1
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Fert A, Richard J, Raymond Marchand L, Planas D, Routy JP, Chomont N, Finzi A, Ancuta P. Metformin facilitates viral reservoir reactivation and their recognition by anti-HIV-1 envelope antibodies. iScience 2024; 27:110670. [PMID: 39252967 PMCID: PMC11381840 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) positively regulates multiple steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. We previously reported that a 12-week supplementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with metformin, an indirect mTOR inhibitor used in type-2 diabetes treatment, reduced mTOR activation and HIV transcription in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T cells, together with systemic inflammation in nondiabetic people with HIV-1 (PWH). Herein, we investigated the antiviral mechanisms of metformin. In a viral outgrowth assay performed with CD4+ T cells from ART-treated PWH, and upon infection in vitro with replication-competent and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1, metformin decreased virion release, but increased the frequency of productively infected CD4lowHIV-p24+ T cells. These observations coincided with increased BST2/tetherin (HIV release inhibitor) and Bcl-2 (pro-survival factor) expression, and improved recognition of productively infected T cells by HIV-1 envelope antibodies. Thus, metformin exerts pleiotropic effects on post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle and may be used to accelerate viral reservoir decay in ART-treated PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Delphine Planas
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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2
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Marchitto L, Tauzin A, Benlarbi M, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Dionne K, Bélanger É, Chatterjee D, Bourassa C, Medjahed H, Yang D, Chiu TJ, Chen HC, III ABS, Richard J, Finzi A. NTB-A and 2B4 Natural Killer Cell Receptors Modulate the Capacity of a Cocktail of Non-Neutralizing Antibodies and a Small CD4-Mimetic to Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells by Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Viruses 2024; 16:1167. [PMID: 39066329 PMCID: PMC11281563 DOI: 10.3390/v16071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells have the potential to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). NK cell activation is tightly regulated by the engagement of its inhibitory and activating receptors. The activating receptor CD16 drives ADCC upon binding to the Fc portion of antibodies; NK cell activation is further sustained by the co-engagement of activating receptors NTB-A and 2B4. During HIV-1 infection, Nef and Vpu accessory proteins contribute to ADCC escape by downregulating the ligands of NTB-A and 2B4. HIV-1 also evades ADCC by keeping its envelope glycoproteins (Env) in a "closed" conformation which effectively masks epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) which are abundant in the plasma of people living with HIV. To achieve this, the virus uses its accessory proteins Nef and Vpu to downregulate the CD4 receptor, which otherwise interacts with Env and exposes the epitopes recognized by nnAbs. Small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) have the capacity to expose these epitopes, thus sensitizing infected cells to ADCC. Given the central role of NK cell co-activating receptors NTB-A and 2B4 in Fc-effector functions, we studied their contribution to CD4mc-mediated ADCC. Despite the fact that their ligands are partially downregulated by HIV-1, we found that both co-activating receptors significantly contribute to CD4mc sensitization of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Katrina Dionne
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Étienne Bélanger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith III
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada (J.R.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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3
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Fert A, Richard J, Marchand LR, Planas D, Routy JP, Chomont N, Finzi A, Ancuta P. Metformin Enhances Antibody-Mediated Recognition of HIV-Infected CD4 + T-Cells by Decreasing Viral Release. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.15.580166. [PMID: 38464135 PMCID: PMC10925111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.15.580166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) positively regulates multiple steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. We previously reported that a 12-weeks supplementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with metformin, an indirect mTOR inhibitor used in type-2 diabetes treatment, reduced mTOR activation and HIV transcription in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells, together with systemic inflammation in nondiabetic people with HIV-1 (PWH). Herein, we investigated the antiviral mechanisms of metformin. In a viral outgrowth assay performed with CD4+ T-cells from ART-treated PWH, and upon infection in vitro with replication-competent and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1, metformin decreased virion release, but increased the frequency of productively infected CD4lowHIV-p24+ T-cells. These observations coincided with increased BST2/Tetherin (HIV release inhibitor) and Bcl-2 (pro-survival factor) expression, and improved recognition of productively infected T-cells by HIV-1 Envelope antibodies. Thus, metformin exerts pleiotropic effects on post-transcription/translation steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle and may be used to accelerate viral reservoir decay in ART-treated PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Delphine Planas
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Lead Contact
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4
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Abstract
Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs, respectively) encode several small proteins (Vif, Vpr, Nef, Vpu, and Vpx) that are called accessory because they are not generally required for viral replication in cell culture. However, they play complex and important roles for viral immune evasion and spread in vivo. Here, we discuss the diverse functions and the relevance of the viral protein U (Vpu) that is expressed from a bicistronic RNA during the late stage of the viral replication cycle and found only in HIV-1 and closely related SIVs. It is well established that Vpu counteracts the restriction factor tetherin, mediates degradation of the primary viral CD4 receptors, and inhibits activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B. Recent studies identified additional activities and provided new insights into the sophisticated mechanisms by which Vpu enhances and prolongs the release of fully infectious viral particles. In addition, it has been shown that Vpu prevents superinfection not only by degrading CD4 but also by modulating DNA repair mechanisms to promote degradation of nuclear viral complementary DNA in cells that are already productively infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Volcic
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;
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5
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Marchitto L, Benlarbi M, Prévost J, Laumaea A, Descôteaux-Dinelle J, Medjahed H, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D, Hahn BH, Finzi A, Richard J. Impact of HIV-1 Vpu-mediated downregulation of CD48 on NK-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. mBio 2023; 14:e0078923. [PMID: 37404017 PMCID: PMC10470595 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00789-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 evades antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses not only by controlling Env conformation and quantity at the cell surface but also by altering NK cell activation via the downmodulation of several ligands of activating and co-activating NK cell receptors. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors, which includes NTB-A and 2B4, act as co-activating receptors to sustain NK cell activation and cytotoxic responses. These receptors cooperate with CD16 (FcγRIII) and other activating receptors to trigger NK cell effector functions. In that context, Vpu-mediated downregulation of NTB-A on HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells was shown to prevent NK cell degranulation via an homophilic interaction, thus contributing to ADCC evasion. However, less is known on the capacity of HIV-1 to evade 2B4-mediated NK cell activation and ADCC. Here, we show that HIV-1 downregulates the ligand of 2B4, CD48, from the surface of infected cells in a Vpu-dependent manner. This activity is conserved among Vpu proteins from the HIV-1/SIVcpz lineage and depends on conserved residues located in its transmembrane domain and dual phosphoserine motif. We show that NTB-A and 2B4 stimulate CD16-mediated NK cell degranulation and contribute to ADCC responses directed to HIV-1-infected cells to the same extent. Our results suggest that HIV-1 has evolved to downmodulate the ligands of both SLAM receptors to evade ADCC. IMPORTANCE Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can contribute to the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells and HIV-1 reservoirs. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms used by HIV-1 to evade ADCC might help develop novel approaches to reduce the viral reservoirs. Members of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors, such as NTB-A and 2B4, play a key role in stimulating NK cell effector functions, including ADCC. Here, we show that Vpu downmodulates CD48, the ligand of 2B4, and this contributes to protect HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC. Our results highlight the importance of the virus to prevent the triggering of the SLAM receptors to evade ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jade Descôteaux-Dinelle
