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Qureshi KA, Parvez A, Fahmy NA, Abdel Hady BH, Kumar S, Ganguly A, Atiya A, Elhassan GO, Alfadly SO, Parkkila S, Aspatwar A. Brucellosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment-a comprehensive review. Ann Med 2024; 55:2295398. [PMID: 38165919 PMCID: PMC10769134 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2295398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is a pervasive zoonotic disease caused by various Brucella species. It mainly affects livestock and wildlife and poses significant public health threats, especially in regions with suboptimal hygiene, food safety, and veterinary care standards. Human contractions occur by consuming contaminated animal products or interacting with infected animals. Objective: This study aims to provide an updated understanding of brucellosis, from its epidemiology and pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment strategies. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing research, knowledge exchange, and interdisciplinary collaboration for effective disease control and prevention, highlighting its global health implications. Methods: Pathogenesis involves intricate interactions between bacteria and the host immune system, resulting in chronic infections characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. The diagnostic process is arduous owing to non-specific symptomatology and sampling challenges, necessitating a fusion of clinical and laboratory evaluations, including blood cultures, serological assays, and molecular methods. Management typically entails multiple antibiotics, although the rise in antibiotic-resistant Brucella strains poses a problem. Animal vaccination is a potential strategy to curb the spread of infection, particularly within livestock populations. Results: The study provides insights into the complex pathogenesis of brucellosis, the challenges in its diagnosis, and the management strategies involving antibiotic therapy and animal vaccination. It also highlights the emerging issue of antibiotic-resistant Brucella strains. Conclusions: In conclusion, brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease with implications for public health. Efforts should be directed towards improved diagnostic methods, antibiotic stewardship to combat antibiotic resistance, and developing and implementing effective animal vaccination programs. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research are crucial for addressing the global health implications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal A. Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Adil Parvez
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nada A. Fahmy
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Applied Health Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Bassant H. Abdel Hady
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shweta Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Anusmita Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Akhtar Atiya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed O. Alfadly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Fimlab Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Canouï E, Woerther PL, Soulier A, Benhaddou N, Seng S, Belan M, Rodriguez C, Charlier C. Shotgun metagenomic screening to improve the retrospective diagnosis of undocumented intrauterine infections on embedded placenta samples: Lessons from a brucellosis case. Infect Dis Now 2023; 53:104770. [PMID: 37574126 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2023.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiological diagnosis of intrauterine infections (IIU) still relies on bacteriological cultures or targeted DNA amplification lacking in sensitivity. Shotgun metagenomics (SMg) is an emerging unbiased molecular approach that makes it possible to sequence all the nucleic acids from any sample. It had never previously been used for IIU. METHODS We here report the case of a patient with an unexplained IIU and fetal loss that could be documented by a combined SMg/microbiological approach, leading to the diagnosis of maternal brucellosis. RESULTS A 31-year-old woman presented with an undocumented IIU with fetal loss at 24 weeks of gestation. Culture-based work-up failed to identify the pathogen involved. Paraffin-embedded placenta sample was retrospectively analyzed by SMg. Brucella spp nucleic acids were detected, and subacute maternal brucellosis was confirmed by targeted PCR and serological testing. CONCLUSION This case provides grounds for further utilization of SMg for the microbiological diagnosis of unexplained obstetrical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Canouï
- Equipe mobile d'Infectiologie, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre-Cochin Port Royal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.
| | - P L Woerther
- Département de Microbiologie, hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - A Soulier
- Département de Microbiologie, hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - N Benhaddou
- Service de Bactériologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre-Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - S Seng
- Département de Microbiologie, hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - M Belan
- Equipe mobile d'Infectiologie, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre-Cochin Port Royal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - C Rodriguez
- Département de Microbiologie, hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - C Charlier
- Equipe mobile d'Infectiologie, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre-Cochin Port Royal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Paris France; Centre National de référence Listeria, Centre collaborateur OMS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Unité de Biologie des Infections, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Legesse A, Mekuriaw A, Gelaye E, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Weldemedhin W, Tesgera T, Deresse G, Birhanu K. Comparative evaluation of RBPT, I-ELISA, and CFT for the diagnosis of brucellosis and PCR detection of Brucella species from Ethiopian sheep, goats, and cattle sera. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:216. [PMID: 37563597 PMCID: PMC10413706 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an economically devastating animal disease and has public health concern. Serological methods such as Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), and Indirect-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) have been used to detect brucellosis. However, there is limited comparative evaluation studies and lack of molecular confirmation of the causative agents in the study areas. The study was aimed to compare RBPT, I-ELISA, CFT, and confirmation using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A total of 2317 sera samples were collected from brucellosis-affected areas of Ethiopia with no vaccination history. All sera were subjected to comparative serological assays. Post-cross tabulation, sensitivity, and specificity were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis software. PCR was performed on 54 seropositive samples using genus- and species-specific primers. RESULTS Among the 2317 sera tested for comparative serological assays, 189 (8.16%) were positive for RBPT, 191 (8.24%) for I-ELISA, and 48 (2.07%) for CFT. Sensitivity to RBPT was 100% (95%) in shoats and 74% (95%) in cattle. Specificity on RBPT was 98.69% (95%), 99.28% (95%), 100% (95%) in sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. CFT sensitivity was 4 (95%) in sheep, 9.65 (95%) goats, and 72 (95%) cattle. Specificity on CFT was 100% (95%) for sheep, goats, and cattle. A 223bp Brucella genus-specific and 156bp B. abortus species-specific detected. However, B. melitensis not detected. CONCLUSION In this study, I-ELISA was the most sensitive and specific test. RBPT detected all Brucellosis-infected sheep and goats; nevertheless, it showed false positive in sheep and goats and false negative in cattle. The presence of B. abortus in small and large ruminants was confirmed by PCR. This is the first report of B. abortus detection in small ruminant in Ethiopia. B.abortus detected in non-preferred hosts. The findings suggest further study on molecular epidemiology of Brucella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinet Legesse
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Aregitu Mekuriaw
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Abayneh
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Belayneh Getachew
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Wubet Weldemedhin
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Tesgera
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Kenaw Birhanu
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Liu J, Song Z, Ta N, Tian G, Yang X, Zhao H, Piao D, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Jiang H. Development and evaluation of a droplet digital PCR assay to detect Brucella in human whole blood. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011367. [PMID: 37267228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the development of domestic animal husbandry, the spread of brucellosis has accelerated, and the scope of the epidemic has expanded. The timely and accurate diagnosis of human brucellosis continues to challenge clinicians in endemic areas. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) technology can quickly and accurately determine DNA load in samples, providing laboratory evidence for diagnosis, prognosis and management of brucellosis patients. In this study, a ddPCR method was established to accurately quantify Brucella DNA load in whole blood samples, and its diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value for human brucellosis was evaluated. METHODS Annealing temperature, primers, and probe targeting the Brucella bcsp31 gene were optimised, and the sensitivity, specificity and repeatability of the ddPCR assay were assessed using 94 whole blood samples from 61 confirmed and 33 suspected cases. Results were compared with those of quantitative PCR (qPCR). Nine follow-up brucellosis patients were also analysed by the two methods after 2 and 6 months of treatment. RESULTS Optimal primer and probe concentrations were 800 nmol/L and 400 nmol/L, respectively, and the optimal annealing temperature was 55.3 °C. The ddPCR results showed that the limit of detection was 1.87 copies per reaction, with high repeatability. The positive rates for ddPCR and qPCR were 88.5% and 75.4% among 61 serum agglutination test (SAT) positive patients. In addition, 57.6% (19/33) of suspected sero-negative samples were positive by ddPCR, but only 36.3% (12/33) were positive by qPCR. Analysis of nine post-therapy follow-up brucellosis patients revealed that the Brucella DNA load in the whole blood samples decreased after 2 and 6 months of treatment, and was slightly increased following relapse and continuous exposure. CONCLUSION The ddPCR assay showed good accuracy for whole blood samples, and could be a potential diagnostic and prognostic tool for detecting Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracing and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Wengniute Banner Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhichun Song
