1
|
Lodge R, Xu Z, Eklund M, Stürzel C, Kirchhoff F, Tremblay MJ, Hobman TC, Cohen ÉA. MicroRNA-25/93 induction by Vpu as a mechanism for counteracting MARCH1-restriction on HIV-1 infectivity in macrophages. mBio 2023; 14:e0195023. [PMID: 37773002 PMCID: PMC10653795 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01950-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In order to efficiently produce infectious viral particles, HIV must counter several restrictions exerted by host cell antiviral proteins. MARCH1 is a member of the MARCH protein family that restricts HIV infection by limiting the incorporation of viral envelope glycoproteins into nascent virions. Here, we identified two regulatory RNAs, microRNAs-25 and -93, induced by the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu, that downregulate MARCH1 mRNA. We also show that Vpu induces these cellular microRNAs in macrophages by hijacking the cellular β-catenin pathway. The notion that HIV-1 has evolved a mechanism to counteract MARCH1 restriction on viral infectivity underlines the importance of MARCH1 in the host antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lodge
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zaikun Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mckenna Eklund
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christina Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michel J. Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tom C. Hobman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Trujillo-González R, Estévez-Herrera J, García-Luis J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. HIV Infection: Shaping the Complex, Dynamic, and Interconnected Network of the Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13104. [PMID: 37685911 PMCID: PMC10487602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved a plethora of strategies to overcome the cytoskeletal barrier (i.e., actin and intermediate filaments (AFs and IFs) and microtubules (MTs)) to achieve the viral cycle. HIV-1 modifies cytoskeletal organization and dynamics by acting on associated adaptors and molecular motors to productively fuse, enter, and infect cells and then traffic to the cell surface, where virions assemble and are released to spread infection. The HIV-1 envelope (Env) initiates the cycle by binding to and signaling through its main cell surface receptors (CD4/CCR5/CXCR4) to shape the cytoskeleton for fusion pore formation, which permits viral core entry. Then, the HIV-1 capsid is transported to the nucleus associated with cytoskeleton tracks under the control of specific adaptors/molecular motors, as well as HIV-1 accessory proteins. Furthermore, HIV-1 drives the late stages of the viral cycle by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics to assure viral Pr55Gag expression and transport to the cell surface, where it assembles and buds to mature infectious virions. In this review, we therefore analyze how HIV-1 generates a cell-permissive state to infection by regulating the cytoskeleton and associated factors. Likewise, we discuss the relevance of this knowledge to understand HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in patients and to develop therapeutic strategies to battle HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
- Analysis Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Espada CE, Sari L, Cahill MP, Yang H, Phillips S, Martinez N, Kenney AD, Yount JS, Xiong Y, Lin MM, Wu L. SAMHD1 impairs type I interferon induction through the MAVS, IKKε, and IRF7 signaling axis during viral infection. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104925. [PMID: 37328105 PMCID: PMC10404699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by reducing the intracellular dNTP pool. We have shown that SAMHD1 suppresses nuclear factor kappa-B activation and type I interferon (IFN-I) induction by viral infection and inflammatory stimuli. However, the mechanism by which SAMHD1 inhibits IFN-I remains unclear. Here, we show that SAMHD1 inhibits IFN-I activation induced by the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). SAMHD1 interacted with MAVS and suppressed MAVS aggregation in response to Sendai virus infection in human monocytic THP-1 cells. This resulted in increased phosphorylation of TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKKε), and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). SAMHD1 suppressed IFN-I activation induced by IKKε and prevented IRF7 binding to the kinase domain of IKKε. We found that SAMHD1 interaction with the inhibitory domain (ID) of IRF7 (IRF7-ID) was necessary and sufficient for SAMHD1 suppression of IRF7-mediated IFN-I activation in HEK293T cells. Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed possible binding sites between IRF7-ID and full-length SAMHD1. Individual substitution of F411, E416, or V460 in IRF7-ID significantly reduced IRF7 transactivation activity and SAMHD1 binding. Furthermore, we investigated the role of SAMHD1 inhibition of IRF7-mediated IFN-I induction during HIV-1 infection. We found that THP-1 cells lacking IRF7 expression had reduced HIV-1 infection and viral transcription compared to control cells, indicating a positive role of IRF7 in HIV-1 infection. Our findings suggest that SAMHD1 suppresses IFN-I induction through the MAVS, IKKε, and IRF7 signaling axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanza E Espada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Levent Sari
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael P Cahill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stacia Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicholas Martinez
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Milo M Lin
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gentili M, Liu B, Papanastasiou M, Dele-Oni D, Schwartz MA, Carlson RJ, Al'Khafaji AM, Krug K, Brown A, Doench JG, Carr SA, Hacohen N. ESCRT-dependent STING degradation inhibits steady-state and cGAMP-induced signalling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:611. [PMID: 36739287 PMCID: PMC9899276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an intracellular sensor of cyclic di-nucleotides involved in the innate immune response against pathogen- or self-derived DNA. STING trafficking is tightly linked to its function, and its dysregulation can lead to disease. Here, we systematically characterize genes regulating STING trafficking and examine their impact on STING-mediated responses. Using proximity-ligation proteomics and genetic screens, we demonstrate that an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) complex containing HGS, VPS37A and UBAP1 promotes STING degradation, thereby terminating STING-mediated signaling. Mechanistically, STING oligomerization increases its ubiquitination by UBE2N, forming a platform for ESCRT recruitment at the endosome that terminates STING signaling via sorting in the lysosome. Finally, we show that expression of a UBAP1 mutant identified in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia and associated with disrupted ESCRT function, increases steady-state STING-dependent type I IFN responses in healthy primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells and fibroblasts. Based on these findings, we propose that STING is subject to a tonic degradative flux and that the ESCRT complex acts as a homeostatic regulator of STING signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bingxu Liu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Marc A Schwartz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Carlson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Karsten Krug
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brouiller F, Nadalin F, Bonté PE, Ait-Mohamed O, Delaugerre C, Lelièvre JD, Ginhoux F, Ruffin N, Benaroch P. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals dual sensing of HIV-1 in blood Axl + dendritic cells. iScience 2023; 26:106019. [PMID: 36866043 PMCID: PMC9971904 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing of incoming viruses is a pivotal task of dendritic cells (DCs). Human primary blood DCs encompass various subsets that are diverse in their susceptibility and response to HIV-1. The recent identification of the blood Axl+DC subset, endowed with unique capacities to bind, replicate, and transmit HIV-1 prompted us to evaluate its anti-viral response. We demonstrate that HIV-1 induced two main broad and intense transcriptional programs in different Axl+DCs potentially induced by different sensors; an NF-κB-mediated program that led to DC maturation and efficient CD4+ T cell activation, and a program mediated by STAT1/2 that activated type I IFN and ISG responses. These responses were absent from cDC2 exposed to HIV-1 except when viral replication was allowed. Finally, Axl+DCs actively replicating HIV-1 identified by quantification of viral transcripts exhibited a mixed NF-κB/ISG innate response. Our results suggest that the route of HIV-1 entry may dictate different innate sensing pathways by DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Brouiller