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Richard J, Prévost J, Bourassa C, Brassard N, Boutin M, Benlarbi M, Goyette G, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Gaudette F, Chen HC, Tolbert WD, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Dubé M, Clark A, Mothes W, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Temsavir blocks the immunomodulatory activities of HIV-1 soluble gp120. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:540-552.e6. [PMID: 36958337 PMCID: PMC10198848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
While HIV-1-mediated CD4 downregulation protects infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), shed gp120 binds to CD4 on uninfected bystander CD4+ T cells, sensitizing them to ADCC mediated by HIV+ plasma. Soluble gp120-CD4 interaction on multiple immune cells also triggers a cytokine burst. The small molecule temsavir acts as an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor by preventing envelope glycoprotein (Env)-CD4 interaction and alters the overall antigenicity of Env by affecting its processing and glycosylation. Here we show that temsavir also blocks the immunomodulatory activities of shed gp120. Temsavir prevents shed gp120 from interacting with uninfected bystander CD4+ cells, protecting them from ADCC responses and preventing a cytokine burst. Mechanistically, this depends on temsavir's capacity to prevent soluble gp120-CD4 interaction, to reduce gp120 shedding, and to alter gp120 antigenicity. This suggests that the clinical benefits provided by temsavir could extend beyond blocking viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Fleur Gaudette
- Plateforme de Pharmacocinétique, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrew Clark
- ViiV Healthcare, Global Medical Affairs, Middlesex TW8 9GS, UK
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
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7
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Pedersen ML, Pedersen DV, Winkler MBL, Olesen HG, Søgaard OS, Østergaard L, Laursen NS, Rahimic AHF, Tolstrup M. Nanobody-mediated complement activation to kill HIV-infected cells. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16422. [PMID: 36799046 PMCID: PMC10086584 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system which is part of the innate immune response against invading pathogens represents a powerful mechanism for killing of infected cells. Utilizing direct complement recruitment for complement-mediated elimination of HIV-1-infected cells is underexplored. We developed a novel therapeutic modality to direct complement activity to the surface of HIV-1-infected cells. This bispecific complement engager (BiCE) is comprised of a nanobody recruiting the complement-initiating protein C1q, and single-chain variable fragments of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein. Here, we show that two anti-HIV BiCEs targeting the V3 loop and the CD4 binding site, respectively, increase C3 deposition and mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of HIV-1 Env-expressing Raji cells. Furthermore, anti-HIV BiCEs trigger complement activation on primary CD4 T cells infected with laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain and facilitates elimination of HIV-1-infected cells over time. In summary, we present a novel approach to direct complement deposition to the surface of HIV-1-infected cells leading to complement-mediated killing of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heidi Gytz Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Laumaea A, Marchitto L, Ding S, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Prévost J, Gasser R, Chatterjee D, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Chen HC, Smith AB, Ding H, Kappes JC, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F, Richard J, Duerr R, Finzi A. Small CD4 mimetics sensitize HIV-1-infected macrophages to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111983. [PMID: 36640355 PMCID: PMC9941794 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) conformation determines the susceptibility of infected CD4+ T cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Upon interaction with CD4, Env adopts more "open" conformations, exposing ADCC epitopes. HIV-1 limits Env-CD4 interaction and protects infected cells against ADCC by downregulating CD4 via Nef, Vpu, and Env. Limited data exist, however, of the role of these proteins in downmodulating CD4 on infected macrophages and how this impacts Env conformation. While Nef, Vpu, and Env are all required to efficiently downregulate CD4 on infected CD4+ T cells, we show here that any one of these proteins is sufficient to downmodulate most CD4 from the surface of infected macrophages. Consistent with this finding, Nef and Vpu have a lesser impact on Env conformation and ADCC sensitivity in infected macrophages compared with CD4+ T cells. However, treatment of infected macrophages with small CD4 mimetics exposes vulnerable CD4-induced Env epitopes and sensitizes them to ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John C Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
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9
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Prévost J, Anand SP, Rajashekar JK, Zhu L, Richard J, Goyette G, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Chen HC, Chen Y, Horwitz JA, Grunst MW, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Burton DR, Flavell RA, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Nussenzweig MC, Kumar P, Finzi A. HIV-1 Vpu restricts Fc-mediated effector functions in vivo. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111624. [PMID: 36351384 PMCID: PMC9703018 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) can eliminate HIV-1-infected cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and were identified as a correlate of protection in the RV144 vaccine trial. Fc-mediated effector functions of nnAbs were recently shown to alter the course of HIV-1 infection in vivo using a vpu-defective virus. Since Vpu is known to downregulate cell-surface CD4, which triggers conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), we ask whether the lack of Vpu expression was linked to the observed nnAbs activity. We find that restoring Vpu expression greatly reduces nnAb recognition of infected cells, rendering them resistant to ADCC. Moreover, administration of nnAbs in humanized mice reduces viral loads only in animals infected with a vpu-defective but not with a wild-type virus. CD4-mimetics administration, known to "open" Env and expose nnAb epitopes, renders wild-type viruses sensitive to nnAbs Fc-effector functions. This work highlights the importance of Vpu-mediated evasion of humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jyothi Krishnaswamy Rajashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Joshua A Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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10
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Mechanism of Viral Suppression among HIV Elite Controllers and Long-Term Nonprogressors in Nigeria and South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061270. [PMID: 35746741 PMCID: PMC9228396 DOI: 10.3390/v14061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A subgroup among people living with HIV (PLHIV) experience viral suppression, sometimes to an undetectable level in the blood and/or are able to maintain a healthy CD4+ T-cell count without the influence of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. One out of three hundred PLHIV fall into this category, and a large sample of this group can be found in areas with a high prevalence of HIV infection such as Nigeria and South Africa. Understanding the mechanism underpinning the nonprogressive phenotype in this subgroup may provide insights into the control of the global HIV epidemic. This work provides mechanisms of the elite control and nonprogressive phenotype among PLHIV in Nigeria and South Africa and identifies research gaps that will contribute to a better understanding on HIV controllers among PLHIV.
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11
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IgG targeting distinct seasonal coronavirus- conserved SARS-CoV-2 spike subdomains correlates with differential COVID-19 disease outcomes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110904. [PMID: 35617962 PMCID: PMC9108089 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite SARS-CoV-2 being a "novel" virus, early detection of anti-spike IgG in severe COVID-19 patients may be caused by the amplification of humoral memory responses against seasonal coronaviruses. Here, we examine this phenomenon by characterizing anti-spike IgG responses in non-hospitalized convalescent individuals across a spectrum of COVID-19 severity. We observe that disease severity positively correlates with anti-spike IgG levels, IgG cross-reactivity against other betacoronaviruses (β-CoVs), and FcγR activation. Analysis of IgG targeting β-CoV-conserved and non-conserved immunodominant epitopes within the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein revealed epitope-specific relationships: IgG targeting the conserved heptad repeat (HR) 2 region significantly correlates with milder disease, while targeting the conserved S2'FP region correlates with more severe disease. Furthermore, a lower HR2-to-S2'FP IgG-binding ratio correlates with greater disease severity, with ICU-hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing the lowest HR2/S2'FP ratios. These findings suggest that HR2/S2'FP IgG profiles may predict disease severity and offer insight into protective versus deleterious humoral recall responses.