- Wengniute Banner Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Na Ta
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guozhong Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracing and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracing and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracing and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongri Piao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracing and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracing and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracing and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracing and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Seroprevalence, associated risk factors, and molecular detection of bovine brucellosis in rural areas of Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 95:101971. [PMID: 36921504 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out on six villages in northern Egypt to evaluate the epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis among 989 unvaccinated household cattle by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA (iELISA) and to investigate the existence of Brucella DNA using real-time PCR in 100 milk and 100 sera from seropositive cattle and 50 sera from seronegative cattle. The overall seroprevalence was 20.7% and 23.7% by RBPT and iELISA, respectively. Based on the iELISA results, the seroprevalence was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the village II (34.7%) and cattle > 7 years (30.1%). More males than females were non-significant seropositive (P = 0.6). There was 95% agreement between RBPT and iELISA, although iELISA showed a higher positivity rate (23.7%, 95% CI: 0.21-0.26) than RBPT (20.7%, 95% CI: 0.18-0.24). DNA of Brucella was confirmed in 16 milk samples by IS711 qPCR from seropositive cattle, however, no Brucella DNA was detected in serum samples tested positive and negative. Brucella abortus was the only species detected based on the alkB gene. Prevalence is highly related to the sampling site and the age of the animals. In conclusion, although qPCR is more accurate and commonly used in the diagnosis of most infectious diseases but in this situation iELISA is preferred and recommended for continuous screening and animal movement restriction and vaccination protocols, especially in high-risk areas.
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Microbiological Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis: An Overview. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121623. [PMID: 34959578 PMCID: PMC8709366 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, slow-growing, facultative intracellular bacteria causing brucellosis. Brucellosis is an endemic of specific geographic areas and, although underreported, represents the most common zoonotic infection, with an annual global incidence of 500,000 cases among humans. Humans represent an occasional host where the infection is mainly caused by B. melitensis, which is the most virulent; B. abortus; B. suis; and B. canis. A microbiological analysis is crucial to identifying human cases because clinical symptoms of human brucellosis are variable and aspecific. The laboratory diagnosis is based on three different microbiological approaches: (i) direct diagnosis by culture, (ii) indirect diagnosis by serological tests, and (iii) direct rapid diagnosis by molecular PCR-based methods. Despite the established experience with serological tests and highly sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), a culture is still considered the “gold standard” in the laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis due to its clinical and epidemiological relevance. Moreover, the automated BC systems now available have increased the sensitivity of BCs and shortened the time to detection of Brucella species. The main limitations of serological tests are the lack of common interpretative criteria, the suboptimal specificity due to interspecies cross-reactivity, and the low sensitivity during the early stage of disease. Despite that, serological tests remain the main diagnostic tool, especially in endemic areas because they are inexpensive, user friendly, and have high negative predictive value. Promising serological tests based on new synthetic antigens have been recently developed together with novel point-of-care tests without the need for dedicated equipment and expertise. NAATs are rapid tests that can help diagnose brucellosis in a few hours with high sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, the interpretation of NAAT-positive results requires attention because it may not necessarily indicate an active infection but rather a low bacterial inoculum, DNA from dead bacteria, or a patient that has recovered. Refined NAATs should be developed, and their performances should be compared with those of commercial and home-made molecular tests before being commercialized for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Here, we review and report the most common and updated microbiological diagnostic methods currently available for the laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis.
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Ramírez OLH, Santos HA, Paulino PG, van der Meer CS, Bautista JLR, Delgado ILJ, Obando JG, Garcia RR, da Costa Angelo I. Cross-sectional study of Brucella spp. using real-time PCR from bovine whole blood in Colombia. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:189-201. [PMID: 34791575 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Colombia to recover Brucella spp. DNA from bovine whole-blood samples through probe-based real-time PCR (qPCR). By an SNP-based assay, vaccine strains were differentiated from field strains. The associated factors were evaluated using logistical regression models. A total of 656 random cows from 40 herds were selected and analyzed using serology and PCR. The qPCR assay detected 9.5% (n = 62/656; 95% CI: 7.3, 12.0) of the animals with Brucella-DNA presence, while the serological test detected a 6.6% (n = 43/656; CI: 4.8, 8.7). 62.5% (n = 25/40; 95% CI: 45.8, 77.3) of positive cases were detected at the herd-level by the qPCR, while only 27.5% (n = 11/40; 95% CI: 14.6, 43.9) were detected by the serological test. All positive samples were identified as field Brucella strains employing the SNP-based assay. In the final regression model at the animal-level, five variables were associated with Brucella-DNA presence: the use of bulls for mating recorded history of reproductive problems, pregnant cows, parlor milking, and cows belonging to farms ≤200 m from the main road. At the herd-level, two variables were associated with Brucella-DNA presence: recorded history of reproductive problems and the use of bulls for mating. Given the fluctuant brucellosis prevalence in endemic areas, updated epidemiological studies are necessary to evaluate the disease dynamic and if established prevention and control measures have been effective or need to be adjusted. The increase in the prevalence of brucellosis in animal reservoirs creates an important risk of transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lucia Herrán Ramírez
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinarian Science, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gonzaga Paulino
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinarian Science, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina Soares van der Meer
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinarian Science, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Luis Rodríguez Bautista
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinarian Science, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana González Obando
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Agrarian Sciences Faculty, Antioquia University, P.O. Box 1228, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Rene Ramirez Garcia
- INCA-CES, Faculty of Veterinary medicine and zootechnics, CES University, Box 050021, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 23897-000, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil.
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Becker GN, Tuon FF. Comparative study of IS711 and bcsp31-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in whole blood and serum samples. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 183:106182. [PMID: 33647359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical diagnosis of human brucellosis (HB) is often difficult due to non-specific symptoms. Immunological tests have been the most common method used in HB diagnosis, but molecular methods based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have largely replaced these diagnostic methods. The aim of this study was to validate a HB diagnostic qPCR method; assessing different target Brucella genes, and the influence of biological matrices (serum vs. whole blood) on analytical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two target genes, IS711 and bcsp31, for HB molecular diagnosis were evaluated, together with biological matrix type (whole blood and serum) using samples spiked with Brucella abortus. In addition, diagnostic parameters of this qPCR method were evaluated in paired whole blood and serum samples from patients with suspected HB. RESULTS Both genes could be potential diagnostic targets, but IS711 showed a lower limit of detection. In spiked matrix experiments, whole blood showed a lower limit of detection than serum after probit regression (224 vs. 3681 CFU/mL) and ANOVA analysis showed a significant (p < 0.001) difference between the Cq of whole blood at all dilutions and that of serum. In 12 paired clinical samples, no serum samples and only one whole blood sample tested positive for Brucella using this qPCR detection method. CONCLUSIONS This standardized qPCR-based Brucella detection method could improve diagnosis of HB, serving as a rapid, highly sensitive, and specific test. Whole blood is better suited to qPCR-based HB diagnosis due to the presence of higher target DNA loads in this matrix, compared to serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Nardi Becker
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80215-901, Brazil; Laboratorio Central do Estado, São Jose dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
| | - Felipe Francisco Tuon
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80215-901, Brazil.
