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Chekli Y, Thiriet-Rupert S, Caillet C, Quilès F, Le Cordier H, Deshayes E, Bardiaux B, Pédron T, Titecat M, Debarbieux L, Ghigo JM, Francius G, Duval JFL, Beloin C. Biophysical insights into sugar-dependent medium acidification promoting YfaL protein-mediated Escherichia coli self-aggregation, biofilm formation and acid stress resistance. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39225712 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to interact with their environment is crucial to form aggregates and biofilms, and develop a collective stress resistance behavior. Despite its environmental and medical importance, bacterial aggregation is poorly understood and mediated by few known adhesion structures. Here, we identified a new role for a surface-exposed Escherichia coli protein, YfaL, which can self-recognize and induce bacterial autoaggregation. This process occurs only under acidic conditions generated during E. coli growth in the presence of fermentable sugars. These findings were supported by electrokinetic and atomic force spectroscopy measurements, which revealed changes in the electrostatic, hydrophobic, and structural properties of YfaL-decorated cell surface upon sugar consumption. Furthermore, YfaL-mediated autoaggregation promotes biofilm formation and enhances E. coli resistance to acid stress. The prevalence and conservation of YfaL in environmental and clinical E. coli suggest strong evolutionary selection for its function inside or outside the host. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of environmental parameters such as low pH as physicochemical cues influencing bacterial adhesion and aggregation, affecting E. coli and potentially other bacteria's resistance to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankel Chekli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Céline Caillet
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Fabienne Quilès
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Hélène Le Cordier
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Emilie Deshayes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Bardiaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacterial Transmembrane Systems Unit, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Pédron
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie Titecat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Debarbieux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bacteriophage Bacterium Host, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Jérôme F L Duval
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Beloin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME UMR 7564, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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2
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Dessartine MM, Kosta A, Doan T, Cascales É, Côté JP. Type 1 fimbriae-mediated collective protection against type 6 secretion system attacks. mBio 2024; 15:e0255323. [PMID: 38497656 PMCID: PMC11005336 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02553-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial competition may rely on secretion systems such as the type 6 secretion system (T6SS), which punctures and releases toxic molecules into neighboring cells. To subsist, bacterial targets must counteract the threats posed by T6SS-positive competitors. In this study, we used a comprehensive genome-wide high-throughput screening approach to investigate the dynamics of interbacterial competition. Our primary goal was to identify deletion mutants within the well-characterized E. coli K-12 single-gene deletion library, the Keio collection, that demonstrated resistance to T6SS-mediated killing by the enteropathogenic bacterium Cronobacter malonaticus. We identified 49 potential mutants conferring resistance to T6SS and focused our interest on a deletion mutant (∆fimE) exhibiting enhanced expression of type 1 fimbriae. We demonstrated that the presence of type 1 fimbriae leads to the formation of microcolonies and thus protects against T6SS-mediated assaults. Collectively, our study demonstrated that adhesive structures such as type 1 fimbriae confer collective protective behavior against T6SS attacks.IMPORTANCEType 6 secretion systems (T6SS) are molecular weapons employed by gram-negative bacteria to eliminate neighboring microbes. T6SS plays a pivotal role as a virulence factor, enabling pathogenic gram-negative bacteria to compete with the established communities to colonize hosts and induce infections. Gaining a deeper understanding of bacterial interactions will allow the development of strategies to control the action of systems such as the T6SS that can manipulate bacterial communities. In this context, we demonstrate that bacteria targeted by T6SS attacks from the enteric pathogen Cronobacter malonaticus, which poses a significant threat to infants, can develop a collective protective mechanism centered on the production of type I fimbriae. These adhesive structures promote the aggregation of bacterial preys and the formation of microcolonies, which protect the cells from T6SS attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Marie Dessartine
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Artemis Kosta
- Plateforme de microscopie, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM, FR3479), Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Doan
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM, UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Éric Cascales
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM, UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Côté
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Dang J, Shu J, Wang R, Yu H, Chen Z, Yan W, Zhao B, Ding L, Wang Y, Hu H, Li Z. The glycopatterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a potential biomarker for its carbapenem resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0200123. [PMID: 37861315 PMCID: PMC10714932 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02001-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bacterial surface glycans are an attractive therapeutic target in response to antibiotics; however, current knowledge of the corresponding mechanisms is rather limited. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, genome sequencing, and MALDI-TOF MS, commonly used in recent years to analyze bacterial resistance, are unable to rapidly and efficiently establish associations between glycans and resistance. The discovery of new antimicrobial strategies still requires the introduction of promising analytical methods. In this study, we applied lectin microarray technology and a machine-learning model to screen for important glycan structures associated with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. This work highlights that specific glycopatterns can be important biomarkers associated with bacterial antibiotic resistance, which promises to provide a rapid entry point for exploring new resistance mechanisms in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dang
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Shu
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruiying Wang
- Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanjie Yu
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbo Yan
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingxiang Zhao
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Ding
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuzi Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huizheng Hu
- Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory of Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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4
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Gadar K, McCarthy RR. Using next generation antimicrobials to target the mechanisms of infection. NPJ ANTIMICROBIALS AND RESISTANCE 2023; 1:11. [PMID: 38686217 PMCID: PMC11057201 DOI: 10.1038/s44259-023-00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable impact of antibiotics on human health is being eroded at an alarming rate by the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens. There is a recognised consensus that new strategies to tackle infection are urgently needed to limit the devasting impact of antibiotic resistance on our global healthcare infrastructure. Next generation antimicrobials (NGAs) are compounds that target bacterial virulence factors to disrupt pathogenic potential without impacting bacterial viability. By disabling the key virulence factors required to establish and maintain infection, NGAs make pathogens more vulnerable to clearance by the immune system and can potentially render them more susceptible to traditional antibiotics. In this review, we discuss the developing field of NGAs and how advancements in this area could offer a viable standalone alternative to traditional antibiotics or an effective means to prolong antibiotic efficacy when used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gadar
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH United Kingdom
| | - Ronan R. McCarthy
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH United Kingdom
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5
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Tataru C, Peras M, Rutherford E, Dunlap K, Yin X, Chrisman BS, DeSantis TZ, Wall DP, Iwai S, David MM. Topic modeling for multi-omic integration in the human gut microbiome and implications for Autism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11353. [PMID: 37443184 PMCID: PMC10345091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While healthy gut microbiomes are critical to human health, pertinent microbial processes remain largely undefined, partially due to differential bias among profiling techniques. By simultaneously integrating multiple profiling methods, multi-omic analysis can define generalizable microbial processes, and is especially useful in understanding complex conditions such as Autism. Challenges with integrating heterogeneous data produced by multiple profiling methods can be overcome using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a promising natural language processing technique that identifies topics in heterogeneous documents. In this study, we apply LDA to multi-omic microbial data (16S rRNA amplicon, shotgun metagenomic, shotgun metatranscriptomic, and untargeted metabolomic profiling) from the stool of 81 children with and without Autism. We identify topics, or microbial processes, that summarize complex phenomena occurring within gut microbial communities. We then subset stool samples by topic distribution, and identify metabolites, specifically neurotransmitter precursors and fatty acid derivatives, that differ significantly between children with and without Autism. We identify clusters of topics, deemed "cross-omic topics", which we hypothesize are representative of generalizable microbial processes observable regardless of profiling method. Interpreting topics, we find each represents a particular diet, and we heuristically label each cross-omic topic as: healthy/general function, age-associated function, transcriptional regulation, and opportunistic pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tataru
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, SW Campus Way, Corvallis, USA.
| | - Marie Peras
- Second Genome Inc, 1000 Marina Blvd, Suite 500, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Erica Rutherford
- Second Genome Inc, 1000 Marina Blvd, Suite 500, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Kaiti Dunlap
- Department of Bioengineering, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
| | - Xiaochen Yin
- Second Genome Inc, 1000 Marina Blvd, Suite 500, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | | | - Todd Z DeSantis
- Second Genome Inc, 1000 Marina Blvd, Suite 500, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Dennis P Wall
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Serra Mall, Stanford, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Systems Medicine), Stanford, 1265 Welch Road, Stanford, USA
| | - Shoko Iwai
- Second Genome Inc, 1000 Marina Blvd, Suite 500, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Maude M David
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, SW Campus Way, Corvallis, USA.
