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Koike H, Miyamoto K, Teramoto M. Alcanivorax bacteria as important polypropylene degraders in mesopelagic environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0136523. [PMID: 37982621 PMCID: PMC10734414 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01365-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE PP biodegradation has not been clearly shown (it has been uncertain whether the PP structure is actually biodegraded or not). This is the first report on the obvious biodegradation of PP. At the same time, this study shows that Alcanivorax bacteria could be major degraders of PP in mesopelagic environments. Moreover, PP biodegradation has been investigated by using solid PP as the sole carbon source. However, this study shows that PP would not be used as a sole carbon and energy source. Our data thus provide very important and key knowledge for PP bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Koike
- Department of Marine Resource Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maki Teramoto
- Department of Marine Resource Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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2
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Kundu A, Harrisson O, Ghoshal S. Impacts of Arctic diesel contamination on microbial community composition and degradative gene abundance during hydrocarbon biodegradation with and without nutrients: A case study of seven sub-Arctic soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161777. [PMID: 36709895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have assessed hydrocarbon degradation or microbial responses in petroleum contaminated soils, few have examined both and/or assessed impacts in multiple soils simultaneously. In this study petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation and microbial activity was monitored in seven sub-Arctic soils at similar levels (∼3500-4000 mg/kg) of Arctic diesel (DSL), amended with moisture and nutrients (70 mg-N/kg, 78 mg-P/kg), and incubated at site-representative summer temperatures (∼7 °C) under water unsaturated conditions. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) biodegradation extents (42.7-85.4 %) at 50 days were slightly higher in nutrient amended (DSL + N,P) than unamended (DSL) systems in all but one soil. Semi-volatile (C10-C16) hydrocarbons were degraded to a greater extent (40-80 %) than non-volatile (C16-C24) hydrocarbons (20-40 %). However, more significant shifts in microbial diversity and relative abundance of genera belonging to Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria phyla were observed in DSL + N,P than in DSL systems in all soils. Moreover, higher abundance of the alkane degrading gene alkB were observed in DSL + N,P systems than in DSL systems for all soils. The more significant microbial community response in the DSL + N,P systems indicate that addition of nutrients may have influenced the microbial community involved in degradation of carbon sources other than the diesel compounds, such as the soil organic matter or degradation intermediates of diesel compounds. Nocardioides, Arthrobacter, Marmoricola, Pseudomonas, Polaromonas, and Massilia genera were present in high relative abundance in the DSL systems suggesting those genera contained hydrocarbon degraders. Overall, the results suggest that the extents of microbial community shifts or alkB copy number increases may not be closely correlated to the increase in hydrocarbon biodegradation and thus bioremediation performance between various treatments or across different soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Kundu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Orfeo Harrisson
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.
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3
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Abou-Khalil C, Prince RC, Greer CW, Lee K, Boufadel MC. Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Upper Parts of Sandy Beaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8124-8131. [PMID: 35580303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of dispersed crude oil in the ocean is relatively rapid (a half-life of a few weeks). However, it is often much slower on shorelines, usually attributed to low moisture content, nutrient limitation, and higher oil concentrations in beaches than in dispersed plumes. Another factor may be the increased salinity of the upper intertidal and supratidal zones because these parts of the beach are potentially subject to prolonged evaporation and only intermittent inundation. We have investigated whether such an increase in salinity has inhibitory effects on oil biodegradation in seashores. Lightly weathered Hibernia crude oil was added to beach sand at 1 or 10 mL/kg, and fresh seawater, at salinities of 30, 90, and 160 g/L, was added to 20% saturation. The biodegradation of oil was slower at higher salinities, where the half-life increased from 40 days at 30 g/L salts to 58 and 76 days at 90 and 160 g/L salts, respectively, and adding fertilizers somewhat enhanced oil biodegradation. Increased oil concentration in the sand, from 1 to 10 mL/kg, slowed the half-life by about 10-fold. Consequently, occasional irrigation with fertilization could be a suitable bioremediation strategy for the upper parts of contaminated beaches. However, dispersing oil at sea is probably the most suitable option for the optimal removal of spilled crude oil from the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Abou-Khalil
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Roger C Prince
- Stonybrook Apiary, Pittstown, New Jersey 08867, United States
| | - Charles W Greer
- Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Ecosystem Science, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - Michel C Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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4
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Abstract
Petroleum is the most common global fossil fuel. It is a complex multi-component system mainly composed of various hydrocarbons such as alkanes, cycloalkanes, mono-, bi- and polyaromatic compounds, resins and asphaltenes. In spite of humanity’s need for petroleum, it negatively affects the environment due to its toxicity. The ecological problem is especially serious at petroleum mining sites or during petroleum transportation. Since it is not possible to replace petroleum with less toxic fuel, ways to reduce the toxic impact of petroleum hydrocarbons on the environment need to be developed. This review addresses bioremediation, a biological approach to petroleum degradation, which is mainly performed by microbes. The pathways of degradation of alkanes, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons are presented in detail. The effects of temperature, aeration and the presence of biogenic elements on microbial degradation of petroleum are discussed. Plant–microbe interactions involved with the bioremediation of petroleum-polluted soils are specifically addressed. The data presented in this review point to the great potential of bioremediation practices for cleaning soils of petroleum.