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Zamanian M, Jahani E, Mahmoudi H. Multiplex PCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of the Brucella Genus in Human Whole Blood and Serum. Open Microbiol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874434602014010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Brucellosis disease is a serious zoonosis worldwide and only 17 countries have been recognized as free of brucellosis. The World Health Organization has reported that the incidence of brucellosis is 500,000 cases in a year. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an ideal method for the identification of brucellosis. The most common primers for the diagnosis of Brucella include B4/B5 and F4/R2. The advantages of multiplex PCR include targeting multiple sequences at the same time, and multiple results are produced in a single test run which saves time and the reagents simultaneously. The purpose of this investigation was to extend and optimize a multiplex PCR for the identification of genus Brucella from serum and whole blood samples.
Methods:
In this experimental and sectional study, blood samples of 25 suspected patients in the acute phase of brucellosis with serum titers higher than 1:80 were collected. Two pairs of specific primers of B4 and B5 the specific gene was amplified. PCR and Multiplex PCR were performed on blood and serum samples.
Results:
Among 25 blood samples, 15 cases (60%) and 9 cases (36%) and among 25 serum samples, 23 cases (92%) and 13 cases (52%) were positive for B4/B5 and F4/R2 in PCR, respectively. In multiplex PCR, among 25 blood samples, 5 cases (20%) showed both bands, 11 cases (44%) showed band 222bp, 4 cases (16%) showed band 905bp and 5 cases (20%) showed no bands. Among 25 serum samples, 6 cases (24%) showed both bands, 15 cases (60%) showed band 222bp, 3 cases (12%) showed band 905bp and 1 case (4%) showed no bands.
Conclusion:
The results of this study show that this multiplex PCR can be used for the diagnosis of brucellosis with high sensitivity in clinical laboratories routinely and it can serve as an alternative substitution for risky culture method and nonspecific serological methods.
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Abstract
The clinical presentation of brucellosis in humans is variable and unspecific, and thus, laboratory corroboration of the diagnosis is essential for the patient's proper treatment. The diagnosis of brucellar infections can be made by culture, serological tests, and nucleic acid amplification assays. Modern automated blood culture systems enable detection of acute cases of brucellosis within the routine 5- to 7-day incubation protocol employed in clinical microbiology laboratories, although a longer incubation and performance of blind subcultures may be needed for protracted cases. Serological tests, though they lack specificity and provide results that may be difficult to interpret in individuals repeatedly exposed to Brucella organisms, nevertheless remain a diagnostic cornerstone in resource-poor countries. Nucleic acid amplification assays combine exquisite sensitivity, specificity, and safety and enable rapid diagnosis of the disease. However, long-term persistence of positive molecular test results in patients that have apparently fully recovered is common and has unclear clinical significance and therapeutic implications. Therefore, as long as there are no sufficiently validated commercial tests or studies that demonstrate an adequate interlaboratory reproducibility of the different homemade PCR assays, cultures and serological methods will remain the primary tools for the diagnosis and posttherapeutic follow-up of human brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Yagupsky
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Pilar Morata
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan D Colmenero
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Regional Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
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Abstract
Patients with central nervous system (CNS) infection experience very high levels of morbidity and mortality, in part because of the many challenges inherent to the diagnosis of CNS infection and identification of a causative pathogen. The clinical presentation of CNS infection is nonspecific, so clinicians must often order and interpret many diagnostic tests in parallel. This can be a daunting task given the large number of potential pathogens and the availability of different testing modalities. Here, we review traditional diagnostic techniques including Gram stain and culture, serology, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We highlight which of these are recommended for the pathogens most commonly tested among U.S. patients with suspected CNS infection. Finally, we describe the newer broad-range diagnostic approaches, multiplex PCR and metagenomic sequencing, which are increasingly used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjat Kanjilal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracey A Cho
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anne Piantadosi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Carugati M, Biggs HM, Maze MJ, Stoddard RA, Cash-Goldwasser S, Hertz JT, Halliday JEB, Saganda W, Lwezaula BF, Kazwala RR, Cleaveland S, Maro VP, Rubach MP, Crump JA. Incidence of human brucellosis in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania in the periods 2007-2008 and 2012-2014. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 112:136-143. [PMID: 29697848 PMCID: PMC5961162 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis causes substantial morbidity among humans and their livestock. There are few robust estimates of the incidence of brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Using cases identified through sentinel hospital surveillance and health care utilization data, we estimated the incidence of brucellosis in Moshi Urban and Moshi Rural Districts, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania, for the periods 2007–2008 and 2012–2014. Methods Cases were identified among febrile patients at two sentinel hospitals and were defined as having either a 4-fold increase in Brucella microscopic agglutination test titres between acute and convalescent serum or a blood culture positive for Brucella spp. Findings from a health care utilization survey were used to estimate multipliers to account for cases not seen at sentinel hospitals. Results Of 585 patients enrolled in the period 2007–2008, 13 (2.2%) had brucellosis. Among 1095 patients enrolled in the period 2012–2014, 32 (2.9%) had brucellosis. We estimated an incidence (range based on sensitivity analysis) of brucellosis of 35 (range 32–93) cases per 100 000 persons annually in the period 2007–2008 and 33 (range 30–89) cases per 100 000 persons annually in the period 2012–2014. Conclusions We found a moderate incidence of brucellosis in northern Tanzania, suggesting that the disease is endemic and an important human health problem in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Carugati
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Division of Infectious Diseases, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Holly M Biggs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Maze
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robyn A Stoddard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shama Cash-Goldwasser
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julian T Hertz
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Venance P Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Matthew P Rubach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John A Crump
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
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13
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Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures for Human Brucellosis: An Overview of Existing Approaches. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.91200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Dal T, Kara SS, Cikman A, Balkan CE, Acıkgoz ZC, Zeybek H, Uslu H, Durmaz R. Comparison of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction with serological tests and culture for diagnosing human brucellosis. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:337-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Molecular Diagnosis of Acute and Chronic Brucellosis in Humans. MICROORGANISMS FOR SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8844-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Human brucellosis, one of the most common zoonoses worldwide, rarely occurs in Japan, and only a few chronic cases have been reported. We herein report the case of a 39-year-old Japanese woman with chronic human brucellosis, considered a Brucella canis infection, that persisted for 19 years. Her medical history and fever pattern suggested chronic brucellosis, and the diagnosis was made based on the results of a serum tube agglutination test (SAT). After undergoing combination therapy with streptomycin and doxycycline, she achieved symptomatic relief and showed negative SAT results. Even in non-endemic areas, chronic brucellosis is an important differential diagnosis in patients with long-term persistent fatigue or a fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kawakami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoko Wakai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tsuchiura Kyodo Hospital, Japan