- School of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, SW Campus Way, Corvallis, USA.
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6
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Båvik LM, Mehta RS, Weissman DB. Fifty shades of greenbeard: robust evolution of altruism based on similarity of complex phenotypes. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222579. [PMID: 37312545 PMCID: PMC10265020 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the evolution of altruistic behaviour under a model where individuals choose to cooperate by comparing a set of continuous phenotype tags. Individuals play a donation game and only donate to other individuals that are sufficiently similar to themselves in a multidimensional phenotype space. We find the generic maintenance of robust altruism when phenotypes are multidimensional. Selection for altruism is driven by the coevolution of individual strategy and phenotype; altruism levels shape the distribution of individuals in phenotype space. Low donation rates induce a phenotype distribution that renders the population vulnerable to the invasion of altruists, whereas high donation rates prime a population for cheater invasion, resulting in cyclic dynamics that maintain substantial levels of altruism. Altruism is therefore robust to invasion by cheaters in the long term in this model. Furthermore, the shape of the phenotype distribution in high phenotypic dimension allows altruists to better resist the invasion by cheaters, and as a result the amount of donation increases with increasing phenotype dimension. We also generalize previous results in the regime of weak selection to two competing strategies in continuous phenotype space, and show that success under weak selection is crucial to success under strong selection in our model. Our results support the viability of a simple similarity-based mechanism for altruism in a well-mixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohan S. Mehta
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Li H, Wang Y, Zhao X, Yan Z, Song C, Wang S. Chirality of tyrosine controls biofilm formation via the regulation of bacterial adhesion. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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8
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Zhou Y, Jiang D, Yao X, Luo Y, Yang Z, Ren M, Zhang G, Yu Y, Lu A, Wang Y. Pan-genome wide association study of Glaesserella parasuis highlights genes associated with virulence and biofilm formation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160433. [PMID: 37138622 PMCID: PMC10149723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes fibrotic polyserositis and arthritis in pig, significantly affecting the pig industry. The pan-genome of G. parasuis is open. As the number of genes increases, the core and accessory genomes may show more pronounced differences. The genes associated with virulence and biofilm formation are also still unclear due to the diversity of G. parasuis. Therefore, we have applied a pan-genome-wide association study (Pan-GWAS) to 121 strains G. parasuis. Our analysis revealed that the core genome consists of 1,133 genes associated with the cytoskeleton, virulence, and basic biological processes. The accessory genome is highly variable and is a major cause of genetic diversity in G. parasuis. Furthermore, two biologically important traits (virulence, biofilm formation) of G. parasuis were studied via pan-GWAS to search for genes associated with the traits. A total of 142 genes were associated with strong virulence traits. By affecting metabolic pathways and capturing the host nutrients, these genes are involved in signal pathways and virulence factors, which are beneficial for bacterial survival and biofilm formation. This research lays the foundation for further studies on virulence and biofilm formation and provides potential new drug and vaccine targets against G. parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dike Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery (HKAP), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yin Wang,
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9
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Clarke KR, Hor L, Pilapitiya A, Luirink J, Paxman JJ, Heras B. Phylogenetic Classification and Functional Review of Autotransporters. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921272. [PMID: 35860281 PMCID: PMC9289746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotransporters are the core component of a molecular nano-machine that delivers cargo proteins across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Part of the type V secretion system, this large family of proteins play a central role in controlling bacterial interactions with their environment by promoting adhesion to surfaces, biofilm formation, host colonization and invasion as well as cytotoxicity and immunomodulation. As such, autotransporters are key facilitators of fitness and pathogenesis and enable co-operation or competition with other bacteria. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of autotransporter sequences reported and a steady rise in functional studies, which further link these proteins to multiple virulence phenotypes. In this review we provide an overview of our current knowledge on classical autotransporter proteins, the archetype of this protein superfamily. We also carry out a phylogenetic analysis of their functional domains and present a new classification system for this exquisitely diverse group of bacterial proteins. The sixteen phylogenetic divisions identified establish sensible relationships between well characterized autotransporters and inform structural and functional predictions of uncharacterized proteins, which may guide future research aimed at addressing multiple unanswered aspects in this group of therapeutically important bacterial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R. Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilian Hor
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Akila Pilapitiya
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joen Luirink
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jason J. Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Begoña Heras, ; Jason J. Paxman,
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Begoña Heras, ; Jason J. Paxman,
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10
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Zhang Y, Tan P, Zhao Y, Ma X. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: intestinal pathogenesis mechanisms and colonization resistance by gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2055943. [PMID: 35358002 PMCID: PMC8973357 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2055943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in children and travelers in developing countries. ETEC is characterized by the ability to produce major virulence factors including colonization factors (CFs) and enterotoxins, that bind to specific receptors on epithelial cells and induce diarrhea. The gut microbiota is a stable and sophisticated ecosystem that performs a range of beneficial functions for the host, including protection against pathogen colonization. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of ETEC and the interaction between the gut microbiota and ETEC represents not only a research need but also an opportunity and challenge to develop precautions for ETEC infection. Herein, this review focuses on recent discoveries about ETEC etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation, and discusses the colonization resistances mediated by gut microbiota, as well as preventative strategies against ETEC with an aim to provide novel insights that can reduce the adverse effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,CONTACT Xi Ma State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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11
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Fang Y, Visvalingam J, Zhang P, Yang X. Biofilm formation by Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in monocultures and co-cultures with meat processing surface bacteria. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103902. [PMID: 34809934 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of meat processing surface bacteria (MPB) on biofilm formation by non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and potential links between biofilm formation by STEC and biofilm-related genes in their genomes. Biofilm development by 50 MPB and 6 STEC strains in mono- and co-cultures was assessed by the crystal violet staining method, and their expression of curli and cellulose was determined using the Congo red agar method. Genes (n = 141) associated with biofilm formation in the STEC strains were profiled. Biofilm formation in general correlated with cellulose and curli expression in both mono- and co-cultures. Most MPB strains had antagonistic effects on the biofilm formation of the STEC strains. Of the genes investigated, 81% were common among the STEC strains and there seems to be a gene-redundancy in biofilm formation. The inability of the O26 strain to form biofilms could be due to mutations in the rpoS gene. Truncation in the mlrA gene in the O145 strain seems not affecting its biofilm formation alone or with MPB. The O45 strain, despite having the greatest number of biofilm-related genes, did not form measurable biofilms. Overall, biofilm formation of STEC was affected by curli-cellulose expression and companion strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Jeyachchandran Visvalingam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Xianqin Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Lacombe Research and Development Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, T4L 1W1, Canada.
