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Hong S, Moon JS, Yoon SS, Kim HY, Lee YJ. Levels of Indicator Bacteria and Characteristics of Foodborne Pathogens from Carcasses of Cattle Slaughterhouses in Korea. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100220. [PMID: 38215980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The initial microbial contamination of carcasses during slaughtering adversely affects spoilage and shelf life and is of global concern for food safety and meat quality. This study evaluated the hygiene and quality using the prevalence of foodborne pathogens and the level of indicator bacteria on 200 carcasses, collecting 10 from each of 20 cattle slaughterhouses in Korea. The distribution of aerobic bacterial count in carcasses was significantly highest at 2.0-3.0 log10 CFU/cm2 (34.1%), whereas the Escherichia coli count was significantly highest at under 1.0 log10 CFU/cm2 (94.0%) (P < 0.05). Clostridium perfringens was most prevalent (60.0% of slaughterhouses; 17.5% of carcasses), followed by Yersinia enterocolitica (30.0% of slaughterhouses; 6.5% of carcasses), Staphylococcus aureus (15.0% of slaughterhouses; 4.0% of carcasses), Listeria monocytogenes 1/2a (5.0% of slaughterhouses; 1.0% of carcasses), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (5.0% of slaughterhouses; 1.0% of carcasses), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O:66 (5.0% of slaughterhouses; 0.5% of carcasses). Although 28 C. perfringens isolates from 11 slaughterhouses were divided into 21 pulsotypes, all isolates showed the same toxinotype as type A and only carried the cpa. Interestingly, 83.3% of isolates from two slaughterhouses located in the same province showed resistance to tetracycline. Furthermore, 13 Y. enterocolitica isolates from six slaughterhouses were divided into seven pulsotypes that were divided into biotypes 1A and 2 and serotypes O:5 and O:8, except for isolates that could not be typed. Twelve (92.3%) isolates only carried ystB, but one (7.7%) isolate carried ail and ystA. Moreover, 46.2% of Y. enterocolitica isolates showed multidrug resistance against ampicillin, cefoxitin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. This study supports the need for continuous monitoring of slaughterhouses and hygiene management to improve the microbiological safety of carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serim Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-San Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Kim E, Yang SM, Kwak HS, Moon BY, Lim SK, Kim HY. Genomic characteristics of cfr and fexA carrying Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pig carcasses in Korea. Vet Res 2024; 55:21. [PMID: 38365748 PMCID: PMC10874063 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of transferable linezolid resistance genes poses significant challenges to public health, as it does not only confer linezolid resistance but also reduces susceptibility to florfenicol, which is widely used in the veterinary field. This study evaluated the genetic characteristics of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pig carcasses and further clarified potential resistance and virulence mechanisms in a newly identified sequence type. Of more than 2500 strains isolated in a prior study, 15 isolated from pig carcasses exhibited linezolid resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥ 8 mg/L). The strains were characterized in detail by genomic analysis. Linezolid-resistant S. aureus strains exhibited a high degree of genetic lineage diversity, with one strain (LNZ_R_SAU_64) belonging to ST8004, which has not been reported previously. The 15 strains carried a total of 21 antibiotic resistance genes, and five carried mecA associated with methicillin resistance. All strains harbored cfr and fexA, which mediate resistance to linezolid, phenicol, and other antibiotics. Moreover, the strains carried enterotoxin gene clusters, including the hemolysin, leukotoxin, and protease genes, which are associated with humans or livestock. Some genes were predicted to be carried in plasmids or flanked by ISSau9 and the transposon Tn554, thus being transmittable between staphylococci. Strains carrying the plasmid replicon repUS5 displayed high sequence similarity (99%) to the previously reported strain pSA737 in human clinical samples in the United States. The results illustrate the need for continuous monitoring of the prevalence and transmission of linezolid-resistant S. aureus isolated from animals and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiseul Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Kwak
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Youn Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Lin Z, Sun B, Yang X, Jiang Y, Wu S, Lv B, Pan Y, Zhang Q, Wang X, Xiang G, Lou Y, Xiao X. Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Pathogen Identification Platform Based on Multiplex Recombinase Polymerase Amplification-Assisted CRISPR-Cas12a System. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2306-2315. [PMID: 37811564 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and mitigating infectious diseases caused by multiple pathogens or pathogens with several subtypes require multiplex nucleic acid detection platforms that can detect several target genes rapidly, specifically, sensitively, and simultaneously. Here, we develop a detection platform, termed Multiplex Assay of RPA and Collateral Effect of Cas12a-based System (MARPLES), based on multiplex nucleic acid amplification and Cas12a ssDNase activation to diagnose these diseases and identify their pathogens. We use the clinical specimens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and influenza A to evaluate the feasibility of MARPLES in diagnosing the disease and identifying the pathogen, respectively, and find that MARPLES can accurately diagnose the HFMD associated with enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), CVA6, or CVA10 and identify the exact types of H1N1 and H3N2 in an hour, showing high sensitivity and specificity and 100% predictive agreement with qRT-PCR. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that MARPLES is a promising multiplex nucleic acid detection platform for disease diagnosis and pathogen identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Lin
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Baochang Sun
- Department of Laboratory, Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yayun Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Sihong Wu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Binbin Lv
- Department of Laboratory, Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yajing Pan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qingxun Zhang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Wang
- Zhuji Institute of Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhuji, Shaoxing 311800, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangxin Xiang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xingxing Xiao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Sorour HK, Shalaby AG, Abdelmagid MA, Hosny RA. Characterization and pathogenicity of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates in chickens. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:989-1000. [PMID: 37055707 PMCID: PMC10622361 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic potential of vancomycin and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (VMRCoNS) on Egyptian poultry farms has received little attention. Therefore, this study aims to study the prevalence of CoNS in imported poultry flocks and commercial poultry farms, evaluate the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, and mecA), and assess their pathogenicity in broiler chicks. Seven species were identified among 25 isolates, such as 8 S. gallinarum, 5 S. saprophyticus, 5 S. chromogens, 3 S. warneri, 2 S. hominis, 1 S. caprae, and 1 S. epidermidis. All isolates were resistant to clindamycin, doxycycline, vancomycin, methicillin, rifampicin, and penicillin. The mecA gene was confirmed in 14 isolates, while the sed gene was revealed in seven isolates. Commercial 1-day-old Ross broiler chicks were divided into eight groups of three replicates (10 birds/group): group Ӏ was negative control; groups (П, Ш, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) were subcutaneously inoculated with 108 CFUml-1 of S. hominis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. gallinarum, S. chromogens, S. warneri, and S. saprophyticus, respectively. Groups VIII and V had mortality rates of 100% and 20%, respectively, with no evidence of mortalities in the other groups. The highest re-isolation of CoNS species was recorded in groups VII, VIII, and V. Postmortem and histopathological examination revealed the common presence of polyserositis in the internal organs, and hepatic and myocardial necrosis in groups IV, V, and VI. These findings revealed the pathogenic potential of CoNS, so special attention must be directed toward their public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend K Sorour
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azhar G Shalaby
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Abdelmagid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham A Hosny
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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Colombo APV, do Souto RM, Araújo LL, Espíndola LCP, Hartenbach FARR, Magalhães CB, da Silva Oliveira Alves G, Lourenço TGB, da Silva-Boghossian CM. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence of subgingival staphylococci isolated from periodontal health and diseases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11613. [PMID: 37463947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysbiotic biofilm of periodontitis may function as a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogens of clinical relevance. This study explored the virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from the subgingival biofilm of individuals with different periodontal conditions. Subgingival biofilm was obtained from 142 individuals with periodontal health, 101 with gingivitis and 302 with periodontitis, and cultivated on selective media. Isolated strains were identified by mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion. The mecA and virulence genes were surveyed by PCR. Differences among groups regarding species, virulence and antimicrobial resistance were examined by Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney tests. The overall prevalence of subgingival staphylococci was 46%, especially in severe periodontitis (> 60%; p < 0.01). S. epidermidis (59%) and S. aureus (22%) were the predominant species across groups. S. condimenti, S. hominis, S. simulans and S. xylosus were identified only in periodontitis. High rates of resistance/reduced sensitivity were found for penicillin (60%), amoxicillin (55%) and azithromycin (37%), but multidrug resistance was observed in 12% of the isolates. Over 70% of the mecA + strains in periodontitis were isolated from severe disease. Higher detection rates of fnB + isolates were observed in periodontitis compared to health and gingivitis, whereas luxF/luxS-pvl + strains were associated with sites with deep pockets and attachment loss (p < 0.05). Penicillin-resistant staphylococci is highly prevalent in the subgingival biofilm regardless of the periodontal status. Strains carrying virulence genes related to tissue adhesion/invasion, inflammation and cytotoxicity support the pathogenic potential of these opportunists in the periodontal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Vieira Colombo
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata Martins do Souto
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lélia Lima Araújo
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laís Christina Pontes Espíndola
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fátima Aparecida R R Hartenbach
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Bichara Magalhães
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Talita Gomes Baêta Lourenço
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carina Maciel da Silva-Boghossian
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Santos PR, Kraus RB, Ladeira SL, Pereira GM, Cunha KF, Palhares KE, Silva ACA, Dors GC, Lima HG, Cereser ND, Nascente PS. Resistance profile and biofilm production of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus spp. from dairy farms in southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1217-1229. [PMID: 36811767 PMCID: PMC10235326 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is a high nutritional value food that helps in human development and growth. However, it can also harbor microorganisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate, identify and evaluate the resistance profile and pathogenicity factors of gram-positive cocci isolated from liners in milking rooms in the south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Biochemical and molecular tests were performed for the identification. The following were isolated: Enterococcus faecalis (10), Enterococcus faecium (4), Staphylococcus intermedius (1), Streptococcus uberis (1), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1). The susceptibility of isolated microorganisms to eight antibiotics was evaluated according to CLSI, and the genus that proved to be resistant to most of those was Enterococcus. In addition, all 17 isolates were able to form biofilm, which remained viable after the use of neutral, alkaline and alkaline-chlorinated detergent. The only product that was effective against biofilm of all microorganisms was chlorhexidine 2%. The results obtained highlight the importance of pre- and post-dipping tests on dairy properties, in which chlorhexidine is one of the disinfectants used. As observed, products indicated for cleaning and descaling pipes were not effective on biofilms of the different species tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Santos