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5
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Taran OP, Skripnikov AM, Ionin VA, Kaigorodov KL, Krivonogov SK, Dobretsov NN, Dobretsov VN, Lazareva EV, Kruk NN. Composition and Concentration of Hydrocarbons of Bottom Sediments in the CHPP-3 Diesel-Fuel Spill Zone at AO NTEC (Norilsk, Arctic Siberia). CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425521040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Abou Khalil C, Fortin N, Prince RC, Greer CW, Lee K, Boufadel MC. Crude oil biodegradation in upper and supratidal seashores. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125919. [PMID: 34492851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The salinity of the upper parts of seashores can become higher than seawater due to evaporation between tidal inundations. Such hypersaline ecosystems, where the salinity can reach up to eight-fold higher than that of seawater (30-35 g/L), can be contaminated by oil spills. Here we investigate whether such an increase has inhibitory effects on oil biodegradation. Seawater was evaporated to a concentrated brine and added to fresh seawater to generate high salinity microcosms. Artificially weathered Hibernia crude oil was added, and biodegradation was followed for 76 days. First-order rate constants (k) for the biodegradation of GC-detectable hydrocarbons showed that the hydrocarbonoclastic activity was substantially inhibited at high salt - k decreased by ~75% at 90 g/L salts and ~90% at 160 g/L salts. This inhibition was greatest for the alkanes, although it extended to all classes of compounds measured, with the smallest effect on four-ring aromatics (e.g., chrysenes). Genera of well-known aerobic hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria were only identified at 30 g/L salts in the presence of oil, and only a few halophilic Archaea showed a slight enrichment at higher salt concentrations. These results indicate that biodegradation of spilled oil will likely be slowed in supratidal ecosystems and suggest that occasional irrigation of oiled supratidal zones could be a useful supporting strategy to remediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Abou Khalil
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Nathalie Fortin
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2 Canada
| | | | - Charles W Greer
- National Research Council Canada, Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2 Canada; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ecosystem Science, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada
| | - Michel C Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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7
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Camacho-Montealegre CM, Rodrigues EM, Morais DK, Tótola MR. Prokaryotic community diversity during bioremediation of crude oil contaminated oilfield soil: effects of hydrocarbon concentration and salinity. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:787-800. [PMID: 33813729 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crude oil extracted from oilfield reservoirs brings together hypersaline produced water. Failure in pipelines transporting this mixture causes contamination of the soil with oil and hypersaline water. Soil salinization is harmful to biological populations, impairing the biodegradation of contaminants. We simulated the contamination of a soil from an oilfield with produced water containing different concentrations of NaCl and crude oil, in order to evaluate the effect of salinity and hydrocarbon concentration on prokaryote community structure and biodegradation activity. Microcosms were incubated in CO2-measuring respirometer. After the incubation, residual aliphatic hydrocarbons were quantified and were performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing. An increase in CO2 emission and hydrocarbon biodegradation was observed with increasing oil concentration up to 100 g kg-1. Alpha diversity decreased in oil-contaminated soils with an increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and reduction of Bacteroidetes with increasing oil concentration. In the NaCl-contaminated soils, alpha diversity, CO2 emission, and hydrocarbon biodegradation decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. There was an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and a reduction of Actinobacteria with increasing salt concentration. Our results highlight the need to adopt specific bioremediation strategies in soils impacted by mixtures of crude oil and hypersaline produced water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Marcela Camacho-Montealegre
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade para o Meio Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Edmo Montes Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade para o Meio Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - IFCE - Campus Camocim, Camocim, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Kumazawa Morais
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences - CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcos Rogério Tótola
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade para o Meio Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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8
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Gregson BH, Metodieva G, Metodiev MV, McKew BA. Differential protein expression during growth on linear versus branched alkanes in the obligate marine hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 T. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2347-2359. [PMID: 30951249 PMCID: PMC6850023 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2T is an important obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacterium (OHCB) that can dominate microbial communities following marine oil spills. It possesses the ability to degrade branched alkanes which provides it a competitive advantage over many other marine alkane degraders that can only degrade linear alkanes. We used LC–MS/MS shotgun proteomics to identify proteins involved in aerobic alkane degradation during growth on linear (n‐C14) or branched (pristane) alkanes. During growth on n‐C14, A. borkumensis expressed a complete pathway for the terminal oxidation of n‐alkanes to their corresponding acyl‐CoA derivatives including AlkB and AlmA, two CYP153 cytochrome P450s, an alcohol dehydrogenase and an aldehyde dehydrogenase. In contrast, during growth on pristane, an alternative alkane degradation pathway was expressed including a different cytochrome P450, an alcohol oxidase and an alcohol dehydrogenase. A. borkumensis also expressed a different set of enzymes for β‐oxidation of the resultant fatty acids depending on the growth substrate utilized. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the fundamental physiology of A. borkumensis SK2T by identifying the key enzymes expressed and involved in terminal oxidation of both linear and branched alkanes. It has also highlights the differential expression of sets of β‐oxidation proteins to overcome steric hinderance from branched substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Gregson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Gergana Metodieva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Metodi V Metodiev
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Boyd A McKew
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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9
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Methanogenic degradation of branched alkanes in enrichment cultures of production water from a high-temperature petroleum reservoir. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2391-2401. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Deshpande RS, Sundaravadivelu D, Techtmann S, Conmy RN, Santo Domingo JW, Campo P. Microbial degradation of Cold Lake Blend and Western Canadian select dilbits by freshwater enrichments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 352:111-120. [PMID: 29602070 PMCID: PMC6754826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Treatability experiments were conducted to determine the biodegradation of diluted bitumen (dilbit) at 5 and 25 °C for 72 and 60 days, respectively. Microbial consortia obtained from the Kalamazoo River Enbridge Energy spill site were enriched on dilbit at both 5 (cryo) and 25 (meso) ºC. On every sampling day, triplicates were sacrificed and residual hydrocarbon concentrations (alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were determined by GCMS/MS. The composition and relative abundance of different bacterial groups were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. While some physicochemical differences were observed between the two dilbits, their biodegradation profiles were similar. The rates and extent of degradation were greater at 25 °C. Both consortia metabolized 99.9% of alkanes; however, the meso consortium was more effective at removing aromatics than the cryo consortium (97.5 vs 70%). Known hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were present in both consortia (Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Hydrogenophaga, Parvibaculum, Arthrobacter, Acidovorax), although their relative abundances depended on the temperatures at which they were enriched. Regardless of the dilbit type, the microbial community structure significantly changed as a response to the diminishing hydrocarbon load. Our results demonstrate that dilbit can be effectively degraded by autochthonous microbial consortia from sites with recent exposure to dilbit contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta S Deshpande
- Pegasus Technical Services Inc., 46 E Hollister Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Devi Sundaravadivelu
- Pegasus Technical Services Inc., 46 E Hollister Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Stephen Techtmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Robyn N Conmy
- U.S. EPA, 26 W. MLK Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | | | - Pablo Campo
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
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11