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12
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Agarwal G, Choudhary D, Stice SP, Myers BK, Gitaitis RD, Venter SN, Kvitko BH, Dutta B. Pan-Genome-Wide Analysis of Pantoea ananatis Identified Genes Linked to Pathogenicity in Onion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684756. [PMID: 34489883 PMCID: PMC8417944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantoea ananatis, a gram negative and facultative anaerobic bacterium is a member of a Pantoea spp. complex that causes center rot of onion, which significantly affects onion yield and quality. This pathogen does not have typical virulence factors like type II or type III secretion systems but appears to require a biosynthetic gene-cluster, HiVir/PASVIL (located chromosomally comprised of 14 genes), for a phosphonate secondary metabolite, and the 'alt' gene cluster (located in plasmid and comprised of 11 genes) that aids in bacterial colonization in onion bulbs by imparting tolerance to thiosulfinates. We conducted a deep pan-genome-wide association study (pan-GWAS) to predict additional genes associated with pathogenicity in P. ananatis using a panel of diverse strains (n = 81). We utilized a red-onion scale necrosis assay as an indicator of pathogenicity. Based on this assay, we differentiated pathogenic (n = 51)- vs. non-pathogenic (n = 30)-strains phenotypically. Pan-genome analysis revealed a large core genome of 3,153 genes and a flexible accessory genome. Pan-GWAS using the presence and absence variants (PAVs) predicted 42 genes, including 14 from the previously identified HiVir/PASVIL cluster associated with pathogenicity, and 28 novel genes that were not previously associated with pathogenicity in onion. Of the 28 novel genes identified, eight have annotated functions of site-specific tyrosine kinase, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, conjugal transfer, and HTH-type transcriptional regulator. The remaining 20 genes are currently hypothetical. Further, a core-genome SNPs-based phylogeny and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) studies were also conducted to assess the extent of lateral gene transfer among diverse P. ananatis strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on PAVs and whole genome multi locus sequence typing (wgMLST) rather than core-genome SNPs distinguished red-scale necrosis inducing (pathogenic) strains from non-scale necrosis inducing (non-pathogenic) strains of P. ananatis. A total of 1182 HGT events including the HiVir/PASVIL and alt cluster genes were identified. These events could be regarded as a major contributing factor to the diversification, niche-adaptation and potential acquisition of pathogenicity/virulence genes in P. ananatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Agarwal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experimental Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Divya Choudhary
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experimental Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Shaun P Stice
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brendon K Myers
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experimental Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Ronald D Gitaitis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experimental Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Stephanus N Venter
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Brian H Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experimental Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
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13
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Dev Kumar G, Mis Solval K, Mishra A, Macarisin D. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Pelargonic Acid Micelles against Salmonella varies by Surfactant, Serotype and Stress Response. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10287. [PMID: 32581319 PMCID: PMC7314784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial properties of Pelargonic acid (PA), a component of tomatoes, makes it an attractive candidate as a food additive and sanitizer. The antimicrobial efficacy of PA emulsions generated using surfactants: Tween 80, Triton X100, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and Quillaja Saponin was evaluated against Salmonella serotypes Newport, Oranienburg and Typhimurium. Micelle/dropletsize, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined. Surfactant type and concentration significantly influenced the antimicrobial efficacy of PA (p < 0.05). Overall, Salmonella Newport was the most (p < 0.05) susceptible serotype to PA emulsions. PA emulsions generated with 1.00% SDS had the highest (p < 0.05) antimicrobial activity, with MIC of 7.82 mM against S. Newport and 15.62 mM against S. Oranienburg/S. Typhimurium, respectively. Addition of PA to Trypticase Soy Broth resulted in a decreased growth rate and an increased lag phase duration. Cells exposed to PA formed elongated filaments (>5 µm). Additionally, Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium and Newport also formed floccular biofilms. PA emulsions at a concentration of 31.25 mM generated using 1% SDS and 1% Quillaja saponin resulted in >6 log CFU/ml reduction in Salmonella population. Althought all PA emulsions evalauted inhibited Salmonella, morphological changes to this antimicrobial varied substantially among the Salmonella serotypes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Dev Kumar
- Center for Food Safety, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA.
| | - Kevin Mis Solval
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dumitru Macarisin
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
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15
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Cho SH, Lee KM, Kim CH, Kim SS. Construction of a Lectin-Glycan Interaction Network from Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Strains by Multi-omics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082681. [PMID: 32290560 PMCID: PMC7215717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. EHEC infection begins with bacterial adherence to the host intestine via lectin-like adhesins that bind to the intestinal wall. However, EHEC-related lectin–glycan interactions (LGIs) remain unknown. Here, we conducted a genome-wide investigation of putative adhesins to construct an LGI network. We performed microarray-based transcriptomic and proteomic analyses with E. coli EDL933. Using PSORTb-based analysis, potential outer-membrane-embedded adhesins were predicted from the annotated genes of 318 strains. Predicted proteins were classified using TMHMM v2.0, SignalP v5.0, and LipoP v1.0. Functional and protein–protein interaction analyses were performed using InterProScan and String databases, respectively. Structural information of lectin candidate proteins was predicted using Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (I-TASSER) and Spatial Epitope Prediction of Protein Antigens (SEPPA) tools based on 3D structure and B-cell epitopes. Pathway analysis returned 42,227 Gene Ontology terms; we then selected 2585 lectin candidate proteins by multi-omics analysis and performed homology modeling and B-cell epitope analysis. We predicted a total of 24,400 outer-membrane-embedded proteins from the genome of 318 strains and integrated multi-omics information into the genomic information of the proteins. Our integrated multi-omics data will provide a useful resource for the construction of LGI networks of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Kang Mo Lee
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-031-290-7002 (C.-H.K.); +82-043-719-8400 (S.S.K.); Fax: +82-043-719-8402 (S.S.K.)
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Chungchungbuk-do 28160, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (K.M.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-031-290-7002 (C.-H.K.); +82-043-719-8400 (S.S.K.); Fax: +82-043-719-8402 (S.S.K.)
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16
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Habouria H, Pokharel P, Maris S, Garénaux A, Bessaiah H, Houle S, Veyrier FJ, Guyomard-Rabenirina S, Talarmin A, Dozois CM. Three new serine-protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) from extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli and combined role of SPATEs for cytotoxicity and colonization of the mouse kidney. Virulence 2020; 10:568-587. [PMID: 31198092 PMCID: PMC6592367 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1624102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) are secreted proteins that contribute to virulence and function as proteases, toxins, adhesins, and/or immunomodulators. An extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) O1:K1 strain, QT598, isolated from a turkey, was shown to contain vat, tsh, and three uncharacterized SPATE-encoding genes. Uncharacterized SPATEs: Sha (Serine-protease hemagglutinin autotransporter), TagB and TagC (tandem autotransporter genes B and C) were tested for activities including hemagglutination, autoaggregation, and cytotoxicity when expressed in E. coli K-12. Sha and TagB conferred autoaggregation and hemagglutination activities. TagB, TagC, and Sha all exhibited cytopathic effects on a bladder epithelial cell line. In QT598, tagB and tagC are tandemly encoded on a genomic island, and were present in 10% of UTI isolates and 4.7% of avian E. coli. Sha is encoded on a virulence plasmid and was present in 1% of UTI isolates and 20% of avian E. coli. To specifically examine the role of SPATEs for infection, the 5 SPATE genes were deleted from strain QT598 and tested for cytotoxicity. Loss of all five SPATEs abrogated the cytopathic effect on bladder epithelial cells, although derivatives producing any of the 5 SPATEs retained cytopathic activity. In mouse infections, sha gene-expression was up-regulated a mean of sixfold in the bladder compared to growth in vitro. Loss of either tagBC or sha did not reduce urinary tract colonization. Deletion of all 5 SPATEs, however, significantly reduced competitive colonization of the kidney supporting a cumulative role of SPATEs for QT598 in the mouse UTI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Habouria
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Pravil Pokharel
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Segolène Maris
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Amélie Garénaux
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Hicham Bessaiah
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Sébastien Houle
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Frédéric J Veyrier
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,c Institut Pasteur International Network
| | - Stéphanie Guyomard-Rabenirina
- c Institut Pasteur International Network.,d Unité Environnement Santé , Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe , Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , France
| | - Antoine Talarmin
- c Institut Pasteur International Network.,d Unité Environnement Santé , Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe , Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , France
| | - Charles M Dozois
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA).,c Institut Pasteur International Network
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17