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Nadalin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Constance Delaugerre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France,INSERM U944, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Vaccine Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche médicale (INSERM), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital H. Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A∗STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore 138648, Singapore,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France,Corresponding author
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U 932, 75005 Paris, France,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dupont M, Rousset S, Manh TPV, Monard SC, Pingris K, Souriant S, Vahlas Z, Velez T, Poincloux R, Maridonneau-Parini I, Neyrolles O, Lugo-Villarino G, Vérollet C. Dysregulation of the IFN-I signaling pathway by Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to exacerbation of HIV-1 infection of macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1329-1342. [PMID: 35588259 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0422-730r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While tuberculosis (TB) is a risk factor in HIV-1-infected individuals, the mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the agent of TB in humans, worsens HIV-1 pathogenesis still need to be fully elucidated. Recently, we showed that HIV-1 infection and spread are exacerbated in macrophages exposed to TB-associated microenvironments. Transcriptomic analysis of macrophages conditioned with medium of Mtb-infected human macrophages (cmMTB) revealed an up-regulation of the typeI interferon (IFN-I) pathway, characterized by the overexpression of IFN-inducible genes. Historically, IFN-I are well known for their antiviral functions, but our previous work showed that this is not the case in the context of coinfection with HIV-1. Here, we show that the IFN-I response signature in cmMTB-treated macrophages matches the one observed in the blood of active TB patients, and depends on the timing of incubation with cmMTB. This suggests that the timing of macrophage's exposure to IFN-I can impact their capacity to control HIV-1 infection. Strikingly, we found that cmMTB-treated macrophages are hyporesponsive to extrastimulation with exogenous IFN-I, used to mimic HIV-1 infection. Yet, depleting STAT1 by gene silencing to block the IFN-I signaling pathway reduced TB-induced exacerbation of HIV-1 infection. Altogether, by aiming to understand why TB-derived IFN-I preexposure of macrophages did not induce antiviral immunity against HIV-1, we demonstrated that these cells are hyporesponsive to exogenous IFN-I, a phenomenon that prevents macrophage activation against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Dupont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina.,The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stella Rousset
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | | | - Sarah Catherine Monard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karine Pingris
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Shanti Souriant
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Zoï Vahlas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomàs Velez
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France.,International Research Project (IRP) CNRS "MAC-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dickey LL, Martins LJ, Planelles V, Hanley TM. HIV-1-induced type I IFNs promote viral latency in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1343-1356. [PMID: 35588262 PMCID: PMC9613502 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0422-616r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages chronically infected with HIV-1 serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy; however, the mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of this virus reservoir have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that HIV-1 enters a state reminiscent of latency in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), characterized by integrated proviral DNA with decreased viral transcription. This quiescent state is associated with decreased NF-κB p65, RNA polymerase II, and p-TEFb recruitment to the HIV-1 promoter as well as maintenance of promoter chromatin in a transcriptionally nonpermissive state. MDM transition to viral latency is mediated by type I IFN signaling, as inhibiting type I IFN signaling or blocking type 1 IFN prevents the establishment of latent infection. Knockdown studies demonstrate that the innate immune signaling molecule mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is required for the transition to latency. Finally, we demonstrate a role for the viral accessory protein Vpr in the establishment of HIV-1 latency in macrophages. Our data indicate that HIV-1-induced type I IFN production is responsible for the establishment of viral latency in MDMs and identify possible therapeutic targets for the prevention or elimination of this important HIV-1 reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Dickey
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Laura J. Martins
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Timothy M. Hanley
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martins LJ, Szaniawski MA, Williams ESCP, Coiras M, Hanley TM, Planelles V. HIV-1 Accessory Proteins Impart a Modest Interferon Response and Upregulate Cell Cycle-Related Genes in Macrophages. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020163. [PMID: 35215107 PMCID: PMC8878269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection of myeloid cells is associated with the induction of an IFN response. How HIV-1 manipulates and subverts the IFN response is of key interest for the design of therapeutics to improve immune function and mitigate immune dysregulation in people living with HIV. HIV-1 accessory genes function to improve viral fitness by altering host pathways in ways that enable transmission to occur without interference from the immune response. We previously described changes in transcriptomes from HIV-1 infected and from IFN-stimulated macrophages and noted that transcription of IFN-regulated genes and genes related to cell cycle processes were upregulated during HIV-1 infection. In the present study, we sought to define the roles of individual viral accessory genes in upregulation of IFN-regulated and cell cycle-related genes using RNA sequencing. We observed that Vif induces a set of genes involved in mitotic processes and that these genes are potently downregulated upon stimulation with type-I and -II IFNs. Vpr also upregulated cell cycle-related genes and was largely responsible for inducing an attenuated IFN response. We note that the induced IFN response most closely resembled a type-III IFN response. Vpu and Nef-regulated smaller sets of genes whose transcriptomic signatures upon infection related to cytokine and chemokine processes. This work provides more insight regarding processes that are manipulated by HIV-1 accessory proteins at the transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Martins
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.J.M.); (E.S.C.P.W.)
| | - Matthew A. Szaniawski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Elizabeth S. C. P. Williams
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.J.M.); (E.S.C.P.W.)
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology (CNM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISDIII), 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Timothy M. Hanley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.J.M.); (E.S.C.P.W.)