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Liduino VS, Servulo EFC, Oliveira FJS. Biosurfactant-assisted phytoremediation of multi-contaminated industrial soil using sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:609-616. [PMID: 29388890 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1429726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the use of commercial rhamnolipid biosurfactant supplementation in the phytoremediation of a soil via sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivation. The soil, obtained from an industrial area, was co-contaminated with heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons. The remediation tests were monitored for 90 days. The best results for removal of contaminants were obtained from the tests in which the sunflower plants were cultivated in soil with 4 mg kg-1 of the rhamnolipid. Under these conditions, reductions of 58% and 48% were obtained in the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations, respectively; reductions in the concentrations of the following metals were also achieved: Ni (41%), Cr (30%), Pb (29%), and Zn (20%). The PCR-DGGE analysis of soil samples collected before and after the treatments verified that the plant cultivation and biosurfactants supplementation had little effect on the structure of the dominant bacterial community in the soil. The results indicated that sunflower cultivation with the addition of a biosurfactant is a viable and efficient technology to treat soils co-contaminated with heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor S Liduino
- a Department of Biochemical Engineering , School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Eliana F C Servulo
- a Department of Biochemical Engineering , School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Fernando J S Oliveira
- b Petróleo Brasileiro SA. Gerência de Resíduos e Áreas Impactadas, Centro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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12
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Pal S, Kundu A, Banerjee TD, Mohapatra B, Roy A, Manna R, Sar P, Kazy SK. Genome analysis of crude oil degrading Franconibacter pulveris strain DJ34 revealed its genetic basis for hydrocarbon degradation and survival in oil contaminated environment. Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Oda S. Production of Valuable Lipophilic Compounds by Using Three Types of Interface Bioprocesses: Solid-Liquid Interface Bioreactor, Liquid-Liquid Interface Bioreactor, and Extractive Liquid-Surface Immobilization System. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:815-831. [PMID: 28768956 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioconversions such as enzymatic and microbial transformations are attractive alternatives to organic synthesis because of practical advantages such as resource conservation, energy efficiency, and environmentally harmonic properties. In addition, the production of secondary metabolites through microbial fermentation is also useful for manufacturing pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and aroma compounds. For microbial production of useful chemicals, the authors have developed three unique interfacial bioprocesses: a solid-liquid interface bioreactor (S/L-IBR), a liquid-liquid interface bioreactor (L/L-IBR), and an extractive liquid-surface immobilization (Ext-LSI) system. The S/L-IBR comprises a hydrophobic organic solvent (upper phase), a microbial film (middle phase), and a hydrophilic gel such as an agar plate (lower phase); the L/L-IBR and the Ext-LSI consist of a hydrophobic organic solvent (upper phase), a fungal mat with ballooned microspheres (middle phase), and a liquid medium (lower phase). All three systems have unique and practically important characteristics such as utilization of living cells, high concentration of lipophilic substrates/products in an organic phase, no requirement for aeration and agitation, efficient supply of oxygen, easy recovery of product, high regio- and stereoselectivity, and wide versatility. This paper reviews the principle, construction, characteristics, and application of these interfacial systems for producing lipophilic compounds such as useful aroma compounds, citronellol-related compounds, β-caryophyllene oxide, and 6-penty-α-pyrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Oda
- Genome Biotechnology Laboratory, Kanazawa Institute of Technology.,Integrated Technology Research Center of Medical Science and Engineering
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14
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Prince RC, Butler JD, Redman AD. The Rate of Crude Oil Biodegradation in the Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1278-1284. [PMID: 27700058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Various groups have studied the rate of oil biodegradation in the sea over many years, but with no consensus on results. This can be attributed to many factors, but we show here that the principal confounding influence is the concentration of oil used in different experiments. Because of dilution, measured concentrations of dispersed oil in the sea are sub-parts-per-million within a day of dispersal, and at such concentrations the rate of biodegradation of detectable oil hydrocarbons has an apparent half-life of 7-14 days. This can be contrasted with the rate of degradation at the higher concentrations found in oil slicks or when stranded on a shoreline; there the apparent half-life varies from many months to many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Prince
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Josh D Butler
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
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15
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Prince RC, Nash GW, Hill SJ. The biodegradation of crude oil in the deep ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 111:354-357. [PMID: 27402500 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil biodegradation at a simulated depth of 1500m was studied in a high-pressure apparatus at 5°C, using natural seawater with its indigenous microbes, and 3ppm of an oil with dispersant added at a dispersant:oil ratio of 1:15. Biodegradation of the detectable hydrocarbons was prompt and extensive (>70% in 35days), although slower by about a third than under otherwise identical conditions equivalent to the surface. The apparent half-life of biodegradation of the total detectable hydrocarbons at 15MPa was 16days (compared to 13days at atmospheric pressure), although some compounds, such as the four-ring aromatic chrysene, were degraded rather more slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Prince
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, NJ 08810, USA.
| | - Gordon W Nash
- Dept. of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. Johns, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Dept. of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. Johns, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada
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16
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Nakajima K, Sato A, Takahara Y, Iida T. Microbial Oxidation of Isoprenoid Hydrocarbon, l-Pristene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00021369.1985.10867156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakajima
- Fermentation Research Institute, Yatabe-machi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Akio Sato
- Fermentation Research Institute, Yatabe-machi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahara
- Fermentation Research Institute, Yatabe-machi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Takeo Iida
- The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351, Japan
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17
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Yang HY, Jia RB, Chen B, Li L. Degradation of recalcitrant aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by a dioxin-degrader Rhodococcus sp. strain p52. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11086-11093. [PMID: 24859700 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the ability of Rhodococcus sp. strain p52, a dioxin degrader, to biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Strain p52 can use linear alkanes (tetradecane, tetracosane, and dotriacontane), branched alkane (pristane), and aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene and phenanthrene) as sole carbon and energy sources. Specifically, the strain removes 85.7 % of tetradecane within 48 h at a degradation rate of 3.8 mg h(-1) g(-1) dry cells, and 79.4 % of tetracosane, 66.4 % of dotriacontane, and 63.9 % of pristane within 9-11 days at degradation rates of 20.5, 14.7, and 20.3 mg day(-1) g(-1) dry cells, respectively. Moreover, strain p52 consumes 100 % naphthalene and 55.3 % phenanthrene within 9-11 days at respective degradation rates of 16 and 12.9 mg day(-1) g(-1) dry cells. Metabolites of the petroleum hydrocarbons by strain p52 were analyzed. Genes encoding alkane-hydroxylating enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme (CYP185) and two alkane-1-monooxygenases, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The transcriptional activities of these genes in the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed potential of strain p52 to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 27 ShandaNanlu, Jinan, 250100, China