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12
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Substitutions in Nef That Uncouple Tetherin and SERINC5 Antagonism Impair Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Primary Rhesus Macaque Lymphocytes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0017622. [PMID: 35536019 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00176-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) use Nef to counteract restriction by the tetherin proteins of their nonhuman primate hosts. In addition to counteracting tetherin, SIV Nef has a number of other functions, including the downmodulation of CD3, CD4, and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules from the surface of SIV-infected cells and the enhancement of viral infectivity by preventing the incorporation of SERINC5 into virions. Although these activities require different surfaces of Nef, they can be difficult to separate because of their dependence on similar interactions with AP-1 or AP-2 for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We previously observed extensive overlap of the SIV Nef residues required for counteracting tetherin and SERINC5. Here, we define substitutions in Nef that separate anti-tetherin activity from SERINC5 antagonism and other activities of Nef. This information was used to engineer an infectious molecular clone of SIV (SIVmac239nefSA) that is sensitive to tetherin but retains CD3, CD4, MHC I, and SERINC5 downmodulation. In primary rhesus macaque CD4+ T cells, SIVmac239nefSA exhibits impaired replication compared to wild-type SIVmac239 under conditions of interferon-induced upregulation of tetherin. These results demonstrate that tetherin antagonism can be separated from other Nef functions and that resistance to tetherin is essential for optimal replication in primary CD4+ T cells. IMPORTANCE Tetherin is an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that prevents the detachment of enveloped viruses from infected cells by physically tethering nascent virions to cellular membranes. SIV Nef downmodulates simian tetherin to overcome this restriction in nonhuman primate hosts. Nef also enhances virus infectivity by preventing the incorporation of SERINC5 into virions and contributes to immune evasion by downmodulating other proteins from the cell surface. To assess the contribution of tetherin antagonism to virus replication, we engineered an infectious molecular clone of SIV with substitutions in Nef that uncouple tetherin antagonism from other Nef functions. These substitutions impaired virus replication in interferon-treated macaque CD4+ T cells, revealing the impact of tetherin on SIV replication under physiological conditions in primary CD4+ lymphocytes.
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13
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Robinson CA, Lyddon TD, Gil HM, Evans DT, Kuzmichev YV, Richard J, Finzi A, Welbourn S, Rasmussen L, Nebane NM, Gupta VV, Ananthan S, Cai Z, Wonderlich ER, Augelli-Szafran CE, Bostwick R, Ptak RG, Schader SM, Johnson MC. Novel Compound Inhibitors of HIV-1 NL4-3 Vpu. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040817. [PMID: 35458546 PMCID: PMC9024541 DOI: 10.3390/v14040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Vpu targets the host cell proteins CD4 and BST-2/Tetherin for degradation, ultimately resulting in enhanced virus spread and host immune evasion. The discovery and characterization of small molecules that antagonize Vpu would further elucidate the contribution of Vpu to pathogenesis and lay the foundation for the study of a new class of novel HIV-1 therapeutics. To identify novel compounds that block Vpu activity, we have developed a cell-based ‘gain of function’ assay that produces a positive signal in response to Vpu inhibition. To develop this assay, we took advantage of the viral glycoprotein, GaLV Env. In the presence of Vpu, GaLV Env is not incorporated into viral particles, resulting in non-infectious virions. Vpu inhibition restores infectious particle production. Using this assay, a high throughput screen of >650,000 compounds was performed to identify inhibitors that block the biological activity of Vpu. From this screen, we identified several positive hits but focused on two compounds from one structural family, SRI-41897 and SRI-42371. We developed independent counter-screens for off target interactions of the compounds and found no off target interactions. Additionally, these compounds block Vpu-mediated modulation of CD4, BST-2/Tetherin and antibody dependent cell-mediated toxicity (ADCC). Unfortunately, both SRI-41897 and SRI-42371 were shown to be specific to the N-terminal region of NL4-3 Vpu and did not function against other, more clinically relevant, strains of Vpu; however, this assay may be slightly modified to include more significant Vpu strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Terri D. Lyddon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (H.M.G.); (D.T.E.)
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (H.M.G.); (D.T.E.)
| | - Yury V. Kuzmichev
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada; (J.R.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada; (J.R.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada
| | - Sarah Welbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - N. Miranda Nebane
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Vandana V. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Sam Ananthan
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Zhaohui Cai
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Corinne E. Augelli-Szafran
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Robert Bostwick
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Roger G. Ptak
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Susan M. Schader
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Marc C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Prévost J, Richard J, Gasser R, Medjahed H, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Kappes JC, Ochsenbauer C, Duerr R, Finzi A. Detection of the HIV-1 Accessory Proteins Nef and Vpu by Flow Cytometry Represents a New Tool to Study Their Functional Interplay within a Single Infected CD4 + T Cell. J Virol 2022; 96:e0192921. [PMID: 35080425 PMCID: PMC8941894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01929-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Nef and Vpu accessory proteins are known to protect infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses by limiting exposure of CD4-induced (CD4i) envelope (Env) epitopes at the cell surface. Although both proteins target the host receptor CD4 for degradation, the extent of their functional redundancy is unknown. Here, we developed an intracellular staining technique that permits the intracellular detection of both Nef and Vpu in primary CD4+ T cells by flow cytometry. Using this method, we show that the combined expression of Nef and Vpu predicts the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells to ADCC by HIV+ plasma. We also show that Vpu cannot compensate for the absence of Nef, thus providing an explanation for why some infectious molecular clones that carry a LucR reporter gene upstream of Nef render infected cells more susceptible to ADCC responses. Our method thus represents a new tool to dissect the biological activity of Nef and Vpu in the context of other host and viral proteins within single infected CD4+ T cells. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Nef and Vpu exert several biological functions that are important for viral immune evasion, release, and replication. Here, we developed a new method allowing simultaneous detection of these accessory proteins in their native form together with some of their cellular substrates. This allowed us to show that Vpu cannot compensate for the lack of a functional Nef, which has implications for studies that use Nef-defective viruses to study ADCC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) genetic variants influence expression levels and disease outcome in HIV-1 chronically infected patients. Retrovirology 2022; 19:3. [PMID: 35081977 PMCID: PMC8793201 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST-2) also known as Tetherin (CD317/HM1.24), is a host restriction factor that blocks the release of HIV-1 virions from infected cells. Previous studies reported that BST-2 genetic variants or single nucleotide polymorphims (SNPs) have a preventative role during HIV-1 infection. However, the influence of BST-2 SNPs on expression levels remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the influence of BST-2 SNPs on expression levels and disease outcome in HIV-1 subtype C chronically infected antiretroviral therapy naïve individuals. Results We quantified BST-2 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), determined BST-2 protein expression on the surface of CD4+ T cells using flow cytometry and genotyped two intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs919267 and rs919266 together with one SNP rs9576 located in the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of bst-2 gene using TaqMan assays from HIV-1 uninfected and infected participants. Subsequently, we determined the ability of plasma antibody levels to mediate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) using gp120 consensus C and p24 subtype B/C protein. Fc receptor-mediated NK cell degranulation was evaluated as a surrogate for ADCC activity using plasma from HIV-1 positive participants. BST-2 mRNA expression levels in PBMCs and protein levels on CD4+ T cells were lower in HIV-1 infected compared to uninfected participants (p = 0.075 and p < 0.001, respectively). rs919267CT (p = 0.042) and rs919267TT (p = 0.045) were associated with lower BST-2 mRNA expression levels compared to rs919267CC in HIV-1 uninfected participants. In HIV-1 infected participants, rs919267CT associated with lower CD4 counts, (p = 0.003), gp120-IgG1 (p = 0.040), gp120-IgG3 (p = 0.016) levels but higher viral loads (p = 0.001) while rs919267TT was associated with lower BST-2 mRNA levels (p = 0.046), CD4 counts (p = 0.001), gp120-IgG1 levels (p = 0.033) but higher plasma viral loads (p = 0.007). Conversely, rs9576CA was associated with higher BST-2 mRNA expression levels (p = 0.027), CD4 counts (p = 0.079), gp120-IgG1 (p = 0.009), gp120-IgG3 (p = 0.039) levels but with lower viral loads (p = 0.037). Conclusion Our findings show that bst-2 SNPs mediate BST-2 expression and disease outcome, correlate with gp120-IgG1, gp120-IgG3 levels but not p24-IgG levels, ADCC and ADCP activity. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00588-2.