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - R. B. Kraus
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - S. L. Ladeira
- Regional Laboratory of Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - G. M. Pereira
- Departament of Mathematics and Statistics, Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - K. F. Cunha
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - K. E. Palhares
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - A. C. A. Silva
- Campus Xapuri, Federal Institute of Acre, Xapuri, 78900-000 Brazil
| | - G. C. Dors
- Departament of Agribusiness Science and Technology, Eliseu Maciel College of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - H. G. Lima
- Departament of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - N. D. Cereser
- Departament of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
| | - P. S. Nascente
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 Brazil
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Alves J, Abreu B, Palma P, Alp E, Vieceli T, Rello J. Antimicrobial Stewardship on Patients with Neutropenia: A Narrative Review Commissioned by Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1127. [PMID: 37317101 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a global health threat. High-risk patients such as those with neutropenia are particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections, sepsis, and multidrug-resistant infections, and clinical outcomes remain the primary concern. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs should mainly focus on optimizing antibiotic use, decreasing adverse effects, and improving patient outcomes. There is a limited number of published studies assessing the impact of AMS programs on patients with neutropenia, where early appropriate antibiotic choice can be the difference between life and death. This narrative review updates the current advances in strategies of AMS for bacterial infections among high-risk patients with neutropenia. Diagnosis, drug, dose, duration, and de-escalation (5D) are the core variables among AMS strategies. Altered volumes of distribution can make standard dose regimens inadequate, and developing skills towards a personalized approach represents a major advance in therapy. Intensivists should partner antibiotic stewardship programs to improve patient care. Assembling multidisciplinary teams with trained and dedicated professionals for AMS is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Alves
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
| | - Betânia Abreu
- Pharmaceuticals Department, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Palma
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, 4564-007 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Emine Alp
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, 06760 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tarsila Vieceli
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Jordi Rello
- Clinical Research in Pneumonia & Sepsis (CRIPS), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- FOREVA Research Pôle, Centre Hôpitalaire Universitaire de Nîmes, 30900 Nîmes, France
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Mohamed EFE, Hafez AESE, Seadawy HG, Elrefai MFM, Abdallah K, El Bayomi RM, Mansour AT, Bendary MM, Izmirly AM, Baothman BK, Alwutayd KM, Mahmoud AFA. Irradiation as a Promising Technology to Improve Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Fish. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1105. [PMID: 37317079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish is an excellent source of protein and other essential minerals and vitamins; nevertheless, several food-borne disease outbreaks have been linked to the consumption of different types of fish. Therefore, we aimed to overcome these health threats by evaluating gamma radiation as a good fish preservation method. The aerobic plate count (APC), identification of most common pathogenic bacteria, organoleptic properties, proximate composition, and other chemical evaluations were detected in both untreated and gamma-treated fish. The overall grades of organoleptic evaluations ranged from good to very good. Fortunately, the overall chemical analysis of all examined fish samples was accepted. For the untreated fish samples, the APC was within and above the permissible limit (5 × 107 CFU/g). Pathogenic bacteria were detected with a high prevalence rate, especially S. aureus, which was found in high percentages among examined untreated fish samples. Regarding the treated fish samples, APC and pathogenic bacterial counts were reduced in a dose-dependent manner, and the irradiation at dose 5 KGy resulted in complete eradication of the aerobic plate count (not detectable) with a mean reduction percentage equal to 100%. However, gamma irradiation has no significant effect on proximate composition; particularly, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids were not significantly affected by low and medium doses of radiation. Therefore, gamma irradiation is a highly effective fish preservation method without any effect on fish quality. Additionally, gamma irradiation as a cold process is an attractive technology for solving the problem arising from fish-borne pathogens, and it has been purposed in this study as a cheap and safe method for reducing microbial contamination of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman F E Mohamed
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Salam E Hafez
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hanan G Seadawy
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Giza 3751254, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F M Elrefai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Karima Abdallah
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Rasha M El Bayomi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
| | - Abdullah M Izmirly
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar K Baothman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah F A Mahmoud
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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9
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Hong S, Kang HJ, Lee HY, Jung HR, Moon JS, Yoon SS, Kim HY, Lee YJ. Prevalence and characteristics of foodborne pathogens from slaughtered pig carcasses in Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1158196. [PMID: 37065220 PMCID: PMC10103459 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1158196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of bacteria into slaughterhouses can lead to microbial contamination in carcasses during slaughter, and the initial level of bacteria in carcasses is important because it directly affects spoilage and the shelf life. This study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality, and the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in 200 carcasses from 20 pig slaughterhouses across Korea. Distribution of microbial counts were significantly higher for aerobic bacteria at 3.01–4.00 log10 CFU/cm2 (42.0%) and 2.01–3.00 log10 CFU/cm2 (28.5%), whereas most of Escherichia coli showed the counts under 1.00 log10 CFU/cm2 (87.0%) (P < 0.05). The most common pathogen isolated from 200 carcasses was Staphylococcus aureus (11.5%), followed by Yersinia enterocolitica (7.0%). In total, 17 S. aureus isolates from four slaughterhouses were divided into six pulsotypes and seven spa types, and showed the same or different types depending on the slaughterhouses. Interestingly, isolates from two slaughterhouses carried only LukED associated with the promotion of bacterial virulence, whereas, isolates from two other slaughterhouses carried one or more toxin genes associated with enterotoxins including sen. In total, 14 Y. enterocolitica isolates from six slaughterhouses were divided into nine pulsotypes, 13 isolates belonging to biotype 1A or 2 carried only ystB, whereas one isolate belonging to bio-serotype 4/O:3 carried both ail and ystA. This is the first study to investigate microbial quality and the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in carcasses from slaughterhouses nationally, and the findings support the need for ongoing slaughterhouse monitoring to improve the microbiological safety of pig carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serim Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-San Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Ha-Young Kim
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Young Ju Lee
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Development of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based DNA Lateral Flow Assay as a Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Fast and Simultaneous Detection of MRSA and Vancomycin Resistance in Bacteremia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112691. [DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce high mortality and morbidity rates, timely and proper treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection is required. A multiplex polymerase reaction (mPCR)-based DNA lateral flow assay (MBDLFA) was developed as a point-of-care diagnostic for simultaneous identification of S. aureus, methicillin resistance, and vancomycin resistance directly from blood or blood cultures. A mPCR was developed to detect nuc, mecA, and vanA/B; its sensitivity, specificity, and limit of detection (LOD) were determined. The developed reaction was further modified for use in MBDLFA and its sensitivity for detection of target genes from artificially inoculated blood samples was checked. The optimized mPCR successfully detected nuc, mecA, and vanA/B from genomic DNA of bacterial colonies with LODs of 107, 107, and 105 CFU/mL, respectively. The reaction was sensitive and specific. The optimized mPCR was used in MBDLFA that detected nuc, mecA, and vanA/B with LODs of 107, 108, and 104 CFU/mL, respectively, directly from artificially inoculated blood. The developed MBDLFA can be used as a rapid, cheap point-of-care diagnostic for detecting S. aureus, MRSA, and vancomycin resistance directly from blood and blood cultures in ~2 h with the naked eye. This will reduce morbidity, mortality, and treatment cost in S. aureus bacteremia.
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11
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Green synthesis of cellulose nanocrystal/ZnO bio-nanocomposites exerting antibacterial activity and downregulating virulence toxigenic genes of food-poisoning bacteria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16848. [PMID: 36207384 PMCID: PMC9547054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) have attracted wide attention owing to their superior properties compared to their bulk materials. For example, they represent an outstanding model for fabricating green metallic/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, two CNs (carboxylated CNs and sulfated CNs) extracted from agro-wastes of palm sheath fibers were used as templates for the facile and green synthesis of ZnO NPs by employing the sono-co-precipitation method. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized using TEM, EDX, UV–visible, DLS, FT-IR, and XRD analysis. As a result, the size and concentration of synthesized ZnO NPs were inversely proportional to one another and were affected by the CNs utilized and the reaction temperature used. Contagious diseases incited by multifarious toxigenic bacteria present severe threats to human health. The fabricated bio-nanocomposites were evaluated in terms of their antimicrobial efficacy by agar well diffusion method and broth microdilution assay, showing that CN–ZnO bio-nanocomposites were effective against the tested Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella) and Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The influence of the subinhibitory concentrations of these suspensions on the expression of the most critical virulence toxin genes of the tested strains was effective. Significant downregulation levels were observed through toxigenic operons to both fabricated CN–ZnO bio-nanocomposites with a fold change ranging from 0.004 to 0.510, revealing a decline in the capacity and virulence of microorganisms to pose infections. Therefore, these newly fabricated CNS–ZnO bio-nanocomposites could be employed rationally in food systems as a novel preservative to inhibit microbial growth and repress the synthesis of exotoxins.