| | - Koichi Imaoka
- Laboratory of Reservoir Control of Zoonosis, Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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17
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Saytekin AM, Ak S. Direct diagnosis of Brucella species through multiplex PCR formed by a new method. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 154:86-94. [PMID: 30336164 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop direct PCR methods, which enable the diagnosis of brucellosis agents from ruminant aborted fetus samples at species and genus levels, and determine the applicability of the newly developed methods. For this purpose, 137 lung, 137 liver, and 52 fetal stomach fluid samples belonging to 166 ruminant aborted fetuses (326 samples in total) were examined. Firstly, agent isolation and identification were performed and species-specific multiplex PCR (m-PCR) from the culture was applied to the samples. In addition, the Mayer-Scholl m-PCR method was modified and termed 'modified Mayer-Scholl', and genus specific Bcsp31 PCR was also modified with minor changes. Four different methods were applied to direct examination samples and the obtained results were compared. The conventional culture method was set as the standard method to which sensitivities and specificities of the molecular methods were calculated. According to the assessments on the basis of fetus (n = 166), sensitivity and specificity values for modified Mayer-Scholl m-PCR method were 94.11% and 98.76%, and the same indicators for the modified Bcsp31 PCR were 95.29% and 98.76%, respectively. When all organ samples were taken into account (n = 326), sensitivity and specificity values for the modified Mayer-Scholl m-PCR method were 85.38% and 98.06%, and for the modified Bcsp31 PCR, they were 83.62% and 98.06%, respectively. As a result, it was found that the diagnostic power of the tests were 'high' when results were evaluated at fetus level. On the other hand, it was found to be 'clinically useful' when evaluated at organ level. We concluded that species level identifications can be made through the modified Mayer-Scholl method, which is a direct m-PCR method, with a high diagnostic power by specifying DNAs belonging to Brucella species directly from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Murat Saytekin
- Reference Diagnosis Laboratory for Brucellosis, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, 34890, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seyyal Ak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 İstanbul, Turkey
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18
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Hull NC, Schumaker BA. Comparisons of brucellosis between human and veterinary medicine. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018; 8:1500846. [PMID: 30083304 PMCID: PMC6063340 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1500846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is the world's most widespread zoonosis, but also ranks as one of the seven most neglected diseases, according to the World Health Organization. Additionally, it is recognized as the world's most common laboratory-acquired infection. There are a reported 500,000 incident cases of human brucellosis per year. However, true incidence is estimated to be 5,000,000 to 12,500,000 cases annually. Once diagnosed, focus is directed at treating individual patients with antibiotic regimes, yet overall neglecting the animal reservoir of disease. Countries with the highest incidence of human brucellosis are Syria (1,603.4 cases per 1,000,000 individuals), Mongolia (391.0), and Tajikistan (211.9). Surveillance on animal populations is lacking in many developed and developing countries. According to the World Animal Health Information Database, Mexico had the largest number of reported outbreaks, 5,514 in 2014. Mexico is followed by China (2,138), Greece (1,268), and Brazil (1,142). The majority of these outbreaks is Brucella abortus, the etiologic agent of bovine brucellosis. Brucellosis is an ancient disease that still plagues the world. There are still knowledge gaps and a need for better diagnostics and vaccines to make inroads towards control and eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah C. Hull
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Brant A. Schumaker
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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19
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Hull N, Miller J, Berry D, Laegreid W, Smith A, Klinghagen C, Schumaker B. Optimization of Brucella abortus Protocols for Downstream Molecular Applications. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:e01894-17. [PMID: 29436425 PMCID: PMC5869842 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01894-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the performances of various DNA extraction kits for their ability to recover Brucella abortus strain 19 inoculated into Brucella-free bovine tissues. Tissues were homogenized in a FastPrep bead homogenizer and extracted in triplicate by using one of five kits (Qiagen DNeasy, GE Illustra, Omega Bio-tek E.Z.N.A., Quanta Extracta, and IBI Science DNA Tissue kit). Whole blood was also taken from animals prior to chemical euthanasia, aliquoted, and then fractioned into buffy coat, red blood cells, and plasma. DNA was extracted from whole blood, buffy coat, and plasma by using four kits (Qiagen DNeasy, Omega Bio-tek E.Z.N.A., IBI Science DNA Blood kit, and 5PRIME PerfectPure). Previously reported primers targeting strain 19 were used to amplify extracted DNA and identify the optimal extraction kit. Real-time PCR was performed, and kits were compared for statistical differences by using quantification cycles as an outcome measure. Omega Bio-tek E.Z.N.A. was superior (P < 0.0068) in its lower quantification cycle values across all tissue kits. The IBI Science DNA Blood kit was superior to Qiagen DNeasy, 5PRIME PerfectPure, and Quanta Extracta (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0004, and P = 0.0013, respectively) but was not different from Omega Bio-tek E.Z.N.A. (P = 1.0). In summary, the optimal extraction kit for B. abortus strain 19 for tissues is Omega Bio-tek E.Z.N.A., and that for blood and its fractions is the IBI Science Mini Genomic DNA kit. Eluted DNA was also concentrated by using the Zymo Research DNA Clean & Concentrator-25 kit. Concentrated eluted DNA with the target was superior (P = <0.0001) to unconcentrated eluted DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Hull
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - David Berry
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - William Laegreid
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Ashley Smith
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Callie Klinghagen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Brant Schumaker
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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20
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Thakur S, Bedi JS, Singh R, Gill JPS, Arora AK, Kashyap N. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction based quantification of Brucella DNA in serum of pre- and post-therapeutic occupationally exposed infected human population. J Infect Public Health 2017; 11:514-520. [PMID: 29113778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is one of the neglected zoonotic diseases in humans. The serological methods based on antibody detections are unable to detect the effectiveness of treatment in humans as antibodies persist for long time in humans even after therapy. Therefore, we developed qPCR technique to overcome such discrepancy and device a rapid and efficient test for both diagnosis and follow up of the brucellosis affected individuals. METHODS High risk suspected individuals with positive serology (RBPT, STAT and iELISA) and PCR were mainly analyzed for DNA quantification by qPCR assay. The bcsp-31 gene, a shared gene of Brucella species was amplified by genus specific primers and cloned to pGEMT™ easy vector and the cloned plasmid were used to construct a standard curve (R2=0.99, efficiency=1.98) over 7 orders of magnitude with sensitivity of ≈10 copy number. The assay was found 100% specific. RESULTS Overall 85 individuals were found positive out of 188. Out of them, 23 serological, PCR and qPCR positive individuals were recommended for 45days therapy according to WHO regimen (Doxycycline and Rifampin) and each case was further followed by qPCR. The mean threshold cycle (Cq) before treatment was 26.05±0.347 (3940.5copies/μl), which increased significantly to 32.7±0.66 (259.13copies/μl) on 4th week during treatment, 35.12±3.12 (38.52copies/μl) at 6th week on day of treatment completion, 35.6±0.66 (34.21copies/μl) on 21st day after treatment depicting a significant reduction in DNA load over the course of treatment. Serological follow up showed that only 3 individuals had decreased STAT titre but no change in RBPT results. Out of 17 symptomatic individuals under therapy, 10 improved clinically, 5 improved clinically with persistent weakness and 2 had no effect of therapy. CONCLUSION The study suggests that qPCR is more useful and rapid test to follow treated individuals than serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Thakur
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Jasbir S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Randhir Singh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Jatinder P S Gill