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16
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Russo C, Morello G, Malaguarnera R, Piro S, Furno DL, Malaguarnera L. Candidate genes of SARS-CoV-2 gender susceptibility. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21968. [PMID: 34753980 PMCID: PMC8578384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) initiated a global viral pandemic since late 2019. Understanding that Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) disproportionately affects men than women results in great challenges. Although there is a growing body of published study on this topic, effective explanations underlying these sex differences and their effects on the infection outcome still remain uncertain. We applied a holistic bioinformatics method to investigate molecular variations of known SARS-CoV-2 interacting human proteins mainly expressed in gonadal tissues (testis and ovary), allowing for the identification of potential genetic targets for this infection. Functional enrichment and interaction network analyses were also performed to better investigate the biological differences between testicular and ovarian responses in the SARS-CoV-2 infection, paying particular attention to genes linked to immune-related pathways, reactions of host cells after intracellular infection, steroid hormone biosynthesis, receptor signaling, and the complement cascade, in order to evaluate their potential association with sexual difference in the likelihood of infection and severity of symptoms. The analysis revealed that within the testis network TMPRSS2, ADAM10, SERPING1, and CCR5 were present, while within the ovary network we found BST2, GATA1, ENPEP, TLR4, TLR7, IRF1, and IRF2. Our findings could provide potential targets for forthcoming experimental investigation related to SARS-CoV-2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Morello
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Catania, Italy.
| | | | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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17
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Olety B, Peters P, Wu Y, Usami Y, Göttlinger H. HIV-1 propagation is highly dependent on basal levels of the restriction factor BST2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj7398. [PMID: 34714669 PMCID: PMC8555903 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BST2 is an interferon-inducible antiviral host protein antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu that entraps nascent HIV-1 virions on the cell surface. Unexpectedly, we find that HIV-1 lacking Nef can revert to full replication competence simply by losing the ability to antagonize BST2. Using gene editing together with cell sorting, we demonstrate that even the propagation of wild-type HIV-1 is strikingly dependent on BST2, including in primary human cells. HIV-1 propagation in BST2−/− populations can be fully rescued by exogenous BST2 irrespective of its capacity to signal and even by an artificial BST2-like protein that shares its virion entrapment activity but lacks sequence homology. Counterintuitively, our results reveal that HIV-1 propagation is critically dependent on basal levels of virion tethering by a key component of innate antiviral immunity.
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18
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Across Functional Boundaries: Making Nonneutralizing Antibodies To Neutralize HIV-1 and Mediate Fc-Mediated Effector Killing of Infected Cells. mBio 2021; 12:e0140521. [PMID: 34579568 PMCID: PMC8546553 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01405-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-1 infection, many antibodies (Abs) are elicited to Envelope (Env) epitopes that are conformationally masked in the native trimer and are only available for antibody recognition after the trimer binds host cell CD4. Among these are epitopes within the Co-Receptor Binding Site (CoRBS) and the constant region 1 and 2 (C1-C2 or cluster A region). In particular, C1-C2 epitopes map to the gp120 face interacting with gp41 in the native, "closed" Env trimer present on HIV-1 virions or expressed on HIV-1-infected cells. Antibodies targeting this region are therefore nonneutralizing and their potential as mediators of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of HIV-1-infected cells diminished by a lack of available binding targets. Here, we present the design of Ab-CD4 chimeric proteins that consist of the Ab-IgG1 of a CoRBS or cluster A specificity to the extracellular domains 1 and 2 of human CD4. Our Ab-CD4 hybrids induce potent ADCC against infected primary CD4+ T cells and neutralize tier 1 and 2 HIV-1 viruses. Furthermore, competition binding experiments reveal that the observed biological activities rely on both the antibody and CD4 moieties, confirming their cooperativity in triggering conformational rearrangements of Env. Our data indicate the utility of these Ab-CD4 hybrids as antibody therapeutics that are effective in eliminating HIV-1 through the combined mechanisms of neutralization and ADCC. This is also the first report of single-chain-Ab-based molecules capable of opening "closed" Env trimers on HIV-1 particles/infected cells to expose the cluster A region and activate ADCC and neutralization against these nonneutralizing targets. IMPORTANCE Highly conserved epitopes within the coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) and constant region 1 and 2 (C1-C2 or cluster A) are only available for antibody recognition after the HIV-1 Env trimer binds host cell CD4; therefore, they are not accessible on virions and infected cells, where the expression of CD4 is downregulated. Here, we have developed new antibody fusion molecules in which domains 1 and 2 of soluble human CD4 are linked with monoclonal antibodies of either the CoRBS or cluster A specificity. We optimized the conjugation sites and linker lengths to allow each of these novel bispecific fusion molecules to recognize native "closed" Env trimers and induce the structural rearrangements required for exposure of the epitopes for antibody binding. Our in vitro functional testing shows that our Ab-CD4 molecules can efficiently target and eliminate HIV-1-infected cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and inactivate HIV-1 virus through neutralization.
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Li B, Dong X, Zhang W, Chen T, Yu B, Zhao W, Yang Y, Wang X, Hu Q, Wang X. High-Throughput NanoBiT-Based Screening for Inhibitors of HIV-1 Vpu and Host BST-2 Protein Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179308. [PMID: 34502213 PMCID: PMC8431494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2), also known as CD317 or tetherin, has been identified as a host restriction factor that suppresses the release of enveloped viruses from host cells by physically tethering viral particles to the cell surface; however, this host defense can be subverted by multiple viruses. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 encodes a specific accessory protein, viral protein U (Vpu), to counteract BST-2 by binding to it and directing its lysosomal degradation. Thus, blocking the interaction between Vpu and BST-2 will provide a promising strategy for anti-HIV therapy. Here, we report a NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT)-based high-throughput screening assay to detect inhibitors that disrupt the Vpu-BST-2 interaction. Out of more than 1000 compounds screened, four inhibitors were identified with strong activity at nontoxic concentrations. In subsequent cell-based BST-2 degradation assays, inhibitor Y-39983 HCl restored the cell-surface and total cellular level of BST-2 in the presence of Vpu. Furthermore, the Vpu-mediated enhancement of pesudotyped viral particle production was inhibited by Y-39983 HCl. Our findings indicate that our newly developed assay can be used for the discovery of potential antiviral molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boye Li
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wenmei Zhang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tian Chen
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wenyue Zhao
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yishu Yang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qin Hu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiayan Wang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (B.L.); (X.D.); (W.Z.); (T.C.); (B.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (X.W.)