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence: (T.M.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.J.M.); (E.S.C.P.W.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.H.); (V.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tomer S, Mu W, Suryawanshi G, Ng H, Wang L, Wennerberg W, Rezek V, Martin H, Chen I, Kitchen S, Zhen A. Cannabidiol modulates expression of type I IFN response genes and HIV infection in macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926696. [PMID: 36248834 PMCID: PMC9560767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is a widely used drug in the United States and the frequency of cannabis use is particularly high among people living with HIV (PLWH). One key component of cannabis, the non-psychotropic (-)-cannabidiol (CBD) exerts a wide variety of biological actions, including anticonvulsive, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the exact mechanism of action through which CBD affects the immune cell signaling remains poorly understood. Here we report that CBD modulates type I interferon responses in human macrophages. Transcriptomics analysis shows that CBD treatment significantly attenuates cGAS-STING-mediated activation of type I Interferon response genes (ISGs) in monocytic THP-1 cells. We further showed that CBD treatment effectively attenuates 2'3-cGAMP stimulation of ISGs in both THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages. Interestingly, CBD significantly upregulates expression of autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1. p62 is critical for autophagy-mediated degradation of stimulated STING. We observed that CBD treated THP-1 cells have elevated autophagy activity. Upon 2'3'-cGAMP stimulation, CBD treated cells have rapid downregulation of phosphorylated-STING, leading to attenuated expression of ISGs. The CBD attenuation of ISGs is reduced in autophagy deficient THP-1 cells, suggesting that the effects of CBD on ISGs is partially mediated by autophagy induction. Lastly, CBD decreases ISGs expression upon HIV infection in THP-1 cells and human primary macrophages, leading to increased HIV RNA expression 24 hours after infection. However, long term culture with CBD in infected primary macrophages reduced HIV viral spread, suggesting potential dichotomous roles of CBD in HIV replication. Our study highlights the immune modulatory effects of CBD and the needs for additional studies on its effect on viral infection and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shallu Tomer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gajendra Suryawanshi
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hwee Ng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wally Wennerberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Valerie Rezek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Heather Martin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Irvin Chen
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anjie Zhen,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Signaling Enables Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) Sensing of HIV-1 Infection in Macrophages. mBio 2021; 12:e0281721. [PMID: 34844429 PMCID: PMC8630538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02817-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replicates in cells that express a wide array of innate immune sensors and may do so simultaneously with other pathogens. How a coexisting innate immune stimulus influences the outcome of HIV-1 sensing, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the activation of a second signaling pathway enables a cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) response to HIV-1 infection. We used RNA sequencing to determine that HIV-1 alone induced few or no signs of an IFN-I response in THP-1 cells. In contrast, when supplemented with suboptimal levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), HIV-1 infection triggered the production of elevated levels of IFN-I and significant upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. LPS-mediated enhancement of IFN-I production upon HIV-1 infection, which was observed in primary macrophages, was lost by blocking reverse transcription and with a hyperstable capsid, pointing to viral DNA being an essential immunostimulatory molecule. LPS also synergistically enhanced IFN-I production by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a second messenger of cGAS. These observations suggest that the DNA sensor cGAS is responsible for a type I IFN response to HIV-1 in concert with LPS receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Small amounts of a TLR2 agonist also cooperate with HIV-1 to induce type I IFN production. These results demonstrate how subtle immunomodulatory activity renders HIV-1 capable of eliciting an IFN-I response through positive cross talk between cGAS and TLR sensing pathways.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rojas M, Luz-Crawford P, Soto-Rifo R, Reyes-Cerpa S, Toro-Ascuy D. The Landscape of IFN/ISG Signaling in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages and Its Possible Role in the HIV-1 Latency. Cells 2021; 10:2378. [PMID: 34572027 PMCID: PMC8467246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the generation of latent viral reservoirs, which have been associated with chronic immune activation and sustained inflammation. Macrophages play a protagonist role in this context since they are persistently infected while being a major effector of the innate immune response through the generation of type-I interferons (type I IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The balance in the IFN signaling and the ISG induction is critical to promote a successful HIV-1 infection. Classically, the IFNs response is fine-tuned by opposing promotive and suppressive signals. In this context, it was described that HIV-1-infected macrophages can also synthesize some antiviral effector ISGs and, positive and negative regulators of the IFN/ISG signaling. Recently, epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms were described, being the N6-methylation (m6A) modification on mRNAs one of the most relevant. The epitranscriptomic regulation can affect not only IFN/ISG signaling, but also type I IFN expression, and viral fitness through modifications to HIV-1 RNA. Thus, the establishment of replication-competent latent HIV-1 infected macrophages may be due to non-classical mechanisms of type I IFN that modulate the activation of the IFN/ISG signaling network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masyelly Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad of Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Daniela Toro-Ascuy
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
SERINC5 Can Enhance Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Primary Human Myeloid Cells in Response to Challenge with HIV-1 Particles. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02372-20. [PMID: 33597208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02372-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has to overcome physical barriers posed by host cell restriction factors (RFs) for efficient replication. Some RFs, including Trim5α and tetherin, trigger antiviral signaling in addition to directly impairing HIV replication. SERINC5 (S5) is an RF that is incorporated into HIV-1 particles to potently impair their infectivity and is efficiently antagonized by the viral pathogenesis factor Nef. Since effects of S5 on HIV-1 infectivity were mostly studied in reporter cell lines, we analyzed the effects of S5 during infection of primary HIV-1 target cells. In activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, virion incorporation of S5 only moderately impaired virion infectivity and was not associated with altered innate immune recognition. In contrast, in monocyte-derived macrophages, S5 virion incorporation potentiated the production of proinflammatory cytokines with very potent but donor-dependent effects on virion infectivity. Nef counteracted effects of S5 on both cytokine production and virion infectivity. Similar S5-induced cytokine production was observed in immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Notably, S5-mediated enhancement of cytokine production was not linked to the efficacy of productive infection and could be overcome by using vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) but not infectivity restriction-insensitive HIV-1 Env for cell entry. Moreover, inhibiting entry of S5-negative HIV-1 ΔNef particles increased proinflammatory cytokine production comparably to virion incorporation of S5. Together, these results describe the sensitization of noninfectious HIV-1 particles to proinflammatory cytokine production by myeloid target cells as an additional and Nef-sensitive activity of S5. Moreover, the study reveals important cell-type and donor-dependent differences in the sensitivity of HIV target cells for antiviral effects of S5.IMPORTANCE SERINC5 (S5) is a host cell restriction factor (RF) that impairs the infectivity of HIV-1 particles in target cell lines. To assess the potential physiological relevance of this restriction, we assessed the effects of S5 on HIV-1 infection of relevant primary human target cells. We found that effects of S5 on infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes were negligible. In myeloid target cells, however, virion incorporation of S5 potently suppressed infectivity and promoted innate immune recognition of HIV-1 particles characterized by proinflammatory cytokine production. Both effects were not observed in cells of all donors analyzed, were exerted independently of one another, and were counteracted by the HIV-1 pathogenesis factor Nef. These results identify the sensitization of HIV-1 particles for innate immune recognition by myeloid target cells as a novel activity of S5 and emphasize the need to study RF function in the context of primary target cells and taking donor variabilities into account.