- Director Research, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Anil K Arora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Neeraj Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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21
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Isolation, Identification and Molecular Characterization of Brucella abortus from Bovines. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Shell WS, Sayed ML, Samy AA, Al-Sadek GM, El-Hamid GMMA, Ali AHM. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction as an alternative rapid method for enumeration of colony count in live Brucella vaccines. Vet World 2017; 10:610-615. [PMID: 28717311 PMCID: PMC5499076 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.610-615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim:: Brucellosis is a major bacterial zoonosis of global importance affecting a range of animal species and man worldwide. It has economic, public health, and bio-risk importance. Control and prevention of animal brucellosis mainly depend on accurate diagnostic tools and implementation of effective and safe animal vaccination program. There are three types of animal Brucella live vaccines - Brucella melitensis Rev-1 vaccine, Brucella abortus S19, and B. abortus RB51. Evaluation of these vaccines depends mainly on enumeration of Brucella viable count. At present, used colony count method is time consuming, costly and requires especial skills. Hence, the aim of this study is to use and standardize real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as an alternative, quantitative, sensitive, and rapid method to detect the colony count of Brucella in live Brucella vaccine. Materials and Methods:: Four batches of different live Brucella vaccines were evaluated using of conventional bacterial count and RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) using BSCP31 gene specific primers and probe. Standard curve was generated from DNA template extracted from 10-fold serial dilution of living B. abortus RB51 vaccine to evaluate the sensitivity of RT-qPCR. Results:: Results revealed that three batches of living Brucella vaccines were acceptable for Brucella colony count when traditional bacterial enumeration method was used. Results of RT-qPCR were identical to that of conventional bacterial count. Conclusions:: Results concluded that RT-qPCR was relatively sensitive compared to traditional bacterial colony count of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed S Shell
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Cairo, Abbasia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud L Sayed
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Cairo, Abbasia, Egypt
| | - A A Samy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Center, Egypt
| | | | | | - Abdel Hakam M Ali
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Cairo, Abbasia, Egypt
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23
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Sanjuan-Jimenez R, Colmenero JD, Morata P. Lessons learned with molecular methods targeting the BCSP-31 membrane protein for diagnosis of human brucellosis. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 469:1-9. [PMID: 28315659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis remains an emerging and re-emerging zoonosis worldwide causing high human morbidity. It usually affects persons who are permanently exposed to fastidious microorganisms of the Brucella genus and has a nonspecific clinical picture. Thus, diagnosis of brucellosis can sometimes be difficult. Molecular techniques have recently been found very useful in the diagnosis of brucellosis together with its common and very diverse focal complications. We herein review all the lessons learned by our group concerning the molecular diagnosis of human brucellosis over the last twenty years. The results, initially using one-step conventional PCR, later PCR-ELISA and more recently real-time PCR, using both fluorescent intercalating reagents (SYBR-Green I) and specific probes (Taqman), have shown that these techniques are all much more sensitive than bacteriological methods and more specific than the usual serological techniques for the diagnosis of primary infection, the post-treatment control of the disease, early detection of relapse and the diagnosis of focal complications. Optimization of the technique and improvements introduced over the years show that molecular methods, currently accessible for most clinical laboratories, enable easy rapid diagnosis of brucellosis at the same time as they avoid any risk to laboratory personnel while handling live Brucella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Sanjuan-Jimenez
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
| | - Juan D Colmenero
- Infectious Diseases Service, Regional University Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | - Pilar Morata
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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24
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Brucella abortus: Current Research and Future Trends. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Mohseni K, Mirnejad R, Piranfar V, Mirkalantari S. A Comparative Evaluation of ELISA, PCR, and Serum Agglutination Tests For Diagnosis of Brucella Using Human Serum. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 12:371-376. [PMID: 29563933 PMCID: PMC5844682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Since the symptoms of Brucellosis are often atypical and nonspecific, using clinical signs alone to diagnose brucellosis is not advised; therefore, the diagnosis relies predominantly on laboratory testing. Currently, molecular, serological, and microbiological methods are used for diagnosis of this disease. In this study we examined ELISA, PCR and serum agglutination (SAT) methods on human patient serum samples. METHODS A total of 100 serum samples were collected from suspected patients. Fifty serum samples gave a positive result with the Wright test. The ELISA method was first employed on all samples for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against Brucella. Subsequently, the rapid PCR methodology was used to identify presence of Brucella genome in 500 µL of each serum sample. The B4/B5 primer pair was used for PCR amplification. RESULTS Out of the 100 serum samples obtained from patients with suspected brucellosis, 50 samples tested positive by SAT and displayed high titers of 1/160. Of these 50 positive samples, 49 samples were positive as per the ELISA test whereas one sample tested negative. The PCR test was conducted on all 100 serum samples and results showed that the 45 serum samples that gave a positive agglutination test were also positive by PCR. CONCLUSIONS Various laboratory methods have been used or introduced for the detection of Brucella. Molecular methods such as PCR, a rapid and sensitive method for detection of bacteria, have also been reported. Based on the results of this study, we propose that the simultaneous use of serology and molecular techniques has the potential to overcome limitations of detection thereby enabling the selection of appropriate treatment for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Mohseni
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahab Piranfar
- Microbiology Dept, Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Shiva Mirkalantari
- Microbiology Dept, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran,Microbiology Dept, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Information: Shiva Mirkalantari, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medical Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Semnan University Of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran, E-mail:
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Bharathan B, Backhouse L, Rawat D, Naik S, Millar M. An unusual case of seronegative, 16S PCR positive Brucella infection. JMM Case Rep 2016; 3:e005050. [PMID: 28348782 PMCID: PMC5343140 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Brucella is a zoonotic infection commonly diagnosed by isolation of the organism from blood culture or positive serological testing. It is an uncommon cause of a pyrexia of unknown origin in the United Kingdom. Case presentation: We describe the case of a 14-year-old girl with no history of travel who presented with pyrexia, weight loss, arthralgia, multiple splenic abscesses and a subsequent pleural effusion, the latter of which isolated a Brucella species on 16S rRNA PCR. The patient responded well to initiation of treatment for brucellosis and on repeat imaging, after 3 months, the splenic abscesses had resolved. Conclusion: This unique case demonstrates uncommon complications of brucellosis and the challenges of diagnosing the organism, the latter of which can be alleviated by the utilization of molecularbased technologies. This patient had a negative serology result for brucellosis, which highlights the need to interpret serology results with caution in non-endemic regions for brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binutha Bharathan
- Department of Infection, Bart's Health , 80 Newark Street, Whitechapel , London, E1 2ES, UK
| | - Lucy Backhouse
- Department of Paediatrics, Bart's Health , Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Road , London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - David Rawat
