immunology, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
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Wei J, Damania A, Gao X, Liu Z, Mejia R, Mitreva M, Strych U, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Zhan B. The hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum intestinal transcriptome provides a platform for selecting drug and vaccine candidates. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:518. [PMID: 27677574 PMCID: PMC5039805 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intestine of hookworms contains enzymes and proteins involved in the blood-feeding process of the parasite and is therefore a promising source of possible vaccine antigens. One such antigen, the hemoglobin-digesting intestinal aspartic protease known as Na-APR-1 from the human hookworm Necator americanus, is currently a lead candidate antigen in clinical trials, as is Na-GST-1 a heme-detoxifying glutathione S-transferase. Methods In order to discover additional hookworm vaccine antigens, messenger RNA was obtained from the intestine of male hookworms, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, maintained in hamsters. RNA-seq was performed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. The genes expressed in the hookworm intestine were compared with those expressed in the whole worm and those genes overexpressed in the parasite intestine transcriptome were further analyzed. Results Among the lead transcripts identified were genes encoding for proteolytic enzymes including an A. ceylanicum APR-1, but the most common proteases were cysteine-, serine-, and metallo-proteases. Also in abundance were specific transporters of key breakdown metabolites, including amino acids, glucose, lipids, ions and water; detoxifying and heme-binding glutathione S-transferases; a family of cysteine-rich/antigen 5/pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) previously found in high abundance in parasitic nematodes; C-type lectins; and heat shock proteins. These candidates will be ranked for downstream antigen target selection based on key criteria including abundance, uniqueness in the parasite versus the vertebrate host, as well as solubility and yield of expression. Conclusion The intestinal transcriptome of A. ceylanicum provides useful information for the identification of proteins involved in the blood-feeding process, representing a first step towards a reverse vaccinology approach to a human hookworm vaccine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1795-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Wei
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ashish Damania
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Zhuyun Liu
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rojelio Mejia
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Bin Zhan
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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de la Fuente J, Kopáček P, Lew-Tabor A, Maritz-Olivier C. Strategies for new and improved vaccines against ticks and tick-borne diseases. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:754-769. [PMID: 27203187 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ticks infest a variety of animal species and transmit pathogens causing disease in both humans and animals worldwide. Tick-host-pathogen interactions have evolved through dynamic processes that accommodated the genetic traits of the hosts, pathogens transmitted and the vector tick species that mediate their development and survival. New approaches for tick control are dependent on defining molecular interactions between hosts, ticks and pathogens to allow for discovery of key molecules that could be tested in vaccines or new generation therapeutics for intervention of tick-pathogen cycles. Currently, tick vaccines constitute an effective and environmentally sound approach for the control of ticks and the transmission of the associated tick-borne diseases. New candidate protective antigens will most likely be identified by focusing on proteins with relevant biological function in the feeding, reproduction, development, immune response, subversion of host immunity of the tick vector and/or molecules vital for pathogen infection and transmission. This review addresses different approaches and strategies used for the discovery of protective antigens, including focusing on relevant tick biological functions and proteins, reverse genetics, vaccinomics and tick protein evolution and interactomics. New and improved tick vaccines will most likely contain multiple antigens to control tick infestations and pathogen infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - P Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - A Lew-Tabor
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Bae YA, Kim JG, Kong Y. Phylogenetic characterization of Clonorchis sinensis proteins homologous to the sigma-class glutathione transferase and their differential expression profiles. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 206:46-55. [PMID: 26792248 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (GST) is one of the major antioxidant proteins with diverse supplemental activities including peroxidase, isomerase, and thiol transferase. GSTs are classified into multiple classes on the basis of their primary structures and substrate/inhibitor specificity. However, the evolutionary routes and physiological environments specific to each of the closely related bioactive enzymes remain elusive. The sigma-like GSTs exhibit amino acid conservation patterns similar to the prostaglandin D synthases (PGDSs). In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic position of the GSTs of the biocarcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. We also observed induction profile of the GSTs in association with the parasite's maturation and in response to exogenous oxidative stresses, with special attention to sigma-class GSTs and PGDSs. The C. sinensis genome encoded 12 GST protein species, which were separately assigned to cytosolic (two omega-, one zeta-, two mu-, and five sigma-class), mitochondrial (one kappa-class), and microsomal (one membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism-like protein) GST families. Multiple sigma GST (or PGDS) orthologs were also detected in Opisthorchis viverrini. Other trematode species possessed only a single sigma-like GST gene. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that one of the sigma GST lineages duplicated in the common ancestor of trematodes were specifically expanded in the opisthorchiids, but deleted in other trematodes. The induction profiles of these sigma GST genes along with the development and aging of C. sinensis, and against various exogenous chemical stimuli strongly suggest that the paralogous sigma GST genes might be undergone specialized evolution to cope with the diverse hostile biochemical environments within the mammalian hepatobiliary ductal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Curti E, Seid CA, Hudspeth E, Center L, Rezende W, Pollet J, Kwityn C, Hammond M, Matsunami RK, Engler DA, Hotez PJ, Elena Bottazzi M. Optimization and revision of the production process of the Necator americanus glutathione S-transferase 1 (Na-GST-1), the lead hookworm vaccine recombinant protein candidate. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:1914-25. [PMID: 25424799 PMCID: PMC4186034 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the human hookworm Necator americanus is a leading cause of anemia and disability in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In order to prevent childhood hookworm disease in resource poor settings, a recombinant vaccine is under development by the Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, a Product Development Partnership (PDP). Previously, we reported on the expression and purification of a highly promising hookworm vaccine candidate, Na-GST-1, an N. americanus glutathione s-transferase expressed in Pichia pastoris (yeast), which led to production of 1.5 g of 95% pure recombinant protein at a 20L scale.1, 2, 3 This yield and purity of Na-GST-1 was sufficient for early pilot manufacturing and initial phase 1 clinical testing. However, based on the number of doses which would be required to allow mass vaccination and a potential goal to deliver a vaccine as inexpensively as possible, a higher yield of expression of the recombinant antigen at the lowest possible cost is highly desirable. Here we report on modifications to the fermentation (upstream process) of the antigen expressed in P. pastoris, and to the purification (downstream process) of the recombinant protein that allowed for a 2–3-fold improvement in the final yield of Na-GST-1 purified protein. The major improvements included upstream process changes such as the addition of a sorbitol pulse and co-feed during methanol induction as well as an extension of the induction stage to approximately 96 hours; downstream process changes included modifying the UFDF to flat sheet with a 10 kDa Molecular Weight cut-off (MWCO), adjusting the capacity of an ion-exchange chromatography step utilizing a gradient elution as opposed to the original step elution, and altering the hydrophobic interaction chromatography conditions. The full process, as well as the purity and stability profiles of the target Na-GST-1, and its formulation on Alhydrogel®, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Curti
- a Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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Kelleher A, Liu Z, Seid CA, Zhan B, Asojo OA. Expression, purification, crystallization and crystallographic study of Lutzomyia longipalpis LJL143. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:925-8. [PMID: 26144240 PMCID: PMC4498716 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15009486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease with a global prevalence of over 12 million cases and 59,000 annual deaths. Transmission of the parasite requires salivary proteins, including LJL143 from the New World sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis. LJL143 is a known marker of sandfly exposure in zoonotic hosts. LJL143 was crystallized from soluble protein expressed using Pichia pastoris. X-ray data were collected to 2.6 Å resolution from orthorhombic crystals belonging to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with average unit-cell parameters a = 57.39, b = 70.24, c = 79.58 Å. The crystals are predicted to have a monomer in the asymmetric unit, with an estimated solvent content of 48.5%. LJL143 has negligible homology to any reported structures, so the phases could not be determined by molecular replacement. All attempts at S-SAD failed and future studies include experimental phase determination using heavy-atom derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kelleher
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 550, Mail Stop BCM320, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Zhuyun Liu
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 550, Mail Stop BCM320, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Christopher A. Seid
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 550, Mail Stop BCM320, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 550, Mail Stop BCM320, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
| | - Oluwatoyin A. Asojo
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 550, Mail Stop BCM320, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