Collapse
|
13
|
Schiff AE, Linder AH, Luhembo SN, Banning S, Deymier MJ, Diefenbach TJ, Dickey AK, Tsibris AM, Balazs AB, Cho JL, Medoff BD, Walzl G, Wilkinson RJ, Burgers WA, Corleis B, Kwon DS. T cell-tropic HIV efficiently infects alveolar macrophages through contact with infected CD4+ T cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3890. [PMID: 33594125 PMCID: PMC7886866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are critical for defense against airborne pathogens and AM dysfunction is thought to contribute to the increased burden of pulmonary infections observed in individuals living with HIV-1 (HIV). While HIV nucleic acids have been detected in AMs early in infection, circulating HIV during acute and chronic infection is usually CCR5 T cell-tropic (T-tropic) and enters macrophages inefficiently in vitro. The mechanism by which T-tropic viruses infect AMs remains unknown. We collected AMs by bronchoscopy performed in HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and uninfected subjects. We found that viral constructs made with primary HIV envelope sequences isolated from both AMs and plasma were T-tropic and inefficiently infected macrophages. However, these isolates productively infected macrophages when co-cultured with HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. In addition, we provide evidence that T-tropic HIV is transmitted from infected CD4+ T cells to the AM cytosol. We conclude that AM-derived HIV isolates are T-tropic and can enter macrophages through contact with an infected CD4+ T cell, which results in productive infection of AMs. CD4+ T cell-dependent entry of HIV into AMs helps explain the presence of HIV in AMs despite inefficient cell-free infection, and may contribute to AM dysfunction in people living with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Schiff
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Linder
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shillah N Luhembo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Banning
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J Deymier
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Diefenbach
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy K Dickey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athe M Tsibris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro B Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josalyn L Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST-NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 ONN, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 AT, UK
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany.
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sumner RP, Harrison L, Touizer E, Peacock TP, Spencer M, Zuliani‐Alvarez L, Towers GJ. Disrupting HIV-1 capsid formation causes cGAS sensing of viral DNA. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103958. [PMID: 32852081 PMCID: PMC7560218 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of viral DNA by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a first line of defence leading to the production of type I interferon (IFN). As HIV-1 replication is not a strong inducer of IFN, we hypothesised that an intact capsid physically cloaks viral DNA from cGAS. To test this, we generated defective viral particles by treatment with HIV-1 protease inhibitors or by genetic manipulation of gag. These viruses had defective Gag cleavage, reduced infectivity and diminished capacity to saturate TRIM5α. Importantly, unlike wild-type HIV-1, infection with cleavage defective HIV-1 triggered an IFN response in THP-1 cells that was dependent on viral DNA and cGAS. An IFN response was also observed in primary human macrophages infected with cleavage defective viruses. Infection in the presence of the capsid destabilising small molecule PF-74 also induced a cGAS-dependent IFN response. These data demonstrate a protective role for capsid and suggest that antiviral activity of capsid- and protease-targeting antivirals may benefit from enhanced innate and adaptive immunity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Sumner
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lauren Harrison
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emma Touizer
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthew Spencer
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Covino DA, Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Lu J, Chiantore MV, Fiorucci G, Vescio MF, Catapano L, Purificato C, Galluzzo CM, Amici R, Andreotti M, Gauzzi MC, Pellegrini M, Fantuzzi L. Transcriptome Profiling of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Upon CCL2 Neutralization Reveals an Association Between Activation of Innate Immune Pathways and Restriction of HIV-1 Gene Expression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2129. [PMID: 33072075 PMCID: PMC7531389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and main producers of the proinflammatory chemokine CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), whose expression is induced by HIV-1 both in vitro and in vivo. We previously found that CCL2 neutralization in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) strongly inhibited HIV-1 replication affecting post-entry steps of the viral life cycle. Here, we used RNA-sequencing to deeply characterize the cellular factors and pathways modulated by CCL2 blocking in MDMs and involved in HIV-1 replication restriction. We report that exposure to CCL2 neutralizing antibody profoundly affected the MDM transcriptome. Functional annotation clustering of up-regulated genes identified two clusters enriched for antiviral defense and immune response pathways, comprising several interferon-stimulated, and restriction factor coding genes. Transcripts in the clusters were enriched for RELA and NFKB1 targets, suggesting the activation of the canonical nuclear factor κB pathway as part of a regulatory network involving miR-155 up-regulation. Furthermore, while HIV-1 infection caused small changes to the MDM transcriptome, with no evidence of host defense gene expression and type I interferon signature, CCL2 blocking enabled the activation of a strong host innate response in infected macrophage cultures, and potently inhibited viral genes expression. Notably, an inverse correlation was found between levels of viral transcripts and of the restriction factors APOBEC3A (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 A), ISG15, and MX1. These findings highlight an association between activation of innate immune pathways and HIV-1 restriction upon CCL2 blocking and identify this chemokine as an endogenous factor contributing to the defective macrophage response to HIV-1. Therapeutic targeting of CCL2 may thus strengthen host innate immunity and restrict HIV-1 replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz
- UCLA Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, Center for the Health Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jing Lu
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Gianna Fiorucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Catapano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Purificato
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Amici
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pellegrini
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laura Fantuzzi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nguyen H, Gazy N, Venketaraman V. A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Co-Infection with HIV. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6148. [PMID: 32858917 PMCID: PMC7503332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious acid-fast bacillus and is known to cause tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It is a leading cause of death from a sole infectious agent, with an estimated 1.5 million deaths yearly worldwide, and up to one third of the world's population has been infected with TB. The virulence and susceptibility of Mtb are further amplified in the presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Coinfection with Mtb and HIV forms a lethal combination. Previous studies had demonstrated the synergistic effects of Mtb and HIV, with one disease accelerating the disease progression of the other through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of the immune response to these two pathogens. The response of the endosomal pattern recognition receptors to these two pathogens, specifically toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, -7, and -9, has not been elucidated, with some studies producing mixed results. This article seeks to review the roles of TLR-3, -7, and -9 in response to Mtb infection, as well as Mtb-HIV-coinfection via Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β (TRIF)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Nicky Gazy