- Department of Paediatrics, Bart's Health , Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Road , London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Sandhia Naik
- Department of Paediatrics, Bart's Health , Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Road , London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Michael Millar
- Department of Infection, Bart's Health , 80 Newark Street, Whitechapel , London, E1 2ES, UK
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27
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Hasanjani Roushan MR, Marashi SMA, Moulana Z. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Assays for the Diagnosis of Active and Relapsed Cases of Human Brucellosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1272-1276. [PMID: 27928078 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with serum agglutination test (SAT) in the diagnosis of patients before and 6 months after treatment. Peripheral blood specimens from 50 patients with brucellosis (case group) and 30 subjects without brucellosis (control group) were selected and entered into the study. The diagnosis of brucellosis was established using SAT ≥ 1:160 and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) ≥ 1:80 with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with brucellosis. For each case, both before treatment and 6 months after completion of therapy, SAT, 2-ME, and PCR were performed. Subjects in the control group were assessed by the same tests at the initial visit. In the case group, 50 patients (36 males, 14 females) with the mean age of 43.6 ± 14.5 years were evaluated. The mean age of the control group was 40.6 ± 14 years. Among the 50 patients whose nested PCR assays were initially positive, 43 (86%) were negative 6 months after completing treatment. Relapse occurred in five (10%) patients within 6 months after treatment and all were PCR positive. None of the patients in the control group was PCR positive. Results show that PCR seems to be highly sensitive and specific, and therefore is a useful method for both the initial diagnosis and detection of relapse or chronic brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Moulana
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Rahi A, Sattarahmady N, Heli H. An ultrasensitive electrochemical genosensor for Brucella based on palladium nanoparticles. Anal Biochem 2016; 510:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Magira EE, Alexopoulos H, Charitatos E, Michas D, Dalakas MC. Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM): brucellosis as a possible triggering factor and long-term follow-up therapy with rituximab. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2016; 9:69-73. [PMID: 26788132 DOI: 10.1177/1756285615614812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni E Magira
- First Department of Critical Care, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Harry Alexopoulos
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Charitatos
- First Department of Critical Care, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Michas
- Department of Neurology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos C Dalakas
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens, 115 27, Greece
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Zepto-molar electrochemical detection of Brucella genome based on gold nanoribbons covered by gold nanoblooms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18060. [PMID: 26657828 PMCID: PMC4677304 DOI: 10.1038/srep18060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoribbons covered by gold nanoblooms were sonoelectrodeposited on a polycrystalline gold surface at −1800 mV (vs. AgCl) with the assistance of ultrasound and co-occurrence of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The nanostructure, as a transducer, was utilized to immobilize a Brucella-specific probe and fabrication of a genosensor, and the process of immobilization and hybridization was detected by electrochemical methods, using methylene blue as a redox marker. The proposed method for detection of the complementary sequence, sequences with base-mismatched (one-, two- and three-base mismatches), and the sequence of non-complementary sequence was assayed. The fabricated genosensor was evaluated for the assay of the bacteria in the cultured and human samples without polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The genosensor could detect the complementary sequence with a calibration sensitivity of 0.40 μA dm3 mol−1, a linear concentration range of 10 zmol dm−3 to 10 pmol dm−3, and a detection limit of 1.71 zmol dm−3.
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Kawano-Dourado L, Peirera DAS, Kawassaki ADM, Dolhnikoff M, Silva MVD, Kairalla RA. Lymphadenopathy and fever in a chef during a stay in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 41:191-5. [PMID: 25909155 PMCID: PMC4428857 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132015000004412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This case illustrates a rare presentation (as lymphadenopathy and fever) of one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide--brucellosis--in a 22-year-old Brazilian male (a chef) who had recently returned to Brazil after having lived in and traveled around Europe for one year. The histopathology, clinical history, and response to treatment were all consistent with a diagnosis of brucellosis, which was confirmed by PCR in a urine sample. We also review some aspects of brucellosis, such as the clinical features, diagnosis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Qasem JA, AlMomin S, Al-Mouqati SA, Kumar V. Characterization and evaluation of an arbitrary primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) product for the specific detection of Brucella species. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 22:220-6. [PMID: 25737656 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory detection of Brucella is based largely on bacterial isolation and phenotypic characterization. These methods are lengthy and labor-intensive and have been associated with a heightened risk of laboratory-acquired infection. Antibody based indirect detection methods also suffer from limitations in proper diagnosis of the organism. To overcome these problems, nucleic acid amplification has been explored for rapid detection and confirmation of the presence of Brucella spp. PCR-based diagnostics is useful for screening large populations of livestock to identify infected individuals and confirms the presence of the pathogen. Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was performed and identified a 1.3 kb PCR fragment specifically amplifiable from DNA isolated from Brucella. A BLAST search revealed no significant homology with the reported sequences from species other than the members of Brucella. The isolated fragment seems to be a part of d-alanine-d-alanine ligase gene in Brucella sp. Translational BLAST revealed certain degree of homology of this sequence with orthologs of this gene reported from other microbial species at the deduced amino acid level. The sequence information was used to develop PCR based assays to detect Brucella sp. from various samples. The minimum detection limit of Brucella from blood and milk samples spiked with Brucella DNA was found to be 1 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml, respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the PCR based detection protocol was successfully used for the detection of Brucella from various organs and spiked samples of diseased sheep. Diagnosis of Brucellosis by PCR based method reported in this study is relatively rapid, specific and simple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar A Qasem
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, P.O. Box 9508, Ahmadi 61006, Kuwait
| | - Sabah AlMomin
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Biotechnology Department, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Salwa A Al-Mouqati
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Biotechnology Department, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Biotechnology Department, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Bai L, Zhao Y, Liu C, Ma A, Yu H. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays for the diagnosis of human brucellosis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:31. [PMID: 25082566 PMCID: PMC4236518 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-014-0031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an in vitro technique for the nucleic acid amplification, which is commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases. The use of PCR for pathogens detection, genotyping and quantification has some advantages, such as high sensitivity, high specificity, reproducibility and technical ease. Brucellosis is a common zoonosis caused by Brucella spp., which still remains as a major health problem in many developing countries around the world. The direct culture and immunohistochemistry can be used for detecting infection with Brucella spp. However, PCR has the potential to address limitations of these methods. PCR are now one of the most useful assays for the diagnosis in human brucellosis. The aim of this review was to summarize the main PCR techniques and their applications for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with brucellosis. Moreover, advantages or limitation of the different PCR methods as well as the evaluation of PCR results for treatment and follow-up of human brucellosis were also discussed.