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Schurig C, Miltner A, Kaestner M. Hexadecane and pristane degradation potential at the level of the aquifer--evidence from sediment incubations compared to in situ microcosms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:9081-9094. [PMID: 24522398 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Monitored natural attenuation is widely accepted as a sustainable remediation method. However, methods providing proof of proceeding natural attenuation within the water-unsaturated (vadose) zone are still relying on proxies such as measurements of reactive and non-reactive gases, or sediment sampling and subsequent mineralisation assays, under artificial conditions in the laboratory. In particular, at field sites contaminated with hydrophobic compounds, e.g. crude oil spills, an in situ evaluation of natural attenuation is needed, because in situ methods are assumed to provide less bias than investigations applying either proxies for biodegradation or off-site microcosm experiments. In order to compare the current toolbox of methods with the recently developed in situ microcosms, incubations with direct push-sampled sediments from the vadose and the aquifer zones of a site contaminated with crude oil were carried out in conventional microcosms and in situ microcosms. The results demonstrate the applicability of the in situ microcosm approach also outside water-saturated aquifer conditions in the vadose zone. The sediment incubation experiments demonstrated turnover rates in a similar range (vadose, 4.7 mg/kg*day; aquifer, 6.4 mghexadecane/kgsoil/day) of hexadecane degradation in the vadose zone and the aquifer, although mediated by slightly different microbial communities according to the analysis of fatty acid patterns and amounts. Additional experiments had the task of evaluating the degradation potential for the branched-chain alkane pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane). Although this compound is regarded to be hardly degradable in comparison to n-alkanes and is thus frequently used as a reference parameter for indexing the extent of biodegradation of crude oils, it could be shown to be degraded by means of the incubation experiments. Thus, the site had a high inherent potential for natural attenuation of crude oils both in the vadose zone and the aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schurig
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany,
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Wang W, Shao Z. Enzymes and genes involved in aerobic alkane degradation. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:116. [PMID: 23755043 PMCID: PMC3664771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkanes are major constituents of crude oil. They are also present at low concentrations in diverse non-contaminated because many living organisms produce them as chemo-attractants or as protecting agents against water loss. Alkane degradation is a widespread phenomenon in nature. The numerous microorganisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, capable of utilizing alkanes as a carbon and energy source, have been isolated and characterized. This review summarizes the current knowledge of how bacteria metabolize alkanes aerobically, with a particular emphasis on the oxidation of long-chain alkanes, including factors that are responsible for chemotaxis to alkanes, transport across cell membrane of alkanes, the regulation of alkane degradation gene and initial oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources Xiamen, China ; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Xiamen, China ; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province Xiamen, China
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Megaw J, Busetti A, Gilmore BF. Isolation and characterisation of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid-tolerant and biodegrading marine bacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60806. [PMID: 23560109 PMCID: PMC3613374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify marine-derived bacteria which exhibited high tolerance to, and an ability to biodegrade, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids. The salinity and hydrocarbon load of some marine environments may induce selective pressures which enhance the ability of microbes to grow in the presence of these liquid salts. The isolates obtained in this study generally showed a greater ability to grow in the presence of the selected ionic liquids compared to microorganisms described previously, with two marine-derived bacteria, Rhodococcus erythropolis and Brevibacterium sanguinis growing in concentrations exceeding 1 M 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The ability of these bacteria to degrade the selected ionic liquids was assessed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and three were shown to degrade the selected ionic liquids by up to 59% over a 63-day test period. These bacterial isolates represent excellent candidates for further potential applications in the bioremediation of ionic liquid-containing waste or following accidental environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Megaw
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Busetti
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan F. Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Subathra MK, Immanuel G, Suresh AH. Isolation and Identification of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from Ennore creek. Bioinformation 2013; 9:150-7. [PMID: 23424279 PMCID: PMC3569603 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread problem caused due to petroleum products, is their discharge and accidental spillage in marine environment proving to be hazardous to the surroundings as well as life forms. Thus remediation of these hydrocarbons by natural decontamination process is of utmost importance. Bioremediation is a non-invasive and cost effective technique for the clean-up of these petroleum hydrocarbons. In this study we have investigated the ability of microorganisms present in the sediment sample to degrade these hydrocarbons, crude oil in particular, so that contaminated soils and water can be treated using microbes. Sediments samples were collected once in a month for a period of twelve months from area surrounding Ennore creek and screened for hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Of the 113 crude oil degrading isolates 15 isolates were selected and cultivated in BH media with 1% crude oil as a sole carbon and energy source. 3 efficient crude oil bacterial isolates Bacillus subtilis I1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa I5 and Pseudomonas putida I8 were identified both biochemically and phylogenetically. The quantitative analysis of biodegradation is carried out gravimetrically and highest degradation rate, 55% was recorded by Pseudomonas aeruginosa I5 isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamitha Kumar Subathra
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Arts & Science College, Kattangulathur - 603203, Kancheepuram Dist, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Grasian Immanuel
- Centre for Marine Sciences & Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakaamangalam, KanyaKumari District, India
| | - Albert Haridoss Suresh
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Arts & Science College, Kattangulathur - 603203, Kancheepuram Dist, Tamilnadu, India
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Starting Up Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 142:1-94. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Involvement of two latex-clearing proteins during rubber degradation and insights into the subsequent degradation pathway revealed by the genome sequence of Gordonia polyisoprenivorans strain VH2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2874-87. [PMID: 22327575 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07969-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing production of synthetic and natural poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) rubber leads to huge challenges in waste management. Only a few bacteria are known to degrade rubber, and little is known about the mechanism of microbial rubber degradation. The genome of Gordonia polyisoprenivorans strain VH2, which is one of the most effective rubber-degrading bacteria, was sequenced and annotated to elucidate the degradation pathway and other features of this actinomycete. The genome consists of a circular chromosome of 5,669,805 bp and a circular plasmid of 174,494 bp with average GC contents of 67.0% and 65.7%, respectively. It contains 5,110 putative protein-coding sequences, including many candidate genes responsible for rubber degradation and other biotechnically relevant pathways. Furthermore, we detected two homologues of a latex-clearing protein, which is supposed to be a key enzyme in rubber degradation. The deletion of these two genes for the first time revealed clear evidence that latex-clearing protein is essential for the microbial utilization of rubber. Based on the genome sequence, we predict a pathway for the microbial degradation of rubber which is supported by previous and current data on transposon mutagenesis, deletion mutants, applied comparative genomics, and literature search.
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Wang W, Shao Z. Genes involved in alkane degradation in the Alcanivorax hongdengensis strain A-11-3. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 94:437-48. [PMID: 22207216 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcanivorax hongdengensis A-11-3 is a newly identified type strain isolated from the surface water of the Malacca and Singapore Straits that can degrade a wide range of alkanes. To understand the degradation mechanism of this strain, the genes encoding alkane hydroxylases were obtained by PCR screening and shotgun sequencing of a genomic fosmid library. Six genes involved in alkane degradation were found, including alkB1, alkB2, p450-1, p450-2, p450-3 and almA. Heterogeneous expression analysis confirmed their functions as alkane oxidases in Pseudomonas putida GPo12 (pGEc47ΔB) or Pseudomonas fluorescens KOB2Δ1. Q-PCR revealed that the transcription of alkB1 and alkB2 was enhanced in the presence of n-alkanes C(12) to C(24); three p450 genes were up-regulated by C(8)-C(16) n-alkanes at different levels, whereas enhanced expression of almA was observed when strain A-11-3 grew with long-chain alkanes (C(24) to C(36)). In the case of branched alkanes, pristane significantly enhanced the expression of alkB1, p450-3 and almA. The six genes enable strain A-11-3 to degrade short (C(8)) to long (C(36)) alkanes that are straight or branched. The ability of A. hongdengensis A-11-3 to thrive in oil-polluted marine environments may be due to this strain's multiple systems for alkane degradation and its range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Wang
- The Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China.