- Beaumont Health System, 5450 Fort St, Trenton, MI 48183, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zablocki-Thomas L, Menzies SA, Lehner PJ, Manel N, Benaroch P. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies regulation factors of the TLR3 signalling pathway. Innate Immun 2020; 26:459-472. [PMID: 32248720 PMCID: PMC7491238 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920915507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of TLRs is specialised in the detection of incoming pathogens by sampling endosomes for nucleic acid contents. Among them, TLR3 senses the abnormal presence of double-stranded RNA in the endosomes and initiates a potent innate immune response via activation of NF-κB and IRF3. Nevertheless, mechanisms governing TLR3 regulation remain poorly defined. To identify new molecular players involved in the TLR3 pathway, we performed a genome-wide screen using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We generated TLR3+ reporter cells carrying a NF-κB-responsive promoter that controls GFP expression. Cells were next transduced with a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) library, subjected to sequential rounds of stimulation with poly(I:C) and sorting of the GFP-negative cells. Enrichments in sgRNA estimated by deep sequencing identified genes required for TLR3-induced activation of NF-κB. Among the hits, five genes known to be critically involved in the TLR3 pathway, including TLR3 itself and the chaperone UNC93B1, were identified by the screen, thus validating our strategy. We further studied the top 40 hits and focused on the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Depletion of AhR had a dual effect on the TLR3 response, abrogating IL-8 production and enhancing IP-10 release. Moreover, in primary human macrophages exposed to poly(I:C), AhR activation enhanced IL-8 and diminished IP-10 release. Overall, these results reveal AhR plays a role in the TLR3 cellular innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam A Menzies
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, France,Philippe Benaroch, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, France. Nicolas Manel, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gea-Mallorquí E, Zablocki-Thomas L, Maurin M, Jouve M, Rodrigues V, Ruffin N, Benaroch P. HIV-2-Infected Macrophages Produce and Accumulate Poorly Infectious Viral Particles. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1603. [PMID: 32754142 PMCID: PMC7365954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of HIV-2-infected patients exhibit natural virological control that is generally absent from HIV-1-infected patients. Along with CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 targets macrophages which may contribute to viral spreading and the latent reservoir. We have studied the relationship between macrophages and HIV-2, focusing on post-entry steps. HIV-2-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) produced substantial amounts of viral particles that were largely harbored intracellularly. New viruses assembled at the limiting membrane of internal compartments similar to virus-containing compartments (VCCs) described for HIV-1. VCCs from MDMs infected with either virus shared protein composition and morphology. Strikingly, HIV-2 Gag was mostly absent from the cytosol and almost exclusively localized to the VCCs, whereas HIV-1 Gag was distributed in both locations. Ultrastructural analyses of HIV-2-infected MDMs revealed the presence of numerous VCCs containing both immature and mature particles in the lumen. HIV-2 particles produced de novo by MDMs were poorly infectious in reporter cells and in transmission to activated T cells through a process that appeared independent of BST2 restriction. Rather than being involved in viral spreading, HIV-2-infected macrophages may represent a cell-associated source of viral antigens that can participate in the immune control of HIV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, UMR3216, Paris, France
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Benaroch
- Institut Curie, PSL∗ Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070711. [PMID: 32630058 PMCID: PMC7412260 DOI: 10.3390/v12070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Acute HIV infection induces robust inflammatory responses, which are insufficient to prevent or eliminate virus in mucosal tissues. While establishment of viral set-point is coincident with downregulation of acute innate responses, systemic inflammatory responses persist during the course of chronic HIV infection. Since the introduction of combination antiviral therapy (cART), most HIV-1+ individuals can suppress viremia under detection levels for decades. However, chronic immune activation persists and has been postulated to cause HIV associated non-AIDS complications (HANA). Importantly, inflammatory cytokines and activation markers associated with macrophages are strongly and selectively correlated with the incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), cardiovascular dysfunctions (CVD) and other HANA conditions. In this review, we discuss the roles of macrophages in facilitating viral persistence and contributing to generation of persistent inflammatory responses.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yin X, Langer S, Zhang Z, Herbert KM, Yoh S, König R, Chanda SK. Sensor Sensibility-HIV-1 and the Innate Immune Response. Cells 2020; 9:E254. [PMID: 31968566 PMCID: PMC7016969 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents the human immune system's first line of defense against a pathogenic intruder and is initiated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by specialized cellular sensors, called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a unique human RNA virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infected individuals. During the replication cycle, HIV-1 undergoes reverse transcription of its RNA genome and integrates the resulting DNA into the human genome. Subsequently, transcription of the integrated provirus results in production of new virions and spreading infection of the virus. Throughout the viral replication cycle, numerous nucleic acid derived PAMPs can be recognized by a diverse set of innate immune sensors in infected cells. However, HIV-1 has evolved efficient strategies to evade or counteract this immune surveillance and the downstream responses. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of the concerted actions of the innate immune system, as well as the corresponding viral evasion mechanisms during infection, is critical to understanding HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis, and may provide important guidance for the design of appropriate adjuvant and vaccine strategies. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular basis for sensing HIV-1 in human cells, including CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which innate sensing is regulated, and describe the strategies developed by HIV-1 to evade sensing and immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Simon Langer
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Cir, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristina M. Herbert
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Sunnie Yoh
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Renate König