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Patra KP, Saito M, Atluri VL, Rolán HG, Young B, Kerrinnes T, Smits H, Ricaldi JN, Gotuzzo E, Gilman RH, Tsolis RM, Vinetz JM. A protein-conjugate approach to develop a monoclonal antibody-based antigen detection test for the diagnosis of human brucellosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2926. [PMID: 24901521 PMCID: PMC4046965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brucellosis is most commonly diagnosed by serology based on agglutination of fixed Brucella abortus as antigen. Nucleic acid amplification techniques have not proven capable of reproducibly and sensitively demonstrating the presence of Brucella DNA in clinical specimens. We sought to optimize a monoclonal antibody-based assay to detect Brucella melitensis lipopolysaccharide in blood by conjugating B. melitensis LPS to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, an immunogenic protein carrier to maximize IgG affinity of monoclonal antibodies. A panel of specific of monoclonal antibodies was obtained that recognized both B. melitensis and B. abortus lipopolysaccharide epitopes. An antigen capture assay was developed that detected B. melitensis in the blood of experimentally infected mice and, in a pilot study, in naturally infected Peruvian subjects. As a proof of principle, a majority (7/10) of the patients with positive blood cultures had B. melitensis lipopolysaccharide detected in the initial blood specimen obtained. One of 10 patients with relapsed brucellosis and negative blood culture had a positive serum antigen test. No seronegative/blood culture negative patients had a positive serum antigen test. Analysis of the pair of monoclonal antibodies (2D1, 2E8) used in the capture ELISA for potential cross-reactivity in the detection of lipopolysaccharides of E. coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica O9 showed specificity for Brucella lipopolysaccharide. This new approach to develop antigen-detection monoclonal antibodies against a T cell-independent polysaccharide antigen based on immunogenic protein conjugation may lead to the production of improved rapid point-of-care-deployable assays for the diagnosis of brucellosis and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash P. Patra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vidya L. Atluri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hortensia G. Rolán
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Briana Young
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tobias Kerrinnes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Henk Smits
- Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica N. Ricaldi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Research and Development, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Renee M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMT); (JMV)
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratory of Research and Development, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail: (RMT); (JMV)
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Karthik K, Rathore R, Thomas P, Elamurugan A, Arun T, Dhama K. Serological and Molecular Detection of Brucella abortus
from Cattle by RBPT, STAT and PCR and Sample Suitability of Whole Blood
for PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.262.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wu H, Zuo Y, Cui C, Yang W, Ma H, Wang X. Rapid quantitative detection of Brucella melitensis by a label-free impedance immunosensor based on a gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode. SENSORS 2013; 13:8551-63. [PMID: 23881126 PMCID: PMC3758610 DOI: 10.3390/s130708551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple method for quantitative monitoring of Brucella melitensis using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is reported for the first time. The label-free immunosensors were fabricated by immobilizing Brucella melitensis antibody on the surface of gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (GNP-SPCEs). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and EIS were used to characterize the Brucella melitensis antigen interaction on the surface of GNP-SPCEs with antibody. A general electronic equivalent model of an electrochemical cell was introduced for interpretation of the impedance components of the system. The results showed that the change in electron-transfer resistance (Rct) was significantly different due to the binding of Brucella melitensis cells. A linear relationship between the Rct variation and logarithmic value of the cell concentration was found from 4 × 104 to 4 × 106 CFU/mL in pure culture. The label-free impedance biosensor was able to detect as low as 1 × 104 and 4 × 105 CFU/mL of Brucella melitensis in pure culture and milk samples, respectively, in less than 1.5 h. Moreover, a good selectivity versus Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus cells was obtained for our developed immunosensor demonstrating its specificity towards only Brucella melitensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Wu
- College of Engineering, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China; E-Mails: (H.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yueming Zuo
- College of Engineering, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China; E-Mails: (H.W.); (W.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-354-6288-400 (ext. 8305)
| | - Chuanjin Cui
- College of Electrical Engineering, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063009, China; E-Mail:
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Engineering, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China; E-Mails: (H.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Haili Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China; E-Mail:
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Sidor IF, Dunn JL, Tsongalis GJ, Carlson J, Frasca S. A multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with two internal controls for the detection of Brucella species in tissues, blood, and feces from marine mammals. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 25:72-81. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712470945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis has emerged as a disease of concern in marine mammals in the last 2 decades. Molecular detection techniques have the potential to address limitations of other methods for detecting infection with Brucella in these species. Presented herein is a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method targeting the Brucella genus–specific bcsp31 gene. The method also includes a target to a conserved region of the eukaryotic mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene to assess suitability of extracted DNA and a plasmid-based internal control to detect failure of PCR due to inhibition. This method was optimized and validated to detect Brucella spp. in multiple sample matrices, including fresh or frozen tissue, blood, and feces. The analytical limit of detection was low, with 95% amplification at 24 fg, or an estimated 7 bacterial genomic copies. When Brucella spp. were experimentally added to tissue or fecal homogenates, the assay detected an estimated 1–5 bacteria/µl. An experiment simulating tissue autolysis showed relative persistence of bacterial DNA compared to host mitochondrial DNA. When used to screen 1,658 field-collected marine mammal tissues in comparison to microbial culture, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 70.4% and 98.3%, respectively. In addition to amplification in fresh and frozen tissues, Brucella spp. were detected in feces and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from culture-positive animals. Results indicate the utility of this real-time PCR for the detection of Brucella spp. in marine species, which may have applications in surveillance or epidemiologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga F. Sidor
- Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration, Mystic, CT (Sidor, Dunn, Carlson)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH (Tsongalis)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca)
| | - J. Lawrence Dunn
- Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration, Mystic, CT (Sidor, Dunn, Carlson)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH (Tsongalis)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca)
| | - Gregory J. Tsongalis
- Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration, Mystic, CT (Sidor, Dunn, Carlson)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH (Tsongalis)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca)
| | - Jolene Carlson
- Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration, Mystic, CT (Sidor, Dunn, Carlson)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH (Tsongalis)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca)
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- Mystic Aquarium & Institute for Exploration, Mystic, CT (Sidor, Dunn, Carlson)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and The Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH (Tsongalis)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (Frasca)
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Sustained and differential antibody responses to virulence proteins of Brucella melitensis during acute and chronic infections in human brucellosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 32:437-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Nandagopal B, Sankar S, Lingesan K, Appu K, Sridharan G, Gopinathan A. Application of polymerase chain reaction to detect burkholderia pseudomallei and Brucella species in buffy coat from patients with febrile illness among rural and peri-urban population. J Glob Infect Dis 2012; 4:31-7. [PMID: 22529625 PMCID: PMC3326955 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.93759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Melioidosis and Brucellosis are important endemic infections among people in India, especially in rural settings. Conventional detection techniques have several limitations. Only a few studies exist on the prevalence of Melioidosis and Brucellosis in rural area especially in India. Aim: We sought to evaluate detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Brucella spp. among patients presenting febrile illness. Material and Methods: Previously described polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for both pathogens were evaluated with Deoxyribonucleic acid extracts of buffy coat samples collected from 301 patients recruited prospectively. Data was not amenable to statistical analysis. Results: The PCR showed specific amplification and no non-specific amplification with heterologous Gram-negative bacilli. The lower limit of detection of the assay for B. pseudomallei was determined to be 1 colony-forming unit /mL and for Brucella it was 1.95 × 103 plasmids per microliter. Blood culture in automated blood culture system was negative for all the samples. This prospective study carried out in southern India for the first time. PCR for Brucella was positive in 1% of the patient samples whereas 0.3% was positive for B. pseudomallei. Conclusion: The finding of Brucella and Burkholderia infections in our populations leads us to suggest that tests for Brucella and B. pseudomallei should also form part of a diagnostic platform for patients with Pyrexia of unknown origin in tropical developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Nandagopal
- Division of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Thirumalaikodi, Sripuram, Vellore, India
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Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis by Blood Culture (BACTEC) and PCR Method via Whole Blood and Serum. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.5073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Asaad AM, Alqahtani JM. Serological and molecular diagnosis of human brucellosis in Najran, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2012; 5:189-94. [PMID: 22541267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of human brucellosis in Najran, southwestern Saudi Arabia, and to assess the performances of ELISA and PCR as diagnostic tools for brucellosis with respect to conventional methods. The study included 340 patients with clinical characteristics of brucellosis. Blood samples from cases and controls were subjected to culture, standard tube agglutination test (SAT), ELISA for IgM and IgG, and brucella PCR. The diagnosis of brucellosis was confirmed in 54 (15.9%) of the 340 provisionally diagnosed brucellosis patients. Blood culture identified only 14 (25.9%) cases. The SAT was positive for 50 (92.6%) cases, whereas ELISA IgM, IgG and PCR were found positive in 46, 52 and 38 cases respectively. The sensitivities of ELISA IgM and IgG were 85.2% and 96.3% respectively and the specificity was 100% for each. For PCR, the sensitivity and specificity were 70.4% and 100% respectively. In conclusion, ELISA offers a significant advantage over conventional serological methods in the diagnosis of brucellosis in endemic areas. The PCR test results can be particularly important in patients with clinical signs and symptoms, and negative serological results, allowing the early and rapid confirmation of the brucellosis.