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Roles of fragment crystallizable-mediated effector functions in broadly neutralizing antibody activity against HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 15:316-323. [PMID: 32732552 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW 'Broadly neutralizing antibodies' (bNAbs), are rare HIV-specific antibodies which exhibit the atypical ability to potently neutralize diverse viral isolates. While efforts to elicit bNAbs through vaccination have yet to succeed, recent years have seen remarkable preclinical and clinical advancements of passive immunization approaches targeting both HIV prevention and cure. We focus here on the potential to build upon this success by moving beyond neutralization to additionally harness the diverse effector functionalities available to antibodies via fragment crystallizable-effector (Fc) functions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have leveraged the ability to engineer bNAb Fc domains to either enhance or abrogate particular effector functions to demonstrate that activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity contribute substantially to in-vivo antiviral activity. Intriguingly, recent studies in both nonhuman primates and in humans have suggested that passive bNAb infusion can lead to durable immunity by enhancing virus-specific T-cell responses through a 'vaccinal effect'. SUMMARY The combination of antibody engineering strategies designed to enhance effector functions, with the broad and potent antigen recognition profile of bNAbs, has the potential to give rise to powerful new therapeutics for HIV. We aim to provide a timely review of recent advances to catalyze this development.
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Rajashekar JK, Richard J, Beloor J, Prévost J, Anand SP, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Shan L, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Bourassa C, Gaudette F, Ullah I, Symmes K, Peric A, Lindemuth E, Bibollet-Ruche F, Park J, Chen HC, Kaufmann DE, Hahn BH, Sodroski J, Pazgier M, Flavell RA, Smith AB, Finzi A, Kumar P. Modulating HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein conformation to decrease the HIV-1 reservoir. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:904-916.e6. [PMID: 34019804 PMCID: PMC8214472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by facilitating antibody recognition of epitopes that are otherwise occluded on the unliganded viral envelope (Env). Combining CD4mc with two families of CD4-induced (CD4i) antibodies, which are frequently found in plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals, stabilizes Env in a conformation that is vulnerable to ADCC. We employed new-generation SRG-15 humanized mice, supporting natural killer (NK) cell and Fc-effector functions to demonstrate that brief treatment with CD4mc and CD4i-Abs significantly decreases HIV-1 replication, the virus reservoir and viral rebound after ART interruption. These effects required Fc-effector functions and NK cells, highlighting the importance of ADCC. Viral rebound was also suppressed in HIV-1+-donor cell-derived humanized mice supplemented with autologous HIV-1+-donor-derived plasma and CD4mc. These results indicate that CD4mc could have therapeutic utility in infected individuals for decreasing the size of the HIV-1 reservoir and/or achieving a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi K Rajashekar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Liang Shan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irfan Ullah
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly Symmes
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Peric
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jun Park
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Priti Kumar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Abstract
The cellular surfaceome and its residing extracellularly exposed proteins are involved in a multitude of molecular signaling processes across the viral infection cycle. Successful viral propagation, including viral entry, immune evasion, virion release and viral spread rely on dynamic molecular interactions with the surfaceome. Decoding of these viral-host surfaceome interactions using advanced technologies enabled the discovery of fundamental new functional insights into cellular and viral biology. In this review, we highlight recently developed experimental strategies, with a focus on spatial proteotyping technologies, aiding in the rational design of theranostic strategies to combat viral infections.
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Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] is a metastable complex expressed at the surface of viral particles and infected cells that samples different conformations. Before engaging CD4, Env adopts an antibody-resistant "closed" conformation (State 1). CD4 binding triggers an intermediate conformation (State 2) and then a more "open" conformation (State 3) that can be recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) such as those that recognize the coreceptor binding site (CoRBS). Binding of antibodies to the CoRBS permits another family of nnAbs, the anti-cluster A family of Abs which target the gp120 inner domain, to bind and stabilize an asymmetric conformation (State 2A). Cells expressing Env in this conformation are susceptible to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This conformation can be stabilized by small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) or soluble CD4 (sCD4) in combination with anti-CoRBS Ab and anti-cluster A antibodies. The precise stoichiometry of each component that permits this sequential opening of Env remains unknown. Here, we used a cell-based ELISA (CBE) assay to evaluate each component individually. In this assay we used a "trimer mixing" approach by combining wild-type (wt) subunits with subunits impaired for CD4 or CoRBS Ab binding. This enabled us to show that State 2A requires all three gp120 subunits to be bound by sCD4/CD4mc and anti-CoRBS Abs. Two of these subunits can then bind anti-cluster A Abs. Altogether, our data suggests how this antibody vulnerable Env conformation is stabilized.Importance Stabilization of HIV-1 Env State 2A has been shown to sensitize infected cells to ADCC. State 2A can be stabilized by a "cocktail" composed of CD4mc, anti-CoRBS and anti-cluster A Abs. We present evidence that optimal State 2A stabilization requires all three gp120 subunits to be bound by both CD4mc and anti-CoRBS Abs. Our study provides valuable information on how to stabilize this ADCC-vulnerable conformation. Strategies aimed at stabilizing State 2A might have therapeutic utility.