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Arata Y, Oshima T, Ikeda Y, Kimura H, Sako Y. OP50, a bacterial strain conventionally used as food for laboratory maintenance of C. elegans, is a biofilm formation defective mutant. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2020; 2020. [PMID: 32550510 PMCID: PMC7252395 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukinobu Arata
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Taku Oshima
- Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yusaku Ikeda
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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18
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Yu HH, Song YJ, Yu HS, Lee NK, Paik HD. Investigating the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of cinnamaldehyde against Campylobacter spp. using cell surface characteristics. J Food Sci 2020; 85:157-164. [PMID: 31909483 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter species are known as biofilm-forming bacteria in food systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of cinnamaldehyde against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from chicken meat. The biofilm-forming C. jejuni and C. coli strains from chicken meat were investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Campylobacter spp. characteristics. The MIC value was 31.25 µg/mL for the Campylobacter strains tested. Cinnamaldehyde had an inhibition and degradation effect on Campylobacter biofilms at concentrations > 15.63 µg/mL. Campylobacter strains treated with 15.63 µg/mL CA exhibited significantly decreased autoaggregation, motility, exopolysaccharide production, and soluble protein. In addition, Campylobacter biofilms formed on stainless steel were degraded following cinnamaldehyde treatment, as determined by scanning electron microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that cinnamaldehyde constitutes a potential natural preservative against Campylobacter and a nontoxic biofilm remover that could be applied to control food poisoning in the poultry manufacturing-related food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Cinnamaldehyde was able to effectively remove the biofilm of Campylobacter in the small crack of stainless steel. Cinnamaldehyde has a potential to replace the synthetic antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm agent as well as has a positive influence on consumer concern for the food safety issues of the poultry industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Hee Yu
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk Univ., Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Song
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk Univ., Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Yu
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk Univ., Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk Univ., Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk Univ., Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wang S, Yang D, Wu X, Wang Y, Wang D, Tian M, Li T, Qi J, Wang X, Ding C, Yu S. Autotransporter MisL of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium facilitates bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5036521. [PMID: 29901711 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. The autotransporter (AT) proteins are a large and diverse family of extracellular proteins, many of which contribute to the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria. The S. Typhimurium AT protein MisL mediates intestinal colonization in mice. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that MisL clusters with ATs are involved in bacterial biofilm formation, aggregation and adherence. In this study, we found that the misL overexpression increased S. Typhimurium biofilm formation. In addition, the misL deletion reduced bacterial adherence and invasion abilities on HeLa cells, but did not affect the bacterial virulence. Similarly, MisL expression in Escherichia coli strain promoted bacterial biofilm formation as well as adhesion and invasion capacities. However, the misL overexpression had no influence on the bacterial aggregation except for AAEC189Δflu, a strain lacking type I fimbriae. Moreover, we demonstrated that immunization with recombinant MisL protein stimulated the production of high IgG antibody titers, which conferred modest protection against S. Typhimurium infection. This study illustrates the novel biological functions and immunoprotective effects of MisL in S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Denghui Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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20
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Crofts AA, Giovanetti SM, Rubin EJ, Poly FM, Gutiérrez RL, Talaat KR, Porter CK, Riddle MS, DeNearing B, Brubaker J, Maciel M, Alcala AN, Chakraborty S, Prouty MG, Savarino SJ, Davies BW, Trent MS. Enterotoxigenic E. coli virulence gene regulation in human infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8968-E8976. [PMID: 30126994 PMCID: PMC6156659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808982115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a global diarrheal pathogen that utilizes adhesins and secreted enterotoxins to cause disease in mammalian hosts. Decades of research on virulence factor regulation in ETEC has revealed a variety of environmental factors that influence gene expression, including bile, pH, bicarbonate, osmolarity, and glucose. However, other hallmarks of the intestinal tract, such as low oxygen availability, have not been examined. Further, determining how ETEC integrates these signals in the complex host environment is challenging. To address this, we characterized ETEC's response to the human host using samples from a controlled human infection model. We found ETEC senses environmental oxygen to globally influence virulence factor expression via the oxygen-sensitive transcriptional regulator fumarate and nitrate reduction (FNR) regulator. In vitro anaerobic growth replicates the in vivo virulence factor expression profile, and deletion of fnr in ETEC strain H10407 results in a significant increase in expression of all classical virulence factors, including the colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) adhesin operon and both heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins. These data depict a model of ETEC infection where FNR activity can globally influence virulence gene expression, and therefore proximity to the oxygenated zone bordering intestinal epithelial cells likely influences ETEC virulence gene expression in vivo. Outside of the host, ETEC biofilms are associated with seasonal ETEC epidemics, and we find FNR is a regulator of biofilm production. Together these data suggest FNR-dependent oxygen sensing in ETEC has implications for human infection inside and outside of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Crofts
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Simone M Giovanetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Erica J Rubin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Frédéric M Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Ramiro L Gutiérrez
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Chad K Porter
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Barbara DeNearing
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jessica Brubaker
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Milton Maciel
- Immunology, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Ashley N Alcala
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Michael G Prouty
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Stephen J Savarino
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Bryan W Davies
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602;
- Center of Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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21
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Maigaard Hermansen GM, Boysen A, Krogh TJ, Nawrocki A, Jelsbak L, Møller-Jensen J. HldE Is Important for Virulence Phenotypes in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:253. [PMID: 30131942 PMCID: PMC6090259 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most common causes of diarrheal illness in third world countries and it especially affects children and travelers visiting these regions. ETEC causes disease by adhering tightly to the epithelial cells in a concerted effort by adhesins, flagella, and other virulence-factors. When attached ETEC secretes toxins targeting the small intestine host-cells, which ultimately leads to osmotic diarrhea. HldE is a bifunctional protein that catalyzes the nucleotide-activated heptose precursors used in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in post-translational protein glycosylation. Both mechanisms have been linked to ETEC virulence: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the bacterial outer membrane and is needed for transport of heat-labile toxins to the host cells, and ETEC glycoproteins have been shown to play an important role for bacterial adhesion to host epithelia. Here, we report that HldE plays an important role for ETEC virulence. Deletion of hldE resulted in markedly reduced binding to the human intestinal cells due to reduced expression of colonization factor CFA/I on the bacterial surface. Deletion of hldE also affected ETEC motility in a flagella-dependent fashion. Expression of both colonization factors and flagella was inhibited at the level of transcription. In addition, the hldE mutant displayed altered growth, increased biofilm formation and clumping in minimal growth medium. Investigation of an orthogonal LPS-deficient mutant combined with mass spectrometric analysis of protein glycosylation indicated that HldE exerts its role on ETEC virulence both through protein glycosylation and correct LPS configuration. These results place HldE as an attractive target for the development of future antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Boysen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thøger J Krogh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Arkadiusz Nawrocki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Jelsbak
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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D'Souza G, Shitut S, Preussger D, Yousif G, Waschina S, Kost C. Ecology and evolution of metabolic cross-feeding interactions in bacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:455-488. [PMID: 29799048 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Literature covered: early 2000s to late 2017Bacteria frequently exchange metabolites with other micro- and macro-organisms. In these often obligate cross-feeding interactions, primary metabolites such as vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, or growth factors are exchanged. The widespread distribution of this type of metabolic interactions, however, is at odds with evolutionary theory: why should an organism invest costly resources to benefit other individuals rather than using these metabolites to maximize its own fitness? Recent empirical work has shown that bacterial genotypes can significantly benefit from trading metabolites with other bacteria relative to cells not engaging in such interactions. Here, we will provide a comprehensive overview over the ecological factors and evolutionary mechanisms that have been identified to explain the evolution and maintenance of metabolic mutualisms among microorganisms. Furthermore, we will highlight general principles that underlie the adaptive evolution of interconnected microbial metabolic networks as well as the evolutionary consequences that result for cells living in such communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen D'Souza