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Montagut EJ, Acosta G, Albericio F, Royo M, Godoy-Tena G, Lacoma A, Prat C, Salvador JP, Marco MP. Direct Quantitative Immunochemical Analysis of Autoinducer Peptide IV for Diagnosing and Stratifying Staphylococcus aureus Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:645-656. [PMID: 35175740 PMCID: PMC8922274 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An immunochemical strategy to detect and quantify AIP-IV, the quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule produced by Staphylococcus aureus agr type IV, is reported here for the first time. Theoretical calculations and molecular modeling studies have assisted on the design and synthesis of a suitable peptide hapten (AIPIVS), allowing to obtain high avidity and specific antibodies toward this peptide despite its low molecular weight. The ELISA developed achieves an IC50 value of 2.80 ± 0.17 and an LOD of 0.19 ± 0.06 nM in complex media such as 1/2 Tryptic Soy Broth. Recognition of other S. aureus AIPs (I-III) is negligible (cross-reactivity below 0.001%), regardless of the structural similarities. A pilot study with a set of clinical isolates from patients with airways infection or colonization demonstrates the potential of this ELISA to perform biomedical investigations related to the role of QS in pathogenesis and the association between dysfunctional agr or the agr type with unfavorable clinical outcomes. The AIP-IV levels could be quantified in the low nanomolar range in less than 1 h after inoculating agr IV-genotyped isolates in the culture broth, while those genotyped as I-III did not show any immunoreactivity after a 48 h growth, pointing to the possibility to use this technology for phenotyping S. aureus. The research strategy here reported can be extended to the rest of the AIP types of S. aureus, allowing the development of powerful multiplexed chips or point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic devices to unequivocally identify its presence and its agr type on samples from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique-J. Montagut
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08750 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Gerardo Acosta
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid Spain
- Multivalent Systems for Nanomedicine (MS4N), Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08750 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid Spain
- Multivalent Systems for Nanomedicine (MS4N), Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08750 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4000 Durban, South Africa
| | - Miriam Royo
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid Spain
- Multivalent Systems for Nanomedicine (MS4N), Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08750 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Godoy-Tena
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d’Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alicia Lacoma
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d’Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut d’Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juan-Pablo Salvador
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08750 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - María-Pilar Marco
- Nanobiotechnology for Diagnostics (Nb4D), Department of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08750 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid Spain
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13
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Ibrahim ES, Arafa AA, Dorgam SM, Eid RH, Atta NS, El-Dabae WH, Gaber ES. Molecular characterization of genes responsible for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic cows. Vet World 2022; 15:205-212. [PMID: 35369599 PMCID: PMC8924378 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.205-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mastitis is considered a significant disease of lactating animals. There are new attitudes for recognizing genes responsible for causing this disease to overcome and change the manipulation of this problem. This study aimed to isolate and identify Staphylococcusaureus strains from mastitic bovine animals and detect some specific biofilm-forming genes (icaA, icaD, and biofilm-associated protein [bap] genes clfA, fnbA, agrI, agrII, agrIII, agrIV, and cna). Materials and Methods: A total of 121 mastitic milk samples were analyzed using biochemical tests (catalase test, oxidative-fermentative test, and coagulase test) and Gram stain. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was applied to characterize biofilm genes (icaA, icaD, bap, clfA, and fnbA) in addition to (agrI, agrII, agrIII, agrIV, and cna). Results: Among the 121 milk samples, 35 staphylococci isolates were derived with an incidence of 28.92% (35/121); among them, 19 are coagulase positive. Ninety percent of the isolates had ica genes (icaA and icaD) while bap gene was not recognized in any isolate. In addition, the incidence of fnbA, can, andclfA was 89.5% each. The prevalence of agr specific groups (agrI, agrII, agrIII, and agrIV) was 78.9%, 52.6%, 10.5%, and 15.8%, respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that S. aureus has variant mechanisms of pathogenicity to form biofilm devoid of carrying a specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Shafeek Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany Ahmed Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sohad Mohamed Dorgam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Hamdy Eid
- Udder Health and Neonatal Disease, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Sayed Atta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Eslam Sadek Gaber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abed AH, Hegazy EF, Omar SA, Abd El-Baky RM, El-Beih AA, Al-Emam A, Menshawy AMS, Khalifa E. Carvacrol Essential Oil: A Natural Antibiotic against Zoonotic Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Diseased Livestock and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1328. [PMID: 34827266 PMCID: PMC8614821 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species cause diseases in animals and humans. The prevalence and antimicrobial profiles of Staphylococcus spp. in animals and human samples in the Minya Governorate, Egypt, were determined, and resistance- and virulence-associated genes were observed in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Moreover, the antibacterial effect of carvacrol essential oil (EO) on the MDR isolates was studied. A total of 216 samples were aseptically collected from subclinically mastitic cow's milk (n = 100), sheep abscesses (n = 25) and humans (n = 91). Out of 216 samples, a total of 154 single Staphylococcus species (71.3%) were isolated. The most frequent bacterial isolates were S. aureus (43%), followed by S. schleiferi (25%), S. intermedius (12%), S. xylosus (12%), S. haemolyticus (4.5%), S. epidermidis (2%) and S. aurecularis (1%). Haemolytic activity and biofilm production were detected in 77 and 47% of isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed a high degree of resistance to the most commonly used antimicrobials in human and veterinary practices. The mecA, vanA, vanC1 and ermC resistance genes were detected in 93, 42, 83 and 13% of isolates, respectively. Moreover, hla, icaA and icaD virulence genes were detected in 50, 75 and 78% of isolates, respectively. Carvacrol effectively inhibited the growth of all tested isolates at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.04% while a concentration of 0.03% inhibited 75% of isolates. Interestingly, some phenotypic changes were observed upon treatment with a carvacrol oil concentration of 0.03%. All the treated MDR Staphylococcus isolates changed from multidrug resistant to either susceptible or intermediately susceptible to 2-3 antimicrobials more than parental bacterial isolates. Real-time PCR was applied for the detection of the differential expression of mecA and vanC1 genes before and after treatment with carvacrol which revealed a mild reduction in both genes' expression after treatment. Staphylococcus spp. Containing MDR genes are more likely to spread between humans and animals. From these results, carvacrol EO is a promising natural alternative to conventional antimicrobials for pathogens impacting human health and agriculture due to its potential antimicrobial effect on MDR pathogens; even in sub-lethal doses, carvacrol EO can affect their phenotypic properties and genes' expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Abed
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Esraa F. Hegazy
- Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Sherif A. Omar
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt;
| | - Rehab M. Abd El-Baky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Beih
- Chemistry of Natural & Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Emam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. S. Menshawy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; or
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51511, Egypt;
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Kim SJ, Moon DC, Mechesso AF, Kang HY, Song HJ, Na SH, Choi JH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Nationwide Surveillance on Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Major Food Animal Carcasses in South Korea During 2010-2018. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:388-397. [PMID: 33769832 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of meat with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria represents a major public health threat worldwide. In this study, we determined the antimicrobial resistance profiles and resistance trends of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from major food animal carcasses (408 cattle, 1196 pig, and 1312 chicken carcass isolates) in Korea from 2010 to 2018. Approximately 75%, 92%, and 77% of cattle, pig, and chicken carcass isolates, respectively, were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Resistance to penicillin (62.1%) was the highest, followed by resistance to tetracycline (42.1%) and erythromycin (28.2%). About 30% of pig and chicken isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. We observed linezolid resistance only in pig isolates (2.3%). However, all S. aureus isolates were sensitive to rifampin and vancomycin. We noted an increasing but fluctuating trend of kanamycin and penicillin resistance in cattle isolates. Similarly, the chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim resistance rates were increased but fluctuated through time in pig isolates. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) accounted for 5%, 8%, and 9% of the cattle, pig, and chicken isolates, respectively. The MRSA strains exhibited significantly high resistance rates to most of the tested antimicrobials, including ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline compared with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. Notably, a relatively high percentage of MRSA strains (5.2%) recovered from pig carcasses were resistant to linezolid compared with MSSA strains (2.1%). In addition, almost 37% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. S. aureus isolates recovered from major food animal carcasses in Korea exhibited resistance to clinically important antimicrobials, posing a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Song
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyeon Na
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
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Alsharif SM, El-Sayed WS, Hanafy AM. Geographic distribution and prevalence of potential asymptomatic Staphylococcus spp. in the nasopharyngeal cavity of elementary school boys at Al-Madinah, KSA. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.1892991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sultan M. Alsharif