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25
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Johnson RJ, West CE, Swaih AM, Folwell BD, Smith BE, Rowland SJ, Whitby C. Aerobic biotransformation of alkyl branched aromatic alkanoic naphthenic acids via two different pathways by a new isolate of Mycobacterium. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:872-82. [PMID: 22118473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are complex mixtures of carboxylic acids found in weathered crude oils and oil sands, and are toxic, corrosive and persistent. However, little is known about the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in NA degradation. We isolated a sediment bacterium (designated strain IS2.3), with 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to Mycobacterium aurum, which degraded synthetic NAs (4'-n-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (n-BPBA) and (4'-t-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (t-BPBA). n-BPBA was readily oxidized with almost complete degradation (96.8% ± 0.3) compared with t-BPBA (77.8% ± 3.7 degraded) by day 49. Cell counts increased fourfold by day 14 but decreased after day 14 for both n- and t-BPBA. At day 14, (4'-butylphenyl)ethanoic acid (BPEA) metabolites were detected. Additional metabolites produced during t-BPBA degradation were identified by mass spectrometry of derivatives as (4'-carboxy-t-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid and (4'-carboxy-t-butylphenyl)ethanoic acid; suggesting that strain IS2.3 used omega oxidation of t-BPEA to oxidize the tert-butyl side-chain to produce (4'-carboxy-t-butylphenyl)ethanoic acid, as the primary route for biodegradation. However, strain IS2.3 also produced this metabolite through initial omega oxidation of the tert-butyl side-chain of t-BPBA, followed by beta-oxidation of the alkanoic acid side-chain. In conclusion, an isolate belonging to the genus Mycobacterium degraded highly branched aromatic NAs via two different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
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Petersen EJ, Tang J, Weber WJ. Effects of aging and mixed nonaqueous-phase liquid sources in soil systems on earthworm bioaccumulation, microbial degradation, sequestration, and aqueous desorption of pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:988-996. [PMID: 21309023 DOI: 10.1002/etc.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of loading and aging pyrene in soils in the presence of four environmentally common nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) (hexadecane, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane [HMN], toluene, and dimethyl phthalate [DMP]) on its subsequent desorption from those soils, earthworm accumulation, biodegradation, and extractability were tested by using two dissimilar soils. The presence of each of the four NAPLs increased fractions and rates of pyrene desorption, and hexadecane slowed the effects of aging on these same parameters. Loading with hexadecane and HMN caused earthworm accumulation of pyrene to decrease. These results contrast with generally observed faster desorption rates resulting from NAPL addition, suggesting that additional factors (e.g., association of pyrene with NAPL phases and NAPL toxicities to earthworms) may impact bioaccumulation. The presence of HMN and toluene increased pyrene biodegradation, whereas hexadecane and DMP had the opposite effects. These results correlate with changes in the extractability of pyrene from the soils. After aging and biodegradation, hexadecane and DMP substantially increased pyrene residues extractable by methanol and decreased nonextractable fractions, whereas HMN and toluene had the opposite effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J Petersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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27
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Abstract
When mineral oil, hexadecane, and glutamate were added to natural samples of varying salinity (3.3 to 28.4%) from salt evaporation ponds and Great Salt Lake, Utah, rates of metabolism of these compounds decreased as salinity increased. Rate limitations did not appear to relate to low oxygen levels or to the availability of organic nutrients. Some oxidation of l-[U-C]glutamic acid occurred even at extreme salinities, whereas oxidation of [1-C]hexadecane was too low to be detected. Gas chromatographic examination of hexane-soluble components of tar samples from natural seeps at Rozel Point in Great Salt Lake demonstrated no evidence of biological oxidation of isoprenoid alkanes subject to degradation in normal environments. Some hexane-soluble components of the same tar were altered by incubation in a low-salinity enrichment culture inoculated with garden soil. Attempts to enrich for microorganisms in saline waters able to use mineral oil as a sole source of carbon and energy were successful below, but not above, about 20% salinity. This study strongly suggests a general reduction of metabolic rate at extreme salinities and raises doubt about the biodegradation of hydrocarbons in hypersaline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ward
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59715
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28
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Bregnard TP, Haner A, Hohener P, Zeyer J. Anaerobic degradation of pristane in nitrate-reducing microcosms and enrichment cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 63:2077-81. [PMID: 16535616 PMCID: PMC1389171 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.5.2077-2081.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcosm studies were conducted under nitrate-reducing conditions with diesel fuel-contaminated aquifer material from a site treated by in situ bioremediation. In the microcosms, the consumption of nitrate and the production of inorganic carbon were strongly stimulated by the addition of the isoprenoid alkane pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane). Within 102 days enrichment cultures degraded more than 90% of the pristane supplied as coatings on reticulated sinter glass rings. The study demonstrates that pristane can no longer be regarded as recalcitrant under anaerobic conditions.
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Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are an important group of trace organic pollutants predominantly comprising saturated aliphatic and alicyclic carboxylic acids. NAs are ubiquitous; occurring naturally in hydrocarbon deposits (petroleum, oil sands, bitumen, and crude oils) and also have widespread industrial uses. Consequently, NAs can enter the environment from both natural and anthropogenic processes. NAs are highly toxic, recalcitrant compounds that persist in the environment for many years, and it is important to develop efficient bioremediation strategies to decrease both their abundance and toxicity in the environment. However, the diversity of microbial communities involved in NA-degradation, and the mechanisms by which NAs are biodegraded, are poorly understood. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to the difficulties in identifying and purifying individual carboxylic acid compounds from complex NA mixtures found in the environment, for microbial biodegradation studies. This paper will present an overview of NAs, their origin and fate in the environment, and their toxicity to the biota. The review describes the microbial degradation of both naturally occurring and chemically synthesized NAs. Proposed pathways for aerobic NA biodegradation, factors affecting NA biodegradation rates, and possible bioremediation strategies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Whitby
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
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30
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Nhi-Cong LT, Mikolasch A, Awe S, Sheikhany H, Klenk HP, Schauer F. Oxidation of aliphatic, branched chain, and aromatic hydrocarbons by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica
isolated from oil-polluted sand samples collected in the Saudi Arabian Desert. J Basic Microbiol 2010; 50:241-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200900358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Pollution of soil and water environments by crude oil has been, and is still today, an important problem. Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds. Among them, alkanes constitute the major fraction. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons of different sizes and structures. Although they are chemically very inert, most of them can be efficiently degraded by several microorganisms. This review summarizes current knowledge on how microorganisms degrade alkanes, focusing on the biochemical pathways used and on how the expression of pathway genes is regulated and integrated within cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rojo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Oda S, Isshiki K, Ohashi S. Regio- and Stereoselective Subterminal Hydroxylations ofn-Decane by Fungi in a Liquid–Liquid Interface Bioreactor (L–L IBR). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Zrafi-Nouira I, Guermazi S, Chouari R, Safi NMD, Pelletier E, Bakhrouf A, Saidane-Mosbahi D, Sghir A. Molecular diversity analysis and bacterial population dynamics of an adapted seawater microbiota during the degradation of Tunisian zarzatine oil. Biodegradation 2008; 20:467-86. [PMID: 19052881 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-008-9235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The indigenous microbiota of polluted coastal seawater in Tunisia was enriched by increasing the concentration of zarzatine crude oil. The resulting adapted microbiota was incubated with zarzatine crude oil as the only carbon and energy source. Crude oil biodegradation capacity and bacterial population dynamics of the microbiota were evaluated every week for 28 days (day 7, day 14, day 21, and day 28). Results show that the percentage of petroleum degradation was 23.9, 32.1, 65.3, and 77.8%, respectively. At day 28, non-aromatic and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation rates reached 92.6 and 68.7%, respectively. Bacterial composition of the adapted microflora was analysed by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing, using total genomic DNA extracted from the adapted microflora at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Five clone libraries were constructed and a total of 430 sequences were generated and grouped into OTUs using the ARB software package. Phylogenetic analysis of the adapted microbiota shows the presence of four phylogenetic groups: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Diversity indices show a clear decrease in bacterial diversity of the adapted microflora according to the incubation time. The Proteobacteria are the most predominant (>80%) at day 7, day 14 and day 21 but not at day 28 for which the microbiota was reduced to only one OTU affiliated with the genus Kocuria of the Actinobacteria. This study shows that the degradation of zarzatine crude oil components depends on the activity of a specialized and dynamic seawater consortium composed of different phylogenetic taxa depending on the substrate complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zrafi-Nouira
- Laboratoire d'Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Roland U, Holzer F, Koch M, Nüchter U, Lippik D, Buchenhorst D, Kopinke FD. Thermisch unterstützte Bodenreinigung durch direkte Erwärmung mittels Radiowellen Teil 3: Referenzversuche im Feldmaßstab. CHEM-ING-TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Prince RC, Suflita JM. Anaerobic biodegradation of natural gas condensate can be stimulated by the addition of gasoline. Biodegradation 2006; 18:515-23. [PMID: 17115106 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-006-9084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradation of a broad range of linear and branched alkanes, parent and alkyl alicyclic hydrocarbons, and benzene and alkyl-substituted benzenes was observed when sediment and groundwater samples collected from a gas condensate-contaminated aquifer were incubated under methanogenic and especially under sulfate-reducing conditions, even though no exogenous nitrogen or phosphorus was added. This finding expands the range of hydrocarbon molecules known to undergo anaerobic decay and confirms that natural attenuation is an important process at this site. The addition of 1 mul of gasoline to the samples (approximately 10 ppm) had minimal impact on the biodegradation of saturated compounds, but substantially increased the diversity and extent of aromatic compounds undergoing transformation. We attribute this to the promotion or induction of biodegradation pathways in the indigenous microflora following the addition of the gasoline components. The promoting compounds are not precisely known, but may have been present in the initial condensate and reduced in concentration by various mechanisms (dissolution, biodegradation, etc.) such that their concentration in the aquifer fell below necessary levels. A variety of aromatic hydrocarbons would appear to be likely candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Prince
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences Inc., 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
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36
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Characterization of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities from mangrove sediments in Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Res Microbiol 2006; 157:752-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Cornish A, Battersby NS, Watkinson RJ. Environmental fate of mineral, vegetable and transesterified vegetable oils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780370211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Penet S, Vendeuvre C, Bertoncini F, Marchal R, Monot F. Characterisation of biodegradation capacities of environmental microflorae for diesel oil by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Biodegradation 2006; 17:577-85. [PMID: 16477350 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-005-9028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In contaminated soils, efficiency of natural attenuation or engineered bioremediation largely depends on biodegradation capacities of the local microflorae. In the present study, the biodegradation capacities of various microflorae towards diesel oil were determined in laboratory conditions. Microflorae were collected from 9 contaminated and 10 uncontaminated soil samples and were compared to urban wastewater activated sludge. The recalcitrance of hydrocarbons in tests was characterised using both gas chromatography (GC) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC). The microflorae from contaminated soils were found to exhibit higher degradation capacities than those from uncontaminated soil and activated sludge. In cultures inoculated by contaminated-soil microflorae, 80% of diesel oil on an average was consumed over 4-week incubation compared to only 64% in uncontaminated soil and 60% in activated sludge cultures. As shown by GC, n-alkanes of diesel oil were totally utilised by each microflora but differentiated degradation extents were observed for cyclic and branched hydrocarbons. The enhanced degradation capacities of impacted-soil microflorae resulted probably from an adaptation to the hydrocarbon contaminants but a similar adaptation was noted in uncontaminated soils when conifer trees might have released natural hydrocarbons. GCxGC showed that a contaminated-soil microflora removed all aromatics and all branched alkanes containing less than C(15). The most recalcitrant compounds were the branched and cyclic alkanes with 15-23 atoms of carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Penet
- Département de Biotechnologie et Chimie de la Biomasse, Institut Français du Pétrole, 1-4, avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852, Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France
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39
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Mechanisms and occurrence of microbial oxidation of long-chain alkanes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-10464-x_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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Quagraine EK, Peterson HG, Headley JV. In situ bioremediation of naphthenic acids contaminated tailing pond waters in the athabasca oil sands region--demonstrated field studies and plausible options: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2005; 40:685-722. [PMID: 15756978 DOI: 10.1081/ese-200046649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are three industrial plants that recover oil from the lower Athabasca oil sands area, and there are plans in the future for several additional mines. The extraction procedures produce large volumes of slurry wastes contaminated with naphthenic acids (NAs). Because of a "zero discharge" policy the oil sands companies do not release any extraction wastes from their leases. The process-affected waters and fluid tailings contaminated with NAs are contained on-site primarily in large settling ponds. These fluid wastes from the tailing ponds can be acutely and chronically toxic to aquatic organisms, and NAs have been associated with this toxicity. The huge tailings containment area must ultimately be reclaimed, and this is of major concern to the oil sands industry. Some reclamation options have been investigated by both pioneering industries (Syncrude Energy Inc. and Suncor Inc.) with mixed results. The bioremediation techniques have limited success to date in biodegrading NAs to levels below 19 mg/L. Some tailing pond waters have been stored for more than 10 years, and it appears that the remaining high molecular weight NAs are refractory to the natural biodegradation process in the ponds. Some plausible options to further degrade the NAs in the tailings pond water include: bioaugmentation with bacteria selected to degrade the more refractory classes of NAs; the use of attachment materials such as clays to concentrate both the NA and the NA-degrading bacteria in their surfaces and/or pores; synergistic association between algae and bacteria consortia to promote efficient aerobic degradation; and biostimulation with nutrients to promote the growth and activity of the microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Quagraine
- WateResearch Corporation, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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41