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Aggregative Adherence and Intestinal Colonization by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Are Produced by Interactions among Multiple Surface Factors. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00078-18. [PMID: 29577084 PMCID: PMC5863034 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00078-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) bacteria are exceptional colonizers of the human intestine and can cause diarrhea. Compared to other E. coli pathogens, little is known about the genes and pathogenic mechanisms that differentiate EAEC from harmless commensal E. coli. EAEC bacteria attach via multiple proteins and structures, including long appendages produced by assembling molecules of AafA and a short surface protein called Hra1. EAEC also secretes an antiadherence protein (Aap; also known as dispersin) which remains loosely attached to the cell surface. This report shows that dispersin covers Hra1 such that the adhesive properties of EAEC seen in the laboratory are largely produced by AafA structures. When the bacteria colonize worms, dispersin is sloughed off, or otherwise removed, such that Hra1-mediated adherence occurs. All three factors are required for optimal colonization, as well as to produce the signature EAEC stacked-brick adherence pattern. Interplay among multiple colonization factors may be an essential feature of exceptional colonizers. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) bacteria are exceptional colonizers that are associated with diarrhea. The genome of EAEC strain 042, a diarrheal pathogen validated in a human challenge study, encodes multiple colonization factors. Notable among them are aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF/II) and a secreted antiaggregation protein (Aap). Deletion of aap is known to increase adherence, autoaggregation, and biofilm formation, so it was proposed that Aap counteracts AAF/II-mediated interactions. We hypothesized that Aap sterically masks heat-resistant agglutinin 1 (Hra1), an integral outer membrane protein recently identified as an accessory colonization factor. We propose that this masking accounts for reduced in vivo colonization upon hra1 deletion and yet no colonization-associated phenotypes when hra1 is deleted in vitro. Using single and double mutants of hra1, aap, and the AAF/II structural protein gene aafA, we demonstrated that increased adherence in aap mutants occurs even when AAF/II proteins are genetically or chemically removed. Deletion of hra1 together with aap abolishes the hyperadherence phenotype, demonstrating that Aap indeed masks Hra1. The presence of all three colonization factors, however, is necessary for optimal colonization and for rapidly building stacked-brick patterns on slides and cultured monolayers, the signature EAEC phenotype. Altogether, our data demonstrate that Aap serves to mask nonstructural adhesins such as Hra1 and that optimal colonization by EAEC is mediated through interactions among multiple surface factors. IMPORTANCE Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) bacteria are exceptional colonizers of the human intestine and can cause diarrhea. Compared to other E. coli pathogens, little is known about the genes and pathogenic mechanisms that differentiate EAEC from harmless commensal E. coli. EAEC bacteria attach via multiple proteins and structures, including long appendages produced by assembling molecules of AafA and a short surface protein called Hra1. EAEC also secretes an antiadherence protein (Aap; also known as dispersin) which remains loosely attached to the cell surface. This report shows that dispersin covers Hra1 such that the adhesive properties of EAEC seen in the laboratory are largely produced by AafA structures. When the bacteria colonize worms, dispersin is sloughed off, or otherwise removed, such that Hra1-mediated adherence occurs. All three factors are required for optimal colonization, as well as to produce the signature EAEC stacked-brick adherence pattern. Interplay among multiple colonization factors may be an essential feature of exceptional colonizers.
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24
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Markova JA, Anganova EV, Turskaya AL, Bybin VA, Savilov ED. Regulation of Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Many bacteria, both environmental and pathogenic, exhibit the property of autoaggregation. In autoaggregation (sometimes also called autoagglutination or flocculation), bacteria of the same type form multicellular clumps that eventually settle at the bottom of culture tubes. Autoaggregation is generally mediated by self-recognising surface structures, such as proteins and exopolysaccharides, which we term collectively as autoagglutinins. Although a widespread phenomenon, in most cases the function of autoaggregation is poorly understood, though there is evidence to show that aggregating bacteria are protected from environmental stresses or host responses. Autoaggregation is also often among the first steps in forming biofilms. Here, we review the current knowledge on autoaggregation, the role of autoaggregation in biofilm formation and pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms leading to aggregation using specific examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Trunk
- Bacterial Cell Surface Group, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hawzeen S Khalil
- Bacterial Cell Surface Group, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jack C Leo
- Bacterial Cell Surface Group, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Benforte FC, Colonnella MA, Ricardi MM, Solar Venero EC, Lizarraga L, López NI, Tribelli PM. Novel role of the LPS core glycosyltransferase WapH for cold adaptation in the Antarctic bacterium Pseudomonas extremaustralis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192559. [PMID: 29415056 PMCID: PMC5802925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychrotroph microorganisms have developed cellular mechanisms to cope with cold stress. Cell envelopes are key components for bacterial survival. Outer membrane is a constituent of Gram negative bacterial envelopes, consisting of several components, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In this work we investigated the relevance of envelope characteristics for cold adaptation in the Antarctic bacterium Pseudomonas extremaustralis by analyzing a mini Tn5 wapH mutant strain, encoding a core LPS glycosyltransferase. Our results showed that wapH strain is impaired to grow under low temperature but not for cold survival. The mutation in wapH, provoked a strong aggregative phenotype and modifications of envelope nanomechanical properties such as lower flexibility and higher turgor pressure, cell permeability and surface area to volume ratio (S/V). Changes in these characteristics were also observed in the wild type strain grown at different temperatures, showing higher cell flexibility but lower turgor pressure under cold conditions. Cold shock experiments indicated that an acclimation period in the wild type is necessary for cell flexibility and S/V ratio adjustments. Alteration in cell-cell interaction capabilities was observed in wapH strain. Mixed cells of wild type and wapH strains, as well as those of the wild type strain grown at different temperatures, showed a mosaic pattern of aggregation. These results indicate that wapH mutation provoked marked envelope alterations showing that LPS core conservation appears as a novel essential feature for active growth under cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia C. Benforte
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria A. Colonnella
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martiniano M. Ricardi
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Leonardo Lizarraga
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy I. López
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (NIL); (PMT)
| | - Paula M. Tribelli
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IQUIBICEN, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (NIL); (PMT)
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27
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Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is an important multihost animal and zoonotic pathogen that is capable of causing respiratory and multisystemic diseases, bacteremia, and bite wound infections. The glycosaminoglycan capsule of P. multocida is an essential virulence factor that protects the bacterium from host defenses. However, chronic infections (such as swine atrophic rhinitis and the carrier state in birds and other animals) may be associated with biofilm formation, which has not been characterized in P. multocida. Biofilm formation by clinical isolates was inversely related to capsule production and was confirmed with capsule-deficient mutants of highly encapsulated strains. Capsule-deficient mutants formed biofilms with a larger biomass that was thicker and smoother than the biofilm of encapsulated strains. Passage of a highly encapsulated, poor-biofilm-forming strain under conditions that favored biofilm formation resulted in the production of less capsular polysaccharide and a more robust biofilm, as did addition of hyaluronidase to the growth medium of all of the strains tested. The matrix material of the biofilm was composed predominately of a glycogen exopolysaccharide (EPS), as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and enzymatic digestion. However, a putative glycogen synthesis locus was not differentially regulated when the bacteria were grown as a biofilm or planktonically, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Therefore, the negatively charged capsule may interfere with biofilm formation by blocking adherence to a surface or by preventing the EPS matrix from encasing large numbers of bacterial cells. This is the first detailed description of biofilm formation and a glycogen EPS by P. multocida. Pasteurella multocida is an important pathogen responsible for severe infections in food animals, domestic and wild birds, pet animals, and humans. P. multocida was first isolated by Louis Pasteur in 1880 and has been studied for over 130 years. However, aspects of its lifecycle have remained unknown. Although formation of a biofilm by P. multocida has been proposed, this report is the first to characterize biofilm formation by P. multocida. Of particular interest is that the biofilm matrix material contained a newly reported amylose-like glycogen as the exopolysaccharide component and that production of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was inversely related to biofilm formation. However, even highly mucoid, poor-biofilm-forming strains could form abundant biofilms by loss of CPS or following in vitro passage under biofilm growth conditions. Therefore, the carrier state or subclinical chronic infections with P. multocida may result from CPS downregulation with concomitant enhanced biofilm formation.