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Ward AR, Mota TM, Jones RB. Immunological approaches to HIV cure. Semin Immunol 2020; 51:101412. [PMID: 32981836 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has proven remarkably successful - for those who can access and afford it - yet HIV infection persists indefinitely in a reservoir of cells, despite effective ART and despite host antiviral immune responses. An HIV cure is therefore the next aspirational goal and challenge, though approaches differ in their objectives - with 'functional cures' aiming for durable viral control in the absence of ART, and 'sterilizing cures' aiming for the more difficult to realize objective of complete viral eradication. Mechanisms of HIV persistence, including viral latency, anatomical sequestration, suboptimal immune functioning, reservoir replenishment, target cell-intrinsic immune resistance, and, potentially, target cell distraction of immune effectors, likely need to be overcome in order to achieve a cure. A small fraction of people living with HIV (PLWH) naturally control infection via immune-mediated mechanisms, however, providing both sound rationale and optimism that an immunological approach to cure is possible. Herein we review up to date knowledge and emerging evidence on: the mechanisms contributing to HIV persistence, as well as potential strategies to overcome these barriers; promising immunological approaches to achieve viral control and elimination of reservoir-harboring cells, including harnessing adaptive immune responses to HIV and engineered therapies, as well as enhancers of their functions and of complementary innate immune functioning; and combination strategies that are most likely to succeed. Ultimately, a cure must be safe, effective, durable, and, eventually, scalable in order to be widely acceptable and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; PhD Program in Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Talia M Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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25
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Prévost J, Tolbert WD, Medjahed H, Sherburn RT, Madani N, Zoubchenok D, Gendron-Lepage G, Gaffney AE, Grenier MC, Kirk S, Vergara N, Han C, Mann BT, Chénine AL, Ahmed A, Chaiken I, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Haim H, Abrams CF, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Pazgier M, Finzi A. The HIV-1 Env gp120 Inner Domain Shapes the Phe43 Cavity and the CD4 Binding Site. mBio 2020; 11:e00280-20. [PMID: 32457241 PMCID: PMC7251204 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00280-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) undergo conformational changes upon interaction of the gp120 exterior glycoprotein with the CD4 receptor. The gp120 inner domain topological layers facilitate the transition of Env to the CD4-bound conformation. CD4 engages gp120 by introducing its phenylalanine 43 (Phe43) in a cavity ("the Phe43 cavity") located at the interface between the inner and outer gp120 domains. Small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) can bind within the Phe43 cavity and trigger conformational changes similar to those induced by CD4. Crystal structures of CD4mc in complex with a modified CRF01_AE gp120 core revealed the importance of these gp120 inner domain layers in stabilizing the Phe43 cavity and shaping the CD4 binding site. Our studies reveal a complex interplay between the gp120 inner domain and the Phe43 cavity and generate useful information for the development of more-potent CD4mc.IMPORTANCE The Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) is an attractive druggable target. New promising compounds, including small CD4 mimetics (CD4mc), were shown to insert deeply into this cavity. Here, we identify a new network of residues that helps to shape this highly conserved CD4 binding pocket and characterize the structural determinants responsible for Env sensitivity to small CD4 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Rebekah T Sherburn
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daria Zoubchenok
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Althea E Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa C Grenier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natasha Vergara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Changze Han
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brendan T Mann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of the Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnès L Chénine
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of the Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adel Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hillel Haim
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Cameron F Abrams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Tavakoli-Tameh A, Janaka SK, Zarbock K, O’Connor S, Crosno K, Capuano S, Uno H, Lifson JD, Evans DT. Loss of tetherin antagonism by Nef impairs SIV replication during acute infection of rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008487. [PMID: 32302364 PMCID: PMC7190186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most simian immunodeficiency viruses use Nef to counteract the tetherin proteins of their nonhuman primate hosts. Nef also downmodulates cell-surface CD4 and MHC class I (MHC I) molecules and enhances viral infectivity by counteracting SERINC5. We previously demonstrated that tetherin antagonism by SIV Nef is genetically separable from CD4- and MHC I-downmodulation. Here we show that disruption of tetherin antagonism by Nef impairs virus replication during acute SIV infection of rhesus macaques. A combination of mutations was introduced into the SIVmac239 genome resulting in three amino acid substitutions in Nef that impair tetherin antagonism, but not CD3-, CD4- or MHC I-downmodulation. Further characterization of this mutant (SIVmac239AAA) revealed that these changes also result in partial sensitivity to SERINC5. Separate groups of four rhesus macaques were infected with either wild-type SIVmac239 or SIVmac239AAA, and viral RNA loads in plasma and sequence changes in the viral genome were monitored. Viral loads were significantly lower during acute infection in animals infected with SIVmac239AAA than in animals infected with wild-type SIVmac239. Sequence analysis of the virus population in plasma confirmed that the substitutions in Nef were retained during acute infection; however, changes were observed by week 24 post-infection that fully restored anti-tetherin activity and partially restored anti-SERINC5 activity. These observations reveal overlap in the residues of SIV Nef required for counteracting tetherin and SERINC5 and selective pressure to overcome these restriction factors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidin Tavakoli-Tameh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katie Zarbock
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shelby O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristin Crosno
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hajime Uno
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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27
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P2X1 Selective Antagonists Block HIV-1 Infection through Inhibition of Envelope Conformation-Dependent Fusion. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01622-19. [PMID: 31852781 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01622-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors are well-established modulators of inflammatory processes, primarily through detection of extracellular nucleotides that are released by dying or infected cells. Emerging literature has demonstrated that inhibition of these inflammatory receptors can block HIV-1 productive infection and HIV-1-associated inflammation. The specificity of receptor type and mechanism of interaction has not yet been determined. Here, we characterize the inhibitory activity of P2X1 receptor antagonists, NF279 and NF449, in cell lines, primary cells, and a variety of HIV-1 envelope (Env) clades. NF279 and NF449 blocked productive infection at the level of viral membrane fusion, with a range of inhibitory activities against different HIV-1 Env isolates. A mutant virus carrying a truncation deletion of the C-terminal tail of HIV-1 Env glycoprotein 41 (gp41) showed reduced sensitivity to P2X1 antagonists, indicating that the sensitivity of inhibition by these molecules may be modulated by Env conformation. In contrast, a P2X7 antagonist, A438079, had a limited effect on productive infection and fusion. NF279 and NF449 interfered with the ability of the gp120 variable regions 1 and 2 (V1V2)-targeted broadly neutralizing antibody PG9 to block productive infection, suggesting that these drugs may antagonize HIV-1 Env at gp120 V1V2 to block viral membrane fusion. Our observations indicate that P2X1 antagonism can inhibit HIV-1 replication at the level of viral membrane fusion through interaction with Env. Future studies will probe the nature of these compounds in inhibiting HIV-1 fusion and the development of small molecules to block HIV-1 entry via this mechanism.IMPORTANCE While effective treatment can lower the severe morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infection, patients infected with HIV-1 suffer from significantly higher rates of noncommunicable comorbidities associated with chronic inflammation. Emerging literature suggests a key role for P2X1 receptors in mediating this chronic inflammation, but the mechanism is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 infection is reduced by P2X1 receptor antagonism. This inhibition is mediated by interference with HIV-1 Env and can impact a variety of viral clades. These observations highlight the importance of P2X1 antagonists as potential novel therapeutics that could serve to block a variety of different viral clades with additional benefits for their anti-inflammatory properties.
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Naiman NE, Slyker J, Richardson BA, John-Stewart G, Nduati R, Overbaugh JM. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity targeting CD4-inducible epitopes predicts mortality in HIV-infected infants. EBioMedicine 2020; 47:257-268. [PMID: 31501077 PMCID: PMC6796543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been associated with improved infant outcome in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1. Epitopes of these ADCC-mediating antibodies remain unidentified. CD4-inducible (CD4i) epitopes on gp120 are common ADCC targets in natural infection and vaccination. We tested whether CD4i epitope-specific ADCC mediated by maternal antibodies or passively-acquired antibodies in infants is associated with reduced MTCT and improved infant survival. METHODS We used variants of CD4i cluster A-specific antibodies, A32 and C11, and a cluster C-specific antibody, 17b, with mutations abolishing Fc-Fc receptor interactions as inhibitors in a competition rapid and fluorometric ADCC assay using gp120-coated CEM-nkr target cells with plasma from 51 non-transmitting and 21 transmitting breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. FINDINGS Cluster A-specific ADCC was common. Individually, neither A32-like nor C11-like ADCC was statistically significantly associated with risk of MTCT or infected infant survival. In combination, total maternal cluster A-specific ADCC was statistically significantly associated with decreased infected infant survival in a log-rank test (p = 0·017). There was a non-significant association for infant passively-acquired total cluster A-specific ADCC and decreased infected infant survival (p = 0·14). Surprisingly, plasma ADCC was enhanced in the presence of the defective Fc 17b competitor. Defective Fc 17b competitor-mediated maternal ADCC enhancement was statistically significantly associated with reduced infected infant survival (p = 0·011). A non-significant association was observed for passively-acquired infant ADCC enhancement and decreased survival (p = 0·19). INTERPRETATIONS These data suggest that ADCC targeting CD4i epitopes is not associated with protection against breast milk HIV transmission but is associated with decreased survival of infected infants. FUND: This study was funded by NIH grant R01AI076105 and NIH fellowship F30AI136636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Naiman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 9(th) Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 9(th) Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 9(th) Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julie M Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America.