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael S. El-Sayed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Hanafy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Teixeira NB, Castelo Branco Fortaleza CM, de Souza MC, Monteiro Pereira TA, de Camargo Colenci BP, Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha MDL. Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among insulin-dependent diabetic individuals in Brazil. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:12. [PMID: 33568148 PMCID: PMC7876813 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People with diabetes mellitus, especially insulin-dependent diabetic patients, are a risk group for staphylococcal infections. Asymptomatic infection with Staphylococcus aureus is common and favors dissemination of the microorganism, rendering these individuals a source of infection. This study aimed to characterize the resistance profile, clonal profile and sequence type, as well as to analyze the prevalence and risk factors for nasal and oropharyngeal carriage of methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from insulin-dependent diabetic individuals in the city of Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Methods Staphylococcus aureus was collected from the nasopharynx and oropharynx of 312 community-dwelling insulin-dependent diabetic individuals over a period of 3 years (October 2015 to December 2018). The isolates were characterized by susceptibility profiling, detection of the mecA gene, SCCmec typing, and molecular typing by PFGE and MLST. The risk factors associated with S. aureus and MRSA carriage were determined by logistic regression analysis. Results The overall prevalence of colonization with S. aureus and MRSA was 30.4% and 4.8%, respectively. Fifteen of the 112 S. aureus isolates carried the mecA gene; SCCmec type IV was identified in 10 isolates, SCCmec type I in three, and SCCmec type II in two. Among the 15 resistant isolates (MRSA), four were susceptible to oxacillin/cefoxitin by the disc diffusion method and one MSSA isolate was resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The analysis of risk factors revealed a protective effect of age and lung disease, while lower-extremity ulcers were a risk factor for S. aureus. For MRSA, only male gender was significantly associated as a risk factor in multivariate analysis. Clonal profile analysis demonstrated the formation of clusters among MRSA isolates from different patients, with the identification of ST5-IV, ST5-I, and ST8-IV. Isolates carrying ST398 were identified among MSSA and MRSA (ST398-IV). Conclusion Our findings reinforce the importance of epidemiological studies of S. aureus carriage, especially in populations at high risk of infections such as diabetics. The data suggest widespread dissemination of MRSA in the population of insulin-dependent diabetic patients studied, as well as the emergence of important lineages among these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Bibiana Teixeira
- Departamento de Infectologia, Dermatologia, Diagnóstico Por Imagem e Radioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. .,Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. .,Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas - Setor Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu (IBB)-Laboratório de Bacteriologia. Rua Plínio Silva, CEP: 18618-970 - Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
| | - Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza
- Departamento de Infectologia, Dermatologia, Diagnóstico Por Imagem e Radioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Matheus Cristovam de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Thais Aline Monteiro Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Bibiana Prada de Camargo Colenci
- Departamento de Clínica Médica - Endocrinologia, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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18
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Cataneli Pereira V, Pinheiro-Hubinger L, de Oliveira A, Moraes Riboli DF, Benini Martins K, Calixto Romero L, Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha MDL. Detection of the agr System and Resistance to Antimicrobials in Biofilm-Producing S. epidermidis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235715. [PMID: 33287389 PMCID: PMC7729762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus epidermidis to produce virulence factors, such as biofilm, added to its increased resistance to antimicrobials can cause infections that are difficult to treat. Many staphylococcal virulence factors are under the control of the accessory gene regulator (agr). The objective of this study was to establish the agr locus and susceptibility of biofilm-producing S. epidermidis specimens to antimicrobial agents, through PCR reactions, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and to analyze the clonal profile of 300 strains isolated from blood culture specimens from inpatients at a University Hospital in Brazil, over a 20-year period by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) techniques. The ica operon expression was shown in 83.6% strains, bhp gene in 11.5%, and aap gene in 32.8%. Oxacillin resistance was detected in 90.1%, while 4.9% showed tigecycline resistance, and intermediate resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin was identified in 0.4%. Clonal profile determination showed 11 clusters, with the ST2 type determined as the major cluster. The S. epidermidis biofilm producer demonstrated a predominance of agr I locus, oxacillin resistance, and SCCmec III as well as the potential dissemination of pathogenic clones in hospital settings over long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Cataneli Pereira
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, UNOESTE—University of West Paulista, Presidente Prudente CEP 19050-920, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Pinheiro-Hubinger
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Adilson de Oliveira
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Danilo Flávio Moraes Riboli
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Katheryne Benini Martins
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Letícia Calixto Romero
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
| | - Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP—University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu CEP 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (V.C.P.); (L.P.-H.); (A.d.O.); (D.F.M.R.); (K.B.M.); (L.C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3880-0428
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Mechesso AF, Kim SJ, Park HS, Choi JH, Song HJ, Kim MH, Lim SK, Yoon SS, Moon DC. Short communication: First detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST30 in raw milk taken from dairy cows with mastitis in South Korea. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:969-976. [PMID: 33162097 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We identified 199 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from quarter milk samples of 1,289 dairy cattle between 2014 and 2018. About 66% of the isolates were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial agent; the highest rate of resistance was to penicillin, followed by resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, and sulfadimethoxine. We obtained 30 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains from 6 farms in 3 provinces. The MRSA strains exhibited a significantly higher resistance rate to most of the tested antimicrobials than the oxacillin-susceptible strains. The MRSA strains represented 5 genotypes: ST72-t324-SCCmec IV (n = 14), ST30-t1752-SCCmec IV (n = 8), ST188-t189-SCCmec NT (n = 6), ST188-t2284-SCCmec NT (n = 1), and NT-NT-SCCmec IV (n = 1). One of the ST188 MRSA strains represented a novel staphylococcal protein A (spa) type (t2284). In addition, 7 of the 8 ST30 MRSA strains were Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive and carried various staphylococcal enterotoxin encoding genes. This is the first report of PVL-positive ST30 MRSA-t1752-SCCmec IV from bovine mastitis in Korea. All of ST72-t324-SCCmec IV MRSA strains carried staphylococcal enterotoxin and leukotoxin encoding genes. They were also sensitive to most of the tested non-β-lactam antimicrobials. In contrast, ST188-t189 MRSA strains were resistant to multiple antimicrobials and predominantly carried the leukotoxin encoding gene. Taken together, these findings may indicate that dairy cows could be a major source for spreading MRSA strains, and contaminated milk could be a vehicle for transmission. Suitable hygienic measures should be established in dairy farms and processing plants to limit the likelihood of introducing MRSA into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sung Park
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Song
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Kang HY, Moon DC, Mechesso AF, Choi JH, Kim SJ, Song HJ, Kim MH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Emergence of cfr-Mediated Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pig Carcasses. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E769. [PMID: 33147717 PMCID: PMC7692708 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Altogether, 2547 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle (n = 382), pig (n = 1077), and chicken carcasses (n = 1088) during 2010-2017 were investigated for linezolid resistance and were further characterized using molecular methods. We identified linezolid resistance in only 2.3% of pig carcass isolates. The linezolid-resistant (LR) isolates presented resistance to multiple antimicrobials, including chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and tiamulin. Molecular investigation exhibited no mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA. Nevertheless, we found mutations in ribosomal proteins rplC (G121A) and rplD (C353T) in one and seven LR strains, respectively. All the LR isolates carried the multi-resistance gene cfr, and six of them co-carried the mecA gene. Additionally, all the LR isolates co-carried the phenicol exporter gene, fexA, and presented a high level of chloramphenicol resistance. LR S. aureus isolates represented 10 genotypes, including major genotypes ST433-t318, ST541-t034, ST5-t002, and ST9-t337. Staphylococcal enterotoxin and leukotoxin-encoding genes, alone or in combination, were detected in 68% of LR isolates. Isolates from different farms presented identical or different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Collectively, toxigenic and LR S. aureus strains pose a crisis for public health. This study is the first to describe the mechanism of linezolid resistance in S. aureus isolated from food animal products in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (H.Y.K.); (D.C.M.); (A.F.M.); (J.-H.C.); (S.-J.K.); (H.-J.S.); (M.H.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
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21
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Shalaby AG, Bakry NR, Mohamed AAE, Khalil AA. Evaluating Flinders Technology Associates card for transporting bacterial isolates and retrieval of bacterial DNA after various storage conditions. Vet World 2020; 13:2243-2251. [PMID: 33281363 PMCID: PMC7704315 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2243-2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards simplify sample storage, transport, and extraction by reducing cost and time for diagnosis. This study evaluated the FTA suitability for safe transport and storage of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells of animal origin on its liquid culture form and from organ impression smears (tissues) under the same routine condition of microbiological laboratory along with detecting their nucleic acid over different storage conditions. Materials and Methods: Increase in bacterial count from 104 to 107 (colony-forming units/mL) of 78 isolates representing seven bacterial species was applied onto cards. FTA cards were grouped and inoculated by these bacteria and then stored at different conditions of 24-27°C, 4°C, and −20°C for 24 h, for 2 weeks, for 1 and 3 month storage, respectively. Bacteriological examination was done, after which bacterial DNA was identified using specific primers for each bacterial type and detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The total percentage of recovered bacteria from FTA cards was 66.7% at 24-27°C for 24 h, the detection limit was 100% in Gram-positive species, while it was 57.4% in Gram-negative ones. Regarding viable cell detection from organ impression smears, it was successful under the previous conditions. No live bacterial cells were observed by bacteriological isolation rather than only at 24-27°C for 24 h storage. All bacterial DNA were sufficiently confirmed by the PCR technique at different conditions. Conclusion: Overall, the FTA card method was observed to be a valid tool for nucleic acid purification for bacteria of animal origin in the form of culture or organ smears regardless of its Gram type and is used for a short time only 24 h for storage and transport of live bacteria specifically Gram-positive type. Moreover, the bacterial nucleic acid was intact after storage in −20°C for 3 months and was PCR amplifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar G Shalaby