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Vo JL, Martínez Ortiz GC, Subedi P, Keerthikumar S, Mathivanan S, Paxman JJ, Heras B. Autotransporter Adhesins in Escherichia coli Pathogenesis. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28665015 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most bacteria produce adhesion molecules to facilitate the interaction with host cells and establish successful infections. An important group of bacterial adhesins belong to the autotransporter (AT) superfamily, the largest group of secreted and outer membrane proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. AT adhesins possess diverse functions that facilitate bacterial colonisation, survival and persistence, and as such are often associated with increased bacterial fitness and pathogenic potential. In this review, we will describe AIDA-I type AT adhesins, which comprise the biggest and most diverse group in the AT family. We will focus on Escherichia coli proteins and define general aspects of their biogenesis, distribution, structural properties and key roles in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieanne L Vo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriela Constanza Martínez Ortiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pramod Subedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason J Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Patel S, Mathivanan N, Goyal A. Bacterial adhesins, the pathogenic weapons to trick host defense arsenal. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:763-771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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30
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Rossi E, Cimdins A, Lüthje P, Brauner A, Sjöling Å, Landini P, Römling U. "It's a gut feeling" - Escherichia coli biofilm formation in the gastrointestinal tract environment. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:1-30. [PMID: 28485690 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1303660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli can commonly be found, either as a commensal, probiotic or a pathogen, in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Biofilm formation and its regulation is surprisingly variable, although distinct regulatory pattern of red, dry and rough (rdar) biofilm formation arise in certain pathovars and even clones. In the GI tract, environmental conditions, signals from the host and from commensal bacteria contribute to shape E. coli biofilm formation within the multi-faceted multicellular communities in a complex and integrated fashion. Although some major regulatory networks, adhesion factors and extracellular matrix components constituting E. coli biofilms have been recognized, these processes have mainly been characterized in vitro and in the context of interaction of E. coli strains with intestinal epithelial cells. However, direct observation of E. coli cells in situ, and the vast number of genes encoding surface appendages on the core or accessory genome of E. coli suggests the complexity of the biofilm process to be far from being fully understood. In this review, we summarize biofilm formation mechanisms of commensal, probiotic and pathogenic E. coli in the context of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Rossi
- a Department of Biosciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,b Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainabiliy , Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Annika Cimdins
- c Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC) , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Petra Lüthje
- c Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC) , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,e Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- c Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC) , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Åsa Sjöling
- c Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC) , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Paolo Landini
- a Department of Biosciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Ute Römling
- c Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC) , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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31
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Hoeflinger JL, Miller MJ. Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 Autoaggregation Requires FliC Flagellation, Not Motility. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:301. [PMID: 28293226 PMCID: PMC5328975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic nosocomial and foodborne pathogen that causes severe infections with high morbidity and mortality rates in neonates, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Little is known about the pathogenesis mechanism of this pathogen and if there are any consequences of C. sakazakii colonization in healthy individuals. In this study, we characterized the mechanisms of autoaggregation in C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 (CS29544). Autoaggregation in CS29544 occurred rapidly, within 30 min, and proceeded to a maximum of 70%. Frameshift mutations in two flagellum proteins (FlhA and FliG) were identified in two nonautoaggregating CS29544 clonal variant isolates. Strategic gene knockouts were generated to determine if structurally intact and functional flagella were required for autoaggregation in CS29544. All structural knockouts (ΔflhA, ΔfliG, and ΔfliC) abolished autoaggregation, whereas the functional knockout (ΔmotAB) did not prevent autoaggregation. Complementation with FliC (ΔfliC/cfliC) restored autoaggregation. Autoaggregation was also disrupted by the addition of exogenous wild-type CS29544 filaments in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, filament supercoils tethering neighboring wild-type CS29544 cells together were observed by transmission electron microscopy. In silico analyses suggest that direct interactions of neighboring CS29544 FliC filaments proceed by hydrophobic bonding between the externally exposed hypervariable regions of the CS29544 FliC flagellin protein. Further research is needed to confirm if flagella-mediated autoaggregation plays a prominent role in C. sakazakii pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hoeflinger
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
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32
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Gao M, Zheng H, Ren Y, Lou R, Wu F, Yu W, Liu X, Ma X. A crucial role for spatial distribution in bacterial quorum sensing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34695. [PMID: 27698391 PMCID: PMC5048177 DOI: 10.1038/srep34695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a process that enables bacteria to communicate using secreted signaling molecules, and then makes a population of bacteria to regulate gene expression collectively and control behavior on a community-wide scale. Theoretical studies of efficiency sensing have suggested that both mass-transfer performance in the local environment and the spatial distribution of cells are key factors affecting QS. Here, an experimental model based on hydrogel microcapsules with a three-dimensional structure was established to investigate the influence of the spatial distribution of cells on bacterial QS. Vibrio harveyi cells formed different spatial distributions in the microcapsules, i.e., they formed cell aggregates with different structures and sizes. The cell aggregates displayed stronger QS than did unaggregated cells even when equal numbers of cells were present. Large aggregates (LA) of cells, with a size of approximately 25 μm, restricted many more autoinducers (AIs) than did small aggregates (SA), with a size of approximately 10 μm, thus demonstrating that aggregate size significantly affects QS. These findings provide a powerful demonstration of the fact that the spatial distribution of cells plays a crucial role in bacterial QS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ren
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ruyun Lou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Weiting Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Xiudong Liu
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116622, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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33
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Li H, Debowski AW, Liao T, Tang H, Nilsson HO, Marshall BJ, Stubbs KA, Benghezal M. Understanding protein glycosylation pathways in bacteria. Future Microbiol 2016; 12:59-72. [PMID: 27689684 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Through advances in analytical methods to detect glycoproteins and to determine glycan structures, there have been increasing reports of protein glycosylation in bacteria. In this review, we summarize the known pathways for bacterial protein glycosylation: lipid carrier-mediated 'en bloc' glycosylation; and cytoplasmic stepwise protein glycosylation. The exploitation of bacterial protein glycosylation systems, especially the 'mix and match' of three independent but similar pathways (oligosaccharyltransferase-mediated protein glycosylation, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan biosynthesis) in Gram-negative bacteria for glycoengineering recombinant glycoproteins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Aleksandra W Debowski
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tingting Liao
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hong Tang
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hans-Olof Nilsson
- Ondek Pty Ltd, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mohammed Benghezal
- Helicobacter Pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research & Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,Swiss Vitamin Institute, Route de la Corniche 1, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Differential expression of putative adhesin genes of Actinobacillus suis grown in in vivo-like conditions. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:60-69. [PMID: 27771071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacillus suis is an opportunistic pathogen that resides in the tonsils of the soft palate of swine. Unknown stimuli can cause this organism to invade the host, resulting in septicaemia and sequelae including death. To better understand its pathogenesis, the expression of several adhesin genes was evaluated by semi-quantitative real-time PCR in A. suis grown in conditions that mimic the host environment, including different nutrient and oxygen levels, exponential and stationary phases of growth, and in the presence of the stress hormone epinephrine. Fifty micromolar epinephrine did not affect the growth rate or expression of A. suis adhesin genes, but there was a significant growth phase effect for many genes. Most adhesin genes were also differentially expressed during anoxic static growth or aerobic growth, and in this study, all genes were differentially expressed in either exponential or stationary phase. Based on the time*treatment interactions observed in the anoxic study, a model of persistence of A. suis in the host environment in biofilm and planktonic states is proposed. Biofilm dynamics were further studied using wild type and isogenic mutants of the type IVb pilin (Δ flp1), the OmpA outer membrane protein (ΔompA), and the fibronectin-binding (ΔcomE1) genes. Disruption of these adhesin genes affected the early stages of biofilm formation, but in most cases, biofilm formation of the mutant strains was similar to that of the wild type by 24h of incubation. We postulate that other adhesins may have overlapping functions that can compensate for those of the missing adhesins.