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Li LG, Wang ZQ, Liu RD, Yang X, Liu LN, Sun GG, Jiang P, Zhang X, Zhang GY, Cui J. Trichinella spiralis: low vaccine potential of glutathione S-transferase against infections in mice. Acta Trop 2015; 146:25-32. [PMID: 25757368 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Trichinella spiralis glutathione-S-transferase (TsGST) gene is an up-regulated gene in intestinal infective larvae (IIL) compared to muscle larvae (ML). In this study, the TsGST gene was cloned, and recombinant TsGST (rTsGST) was produced. Anti-rTsGST serum recognized the native TsGST by Western blotting in crude antigens of ML, adult worm (AW) and newborn larvae (NBL) of T. spiralis, but not in ML excretory-secretory (ES) antigens. Expression of TsGST was observed in all different developmental stages (IIL, AW, NBL and ML). An immunolocalization analysis identified TsGST in the cuticle, stichosome and genital primordium of the parasite. The rTsGST had GST enzymatic activity. After a challenge infection with T. spiralis larvae, mice immunized with rTsGST displayed a 35.71% reduction in adult worms and a 38.55% reduction in muscle larvae. The vaccination of mice with rTsGST induced the Th1/Th2-mixed type of immune response with Th2 predominant (high levels of IgG1) and partial protective immunity against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ge Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Li Na Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Gong Yuan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Biochemical and functional characterization of the glutathione S-transferase from Trichinella spiralis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2007-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Seid CA, Curti E, Jones RM, Hudspeth E, Rezende W, Pollet J, Center L, Versteeg L, Pritchard S, Musiychuk K, Yusibov V, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. Expression, purification, and characterization of the Necator americanus aspartic protease-1 (Na-APR-1 (M74)) antigen, a component of the bivalent human hookworm vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1474-88. [PMID: 25905574 PMCID: PMC4514214 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1036207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 400 million people living in the world's poorest developing nations are infected with hookworms, mostly of the genus Necator americanus. A bivalent human hookworm vaccine composed of the Necator americanus Glutathione S-Transferase-1 (Na-GST-1) and the Necator americanus Aspartic Protease-1 (Na-APR-1 (M74)) is currently under development by the Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership (Sabin PDP). Both monovalent vaccines are currently in Phase 1 trials. Both Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 antigens are expressed as recombinant proteins. While Na-GST-1 was found to express with high yields in Pichia pastoris, the level of expression of Na-APR-1 in this host was too low to be suitable for a manufacturing process. When the tobacco plant Nicotiana benthamiana was evaluated as an expression system, acceptable levels of solubility, yield, and stability were attained. Observed expression levels of Na-APR-1 (M74) using this system are ∼300 mg/kg. Here we describe the achievements and obstacles encountered during process development as well as characterization and stability of the purified Na-APR-1 (M74) protein and formulated vaccine. The expression, purification and analysis of purified Na-APR-1 (M74) protein obtained from representative 5 kg reproducibility runs performed to qualify the Na-APR-1 (M74) production process is also presented. This process has been successfully transferred to a pilot plant and a 50 kg scale manufacturing campaign under current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) has been performed. The 50 kg run has provided a sufficient amount of protein to support the ongoing hookworm vaccine development program of the Sabin PDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Seid
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Curti
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE, USA
| | - Elissa Hudspeth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wanderson Rezende
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lori Center
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leroy Versteeg
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sonya Pritchard
- Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology; Baylor University; Waco, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology; Baylor University; Waco, TX, USA
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Abstract
Helminth parasites infect over one fourth of the human population and are highly prevalent in livestock worldwide. In model systems, parasites are strongly immunomodulatory, but the immune system can be driven to expel them by prior vaccination. However, no vaccines are currently available for human use. Recent advances in vaccination with recombinant helminth antigens have been successful against cestode infections of livestock and new vaccines are being tested against nematode parasites of animals. Numerous vaccine antigens are being defined for a wide range of helminth parasite species, but greater understanding is needed to define the mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity, to lay a rational platform for new vaccines and their optimal design. With human trials underway for hookworm and schistosomiasis vaccines, a greater integration between veterinary and human studies will highlight the common molecular and mechanistic pathways, and accelerate progress towards reducing the global health burden of helminth infection.