- Department of Biotechnology Unit, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Neveen R Bakry
- Department of Epidemiology Unit, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abeer A E Mohamed
- Department of Buffalo Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Khalil
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Borg Elarab, Alexandria, Egypt
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22
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Mechesso AF, Moon DC, Ryoo GS, Song HJ, Chung HY, Kim SU, Choi JH, Kim SJ, Kang HY, Na SH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Resistance profiling and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goats in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 336:108901. [PMID: 33075694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common zoonotic pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses worldwide. The main objectives of the current study were therefore to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of S. aureus isolated from goats in Korea and to investigate the molecular characteristics of identified methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In the study, 481 S. aureus isolates (431 from the nasal cavity and 50 from carcass) were recovered from 1146 carcasses and nasal swabs between July 2018 and January 2019. Approximately 82% and 72.6% of nasal and carcass isolates, respectively, were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, with the highest rate of resistance to penicillin, followed by resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Relatively small proportions of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. However, all S. aureus isolates were sensitive to linezolid, rifampin, and vancomycin. Six MRSA isolates were obtained, three each from the nasal cavity and carcass. MRSA isolates were of two sequence types (ST) (ST72 and ST398), three spa types (t664, t324, and t571), and two SCCmec types (IV and V). The ST72 MRSA isolates had identical PFGE profiles. In addition, ST72 MRSA-SCCmec IV isolates carried at least six staphylococcal leukotoxin- and enterotoxin-encoding genes (lukED, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and seq). The remaining ST398 isolate carried only the lukED gene and was additionally resistant to eight non-β-lactam antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MRSA from goats in Korea. There is a possibility of transmission of MRSA from goat to human or contamination of food products. Therefore, regular microbiological investigation in goats, farms, and slaughterhouses is critical to determine the existence of virulent and multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. aureus and to implement preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwang-Seon Ryoo
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ju Song
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Young Chung
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Uk Kim
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Hyeon Na
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Promising Antibiofilm Agents: Recent Breakthrough against Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100667. [PMID: 33022915 PMCID: PMC7600973 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a superbug pathogen that causes serious diseases. One of the main reasons for the lack of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy against infections caused by this resistant pathogen is the recalcitrant nature of MRSA biofilms, which results in an increasingly serious situation worldwide. Consequently, the development of innovative biofilm inhibitors is urgently needed to control the biofilm formation by this pathogen. In this work, we thus sought to evaluate the biofilm inhibiting ability of some promising antibiofilm agents such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zno NPs), proteinase K, and hamamelitannin (HAM) in managing the MRSA biofilms. Different phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to identify the biofilm producing MDR MRSA isolates and the antibiofilm/antimicrobial activities of the used promising agents. Our study demonstrated strong antibiofilm activities of ZnO NPs, proteinase K, and HAM against MRSA biofilms along with their transcriptional modulation of biofilm (intercellular adhesion A, icaA) and quorum sensing (QS) (agr) genes. Interestingly, only ZnO NPs showed a powerful antimicrobial activity against this pathogen. Collectively, we observed overall positive correlations between the biofilm production and the antimicrobial resistance/agr genotypes II and IV. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the toxin genes and the biofilm production. The ZnO NPs were recommended to be used alone as potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents against MDR MRSA and their biofilm-associated diseases. On the other hand, proteinase-K and HAM can be co-administrated with other antimicrobial agents to manage such types of infections.
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24
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Meng X, Zhang G, Sun B, Liu S, Wang Y, Gao M, Fan Y, Zhang G, Shi G, Kang X. Rapid Detection of mecA and femA Genes by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification in a Microfluidic System for Discrimination of Different Staphylococcal Species and Prediction of Methicillin Resistance. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1487. [PMID: 32754129 PMCID: PMC7367217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal infection is one of the most pressing problems in modern medicine due to the increasing antibiotic resistance with the overuse of antibiotics. Conventional methods for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) generally take 3-7 days and require skilled technicians. In this study, a microfluidic device based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was developed, which could discriminate Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus hominis and predict their methicillin resistance by targeting the mecA and femA genes within 70 min including the hands-on time. Multiplex and real-time detection was achieved in a closed system without aerosol contamination. The limits of detection (LODs) for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were 20 CFU/reaction, while that for S. haemolyticus was 200 CFU/reaction. A total of 102 positive cultures of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were also tested, and the results were in good agreement with those from conventional methods. Furthermore, mixed cultures were readily identified by our method. The portable and integrated device is rapid, accurate, and easy to use, which can provide information for prompt institution of proper antimicrobial therapy and has great potential for clinical applications, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Meng
- Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents and Clinical Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guohao Zhang
- Beijing Baicare Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shujun Liu
- Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents and Clinical Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents and Clinical Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Shi
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xixiong Kang
- Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Immunological Reagents and Clinical Research, Beijing, China
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25
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Aljahani A, Alarjani K, Hassan Z, Elkhadragy M, Ismail E, Al-Masoud A, Yehia H. Molecular detection of methicillin heat-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in pasteurized camel milk in Saudi Arabia. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20193470. [PMID: 32202302 PMCID: PMC7167254 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic- and heat-resistant bacteria in camel milk is a potential public health problem. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen in humans, dairy cattle and camels. We characterized the phenotype and genotype of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains recovered from pasteurized and raw camel milk (as control) distributed in the retail markets of Saudi Arabia. Of the 100 samples assessed between March and May 2016, 20 S. aureus isolates were recovered from pasteurized milk, 10 of which were resistant to cefoxitin, and as such, were methicillin-resistant. However, raw camel milk did not contain methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the resistance ratio for other antibiotics was 60%. We performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers for the methicillin-resistant gene mecA and nucleotide sequencing to detect and verify the methicillin-resistant strains. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis of the gene sequences showed a 96-100% similarity between the resistant isolates and the S. aureus CS100 strain's mecA gene. Ten of the methicillin-resistant isolates were heat-resistant and were stable at temperatures up to 85°C for 60 s, and three of these were resistant at 90°C for 60 or 90 s. The mean decimal reduction time (D85-value) was 111 s for the ten isolates. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed that there was no difference in the total protein profiles for the ten methicillin heat-resistant S. aureus (MHRSA) isolates and for S. aureus ATCC 29737. In conclusion, a relatively high percentage of the tested pasteurized camel milk samples contained S. aureus (20%) and MHRSA (10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani H. Aljahani
- Department of Physical Sport Science, Nutrition and Food Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaloud M. Alarjani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab K. Hassan
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunolgy Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Manal F. Elkhadragy
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A. Ismail
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman H. Al-Masoud
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M. Yehia
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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26
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Jue E, Witters D, Ismagilov RF. Two-phase wash to solve the ubiquitous contaminant-carryover problem in commercial nucleic-acid extraction kits. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1940. [PMID: 32029846 PMCID: PMC7004994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of fundamental and applied nucleic acid (NA) research depends on NA purity, but obtaining pure NAs from raw, unprocessed samples is challenging. Purification using solid-phase NA extractions utilizes sequential additions of lysis and wash buffers followed by elution. The resulting eluent contains NAs and carryover of extraction buffers. Typically, these inhibitory buffers are heavily diluted by the reaction mix (e.g., 10x dilution is 1 µL eluent in 9 µL reaction mix), but in applications requiring high sensitivity (e.g., single-cell sequencing, pathogen diagnostics) it is desirable to use low dilutions (e.g., 2x) to maximize NA concentration. Here, we demonstrate pervasive carryover of inhibitory buffers into eluent when several commercial sample-preparation kits are used following manufacturer protocols. At low eluent dilution (2-2.5x) we observed significant reaction inhibition of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and reverse transcription (RT). We developed a two-phase wash (TPW) method by adding a wash buffer with low water solubility prior to the elution step. The TPW reduces carryover of extraction buffers, phase-separates from the eluent, and does not reduce NA yield (measured by digital PCR). We validated the TPW for silica columns and magnetic beads by demonstrating significant improvements in performance and reproducibility of qPCR, LAMP, and RT reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Jue
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Daan Witters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States.
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States.