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Sugar and Spice Make Bacteria Not Nice: Protein Glycosylation and Its Influence in Pathogenesis. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3206-3220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
The ability of bacteria to recognize kin provides a means to form social groups. In turn these groups can lead to cooperative behaviors that surpass the ability of the individual. Kin recognition involves specific biochemical interactions between a receptor(s) and an identification molecule(s). Recognition specificity, ensuring that nonkin are excluded and kin are included, is critical and depends on the number of loci and polymorphisms involved. After recognition and biochemical perception, the common ensuing cooperative behaviors include biofilm formation, quorum responses, development, and swarming motility. Although kin recognition is a fundamental mechanism through which cells might interact, microbiologists are only beginning to explore the topic. This review considers both molecular and theoretical aspects of bacterial kin recognition. Consideration is also given to bacterial diversity, genetic relatedness, kin selection theory, and mechanisms of recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wall
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071;
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37
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Glaubman J, Hofmann J, Bonney ME, Park S, Thomas JM, Kokona B, Ramos Falcón LI, Chung YK, Fairman R, Okeke IN. Self-association motifs in the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-resistant agglutinin 1. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1091-1102. [PMID: 27166217 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The heat-resistant agglutinin 1 (Hra1) is an integral outer membrane protein found in strains of Escherichia coli that are exceptional colonizers. Hra1 from enteroaggregative E. coli strain 042 is sufficient to confer adherence to human epithelial cells and to cause bacterial autoaggregation. Hra1 is closely related to the Tia invasin, which also confers adherence, but not autoaggregation. Here, we have demonstrated that Hra1 mediates autoaggregation by self-association and we hypothesize that at least some surface-exposed amino acid sequences that are present in Hra1, but absent in Tia, represent autoaggregation motifs. We inserted FLAG tags along the length of Hra1 and used immune-dot blots to verify that four in silico-predicted outer loops were indeed surface exposed. In Hra1 we swapped nine candidate motifs in three of these loops, ranging from one to ten amino acids in length, to the corresponding sequences in Tia. Three of the motifs were required for Hra1-mediated autoaggregation. The database was searched for other surface proteins containing these motifs; the GGXWRDDXK motif was also present in a surface-exposed region of Rck, a Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium complement resistance protein. Cloning and site-specific mutagenesis demonstrated that Rck can confer weak, GGXWRDDXK-dependent autoaggregation by self-association. Hra1 and Rck appear to form heterologous associations and GGXWRDDXK is required on both molecules for Hra1-Rck association. However, a GGYWRDDLKE peptide was not sufficient to interfere with Hra1-mediated autoaggregation. In the present study, three autoaggregation motifs in an integral outer membrane protein have been identified and it was demonstrated that at least one of them works in the context of a different cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Megan E Bonney
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
| | - Sumin Park
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
| | | | - Bashkim Kokona
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
| | | | - Yoonjie K Chung
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
| | - Robert Fairman
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
| | - Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, USA
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Abstract
During the first step of biofilm formation, initial attachment is dictated by physicochemical and electrostatic interactions between the surface and the bacterial envelope. Depending on the nature of these interactions, attachment can be transient or permanent. To achieve irreversible attachment, bacterial cells have developed a series of surface adhesins promoting specific or nonspecific adhesion under various environmental conditions. This article reviews the recent advances in our understanding of the secretion, assembly, and regulation of the bacterial adhesins during biofilm formation, with a particular emphasis on the fimbrial, nonfimbrial, and discrete polysaccharide adhesins in Gram-negative bacteria.
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The Polymorphic Aggregative Phenotype of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O111 Depends on RpoS and Curli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1475-1485. [PMID: 26712542 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03935-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O111 is an emerging non-O157:H7 serotype of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). We previously reported that outbreak and environmental, but not sporadic-case, strains of STEC O111 share a distinct aggregation phenotype (M. E. Diodati, A. H. Bates, M. B. Cooley, S. Walker, R. E. Mandrell, and M. T. Brandl, Foodborne Pathog Dis 12:235-243, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2014.1887). We show here the natural occurrence of nonaggregative variants in single STEC O111 strains. These variants do not produce curli fimbriae and lack RpoS function but synthesize cellulose. The deletion of csgBAC or rpoS in an aggregative outbreak strain abolished aggregate formation, which was rescued when curli biogenesis or RpoS function, respectively, was restored. Complementation of a nonaggregative variant with RpoS also conferred curli production and aggregation. These observations were supported by Western blotting with an anti-CsgA antibody. Immunomicroscopy revealed that curli were undetectable on the cells of the nonaggregative variant and the RpoS mutant but were present in large quantities in the intercellular matrix of the assemblages formed by aggregative strains. Sequence analysis of rpoS in the aggregative strain and its variant showed a single substitution of threonine for asparagine at amino acid 124. Our results indicate that the multicellular behavior of STEC O111 is RpoS dependent via positive regulation of curli production. Aggregation may confer a fitness advantage in O111 outbreak strains under stressful conditions in hydrodynamic environments along the food production chain and in the host, while the occurrence of nonaggregative variants may allow the cell population to adapt to conditions benefiting a planktonic lifestyle.
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Gonzales-Siles L, Sjöling Å. The different ecological niches of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:741-51. [PMID: 26522129 PMCID: PMC4982042 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a water and food-borne pathogen that infects the small intestine of the human gut and causes diarrhoea. Enterotoxigenic E. coli adheres to the epithelium by means of colonization factors and secretes two enterotoxins, the heat labile toxin and/or the heat stable toxin that both deregulate ion channels and cause secretory diarrhoea. Enterotoxigenic E. coli as all E. coli, is a versatile organism able to survive and grow in different environments. During transmission and infection, ETEC is exposed to various environmental cues that have an impact on survivability and virulence. The ability to cope with exposure to different stressful habitats is probably shaping the pool of virulent ETEC strains that cause both endemic and epidemic infections. This review will focus on the ecology of ETEC in its different habitats and interactions with other organisms as well as abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gonzales-Siles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Sjöling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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The Serine Protease Autotransporter Pic Modulates Citrobacter rodentium Pathogenesis and Its Innate Recognition by the Host. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2636-50. [PMID: 25895966 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00025-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens produce a number of autotransporters that possess diverse functions. These include the family of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) produced by enteric pathogens such as Shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Of these SPATEs, one termed "protein involved in colonization," or Pic, has been shown to possess mucinase activity in vitro, but to date, its role in in vivo enteric pathogenesis is unknown. Testing a pic null (ΔpicC) mutant in Citrobacter rodentium, a natural mouse pathogen, found that the C. rodentium ΔpicC strain was impaired in its ability to degrade mucin in vitro compared to the wild type. Upon infection of mice, the ΔpicC mutant exhibited a hypervirulent phenotype with dramatically heavier pathogen burdens found in intestinal crypts. ΔpicC mutant-infected mice suffered greater barrier disruption and more severe colitis and weight loss, necessitating their euthanization between 10 and 14 days postinfection. Notably, the virulence of the ΔpicC mutant was normalized when the picC gene was restored; however, a PicC point mutant causing loss of mucinase activity did not replicate the ΔpicC phenotype. Exploring other aspects of PicC function, the ΔpicC mutant was found to aggregate to higher levels in vivo than wild-type C. rodentium. Moreover, unlike the wild type, the C. rodentium ΔpicC mutant had a red, dry, and rough (RDAR) morphology in vitro and showed increased activation of the innate receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Interestingly, the C. rodentium ΔpicC mutant caused a degree of pathology similar to that of wild-type C. rodentium when infecting TLR2-deficient mice, showing that despite its mucinase activity, PicC's major role in vivo may be to limit C. rodentium's stimulation of the host's innate immune system.