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Dufloo J, Guivel‐Benhassine F, Buchrieser J, Lorin V, Grzelak L, Dupouy E, Mestrallet G, Bourdic K, Lambotte O, Mouquet H, Bruel T, Schwartz O. Anti-HIV-1 antibodies trigger non-lytic complement deposition on infected cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49351. [PMID: 31833228 PMCID: PMC10563447 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of anti-HIV-1 antibodies on complement activation at the surface of infected cells remains partly understood. Here, we show that a subset of anti-Envelope (Env) broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), targeting the CD4 binding site and the V3 loop, triggers C3 deposition and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) on Raji cells engineered to express high surface levels of HIV-1 Env. Primary CD4 T cells infected with laboratory-adapted or primary HIV-1 strains and treated with bNAbs are susceptible to C3 deposition but not to rapid CDC. The cellular protein CD59 and viral proteins Vpu and Nef protect infected cells from CDC mediated by bNAbs or by polyclonal IgGs from HIV-positive individuals. However, complement deposition accelerates the disappearance of infected cells within a few days of culture. Altogether, our results uncover the contribution of complement to the antiviral activity of anti-HIV-1 bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
- Sorbonne Paris CitéParis Diderot UniversityParisFrance
| | | | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral ImmunologyDepartment of ImmunologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1222ParisFrance
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Emilie Dupouy
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Guillaume Mestrallet
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Katia Bourdic
- CEA, DSV/IMETI, IDMITFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
- Université Paris SudUMR‐1184Le Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- Inserm, U1184Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune DiseasesLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- APHPService de Médecine Interne‐Immunologie CliniqueHôpitaux Universitaires Paris SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA, DSV/IMETI, IDMITFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
- Université Paris SudUMR‐1184Le Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- Inserm, U1184Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune DiseasesLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
- APHPService de Médecine Interne‐Immunologie CliniqueHôpitaux Universitaires Paris SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral ImmunologyDepartment of ImmunologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- INSERM U1222ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
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Dias BDC, Paximadis M, Martinson N, Chaisson RE, Ebrahim O, Tiemessen CT. The impact of bone marrow stromal antigen-2 (BST2) gene variants on HIV-1 control in black South African individuals. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104216. [PMID: 32006707 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2 or tetherin) is a host-encoded, interferon-inducible antiviral restriction factor which blocks the release of enveloped viruses. Few studies have assessed the role of BST2 polymorphisms on HIV-1 acquisition or disease progression in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the frequency of four HIV-1-associated BST2 variants rs3217318, rs12609479, rs10415893 and rs113189798 in uninfected and HIV-1 infected black South Africans. Homozygosity for the rs12609479-A minor allele, previously associated with decreased HIV-1 acquisition risk, was underrepresented in HIV-1 uninfected black South Africans (2%) compared to reference African (9%) and in particular European populations (61%) (p = .047 and p < .0001, respectively). To determine if any of these gene variants influenced HIV-1 control in the absence of antiretroviral treatment (ART), we compared HIV-1 infected ART-naïve progressors [n = 72] and controllers [n = 71], the latter includes elite controllers [EC: n = 23; VL < 50 RNA copies/ml]. Heterozygosity for the rs12609479 SNP (G/A) was enriched in progressors compared to ECs (47.2% vs 21.7%, OR = 3.50 [1.16-10.59], p = .03), while rs113189798 heterozygosity (A/G) showed a strong trend of overrepresentation in ECs compared to progressors (47.8% vs 26.4%, OR = 0.39 [0.14-1.04], p = .07). Heterozygosity for the promoter indel rs3217318 (i19/Δ19) was associated with a faster rate of CD4+ T-cell decline in progressors (p = .0134). Carriage of the rs3217318 (i19/Δ19), rs12609479 (G/G), rs10415893(G/A) and rs113189798 (A/G) combined genotype, denoted as i19Δ19 GG GA AG, was associated with significantly higher CD4+ T-cell counts in progressors (p = .03), a finding predominantly driven by the _GG_AG combination. Our data suggest that the possession of select BST2 genotype combinations may be implicated in HIV-1 disease progression and natural spontaneous control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Da Costa Dias
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), SA MRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for TB Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Osman Ebrahim
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Zolla-Pazner S, Alvarez R, Kong XP, Weiss S. Vaccine-induced V1V2-specific antibodies control and or protect against infection with HIV, SIV and SHIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2019; 14:309-317. [PMID: 30994501 PMCID: PMC6542703 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In humans, only one independent immunologic correlate of reduced risk of HIV infection has been identified: a robust antibody (Ab) response to the V1V2 domain of the gp120 envelope (Env) protein. In recent years, the presence and level of V1V2-specific Abs has also been correlated with protection from SIV and SHIV infections. Here, we review the multitude of studies showing the in-vivo protective effects of V1V2 Abs and review their immunologic characteristics and antiviral functions. RECENT FINDINGS Structural and immunologic studies have defined four epitope families in the V1V2 domain: one epitope family, V2q, which preferentially presents as a quaternary structure of the Env trimer, and another epitope family (V2qt) which requires the quaternary trimeric Env structure; these two epitope types are recognized by two families of monoclonal Abs (mAbs)-V2q-specific and V2qt-specific mAbs-which display broad and potent neutralizing activity. A third epitope family, V2i, is present as a discontinuous conformational structure that overlays the α4β7 integrin binding motif, and a fourth epitope family (V2p) exists on V2 peptides. Antibodies specific for V2i and V2p epitopes display only poor neutralizing activity but effectively mediate other antiviral activities and have been correlated with control of and/or protection from HIV, SIV and SHIV. Notably, V2q and V2qt Abs have not been induced by any vaccines, but V2p and V2i Abs have been readily induced with various vaccines in nonhuman primates and humans. SUMMARY The correlation of vaccine-induced V2p and V2i Abs with protection from HIV, SIV and SHIV suggests that these Ab types are extremely important to induce with prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Svenja Weiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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Sharma S, Jafari M, Bangar A, William K, Guatelli J, Lewinski MK. The C-Terminal End of HIV-1 Vpu Has a Clade-Specific Determinant That Antagonizes BST-2 and Facilitates Virion Release. J Virol 2019; 93:e02315-18. [PMID: 30867310 PMCID: PMC6532089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02315-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular protein bone marrow stromal antigen-2 (BST-2)/tetherin acts against a variety of enveloped viruses by restricting their release from the plasma membrane. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu counteracts BST-2 by downregulating it from the cell surface and displacing it from virion assembly sites. Previous comparisons of Vpus from transmitted/founder viruses and between viruses isolated during acute and chronic infection led to the identification of a tryptophan at position 76 in Vpu (W76) as a key determinant for the displacement of BST-2 from virion assembly sites. Although present in Vpus from clades B, D, and G, W76 is absent from Vpus from clades A, C, and H. Mutagenesis of the C-terminal region of Vpu from two clade C viruses led to the identification of a conserved LL sequence that is functionally analogous to W76 of clade B. Alanine substitution of these leucines partially impaired virion release. This impairment was even greater when the mutations were combined with mutations of the Vpu β-TrCP binding site, resulting in Vpu proteins that induced high surface levels of BST-2 and reduced the efficiency of virion release to less than that of virus lacking vpu Microscopy confirmed that these C-terminal leucines in clade C Vpu, like W76 in clade B, contribute to virion release by supporting the displacement of BST-2 from virion assembly sites. These results suggest that although encoded differently, the ability of Vpu to displace BST-2 from sites of virion assembly on the plasma membrane is evolutionarily conserved among clade B and C HIV-1 isolates.IMPORTANCE Although targeted by a variety of restriction mechanisms, HIV-1 establishes chronic infection in most cases, in part due to the counteraction of these host defenses by viral accessory proteins. Using conserved motifs, the accessory proteins exploit the cellular machinery to degrade or mistraffic host restriction factors, thereby counteracting them. The Vpu protein counteracts the virion-tethering factor BST-2 in part by displacing it from virion assembly sites along the plasma membrane, but a previously identified determinant of that activity is clade specific at the level of protein sequence and not found in the clade C viruses that dominate the pandemic. Here, we show that clade C Vpu provides this activity via a leucine-containing sequence rather than the tryptophan-containing sequence found in clade B Vpu. This difference seems likely to reflect the different evolutionary paths taken by clade B and clade C HIV-1 in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Moein Jafari