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Al Dahouk S, Nöckler K. Implications of laboratory diagnosis on brucellosis therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 9:833-45. [PMID: 21810055 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis with a huge economic impact on animal husbandry and public health. The diagnosis of human brucellosis can be protracted because the disease primarily presents as fever of unknown origin with unspecific clinical signs and symptoms. The isolation rate of the fastidious etiologic agent from blood cultures is low, and therefore laboratory diagnosis is mainly based on serologic and molecular testing. However, seronegative brucellosis patients have been described, and antibody titers of diagnostic significance are difficult to define. Whether the molecular detection of Brucella DNA in clinical samples should be followed by long-term antibiotic treatment or not is also a matter of debate. The aim of this article is to review and discuss the implications of laboratory test results in the diagnosis of human brucellosis on disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Al Dahouk
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Hygiene and Microbiology, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany.
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Gemechu MY, Gill JPS, Arora AK, Ghatak S, Singh DK. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for rapid diagnosis and its role in prevention of human brucellosis in Punjab, India. Int J Prev Med 2011; 2:170-7. [PMID: 21811660 PMCID: PMC3143531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brucellosis is the most common zoonotic disease that has been diagnosed mainly by serological tests and blood culture to some extent. This study was designed to establish a PCR technique for rapid diagnosis to be used in surveillance activities. METHODS The purpose of this study was firstly explained to the study population and verbal consent was obtained before sample collection. Peripheral blood was collected from 116 occupationally exposed groups with and without pyrexia of unknown origin from various districts of Punjab. Samples were subjected to blood culture, serological tests and DNA extraction was done using conventional laboratory extraction procedure. A primer pair B4/B5 that amplifies a gene encoding a 31 kDa immunogenic outer membrane protein (bcsp31) of Brucella species was used for PCR amplification. RESULTS The results showed that 8 (7%) of the cases had positive PCR and the detection threshold of primers used in this study were 715 cfu/ml. PCR results were 51.3% accurate for sensitivity of 12.6% and specificity of 100% using STAT as gold standard. CONCLUSIONS Early-case reporting is possible by rapid tests like PCR. Thus, PCR is a promising diagnostic tool for routine investigation and surveillance of brucellosis which is the key element for management of prevention and control programmes. But patient condition before testing, optimal clinical specimen, sample volume used, simple and efficient DNA extraction protocol are the points of concern for PCR to be used as a routine test in clinical laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moti Yohannes Gemechu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Pandit D. Brucella arthritis—an update. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0973-3698(11)60036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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45
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Ribosomal RNA sequence analysis of Brucella infection misidentified as Ochrobactrum anthropi infection. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1165-8. [PMID: 21209167 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01131-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Brucella isolate was identified from purulent material collected during a hip surgery. Two previous blood cultures from the same patient yielded Ochrobactrum anthropi. After rRNA sequencing, all the isolates were identified as Brucella species and subsequently serotyped as Brucella suis. Misidentification of Brucella species remains a problem with bacterial identification systems.
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Valle DL, Andrade JI, Cabrera EC, Rivera WL. Evaluation of buffy coat 16S rRNA PCR, buffy coat culture and whole blood PCR for detection of bacteraemia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:117-22. [PMID: 20428667 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Gram type-specific PCR on buffy coat from clinical specimens for the detection of bacteraemia was evaluated for the first time using whole blood culture as the gold standard. In addition, the established buffy coat culture and whole blood PCR were also compared. Gram-positive bacteria belonging to six species and Gram-negative bacteria from 10 species were isolated and identified by culture and detected using broad-range 16S rDNA primers and Gram-specific primers. Data from the three methods all conferred very high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values when compared to whole blood culture. The Kappa coefficients of agreement were 0.9819 (buffy coat PCR), 0.9458 (whole blood PCR) and 1.0 (buffy coat culture), which establishes their validity as alternative methods to routine blood culture in detecting bacteraemia. In addition, results showed that there was a direct correlation of WBC counts greater than 12,000 cells per mm(3) to the occurrence of bacteraemia as detected by the four methods (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio L Valle
- Department of Laboratories, Ospital ng Makati, Makati City, Philippines
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48
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Li Y, Jiang M, Liu W, Zhang L, Zhang S, Zhao X, Xiang R, Liu Y. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method targets to the phoP gene for detection of Yersinia enterocolitica. Mol Cell Probes 2009; 24:68-71. [PMID: 19833197 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and validated for the specific detection of Yersinia enterocolitica. The assay used specifically designed primers to target within the phoP gene and correctly identified all 37 strains of Y. enterocolitica and 50 non-Y. enterocolitica strains. The probability of detection was 100%, when the DNA of extracted from 10(1) CFU Y. enterocolitica was used as template in LAMP assay. Prior to the LAMP assay, a sample preparation protocol was applied that included a pre-enrichment step in Luria-Bertani broth, followed by extraction and purification of DNA. In this way, 102 various food samples were investigated for Y. enterocolitica including 79 minced pork samples and 23 powdered milk samples. The accuracy of LAMP was shown to be 100% when compared to the standard method, ISO 10273. This combination of sample enrichment, and LAMP assay can detect 2.2 CFU per 100 g food samples. The overall analysis time for the LAMP assay was approximately 24 h. This is in contrast to 5 days of analysis time required for the traditional culture method. Consequently, the LAMP described here, has the potential to become a standardized method for the rapid detection of Y. enterocolitica in diagnostic laboratories once further validated by inter-laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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49
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Hasibi M, Amirzarga A, Jafari S, Soudbakhsh A, Hajiabdolb M, Rashidi A, Gharouni M. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Versus Polymerase Chain Reaction for Diagnosis of Brucellosis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2008.595.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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50
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Abstract
Worldwide, human brucellosis is the most common zoonotic disease and it has gained increasing interest because of the potential use of Brucella as a biological weapon. Monotherapy for brucellosis is associated with a high relapse rate and dual therapy in different combinations is more efficacious. The combination regimen of intramuscular streptomycin with an oral tetracycline resulted in fewer relapses than the doxycycline-rifampin combination in meta-analysis and prospective studies, although the use of doxycycline and rifampin is a reasonable choice in certain conditions. Longer duration and triple antimicrobial therapy appear to improve outcome and prevent relapses, especially in patients with focal disease. Recently, the use of gentamicin-loaded microparticles and the use of new antibiotics, such as tigecycline, may hold future promise. In addition, there are a few studies of the enhanced effect of immune response stimulators, such as levimasole and IFN-2, in the treatment of brucellosis. The development of an effective subcellular Brucella vaccine would be an important step forward to curtail the disease. However, currently and for the near future, only the control of animal disease is possible using vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Internal Medicine Services Division Dhahran Health Center, Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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