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ, Kačániová M, Czaczyk K, Ölmez H, Simões M. Intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:841. [PMID: 26347727 PMCID: PMC4542319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and form biofilms. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are important bacterial pathogens commonly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne diseases, while all are known to be able to create biofilms on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Particularly challenging is the attempt to understand the complexity of inter-bacterial interactions that can be encountered in such unwanted consortia, such as competitive and cooperative ones, together with their impact on the final outcome of these communities (e.g., maturation, physiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, dispersal). In this review, up-to-date data on both the intra- and inter-species interactions encountered in biofilms of these pathogens are presented. A better understanding of these interactions, both at molecular and biophysical levels, could lead to novel intervention strategies for controlling pathogenic biofilm formation in food processing environments and thus improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hülya Ölmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Manuel Simões
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zhu-Ge XK, Pan ZH, Tang F, Mao X, Hu L, Wang SH, Xu B, Lu CP, Fan HJ, Dai JJ. The effects of upaB deletion and the double/triple deletion of upaB, aatA, and aatB genes on pathogenicity of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10639-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Tan FY, Tang CM, Exley RM. Sugar coating: bacterial protein glycosylation and host–microbe interactions. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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45
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Hobley L, Harkins C, MacPhee CE, Stanley-Wall NR. Giving structure to the biofilm matrix: an overview of individual strategies and emerging common themes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:649-69. [PMID: 25907113 PMCID: PMC4551309 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of microbial cells that underpin diverse processes including sewage bioremediation, plant growth promotion, chronic infections and industrial biofouling. The cells resident in the biofilm are encased within a self-produced exopolymeric matrix that commonly comprises lipids, proteins that frequently exhibit amyloid-like properties, eDNA and exopolysaccharides. This matrix fulfils a variety of functions for the community, from providing structural rigidity and protection from the external environment to controlling gene regulation and nutrient adsorption. Critical to the development of novel strategies to control biofilm infections, or the capability to capitalize on the power of biofilm formation for industrial and biotechnological uses, is an in-depth knowledge of the biofilm matrix. This is with respect to the structure of the individual components, the nature of the interactions between the molecules and the three-dimensional spatial organization. We highlight recent advances in the understanding of the structural and functional role that carbohydrates and proteins play within the biofilm matrix to provide three-dimensional architectural integrity and functionality to the biofilm community. We highlight, where relevant, experimental techniques that are allowing the boundaries of our understanding of the biofilm matrix to be extended using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus subtilis as exemplars. Examining the structure and function of the biofilm extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hobley
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Catriona Harkins
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Cait E MacPhee
- James Clerk Maxwell Building, School of Physics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - Nicola R Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of life-threatening diarrheal disease around the world. The major aspects of ETEC virulence are colonization of the small intestine and the secretion of enterotoxins which elicit diarrhea. Intestinal colonization is mediated, in part, by adhesins displayed on the bacterial cell surface. As colonization of the intestine is the critical first step in the establishment of an infection, it represents a potential point of intervention for the prevention of infections. Therefore, colonization factors (CFs) have been important subjects of research in the field of ETEC virulence. Research in this field has revealed that ETEC possesses a large array of serologically distinct CFs that differ in composition, structure, and function. Most ETEC CFs are pili (fimbriae) or related fibrous structures, while other adhesins are simple outer membrane proteins lacking any macromolecular structure. This chapter reviews the genetics, structure, function, and regulation of ETEC CFs and how such studies have contributed to our understanding of ETEC virulence and opened up potential opportunities for the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Jacquot A, Sakamoto C, Razafitianamarahavo A, Caillet C, Merlin J, Fahs A, Ghigo JM, Duval JFL, Beloin C, Francius G. The dynamics and pH-dependence of Ag43 adhesins' self-association probed by atomic force spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:12665-12681. [PMID: 25208582 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-associating auto-transporter (SAAT) adhesins are two-domain cell surface proteins involved in bacteria auto-aggregation and biofilm formation. Antigen 43 (Ag43) is a SAAT adhesin commonly found in Escherichia coli whose variant Ag43a has been shown to promote persistence of uropathogenic E. coli within the bladder. The recent resolution of the tri-dimensional structure of the 499 amino-acids' β-domain in Ag43a has shed light on the possible mechanism governing the self-recognition of SAAT adhesins, in particular the importance of trans-interactions between the L shaped β-helical scaffold of two α-domains of neighboring adhesins. In this study, we use single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) to unravel the dynamics of Ag43-self association under various pH and molecular elongation rate conditions that mimic the situations encountered by E. coli in its natural environment. Results evidenced an important stretchability of Ag43α with unfolding of sub-domains leading to molecular extension as long as 150 nm. Nanomechanical analysis of molecular stretching data suggested that self-association of Ag43 can lead to the formation of dimers and tetramers driven by rapid and weak cis- as well as slow but strong trans-interaction forces with a magnitude as large as 100-250 pN. The dynamics of cis- and trans-interactions were demonstrated to be strongly influenced by pH and applied shear force, thus suggesting that environmental conditions can modulate Ag43-mediated aggregation of bacteria at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Jacquot
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54601, France
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van Ulsen P, Rahman SU, Jong WS, Daleke-Schermerhorn MH, Luirink J. Type V secretion: From biogenesis to biotechnology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1592-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains form biofilm on abiotic surfaces regardless of their adherence pattern on cultured epithelial cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:845147. [PMID: 24883330 PMCID: PMC4032706 DOI: 10.1155/2014/845147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the capacity of biofilm formation of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) strains on abiotic and biotic surfaces. Ninety-one aEPEC strains, isolated from feces of children with diarrhea, were analyzed by the crystal violet (CV) assay on an abiotic surface after 24 h of incubation. aEPEC strains representing each HEp-2 cell type of adherence were analyzed after 24 h and 6, 12, and 18 days of incubation at 37°C on abiotic and cell surfaces by CFU/cm2 counting and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces occurred in 55 (60.4%) of the aEPEC strains. There was no significant difference in biofilm biomass formation on an abiotic versus prefixed cell surface. The biofilms could be visualized by CLSM at various developmental stages. aEPEC strains are able to form biofilm on an abiotic surface with no association with their adherence pattern on HEp-2 cells with the exception of the strains expressing UND (undetermined adherence). This study revealed the capacity of adhesion and biofilm formation by aEPEC strains on abiotic and biotic surfaces, possibly playing a role in pathogenesis, mainly in cases of persistent diarrhea.
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50
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The Legionella pneumophila collagen-like protein mediates sedimentation, autoaggregation, and pathogen-phagocyte interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1441-54. [PMID: 24334670 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03254-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although only partially understood, multicellular behavior is relatively common in bacterial pathogens. Bacterial aggregates can resist various host defenses and colonize their environment more efficiently than planktonic cells. For the waterborne pathogen Legionella pneumophila, little is known about the roles of autoaggregation or the parameters which allow cell-cell interactions to occur. Here, we determined the endogenous and exogenous factors sufficient to allow autoaggregation to take place in L. pneumophila. We show that isolates from Legionella species which do not produce the Legionella collagen-like protein (Lcl) are deficient in autoaggregation. Targeted deletion of the Lcl-encoding gene (lpg2644) and the addition of Lcl ligands impair the autoaggregation of L. pneumophila. In addition, Lcl-induced autoaggregation requires divalent cations. Escherichia coli producing surface-exposed Lcl is able to autoaggregate and shows increased biofilm production. We also demonstrate that L. pneumophila infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmanella vermiformis is potentiated under conditions which promote Lcl dependent autoaggregation. Overall, this study shows that L. pneumophila is capable of autoaggregating in a process that is mediated by Lcl in a divalent-cation-dependent manner. It also reveals that Lcl potentiates the ability of L. pneumophila to come in contact, attach, and infect amoebae.
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