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Asojo OA, Ceccarelli C. Structure of glutathione S-transferase 1 from the major human hookworm parasite Necator americanus (Na-GST-1) in complex with glutathione. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1162-6. [PMID: 25195885 PMCID: PMC4157412 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1401646x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase 1 from Necator americanus (Na-GST-1) is a vaccine candidate for hookworm infection that has a high affinity for heme and metal porphyrins. As part of attempts to clarify the mechanism of heme detoxification by hookworm GSTs, co-crystallization and soaking studies of Na-GST-1 with the heme-like molecules protoporphyrin IX disodium salt, hematin and zinc protoporphyrin were undertaken. While these studies did not yield the structure of the complex of Na-GST-1 with any of these molecules, co-crystallization experiments resulted in the first structures of the complex of Na-GST-1 with the substrate glutathione. The structures of the complex of Na-GST-1 with glutathione were solved from pathological crystalline aggregates comprising more than one crystal form. These first structures of the complex of Na-GST-1 with the substrate glutathione were solved by molecular replacement from data collected with a sealed-tube home source using the previously reported apo structure as the search model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin A. Asojo
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher Ceccarelli
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Malik A, Jagirdar H, Rabbani N, Khan MS, Ahmed A, Al-Senaidy AM, Ismael MA. Optimization of storage and stability of camel liver glutathione S-transferase. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 45:650-66. [PMID: 25036813 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.940973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes and play an important role in cellular detoxification. Besides this, GSTs act as cytosolic carrier proteins that bind hydrophobic compounds such as heme, bilirubin, steroids, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. GST has great importance in biotechnology, as it is a target for vaccine and drug development and biosensors development for xenobiotics. Moreover, the GST tag has been extensively used for protein expression and purification. Until now, biophysical properties of camel liver GST have not been characterized. In the present study we have purified camel (Camelus dromedarius) liver GST to homogeneity in a single step by affinity chromatography with 23.4-fold purification and 60.6% yield. Our results showed that maximal activity of GST was at pH 6.5 and it was stable in the pH range of 5 to 10. The optimum temperature was 55°C and the Tm was 57°C. The chemical chaperone glycerol (3.3 M) was able to protect GST activity and aggregation against thermal denaturation by stabilizing the protein structure at 50 and 57°C, respectively. However, L-arginine (125 mM) did not protect GST against thermal stress. Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that glycerol protected the secondary structure of GST while L-arginine induced conformational changes under thermal stress. In conclusion, our studies on the GST stability suggest that glycerol works as a stabilizer and L-arginine acts as a destabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- a Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Mashiyama ST, Malabanan MM, Akiva E, Bhosle R, Branch MC, Hillerich B, Jagessar K, Kim J, Patskovsky Y, Seidel RD, Stead M, Toro R, Vetting MW, Almo SC, Armstrong RN, Babbitt PC. Large-scale determination of sequence, structure, and function relationships in cytosolic glutathione transferases across the biosphere. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001843. [PMID: 24756107 PMCID: PMC3995644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global networks of the cytosolic glutathione S-transferases illuminate sequence-structure-function relationships across more than 13,000 members of this superfamily, including experimental confirmation of enzymatic activity for 82 members and new crystal structures for 27. The cytosolic glutathione transferase (cytGST) superfamily comprises more than 13,000 nonredundant sequences found throughout the biosphere. Their key roles in metabolism and defense against oxidative damage have led to thousands of studies over several decades. Despite this attention, little is known about the physiological reactions they catalyze and most of the substrates used to assay cytGSTs are synthetic compounds. A deeper understanding of relationships across the superfamily could provide new clues about their functions. To establish a foundation for expanded classification of cytGSTs, we generated similarity-based subgroupings for the entire superfamily. Using the resulting sequence similarity networks, we chose targets that broadly covered unknown functions and report here experimental results confirming GST-like activity for 82 of them, along with 37 new 3D structures determined for 27 targets. These new data, along with experimentally known GST reactions and structures reported in the literature, were painted onto the networks to generate a global view of their sequence-structure-function relationships. The results show how proteins of both known and unknown function relate to each other across the entire superfamily and reveal that the great majority of cytGSTs have not been experimentally characterized or annotated by canonical class. A mapping of taxonomic classes across the superfamily indicates that many taxa are represented in each