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27
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Fisher EA, Paterson GK. Prevalence and characterisation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci from bovine bulk tank milk in England and Wales. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:139-144. [PMID: 32006753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci on dairy farms in England and Wales including zoonotic MRSA. METHODS Bulk tank milk was sampled from 363 dairy farms in 2015-2016 and methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated by salt broth enrichment and plating on MRSA Brilliance selective agar. Isolates were characterised through antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated from ∼5% of dairy farms and belonged to six different species, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus fleurettii and Staphylococcus sciuri. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a large variety of antimicrobial resistance genes and SCCmec elements were present, including mecA and mecC alleles. Potentially zoonotic methicillin-resistance S. aureus were found at a low prevalence (0.83% of sampled dairy farms). Whole-genome sequencing also provided evidence for the mobility of a primordial mec gene complex, independently of a SCCmec element, which appears to have been acquired by S. saprophyticus from S. fleurettii. CONCLUSIONS These data give new insight into the epidemiology of veterinary methicillin-resistant staphylococci to inform future surveillance and zoonotic risk evaluation. Our data indicate that MRSA has likely decreased in prevalence since earlier survey work in England and Wales during 2011-12 and highlights the diversity of methicillin resistance and other resistance determinants among bovine-associated staphylococci with implications for veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin K Paterson
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, UK; The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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28
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Vaiyapuri M, Joseph TC, Rao BM, Lalitha KV, Prasad MM. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Seafood: Prevalence, Laboratory Detection, Clonal Nature, and Control in Seafood Chain. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3341-3351. [PMID: 31769517 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a versatile pathogen bearing multiple virulence determinants, is increasingly being detected in various food-producing animals, including fish. In addition, it is a potential food poisoning agent. MRSA is not an inherent microbiota of fish; its presence is attributed to pre- or postharvest contamination through fish handlers, water, ice, and processing equipment. Several reviews have been written on MRSA in clinical as well as the food animal-producing sector, but information specific to MRSA in seafood is scant. This review puts forth insights on MRSA detection in seafood, antibiotic resistance, diversity of clones in seafood, and possible control measures in seafood production chain. Emphasis has been given on assessing the variations in the protocols employed for isolation and identification in different food matrices and lay the foundation for researchers to develop optimized procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugadas Vaiyapuri
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology (MFB) Division, ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Willingdon Island, Cochin, 682029, India
| | | | | | | | - Mothadaka Mukteswar Prasad
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology (MFB) Division, ICAR-Central Inst. of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Willingdon Island, Cochin, 682029, India
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Erfan AM, Marouf S. Cinnamon oil downregulates virulence genes of poultry respiratory bacterial agents and revealed significant bacterial inhibition: An in vitro perspective. Vet World 2019; 12:1707-1715. [PMID: 32009749 PMCID: PMC6925043 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1707-1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Respiratory bacterial agents represent one of the most harmful factors that ordinarily threaten the poultry industry and usually lead to great economic losses. Meanwhile, there is a global demand to avoid the highly emerging antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in edible meat. Whereas, the use of alternatives became of great priority, especially for those substances extracted from natural plant origin. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil as a herbal extract on different respiratory bacterial agents. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty biological samples were collected through targeted surveillance for respiratory diseased poultry farms representing three governorates, from which bacterial isolation and identification, DNA sequencing of representative strains were performed. Furtherly, phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil was performed by minimum inhibitory concentration, agar disk diffusion, and virulence genes expression real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Cinnamon oil gave rise to acceptable degrees of virulence genes downregulation of 0.15, 0.19, 0.37, 0.41, 0.77, and 0.85 for Staphylococcus aureus sed gene, Escherichia coli stx1 gene, Avibacterium paragallinarum HPG-2 gene, Pasteurella multocida ptfA gene, Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mgc2 gene, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale adk gene, respectively. Phenotypically, using agar disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution susceptibility, cinnamon oil showed also tolerable results as it stopped the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, P. multocida, and A. paragallinarum with varying zones of inhibition. Conclusion: The encountered results declared the successful in vitro effect of cinnamon oil that recommends its application for living birds for future use as a safe antibacterial in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohammed Erfan
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Sherif Marouf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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El-Zamkan MA, Mubarak AG, Ali AO. Prevalence and phylogenetic relationship among methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococci isolated from hospital's dairy food, food handlers, and patients. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:463-473. [PMID: 31819873 PMCID: PMC6882726 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present work was to investigate the mutual role that may be played by the served dairy food and food handlers in the transmission of methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci to patients who were hospitalized in Qena City, Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 samples including 90 dairy food samples which offered to the patients in the hospital, 60 nasal and hand swabs from food handlers working in the hospital, and 60 nasal and diarrheal swabs from patients suffering from diarrhea were investigated for the presence of coagulase-positive S. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci, then isolates were screened for methicillin and vancomycin resistance phenotypically and genotypically. 16s rRNA gene sequencing was employed to construct the neighbor-joining tree. Results: Unlike food samples, both coagulase-positive S. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci occurred in human samples. Methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci could be detected in 41.7% & 20.8%, 68% & 31.9%, and 81.3% & 55.2% of isolates obtained from dairy food, food handlers, and patients’ samples, respectively. Whereas 81% & 64.3%, and 75.4% & 38.6% of coagulase-positive S. aureus obtained from food handlers and patients’ samples exhibited resistance to methicillin and vancomycin, respectively. Phenotypic resistance was confirmed molecularly through detection of mecA and vanA genes. Conclusion: A significant role can be played by food and food handlers in the transmission of methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococci to patients, which has been proved in this study through the close phylogenetic relation between S. epidermidis isolated from food, food handlers, and patients’ diarrheal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ahmed El-Zamkan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Gaber Mubarak
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Alsagher Omran Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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Kim SJ, Moon DC, Park SC, Kang HY, Na SH, Lim SK. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis milk samples in Korea. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11439-11448. [PMID: 31548061 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are one of the most common bovine mastitis pathogens found worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and distribution of CNS species in mastitis milk samples and further characterized the methicillin-resistant (MR) CNS. A total of 311 CNS were isolated from 3,692 quarter milk samples from 1,373 dairy cattle at 81 farms between 2013 and 2017. Further evaluation of the CNS isolates revealed 14 CNS species among the samples and 3 predominant species-namely, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Resistance was higher in S. epidermidis than in other CNS species except for resistance against oxacillin in Staphylococcus sciuri. Resistance to β-lactams was the most common in all CNS species (8.4% in ampicillin, 21.2% in oxacillin, and 13.5% in penicillin). Conversely, only minimal resistance to cephalothin, ceftiofur, and pirlimycin/novobiocin was found. Twenty-one isolates from 4 species were mecA-carrying MRCNS strains, including 18 S. epidermidis and 1 each of S. sciuri, Staphylococcus equorum, and Staphylococcus hominis. The majority of the mecA-carrying MRCNS isolates were produced in the biofilm. Furthermore, multidrug-resistant sequence type 179 isolate produced the strongest biofilm. Seven genotypes were detected in the 18 MR S. epidermidis strains, the most predominant of which persisted on a farm for 2 yr. Our findings for the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and genotypic characterization of the MRCNS isolates could provide valuable information for controlling the spread of resistance and the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapies for mastitis in the future. Further, strategic antibiotic use for mastitis treatment and hygienic management practices aimed at the prevention of the growth of resistant bacteria are urgently needed on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyeon Na
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Shankar P, Mishra J, Bharti V, Parashar D, Singh S. Multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Salmonella spp. in the municipality-supplied drinking water. J Lab Physicians 2019; 11:275-280. [PMID: 31579243 PMCID: PMC6771313 DOI: 10.4103/jlp.jlp_66_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contamination with Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Salmonella spp. in drinking water is the most prevalent in Indian subcontinent, but often difficult to detect all these pathogens from the drinking water. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) method was developed to detect contamination of municipality-supplied drinking water with E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Salmonella spp. The primers were designed to target small subunit of 16S rRNA type gene of E. histolytica and G. lamblia, and invasive A gene of Salmonella typhimurium. The optimized mPCR assay was applied on 158 municipality-supplied drinking water samples collected from Delhi. RESULTS Out of total 158 water samples, 89 (56.32%) were found positive for the targeted pathogens by mPCR while conventional methods could be detected only in 11 (6.96%) samples. The mPCR assay showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for these pathogens in comparison with culture and microscopic detection. Of the 89 mPCR-positive samples, G. lamblia, E. histolytica, and Salmonella spp. were present in 35 (22.15%), 26 (16.45%), and 28 (17.72%), respectively. Nine (5.69%) samples were positive for both E. histolytica and G. lamblia, 10 (6.32%) were positive for G. lamblia and Salmonella spp., and 8 (5.06%) had Salmonella spp. and E. histolytica. Nonetheless, 3 (1.89%) samples were positive for all three pathogens. CONCLUSIONS The present assay is an alternative to conventional methods to serve as highly sensitive, specific, and economical means for water quality surveillance to detect the outbreak caused by E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Salmonella spp. pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Shankar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotsna Mishra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vijaya Bharti
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarman Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Address for correspondence: Prof. Sarman Singh, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110 029, India. E-mail:
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Ruiz-Romero RA, Cervantes-Olivares RA, Ducoing-Watty AE, Martínez-Gómez D, Díaz-Aparicio E, Méndez-Olvera ET. Genetic Analysis Method for Staphylococcus chromogenes Associated with Goat Mastitis. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 67:171-180. [PMID: 30015455 PMCID: PMC7256767 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis in goats is mainly caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). The identification methods for this group are based on evaluating the expression of phenotypic characteristics such as the ability to metabolize various substrates; however, this is disadvantageous as these methods are dependent on gene expression. In recent years, genotyping methods such as the Multiple Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and gene identification have been useful for epidemiological study of several bacterial species. To develop a genotyping method, the genome sequence of Staphylococcus chromogenes MU970 was analysed. The analysis showed nine virulence genes described in Staphylococcus aureus. The MLVA was developed using four loci identified in the genome of S. chromogenes MU970. This genotyping method was examined in 23 strains of CNS isolated from goat mastitis. The rate of discrimination for MLVA was 0.8893, and the highest rates of discrimination per the index of Simpson and Hunter-Gaston were 0.926 and 0.968 for the locus 346_06, respectively. The virulence genes were present in all strains of S. chromogenes but not in other CNS. The genotyping method presented in this paper is a viable and easy method for typifying CNS isolates from mastitis cases in different regions and is an ideal mean of tracking this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío A Ruiz-Romero
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,México
| | - Roberto A Cervantes-Olivares
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,México
| | - Andrés E Ducoing-Watty
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,México
| | - Daniel Martínez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Agropecuaria, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana,México
| | - Efrén Díaz-Aparicio
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria-Microbiología Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias,México
| | - Estela T Méndez-Olvera
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana,México
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Abd El-Hamid MI, Bendary MM, Merwad AMA, Elsohaby I, Mohammad Ghaith D, Alshareef WA. What is behind phylogenetic analysis of hospital-, community- and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1506-1517. [PMID: 30892827 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been shown to be the predominant life-threatening pathogen in Egypt. MRSA is a major cause of severe healthcare-associated (HA) infections. During the last decades, the incidence of community-associated (CA) MRSA infections has a complex epidemiology arising from the circulation of different strains in the general population. Moreover, livestock-associated (LA) MRSA emerged recently becomes an emerging threat to public health. Therefore, it is important to illuminate the differences between CA-, HA- and LA-MRSA to shed light on their genetic diversity and evolution. This study presents the first data on analysing the correlation between CA-, LA- and HA-MRSA using antibiogram typing, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes' profiles. Overall, HA-MRSA strains tended to be multidrug resistant and less virulent than both LA- and CA-MRSA strains. Importantly, CA-MRSA strains had a high homology with each of HA- and LA-MRSA. However, no similarity was observed between HA- and LA-MRSA. Our findings suggest that the epidemiological changes in genetic behaviour between HA- and LA-MRSA are due to the presence of CA-MRSA confirming that CA-MRSA has created a public health crisis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - M M Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said Governorate, Egypt
| | - A M A Merwad
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - D Mohammad Ghaith
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo City, Egypt
| | - W A Alshareef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October Governorate, Egypt
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Moon DC, Jeong SK, Hyun BH, Lim SK. Prevalence and Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Pigs and Pig Farmers in Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 16:256-261. [PMID: 30481071 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from pigs and pig farmers in Korea. A total of 1245 nasal swabs were collected from pigs and farmers at 53 pig farms in nine provinces from 2012 to 2016. The prevalence of MRSA was 7.9% (88/1119) in pigs and 16.7% (21/126) in farmers. Among 119 farmers working on conventional farms, 21 (17.6%) tested positive for MRSA. However, no MRSA was detected in either pigs or farmers at four organic farms. The individual pig-level prevalence of MRSA differed between age groups, with the percentage of positive samples being highest in weaners (17.3%), followed by growers (9.0%), piglets (6.5%), finishers (4.4%), and sows (0%). Two different lineages of MRSA were detected among the 109 isolates from pigs and farmers: (1) livestock-associated types of MRSA belonging to 27 isolates of ST541-t034-V, 24 isolates of ST398-t571-V, 17 isolates of ST398-t034 variant (G420A)-V, and one isolate of ST541-t8588-V; and (2) community-associated types of MRSA belonging to 21 isolates of ST188-t189-IV, 14 isolates of ST72-t324-IV, three isolates of ST72-t664-IV, one isolate of ST72-t148-IV, and one isolate of ST72-t5440-IV. Identical genotypes were detected in both pigs and farmers at six farms. New MRSA clones were isolated from pigs (ST398-t034 (G420A)-V, ST188-t189-IV, and ST398-t571-V) and pig farmers (ST541-t8588-V and ST72-t5440-IV). The prevalence of MRSA was also correlated with antibiotic usage, and the clones showed diversification between pigs and farmers. Ultimately, the increased frequency and diversification of livestock-associated MRSA could be a potential threat to public health in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the prevalence and characteristics of MRSA in pigs and pig farmers in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chan Moon
- 1 Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kwan Jeong
- 2 Yang Ju Livestock Industry Cooperatives , Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- 1 Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- 1 Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si , Republic of Korea
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Detection of the mecA gene and identification of Staphylococcus directly from blood culture bottles by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:99-105. [PMID: 29548778 PMCID: PMC9428231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus spp. - both S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) - are relevant agents of healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, the rapid recognition of MRSA and methicillin-resistant CoNS from blood stream infections is critically important for patient management. It is worth noting that inappropriate empiric therapy has been associated with higher in-hospital mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study we evaluated a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) standardized to detect Staphylococcus spp., S. aureus, and mecA gene-encoded oxacillin resistance directly from blood culture bottles. A total of 371 blood cultures with Gram-positive microorganisms confirmed by Gram-stain were analyzed. Results from multiplex PCR were compared to phenotypic characterization of isolates. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 85 (23.0%) blood cultures and CoNS in 286 (77.0%). There was 100% agreement between phenotypic and multiplex PCR identification. Forty-three (50.6%) of the 85 S. aureus carried the mecA gene and among the 286 CoNS, 225 (78.7%) were positive for the mecA gene. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex PCR assay developed here was found to be sensitive, specific, rapid, and showed good agreement with the phenotypic results besides being less expensive. This PCR method could be used in clinical laboratories for rapid identification and initiation of specific and effective treatment, reducing patient mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, this method may reduce misuse of antimicrobial classes that are more expensive and toxic, thus contributing to the selection of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus spp.
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Akyol I. Development and application of RTi-PCR method for common food pathogen presence and quantity in beef, sheep and chicken meat. Meat Sci 2018; 137:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim YB, Seo KW, Jeon HY, Lim SK, Lee YJ. Characteristics of the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken meat produced by different integrated broiler operations in Korea. Poult Sci 2018; 97:962-969. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Production and Characterization of F(Ab’)2 Fragments Obtained by Enzymatic Digestion from Murine Anti-MRSA PBP2a Monoclonal Antibodies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:72-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Akanbi OE, Njom HA, Fri J, Otigbu AC, Clarke AM. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Recreational Waters and Beach Sand in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091001. [PMID: 28862669 PMCID: PMC5615538 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to commonly used antibiotics is linked to their ability to acquire and disseminate antimicrobial-resistant determinants in nature, and the marine environment may serve as a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study determined the antibiotic sensitivity profile of S.aureus isolated from selected beach water and intertidal beach sand in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Methods: Two hundred and forty-nine beach sand and water samples were obtained from 10 beaches from April 2015 to April 2016. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the samples using standard microbiological methods and subjected to susceptibility testing to 15 antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected by susceptibility to oxacillin and growth on Brilliance MRSA II agar. Antibiotic resistance genes including mecA, femA rpoB, blaZ, ermB, ermA, ermC, vanA, vanB, tetK and tetM were screened. Results: Thirty isolates (12.3%) were positive for S. aureus by PCR with over 50% showing phenotypic resistance to methicillin. Resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics varied considerably with the highest resistance recorded to ampicillin and penicillin (96.7%), rifampicin and clindamycin (80%), oxacillin (73.3%) and erythromycin (70%). S.aureus revealed varying susceptibility to imipenem (96.7%), levofloxacin (86.7%), chloramphenicol (83.3%), cefoxitin (76.7%), ciprofloxacin (66.7%), gentamycin (63.3%), tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (56.7%), and vancomycin and doxycycline (50%). All 30 (100%) S. aureus isolates showed multiple antibiotic-resistant patterns (resistant to three or more antibiotics). The mecA, femA, rpoB, blaZ, ermB and tetM genes were detected in 5 (22.7%), 16 (53.3%), 11 (45.8%), 16 (55.2%), 15 (71.4%), and 8 (72.7%) isolates respectively; Conclusions: Results from this study indicate that beach water and sand from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa may be potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus which could be transmitted to exposed humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Emmanuel Akanbi
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Henry Akum Njom
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Justine Fri
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony C Otigbu
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anna M Clarke
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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Clinical Significance and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Small Colony Variants in Persistent Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:401-27. [PMID: 26960941 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00069-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small colony variants (SCVs) were first described more than 100 years ago for Staphylococcus aureus and various coagulase-negative staphylococci. Two decades ago, an association between chronic staphylococcal infections and the presence of SCVs was observed. Since then, many clinical studies and observations have been published which tie recurrent, persistent staphylococcal infections, including device-associated infections, bone and tissue infections, and airway infections of cystic fibrosis patients, to this special phenotype. By their intracellular lifestyle, SCVs exhibit so-called phenotypic (or functional) resistance beyond the classical resistance mechanisms, and they can often be retrieved from therapy-refractory courses of infection. In this review, the various clinical infections where SCVs can be expected and isolated, diagnostic procedures for optimized species confirmation, and the pathogenesis of SCVs, including defined underlying molecular mechanisms and the phenotype switch phenomenon, are presented. Moreover, relevant animal models and suggested treatment regimens, as well as the requirements for future research areas, are highlighted.