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (X.Y.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.); (K.M.H.); (S.Y.); (R.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Inhibitors of the interferon response increase the replication of gorilla simian foamy viruses. Virology 2019; 541:25-31. [PMID: 31826843 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are complex retroviruses that are widespread throughout nonhuman primates. SFVs can also be transmitted to humans, mostly through bites. We previously observed that primary zoonotic gorilla SFV strains grow much more slowly than laboratory-adapted chimpanzee strains. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the growth of SFV is limited by interferon (IFN) using inhibitors of cellular pathways involved in the induction or action of type I IFN. Inhibitors of JAK1/2 (Ruxolitinib) and TBK-1 (BX795) led to a 2- to 4-fold higher percentage of cells infected with zoonotic gorilla SFVs but did not affect the replication of laboratory-adapted chimpanzee SFVs. IKK2 inhibitors (TPCA-1 and BMS345541) had no effect on any of the SFV strains. In conclusion, the addition of molecules that inhibit the type I IFN response to the culture medium can be used as a simple and efficient method to enhance the replication of zoonotic gorilla SFVs.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ipseiz N, Czubala MA, Bart VMT, Davies LC, Jenkins RH, Brennan P, Taylor PR. Effective In Vivo Gene Modification in Mouse Tissue-Resident Peritoneal Macrophages by Intraperitoneal Delivery of Lentiviral Vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 16:21-31. [PMID: 31720306 PMCID: PMC6838965 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages exhibit specialized phenotypes dependent on their in vivo physiological niche. Investigation of their function often relies upon complex whole mouse transgenic studies. While some appropriate lineage-associated promoters exist, there are no options for tissue-specific targeting of macrophages. We have developed full protocols for in vivo productive infection (defined by stable transgene expression) of tissue-resident macrophages with lentiviral vectors, enabling RNA and protein overexpression, including expression of small RNA species such as shRNA, to knock down and modulate gene expression. These approaches allow robust infection of peritoneal tissue-resident macrophages without significant infection of other cell populations. They permit rapid functional study of macrophages in homeostatic and inflammatory settings, such as thioglycolate-induced peritonitis, while maintaining the cells in their physiological context. Here we provide detailed protocols for the whole workflow: viral production, purification, and quality control; safety considerations for administration of the virus to mice; and assessment of in vivo transduction efficiency and the low background levels of inflammation induced by the virus. In summary, we present a quick and accessible protocol for the rapid assessment of gene function in peritoneal tissue-resident macrophages in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Ipseiz
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Magdalena A Czubala
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Valentina M T Bart
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Luke C Davies
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Robert H Jenkins
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cancer and Genetics Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bertram KM, Tong O, Royle C, Turville SG, Nasr N, Cunningham AL, Harman AN. Manipulation of Mononuclear Phagocytes by HIV: Implications for Early Transmission Events. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2263. [PMID: 31616434 PMCID: PMC6768965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are antigen presenting cells that play a key role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. In tissue, these consist of Langerhans cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, all of which express the key HIV entry receptors CD4 and CCR5 making them directly infectible with HIV. Mononuclear phagocytes are the first cells of the immune system to interact with invading pathogens such as HIV. Each cell type expresses a specific repertoire of pathogen binding receptors which triggers pathogen uptake and the release of innate immune cytokines. Langerhans cells and dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to CD4 T cells, whereas macrophages remain tissue resident. Here we review how HIV-1 manipulates these cells by blocking their ability to produce innate immune cytokines and taking advantage of their antigen presenting cell function in order to gain transport to its primary target cells, CD4 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Melissa Bertram
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Royle
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- HIV Biology, Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Whales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Lawrence Cunningham
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
HIV and HCV augments inflammatory responses through increased TREM-1 expression and signaling in Kupffer and Myeloid cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007883. [PMID: 31260499 PMCID: PMC6625740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects an estimated 35 million and 75 million individuals worldwide, respectively. These viruses induce persistent inflammation which often drives the development or progression of organ-specific diseases and even cancer including Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we sought to examine inflammatory responses following HIV or HCV stimulation of macrophages or Kupffer cells (KCs), that may contribute to virus mediated inflammation and subsequent liver disease. KCs are liver-resident macrophages and reports have provided evidence that HIV can stimulate and infect them. In order to characterize HIV-intrinsic innate immune responses that may occur in the liver, we performed microarray analyses on KCs following HIV stimulation. Our data demonstrate that KCs upregulate several innate immune signaling pathways involved in inflammation, myeloid cell maturation, stellate cell activation, and Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) signaling. TREM1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors and it is reported to be involved in systemic inflammatory responses due to its ability to amplify activation of host defense signaling pathways. Our data demonstrate that stimulation of KCs with HIV or HCV induces the upregulation of TREM1. Additionally, HIV viral proteins can upregulate expression of TREM1 mRNA through NF-кB signaling. Furthermore, activation of the TREM1 signaling pathway, with a targeted agonist, increased HIV or HCV-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages due to enhanced activation of the ERK1/2 signaling cascade. Silencing TREM1 dampened inflammatory immune responses elicited by HIV or HCV stimulation. Finally, HIV and HCV infected patients exhibit higher expression and frequency of TREM1 and CD68 positive cells. Taken together, TREM1 induction by HIV contributes to chronic inflammation in the liver and targeting TREM1 signaling may be a therapeutic option to minimize HIV induced chronic inflammation. Although HIV antiviral therapy has limited the progression to AIDS in infected patients, there is still significant morbidity and mortality from HIV-driven diseases due to sustained inflammation. In this study, we sought to elucidate how HIV and HCV could impact inflammation in the liver and cause progressive liver disease that can eventually lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. We found that HIV upregulates the inflammatory response amplifier, TREM1, in primary Kupffer Cells (KCs) that are liver-resident macrophages. Enhanced TREM1 expression subsequently is involved in augmented immune responses triggered by HIV or HCV. Additionally, our data demonstrates that blocking TREM1 expression reduces inflammatory responses mediated by HIV or HCV stimulation. Ultimately, our understanding of this mechanism may yield additional therapeutic strategies to help infected patients and give insight into inflammation driven liver cancer.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kinetics of Early Innate Immune Activation during HIV-1 Infection of Humanized Mice. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02123-18. [PMID: 30867315 PMCID: PMC6532090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02123-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with aberrant immune activation; however, most model systems for HIV-1 have been used during established infection. Here, we utilize ultrasensitive HIV-1 quantification to delineate early events during the eclipse, burst, and chronic phases of HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. We show that very early in infection, HIV-1 suppresses peripheral type I interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) responses, including the HIV-1 restriction factor IFI44. At the peak of innate immune activation, prior to CD4 T cell loss, HIV-1 infection differentially affects peripheral and lymphoid Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression profiles in T cells and macrophages. This results in a trend toward an altered activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). The subsequent type I and III IFN responses result in preferential induction of peripheral ISG responses. Following this initial innate immune activation, peripheral expression of the HIV-1 restriction factor SAM domain- and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) returns to levels below those observed in uninfected mice, suggesting that HIV-1 interferes with their basal expression. However, peripheral cells still retain