subgroup and highlights challenges for classification of superfamily sequences into functionally relevant classes. Experimental determination of disulfide bond reductase activity in many diverse subgroups illustrate a theme common for many reaction types. Finally, sequence comparison between an enzyme that catalyzes a reductive dechlorination reaction relevant to bioremediation efforts with some of its closest homologs reveals differences among them likely to be associated with evolution of this unusual reaction. Interactive versions of the networks, associated with functional and other types of information, can be downloaded from the Structure-Function Linkage Database (SFLD; http://sfld.rbvi.ucsf.edu). Cytosolic glutathione transferases (cytGSTs) are a large and diverse superfamily of enzymes that have important roles in metabolism and defense against oxidative damage. They have been studied for several decades but because of the synthetic nature of the chemicals used to test these proteins to determine if they have cytGST activity, little is known about the physiological reactions and roles of cytGSTs. In this large, collaborative study, we constructed networks where more than 13,000 cytGST sequences were grouped by sequence similarity and then used these networks to prioritize new targets for experimental characterization in relatively unexplored regions of the superfamily. We report here experimental results confirming GST-like activity for 82 of them, along with 37 new three-dimensional molecular structures determined for 27 targets. These new data, along with experimental data previously reported in the literature, were painted onto the networks to generate a global view of their sequence-structure-function relationships. The results show how proteins of both known and unknown function relate to each other across the entire superfamily and illuminate the complex ways in which their variations in sequence and structure affect our ability to predict unknown functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Mashiyama
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - M. Merced Malabanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Eyal Akiva
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rahul Bhosle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan C. Branch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandan Hillerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Jagessar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jungwook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Yury Patskovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald D. Seidel
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Stead
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Rafael Toro
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Vetting
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCA); (RNA); (PCB)
| | - Richard N. Armstrong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCA); (RNA); (PCB)
| | - Patricia C. Babbitt
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCA); (RNA); (PCB)
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Hawdon JM. Controlling Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Time to Think Inside the Box? J Parasitol 2014; 100:166-88. [DOI: 10.1645/13-412.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kelleher A, Zhan B, Asojo OA. Structure of monomeric Na-GST-3, a glutathione S-transferase from the major human hookworm parasite Necator americanus. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:839-43. [PMID: 23908024 PMCID: PMC3729155 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113017661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Necator americanus is the major cause of human hookworm infection, which is a global cause of anemia in the developing world. Ongoing efforts to control hookworm infection include the identification of candidate vaccine antigens as well as potential therapeutic targets from the infective L3 larval stages and adult stages of the parasite. One promising family of proteins are the adult-stage-secreted cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Nematode GSTs facilitate the inactivation and degradation of a variety of electrophilic substrates (drugs) via the nucleophilic addition of reduced glutathione. Parasite GSTs also play significant roles in multi-drug resistance and the modulation of host immune defense mechanisms. Here, the structure of Na-GST-3, one of three GSTs secreted by adult-stage N. americanus, is reported. Unlike most GST structures, the Na-GST-3 crystal contains a monomer in the asymmetric unit. However, the monomer forms a prototypical GST dimer across the crystallographic twofold. A glutathione from the fermentation process is bound to the monomer. The overall binding cavity of Na-GST-3 is reminiscent of that of other N. americanus GSTs and is larger and capable of binding a wider array of ligands than GSTs from organisms that have other major detoxifying mechanisms. Furthermore, despite having low sequence identity to the host GST, Na-GST-3 has a greater tertiary-structure similarity to human sigma-class GST than was observed for the other N. americanus GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kelleher
- Department of Pediatrics and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue BCM 320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue BCM 320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oluwatoyin A. Asojo
- Department of Pediatrics and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Avenue BCM 320, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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