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Changchien CH, Chen SW, Chen YY, Chu C. Antibiotic susceptibility and genomic variations in Staphylococcus aureus associated with Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTI) disease groups. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:276. [PMID: 27287530 PMCID: PMC4902997 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is associated with human skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs); however, the involvement of virulence factors in different clinical presentations is unclear. Methods We analyzed methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains from Taiwan to determine correlations among the clinical characteristics of SSTIs, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors of S. aureus with specific genetic backgrounds. Results We identified 177 MRSA isolates and 130 MSSA isolates among the 307 SSTI-associated S. aureus isolates. Hospital-acquired (HA)- and community-acquired (CA)-MRSA isolates accounted for 61.6 % and 38.4 % of the isolates, respectively. Clinical presentations in SSTI patients differed significantly for the disease groups. Deep-seated MRSA infections presented with higher amputation rate than MSSA infections. MRSA isolates were all susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin, and >94 % of isolates were erythromycin- and clindamycin-resistant. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) types IV, V, and VII were the most frequent in the CA-MRSA group (n = 68); types III, IV and V were the most frequent in the HA-MRSA group (n = 109). Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were significantly more frequent in CA-MRSA strains (75.0 %) than in HA-MRSA (33.0 %) and MSSA (24.6 %) and were found in 66.7 % (74/111) strains isolated from the abscess group. Exfoliatin A genes were more common in catheter-related exit-site MSSA infections (37.5 %) compared with other MSSA disease groups (P < 0.05). Exfoliatin B and superantigen exotoxin genes were uncommon in all SSTI disease types. Pulsotypes A (ST239), C, and D (ST59) were the predominant MRSA genotypes in deep-seated infections. Conclusions If not treated appropriately, deep-seated MRSA-associated infections present with higher amputation rates than deep-seated MSSA-associated infections. PVL-positive MRSA strains caused more frequently pus-forming lesions and less bacteremia and invasive diseases. Methods for discriminating CA-MRSA from HA-MRSA strains are now unreliable due to circulation of both ST 239 and ST 59 strains in the community and nosocomial settings. Initial antibiotic treatments should consider MRSA for patients with SSTIs in areas where MRSA is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Changchien
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539 Jhongsiao Rd., Chiayi City, 60002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Wun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, No 300, University Road, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539 Jhongsiao Rd., Chiayi City, 60002, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chishih Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, No 300, University Road, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Casaes Nunes RS, Pires de Souza C, Pereira KS, Del Aguila EM, Flosi Paschoalin VM. Identification and molecular phylogeny of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from Minas Frescal cheese in southeastern Brazil: Superantigenic toxin production and antibiotic resistance. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2641-2653. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Harik NS, Com G, Tang X, Melguizo Castro M, Stemper ME, Carroll JL. Clinical characteristics and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children with cystic fibrosis from a center with a high MRSA prevalence. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:409-15. [PMID: 26684366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) from the U.S. CF center with the highest MRSA prevalence. METHODS Medical records of children with CF were retrospectively reviewed from 1997-2009. MRSA clinical isolates from 2007-2009 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The prevalence of MRSA was 1% in 1997 and 49% in 2009. Fifty-five children (26%) had persistent MRSA infection. Sixty-eight percent of MRSA isolates were hospital-associated (HA) MRSA, of which 52% were pulsed-field type USA 100. Ninety-three percent of HA MRSA isolates were clindamycin resistant. Twelve children acquired MRSA before 1 year of age, 83% of whom were hospitalized prior to acquisition of MRSA. Ten of 11 sibling pairs carried indistinguishable MRSA strains. Children with persistent MRSA were hospitalized more often (P = .01), required inhaled medications more frequently (P = .01), and had higher rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa coinfection (P < .001). CONCLUSION MRSA prevalence in children with CF is increasing, and most children are infected with HA MRSA. Exposure to health care facilities and gastrointestinal surgeries may facilitate early acquisition of MRSA. Siblings carry indistinguishable MRSA strains, indicating household transmission of MRSA. Children with persistent MRSA had worse pulmonary morbidity. Coinfection with MRSA and P aeruginosa is likely associated with further increased pulmonary morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S Harik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
| | - Gulnur Com
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Xinyu Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Maria Melguizo Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - John L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Nawattanapaiboon K, Prombun P, Santanirand P, Vongsakulyanon A, Srikhirin T, Sutapun B, Kiatpathomchai W. Hemoculture and Direct Sputum Detection of mecA-Mediated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification in Combination With a Lateral-Flow Dipstick. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 30:760-7. [PMID: 26991017 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from direct clinical specimens. Four primers including outer and inner primers were specifically designed on the two target sequences-femB to identify S. aureus and mecA to identify antibiotic-resistant gene. Reference strains including various species of gram-positive/gram-negative isolates were used to evaluate and optimize LAMP assays. The optimum LAMP condition was found at 63°C within 70 min assay time (include hybridization with FITC probe for 5 min and further 5 min for reading the results on the lateral flow dipstick). The detection limits of LAMP for mecA was 10 pg of total DNA or 100 CFU/ml. The LAMP assays were applied to a total of 155 samples of direct DNA extraction from sputum and hemoculture bottles. The sensitivity of LAMP for mecA detection in sputum and hemoculture bottles was 93.3% (28/30) and 100% (52/52), respectively. In conclusion, LAMP assay is an alternative technique for rapid detection of MRSA infection with a technical simplicity and cost-effective method in a routine diagnostic laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawin Nawattanapaiboon
- Materials Science and Engineering Programme, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Photchanathorn Prombun
- Materials Science and Engineering Programme, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pitak Santanirand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apirom Vongsakulyanon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Toemsak Srikhirin
- Materials Science and Engineering Programme, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Sutapun
- School of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Engineering, , Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wansika Kiatpathomchai
- Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal Bioaerosols in and around Residential Houses in an Urban Area in Central India. J Pathog 2016; 2016:7163615. [PMID: 26925268 PMCID: PMC4746351 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7163615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) commonly found in clinical samples or associated environment pose a major health challenge globally. The carriage rate of MRS in human population is high, especially in India but research on airborne distribution of MRS is scanty. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MRS in indoor and outdoor environment of residential houses. Air samples were collected using impactor air sampler. The total counts of viable bacteria, staphylococci, and MRS along with the particles of various sizes were determined from indoor and outdoor environment of 14 residential houses. MRS bacteria were identified as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) employing biochemical and PCR assays. The average concentration of MRS inside and outside of the houses was 5.9% and 4.6% of the total bacteria, respectively. The maximum correlation of total indoor and outdoor bacteria with particulate matter was 10 μm (r = 0.74) and 5 μm (r = 0.84), respectively. Statistically, significant positive correlation of staphylococci and MRS was found with particles of 10–25 μm inside the houses. Molecular surveillance, antibiotic stewardship programme, and infection control policies can help to manage increasing MRS burden in developing countries.
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Safety Evaluation of the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Microbiota of Salami: Superantigenic Toxin Production and Antimicrobial Resistance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:483548. [PMID: 26697486 PMCID: PMC4677167 DOI: 10.1155/2015/483548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The risks of contracting staphylococci food poisoning by the consumption of improperly manufactured salami and the possibility of this food being reservoirs for antibiotic resistance were evaluated. Nineteen coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains were found in commercial and artisanal salami. The species in commercial salami were S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri, S. xylosus, and S. carnosus. Artisanal salami showed S. succinus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis but no S. carnosus. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the strains into three major staphylococcal species groups, comprised of 4 refined clusters with similarities superior to 90%. Fifteen strains harbored multiple enterotoxin genes, with high incidence of seb/sec and sea, 57% and 50%, respectively, intermediate incidence of sed/seh/selm and sei/seln/tst-H, 33% and 27%, correspondingly, and low incidence of see/selj/selo and seg, of respectively 13% and 1%. Real time RT-PCR and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays confirmed the enterotoxigenicity of the strains, which expressed and produced enterotoxins in vitro. The CNS strains showed multiresistance to several antimicrobials of therapeutic importance in both human and veterinarian medicine, such as β-lactams, vancomycin, and linezolid. The effective control of undue staphylococci in fermented meat products should be adopted to prevent or limit the risk of food poisoning and the spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains.
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Hameed KGA, El-Zamkan MA. Prevalence, molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cheese and in vitro antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against such strains. Vet World 2015; 8:908-12. [PMID: 27047174 PMCID: PMC4774686 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.908-912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim was to investigate cheese samples for the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, evaluate multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods for S. aureus identification, as well as to determine the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against such strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total of 100 random locally manufactured cheese samples were collected from Qena dairy markets, Egypt, and examined conventionally for the prevalence of S. aureus then, confirmation of these isolates were done using multiplex PCR. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against such isolates was also checked. RESULTS Lower prevalence of S. aureus in Damietta cheese (54%) than in Kareish cheese (62%) was recorded. As well lower frequency distribution for both S. aureus (36%) and CNS (8%) was also reported for Damietta cheese. Using of multiplex PCR method for S. aureus identification have been confirmed all 58 S. aureus stains that were identified conventionally by detection of two PCR products on agarose gel: The 791 bp and the 638 bp. The correlation coefficient between conventional and multiplex PCR method was 0.91 and was significant at p≤0.001. Regarding antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using disk diffusion method on Baird Parker agar it was found that inhibition zone of silver nanoparticles against S. aureus, was 19.2±0.91 mm and it was higher than that produced by gentamicin (400 units/ml) 15.2±0.89 mm. CONCLUSIONS The present study illustrated the higher prevalence of S. aureus in cheese samples that may constitute a public health hazard to consumers. According to the results, it can be concluded that silver nanoparticles can be used as an effective antibacterial against S. aureus. Thereby, there is a need for an appropriate study for using silver nanoparticles in cleaning and disinfection of equipment and in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima G. Abdel Hameed
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mona A. El-Zamkan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Moon DC, Tamang MD, Nam HM, Jeong JH, Jang GC, Jung SC, Park YH, Lim SK. Identification of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusIsolates in Korea and Molecular Comparison Between Isolates from Animal Carcasses and Slaughterhouse Workers. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:327-34. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Migma Dorji Tamang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Nam
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Jeong
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Geum-Chan Jang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Suk-Chan Jung
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Tiago MT, Naiara DMBR, Shana DMDOC, Miliane MSDS, Everaldo Z, Irene DSC. Choice of DNA extraction protocols from Gram negative and positive bacteria and directly from the soil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2014.7259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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