their responsiveness to exogenous type I IFN, whereas splenic cells show a reduction in select ISGs in response to IFN. This demonstrates the highly dynamic nature of very early HIV-1 infection and suggests that blocks to the induction of HIV-1 restriction factors contribute to the establishment of viral persistence.IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is restricted to humans and some nonhuman primates (e.g., chimpanzee and gorilla). Alternative model systems based on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques are available but do not recapitulate all aspects of HIV-1 infection and disease. Humanized mice, which contain a human immune system, can be used to study HIV-1, but only limited information on early events and immune responses is available to date. Here, we describe very early immune responses to HIV-1 and demonstrate a suppression of cell-intrinsic innate immunity. Furthermore, we show that HIV-1 infection interacts differently with innate immune responses in blood and lymphoid organs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Buffone C, Kutzner J, Opp S, Martinez-Lopez A, Selyutina A, Coggings SA, Studdard LR, Ding L, Kim B, Spearman P, Schaller T, Diaz-Griffero F. The ability of SAMHD1 to block HIV-1 but not SIV requires expression of MxB. Virology 2019; 531:260-268. [PMID: 30959264 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is a human restriction factor known to prevent infection of macrophages, resting CD4+ T cells, and dendritic cells by HIV-1. To test the contribution of MxB to the ability of SAMHD1 to block HIV-1 infection, we created human THP-1 cell lines that were knocked out for expression of MxB, SAMHD1, or both. Interestingly, MxB depletion renders SAMHD1 ineffective against HIV-1 but not SIVmac. We observed similar results in human primary macrophages that were knockdown for the expression of MxB. To understand how MxB assists SAMHD1 restriction of HIV-1, we examined direct interaction between SAMHD1 and MxB in pull-down experiments. In addition, we investigated several properties of SAMHD1 in the absence of MxB expression, including subcellular localization, phosphorylation of the SAMHD1 residue T592, and dNTPs levels. These experiments showed that SAMHD1 restriction of HIV-1 requires expression of MxB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Buffone
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Juliane Kutzner
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Silvana Opp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Alicia Martinez-Lopez
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Anastasia Selyutina
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | | | - Lingmei Ding
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Emory University, Pediatrics, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| | - Paul Spearman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Torsten Schaller
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) continues to be a major burden to human health worldwide. How infected cells recognize and respond to HIV-1 infection is important in order to better understand the biology of the virus and the cellular pathways activated upon infection and to identify potential targets that interfere with viral replication. In this study, we investigated innate immune responses of different cell types following infection with single-cycle (replication-defective) HIV-1 reporter virus. We report that infection with a commonly used HIV-1 strain (lacking the env, nef, and vpr genes) does not measurably activate cellular defense mechanisms and that the virus is able to avoid recognition by cellular sensors. Effective host immune responses against viral infection rely on the detection of the virus, activation of downstream signaling pathways, and the secretion of interferons (IFNs) and other cytokines. Many viruses can potently stimulate these responses, whereas the immune response against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains relatively less well characterized. Here we show that HIV-1 infection with reporter viruses does not activate sensing pathways in cell lines and primary cells that are otherwise responsive to foreign nucleic acids. After entry into cells, reverse transcription and reporter expression occur without the virus ever being detected by cellular sensors or stimulating an interferon response. Using multiple methods, including the use of reporter cell lines for type I IFN and NF-κB pathway activation, quantifying mRNA levels for IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and assaying for markers of innate immune activation, we show that single-round pseudotyped HIV-1-based reporter viruses fail to induce innate immune responses.
Collapse
|
28
|
Johnson JS, Lucas SY, Amon LM, Skelton S, Nazitto R, Carbonetti S, Sather DN, Littman DR, Aderem A. Reshaping of the Dendritic Cell Chromatin Landscape and Interferon Pathways during HIV Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:366-381.e9. [PMID: 29544097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) have the innate capacity to sense pathogens and orchestrate immune responses. However, DCs do not mount efficient immune responses to HIV-1, primarily due to restriction of virus reverse transcription, which prevents accumulation of viral cDNA and limits its detection through the cGAS-STING pathway. By allowing reverse transcription to proceed, we find that DCs detect HIV-1 in distinct phases, before and after virus integration. Blocking integration suppresses, but does not abolish, activation of the transcription factor IRF3, downstream interferon (IFN) responses, and DC maturation. Consistent with two stages of detection, HIV-1 "primes" chromatin accessibility of innate immune genes before and after integration. Once primed, robust IFN responses can be unmasked by agonists of the innate adaptor protein, MyD88, through a process that requires cGAS, STING, IRF3, and nuclear factor κB. Thus, HIV-1 replication increases material available for sensing, and discrete inflammatory inputs tune cGAS signaling to drive DC maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasha Y Lucas
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn M Amon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Rodolfo Nazitto
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sara Carbonetti
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Krapp C, Jønsson K, Jakobsen MR. STING dependent sensing - Does HIV actually care? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:68-76. [PMID: 29548644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of DNA is essential for the innate immune system to detect threats, like viruses, intracellular bacteria or cellular DNA damage. At the centre of this conserved mammalian mechanism stands the adaptor protein STING. STING is highly regulated and is part of a complex signalling network. This network depends on the sensors cGAS and IFI16 to detect misplaced DNA in the cytoplasm as well as on the kinase TBK1 and the transcription factor IRF3. The DNA sensing machinery has been implicated in many diseases, among others HIV. Here we present a comprehensive review of current status on the STING pathway with all its components and regulations related to HIV pathogenesis. By this, we try to answer the question if STING-mediated DNA sensing plays a role in HIV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kasper Jønsson
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Martin R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Retroviruses are genome invaders that have shared a long history of coevolution with vertebrates and their immune system. Found endogenously in genomes as traces of past invasions, retroviruses are also considerable threats to human health when they exist as exogenous viruses such as HIV. The immune response to retroviruses is engaged by germline-encoded sensors of innate immunity that recognize viral components and damage induced by the infection. This response develops with the induction of antiviral effectors and launching of the clonal adaptive immune response, which can contribute to protective immunity. However, retroviruses efficiently evade the immune response, owing to their rapid evolution. The failure of specialized immune cells to respond, a form of neglect, may also contribute to inadequate antiretroviral immune responses. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which immune responses to retroviruses are mounted at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. We also discuss how intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immunity may cooperate or conflict during the generation of immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Sáez-Cirión