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Kunihiro N, Haruki M, Takano K, Morikawa M, Kanaya S. Isolation and characterization of Rhodococcus sp. strains TMP2 and T12 that degrade 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) at moderately low temperatures. J Biotechnol 2005; 115:129-36. [PMID: 15607231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Branched alkanes including 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) are more resistant to biological degradation than straight-chain alkanes especially under low-temperature conditions, such as 10 degrees C. Two bacterial strains, TMP2 and T12, that are capable of degrading pristane at 10 degrees C were isolated and characterized. Both strains grew optimally at 30 degrees C and were identified as Rhodococcus sp. based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain T12 degraded comparable amounts of pristane in a range of temperatures from 10 to 30 degrees C and strain TMP2 degraded pristane similarly at 10 and 20 degrees C but did not degrade it at 30 degrees C. These data suggest that the strains have adapted their pristane degradation system to moderately low-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namio Kunihiro
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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42
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Díaz-Pérez AL, Zavala-Hernández AN, Cervantes C, Campos-García J. The gnyRDBHAL cluster is involved in acyclic isoprenoid degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5102-10. [PMID: 15345388 PMCID: PMC520886 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.9.5102-5110.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 mutants affected in the ability to degrade acyclic isoprenoids were isolated with transposon mutagenesis. The gny cluster (for geranoyl), which encodes the enzymes involved in the lower pathway of acyclic isoprenoid degradation, was identified. The gny cluster is constituted by five probable structural genes, gnyDBHAL, and a possible regulatory gene, gnyR. Mutations in the gnyD, gnyB, gnyA, or gnyL gene caused inability to assimilate acyclic isoprenoids of the citronellol family of compounds. Transcriptional analysis showed that expression of the gnyB gene was induced by citronellol and repressed by glucose, whereas expression of the gnyR gene had the opposite behavior. Western blot analysis of citronellol-grown cultures showed induction of biotinylated proteins of 70 and 73 kDa, which probably correspond to 3-methylcrotonoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase and geranoyl-CoA carboxylase (GCCase) alpha subunits, respectively. The 73-kDa biotinylated protein, identified as the alpha-GCCase subunit, is encoded by gnyA. Intermediary metabolites of the isoprenoid pathway, citronellic and geranic acids, were shown to accumulate in gnyB and gnyA mutants. Our data suggest that the protein products encoded in the gny cluster are the beta and alpha subunits of geranoyl-CoA carboxylase (GnyB and GnyA), the citronelloyl-CoA dehydrogenase (GnyD), the gamma-carboxygeranoyl-CoA hydratase (GnyH), and the 3-hydroxy-gamma-carboxygeranoyl-CoA lyase (GnyL). We conclude that the gnyRDBHAL cluster is involved in isoprenoid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Díaz-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana, Edif. B-3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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43
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Sakai Y, Takahashi H, Wakasa Y, Kotani T, Yurimoto H, Miyachi N, Van Veldhoven PP, Kato N. Role of alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase in the degradation of methyl-branched alkanes by Mycobacterium sp. strain P101. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:7214-20. [PMID: 15489432 PMCID: PMC523219 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.21.7214-7220.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new isolate, Mycobacterium sp. strain P101, is capable of growth on methyl-branched alkanes (pristane, phytane, and squalane). Among ca. 10,000 Tn5-derived mutants, we characterized 2 mutants defective in growth on pristane or n-hexadecane. A single copy of Tn5 was found to be inserted into the coding region of mcr (alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A [alpha-methylacyl-CoA] racemase gene) in mutant P1 and into the coding region of mls (malate synthase gene) in mutant H1. Mutant P1 could not grow on methyl-branched alkanes. The recombinant Mcr produced in Escherichia coli was confirmed to catalyze racemization of (R)-2-methylpentadecanoyl-CoA, with a specific activity of 0.21 micromol . min(-1) . mg of protein(-1). Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analyses indicated that mcr gene expression was enhanced by the methyl-branched alkanes pristane and squalane. Mutant P1 used (S)-2-methylbutyric acid for growth but did not use the racemic compound, and growth on n-hexadecane was not inhibited by pristane. These results suggested that the oxidation of the methyl-branched alkanoic acid is inhibited by the (R) isomer, although the (R) isomer was not toxic during growth on n-hexadecane. Based on these results, Mcr is suggested to play a critical role in beta-oxidation of methyl-branched alkanes in Mycobacterium. On the other hand, mutant H1 could not grow on n-hexadecane, but it partially retained the ability to grow on pristane. The reduced growth of mutant H1 on pristane suggests that propionyl-CoA is available for cell propagation through the 2-methyl citric acid cycle, since propionyl-CoA is produced through beta-oxidation of pristane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Sakai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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44
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Penet S, Marchal R, Sghir A, Monot F. Biodegradation of hydrocarbon cuts used for diesel oil formulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 66:40-7. [PMID: 15170523 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biodegradability of various types of diesel oil (DO), such as straight-run DO, light-cycle DO, hydrocracking DO, Fischer-Tropsch DO and commercial DO, was investigated in biodegradation tests performed in closed-batch systems using two microflorae. The first microflora was an activated sludge from an urban wastewater treatment plant as commonly used in biodegradability tests of commercial products and the second was a microflora from a hydrocarbon-polluted soil with possible specific capacities for hydrocarbon degradation. Kinetics of CO(2) production and extent of DO biodegradation were obtained by chromatographic procedures. Under optimised conditions, the polluted-soil microflora was found to extensively degrade all the DO types tested, the degradation efficiencies being higher than 88%. For all the DOs tested, the biodegradation capacities of the soil microflora were significantly higher than those of the activated sludge. Using both microflora, the extent of biodegradation was highly dependent upon the type of DO used, especially its hydrocarbon composition. Linear alkanes were completely degraded in each test, whereas identifiable branched alkanes such as farnesane, pristane or phytane were degraded to variable extents. Among the aromatics, substituted mono-aromatics were also variably biodegraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Penet
- Département de Biotechnologie et Chimie de la Biomasse, Institut Français du Pétrole, 1 & 4 Avenue de Bois-Preau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
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45
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Abstract
The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is the source of a wide array of products. The pathway has been highly conserved throughout evolution, and isoprenoids are some of the most ancient biomolecules ever identified, playing key roles in many life forms. In this review we focus on C-10 mono-, C-15 sesqui-, and C-20 diterpenes. Evidence for interconversion between the pathway intermediates farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and their respective metabolites is examined. The diverse functions of these molecules are discussed in detail, including their ability to regulate expression of the beta-HMG-CoA reductase and Ras-related proteins. Additional topics include the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of select isoprenoids, antiulcer activities, and the disposition and degradation of isoprenoids in the environment. Finally, the significance of pharmacological manipulation of the isoprenoid pathway and clinical correlations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Holstein
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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46