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rodrigues V, Ruffin N, San-Roman M, Benaroch P. Myeloid Cell Interaction with HIV: A Complex Relationship. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1698. [PMID: 29250073 PMCID: PMC5714857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the myeloid lineage, particularly macrophages, serve as primary hosts for HIV in vivo, along with CD4 T lymphocytes. Macrophages are present in virtually every tissue of the organism, including locations with negligible T cell colonization, such as the brain, where HIV-mediated inflammation may lead to pathological sequelae. Moreover, infected macrophages are present in multiple other tissues. Recent evidence obtained in humanized mice and macaque models highlighted the capacity of macrophages to sustain HIV replication in vivo in the absence of T cells. Combined with the known resistance of the macrophage to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, such data bring a renewed interest in this cell type both as a vehicle for viral spread as well as a viral reservoir. While our understanding of key processes of HIV infection of macrophages is far from complete, recent years have nevertheless brought important insight into the uniqueness of the macrophage infection. Productive infection of macrophages by HIV can occur by different routes including from phagocytosis of infected T cells. In macrophages, HIV assembles and buds into a peculiar plasma membrane-connected compartment that preexists to the infection. While the function of such compartment remains elusive, it supposedly allows for the persistence of infectious viral particles over extended periods of time and may play a role on viral transmission. As cells of the innate immune system, macrophages have the capacity to detect and respond to viral components. Recent data suggest that such sensing may occur at multiple steps of the viral cycle and impact subsequent viral spread. We aim to provide an overview of the HIV-macrophage interaction along the multiple stages of the viral life cycle, extending when pertinent such observations to additional myeloid cell types such as dendritic cells or blood monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Rodrigues
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel San-Roman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR3216, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mechanism of Interferon-Stimulated Gene Induction in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00744-17. [PMID: 28768867 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00744-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate the complex interferon and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) system in different ways. We have previously shown that HIV inhibits type I and III interferons in its key target cells but directly stimulates a subset of >20 ISGs in macrophages and dendritic cells, many of which are antiviral. Here, we examine the mechanism of induction of ISGs and show this occurs in two phases. The first phase was transient (0 to 24 h postinfection [hpi]), induced mainly by extracellular vesicles and one of its component proteins, HSP90α, contained within the HIV inoculum. The second, dominant, and persistent phase (>48 hpi) was induced via newly transcribed HIV RNA and sensed via RIGI, as shown by the reduction in ISG expression after the knockdown of the RIGI adaptor, MAVS, by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the inhibition of both the initiation and elongation of HIV transcription by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transcriptional silencing. We further define the induction pathway, showing sequential HIV RNA stimulation via Tat, RIGI, MAVS, IRF1, and IRF7, also identified by siRNA knockdown. IRF1 also plays a key role in the first phase. We also show that the ISGs IFIT1 to -3 inhibit HIV production, measured as extracellular infectious virus. All induced antiviral ISGs probably lead to restriction of HIV replication in macrophages, contributing to a persistent, noncytopathic infection, while the inhibition of interferon facilitates spread to adjacent cells. Both may influence the size of macrophage HIV reservoirs in vivo Elucidating the mechanisms of ISG induction may help in devising immunotherapeutic strategies to limit the size of these reservoirs.IMPORTANCE HIV, like other viruses, manipulates the antiviral interferon and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) system to facilitate its initial infection and establishment of viral reservoirs. HIV specifically inhibits all type I and III interferons in its target cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. It also induces a subset of over 20 ISGs of differing compositions in each cell target. This occurs in two temporal phases in macrophages. Extracellular vesicles contained within the inoculum induce the first, transient phase of ISGs. Newly transcribed HIV RNA induce the second, dominant ISG phase, and here, the full induction pathway is defined. Therefore, HIV nucleic acids, which are potent inducers of interferon and ISGs, are initially concealed, and antiviral ISGs are not fully induced until replication is well established. These antiviral ISGs may contribute to persistent infection in macrophages and to the establishment of viral reservoirs in vivo.
Collapse
|
33
|
Durantel D, Kusters I, Louis J, Manel N, Ottenhoff THM, Picot V, Saaadatian-Elahi M. Mechanisms behind TB, HBV, and HIV chronic infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:142-150. [PMID: 28919545 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion is critical for pathogens to maintain their presence within hosts, giving rise to chronic infections. Here, we examine the immune evasion strategies employed by three pathogens with high medical burden, namely, tuberculosis, HIV and HBV. Establishment of chronic infection by these pathogens is a multi-step process that involves an interplay between restriction factor, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Engagement of these host defences is intimately linked with specific steps within the pathogen replication cycles. Critical host factors are increasingly recognized to regulate immune evasion and susceptibility to disease. Fuelled by innovative technology development, the understanding of these mechanisms provides critical knowledge for rational design of vaccines and therapeutic immune strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Durantel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, U1052, CNRS, University of Lyon, UMR_5286, LabEx DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
| | - Inca Kusters
- Sanofi Pasteur, 2 Avenue du Pont Pasteur, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jacques Louis
- Fondation Mérieux, 17 rue Bourgelat, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Institute Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Group Immunology and Immunogenetics of Bacterial Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Bldg. 1, Rm # C-05-43 Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mitra Saaadatian-Elahi
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Karaji N, Sattentau QJ. Efferocytosis of Pathogen-Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1863. [PMID: 29312342 PMCID: PMC5743670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prompt and efficient clearance of unwanted and abnormal cells by phagocytes is termed efferocytosis and is crucial for organism development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and regulation of the immune system. Dying cells are recognized by phagocytes through pathways initiated via "find me" signals, recognition via "eat me" signals and down-modulation of regulatory "don't eat me" signals. Pathogen infection may trigger cell death that drives phagocytic clearance in an immunologically silent, or pro-inflammatory manner, depending on the mode of cell death. In many cases, efferocytosis is a mechanism for eliminating pathogens and pathogen-infected cells; however, some pathogens have subverted this process and use efferocytic mechanisms to avoid innate immune detection and assist phagocyte infection. In parallel, phagocytes can integrate signals received from infected dying cells to elicit the most appropriate effector response against the infecting pathogen. This review focuses on pathogen-induced cell death signals that drive infected cell recognition and uptake by phagocytes, and the outcomes for the infected target cell, the phagocyte, the pathogen and the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Karaji
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|