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Bogan BW, Sullivan WR, Kayser KJ, Derr KD, Aldrich HC, Paterek JR. Alkanindiges illinoisensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately hydrocarbonoclastic, aerobic squalane-degrading bacterium isolated from oilfield soils. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1389-1395. [PMID: 13130023 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An alkane-degrading bacterium, designated GTI MVAB Hex1(T), was isolated from chronically crude oil-contaminated soil from an oilfield in southern Illinois. The isolate grew very weakly or not at all in minimal or rich media without hydrocarbons. Straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as hexadecane and heptadecane, greatly stimulated growth; shorter-chain (</=C(15)) hydrocarbons did not (with decane as the sole exception). Growth was also greatly enhanced by the branched aliphatic hydrocarbons pristane and squalane. The latter of these was most intriguing, as catabolism of squalane has hitherto been reported only for Mycobacterium species. Although unable to utilize mono- or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources, the isolate did show slight fluorene-mineralizing capability in Luria-Bertani medium, which was partially repressed by hexadecane. In contrast, hexadecane supplementation greatly increased mineralization of (14)C-dodecane, which was not a growth substrate. Further testing emphasized the isolate's extremely narrow substrate range, as only Tween 40 and Tween 80 supported significant growth. Microscopic examination (by scanning and transmission electron microscopy) revealed a slightly polymorphic coccoidal to bacillar morphology, with hydrocarbon-grown cells tending to be more elongated. When grown with hexadecane, GTI MVAB Hex1(T) accumulated a large number of electron-transparent intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. These were also prevalent during growth in the presence of squalane. Smaller inclusion bodies were observed occasionally with pristane supplementation; they were, however, absent during growth on crude oil. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence data and range of growth substrates, classification of this isolate as the type strain of Alkanindiges illinoisensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, which is most closely related (approx. 94 % sequence similarity) to Acinetobacter junii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill W Bogan
- Gas Technology Institute, 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
| | - Wendy R Sullivan
- Gas Technology Institute, 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
| | - Kevin J Kayser
- Gas Technology Institute, 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
| | - K D Derr
- Gas Technology Institute, 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
| | - Henry C Aldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Box 110700, Bldg 981 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-0700, USA
| | - J Robert Paterek
- Gas Technology Institute, 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
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Hara A, Syutsubo K, Harayama S. Alcanivorax which prevails in oil-contaminated seawater exhibits broad substrate specificity for alkane degradation. Environ Microbiol 2003; 5:746-53. [PMID: 12919410 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2920.2003.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcanivorax is an alkane-degrading marine bacterium which propagates and becomes predominant in crude-oil-containing seawater when nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are supplemented. In order to understand why Alcanivorax overcomes other bacteria under such cultural conditions, competition experiments between Alcanivorax indigenous to seawater and the exogenous alkane-degrading marine bacterium, Acinetobacter venetianus strain T4, were conducted. When oil-containing seawater supplemented with nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients was inoculated with A. venetianus strain T4, this bacterium was the dominant population at the early stage of culture. However, its density began to decrease after day 6, and Alcanivorax predominated in the culture after day 20. The crude-oil-degrading profiles of both bacteria were therefore investigated. Alcanivorax borkumensis strain ST-T1 isolated from the Sea of Japan exhibited higher ability to degrade branched alkanes (pristane and phytane) than A. venetianus strain T4. It seems that this higher ability of Alcanivorax to degrade branched alkanes allowed this bacterium to predominate in oil-containing seawater. It is known that some marine zooplanktons produce pristane and Alcanivorax may play a major role in the biodegradation of pristane in seawater.
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MESH Headings
- Alkanes/metabolism
- Biodegradation, Environmental
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- Flame Ionization
- Gammaproteobacteria/classification
- Gammaproteobacteria/growth & development
- Gammaproteobacteria/metabolism
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Petroleum/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- Seawater/microbiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Substrate Specificity
- Terpenes/metabolism
- Water Microbiology
- Water Pollution, Chemical
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hara
- Marine Biotechnology Institute, Kamaishi Laboratories, 3-75-1 Heita, Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0001, Japan.
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48
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Alvarez HM, Souto MF, Viale A, Pucci OH. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols by 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl pentadecane-grown cells of Nocardia globerula 432. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 200:195-200. [PMID: 11425475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia globerula strain 432 was able to synthesize triacylglycerols (TAG) during cultivation on 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl pentadecane (pristane) under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Within these cells, 4,8,12-trimethyl tridecanoic acid was the major fatty acid detected. Fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms and minor amounts of even-numbered fatty acids were also observed. Experiments carried out with acrylic acid, an inhibitor of beta-oxidation, suggested that odd-numbered fatty acids such as C15:0, C17:0 and 10-methyl C17:0 were synthesized de novo using propionyl-CoA, the beta-oxidation product, as precursor. Although N. globerula 432 incorporated mainly straight chain fatty acids into TAG, the branched fatty acid 4,8,12-trimethyl tridecanoic acid also appeared, to some extent, in the acylglycerols. The importance of TAG biosynthesis by pristane-grown cells of N. globerula strain 432 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Alvarez
- CEIMA, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia SanJuan Bosco, Chubut, Argentina.
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49
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Wang Z, Fingas M, Blenkinsopp S, Sergy G, Landriault M, Sigouin L, Foght J, Semple K, Westlake DW. Comparison of oil composition changes due to biodegradation and physical weathering in different oils. J Chromatogr A 1998; 809:89-107. [PMID: 9677713 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The well-characterized Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend oil and several other oils which are commonly transported in Canada were physically weathered and then incubated with a defined microbial inoculum. The purpose was to produce quantitative data on oil components and component groups which are more susceptible or resistant to biodegradation, and to determine how oils rank in relation to each other in terms of biodegradation potential. The biodegraded oils were characterized by quantitative determination of changes in important hydrocarbon groups including the total petroleum hydrocarbons, total saturates and aromatics, and also by quantitation of more than 100 individual target aliphatic, aromatic and biomarker components. The study reveals a pattern of distinct oil composition changes due to biodegradation, which is significantly different from the pattern due to physical or short-term weathering. It is important to be able to distinguish between these two forms of loss, so that loss due to weathering is not interpreted as loss due to biodegradation in the laboratory or in the field. Based on these findings, the oil composition changes due to biodegradation can be readily differentiated from those due to physical weathering. To rank the tested oils with respect to biodegradability, losses in total petroleum hydrocarbons and aromatics were used to calculate biodegradation potential indices, employing equations proposed by Environment Canada and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The different methods produced very similar biodegradation trends, confirming that patterns of oil biodegradability do exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Emergencies Science Division, ETC, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Abstract
Drilling operations from platforms in the North Sea result in the production of large quantities of drill cuttings. These are a variable mixture of rock chippings, clays and original drilling fluids. Drilling mud is cleaned on the platform to remove rock chips before re-use of the mud. The rejected fraction from the clean-up plant (the cuttings) contains some of the base drilling fluid, and this can lead to an organically rich input to the sea-bed. Cuttings are discarded immediately underneath the platform jacket and thus build-up over the natural seabed sediment. In many cases this cuttings pile may cover considerable areas of seabed, leading to seabed biological effects and potential corrosion problems. Different types of cuttings have different environmental impacts, this being partly dependent upon their hydrocarbon component. Diesel-oil based cuttings contain significant amounts of toxic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas low-toxicity, kerosenebased cuttings contain less. Both types of cuttings support an active microbiological flora, initiated by hydrocarbon oxidation. This paper presents a study of microbiological degradation of hydrocarbons in cuttings piles around two North Sea platforms. Results indicate that there is a close correlation between microbiological activity and hydrocarbon breakdown in the surface of cuttings piles and that both of these parameters reach their maximum values closer to the platform when low-toxicity muds are in use.
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