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amandip Bangar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen William
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mary K Lewinski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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Anand SP, Grover JR, Tolbert WD, Prévost J, Richard J, Ding S, Baril S, Medjahed H, Evans DT, Pazgier M, Mothes W, Finzi A. Antibody-Induced Internalization of HIV-1 Env Proteins Limits Surface Expression of the Closed Conformation of Env. J Virol 2019; 93:e00293-19. [PMID: 30894474 PMCID: PMC6532100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To minimize immune responses against infected cells, HIV-1 limits the surface expression of its envelope glycoprotein (Env). Here, we demonstrate that this mechanism is specific for the Env conformation and affects the efficiency of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we show that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the "closed" conformation of Env induce its internalization from the surface. In contrast, non-neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) are displayed on the cell surface for prolonged period of times. The bNAb-induced Env internalization can be decreased by blocking dynamin function, which translates into higher susceptibilities of infected cells to ADCC. Our results suggest that antibody-mediated Env internalization is a mechanism used by HIV-1 to evade immune responses against the "closed" conformation of Env expressed on HIV-1-infected cells.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 has evolved to acquire several strategies to limit the exposure of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) on the surface of infected cells. In this study, we show that antibody-induced Env internalization is conformation specific and reduces the susceptibility of infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Thus, a better understanding of this mechanism might help develop antibodies with improved capacities to mediate ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Grover
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Baril
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Latent viral reservoirs in long-living cell populations are the main obstacle to a cure of HIV/AIDS. HIV-1 latency is controlled by the activation status of infected cells and their ability to return to a resting phenotype associated with silencing of viral gene expression. These cellular features are not just determined by the host since HIV-1 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to alter cellular activation and survival to its advantage. Especially the HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu exert numerous activities to promote viral replication and immune evasion affecting the size and preservation of the viral reservoir. Here, we review how antagonistic and synergistic functions of Nef and Vpu might affect HIV-1 latency. We also discuss whether these two accessory factors represent suitable targets to improve the ‘shock and kill’ cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kmiec
- Institute of Molecular Virology, ULM University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr 1, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Smitha Srinivasachar
- Institute of Molecular Virology, ULM University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr 1, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, ULM University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr 1, Ulm 89081, Germany
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Anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: is there more to antibodies than neutralization? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2019; 13:160-166. [PMID: 29194123 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increasing body of evidence suggests that nonneutralizing Fc effector functions including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) contribute to protection against HIV-1 acquisition. We discuss recent advances in anti-HIV-1 ADCC research with a particular focus on ADCC mediated by Env-specific antibodies in vitro and in vivo, the curative potential of HIV-1-specific ADCC antibodies and the mechanisms of HIV-1 resistance to ADCC. RECENT FINDINGS ADCC activities of broadly neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody panels were recently characterized in vitro against several lab-adapted and primary isolates of HIV-1. ADCC activity of these monoclonal antibodies generally correlated with binding to infected cells and were greater against the lab-adapted strains compared with primary HIV-1 isolates. Several recent studies in mouse and macaque models of HIV-1 infection suggest Fc-mediated effector functions contribute to the protective efficacy of broadly neutralizing antibodies and exert immune pressure on HIV-1 in vivo. SUMMARY An increasing body of evidence suggests that ADCC-mediating antibodies, particularly when combined with neutralizing functions, can facilitate prevention and control of HIV-1. The precise mechanisms of partial protection conferred by nonneutralizing antibodies in vivo remain unclear and will need to be fully investigated in order to realize their full potential for HIV-1 vaccines.
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Abuharfeil NM, Yaseen MM, Alsheyab FM. Harnessing Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity To Control HIV-1 Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:158-176. [PMID: 30525453 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Passive administration of broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies (bNAbs) has been recently suggested as a promising alternative therapeutic approach for HIV-1 infection. Although the success behind the studies that used this approach has been attributed to the potency and neutralization breadth of anti-HIV-1 antibodies, several lines of evidence support the idea that specific antibody-dependent effector functions, particularly antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), play a critical role in controlling HIV-1 infection. In this review, we showed that there is a direct association between the activation of ADCC and better clinical outcomes. This, in turn, suggests that ADCC could be harnessed to control HIV-1 infection. To this end, we addressed the passive administration of bNAbs capable of selectively activating ADCC responses to HIV-1 patients. Finally, we summarized the potential barriers that may impede the optimal activation of ADCC during HIV-1 infection and provided strategic solutions to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110. Jordan
| | - Fawzi M. Alsheyab
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Williams KL, Stumpf M, Naiman NE, Ding S, Garrett M, Gobillot T, Vézina D, Dusenbury K, Ramadoss NS, Basom R, Kim PS, Finzi A, Overbaugh J. Identification of HIV gp41-specific antibodies that mediate killing of infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007572. [PMID: 30779811 PMCID: PMC6396944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that mediate killing of HIV-infected cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been implicated in protection from HIV infection and disease progression. Despite these observations, these types of HIV antibodies are understudied compared to neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) obtained from one individual that target the HIV transmembrane protein, gp41, and mediate ADCC activity. These four mAbs arose from independent B cell lineages suggesting that in this individual, multiple B cell responses were induced by the gp41 antigen. Competition and phage peptide display mapping experiments suggested that two of the mAbs target epitopes in the cysteine loop that are highly conserved and a common target of HIV gp41-specific antibodies. The amino acid sequences that bind these mAbs are overlapping but distinct. The two other mAbs were competed by mAbs that target the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) and the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) and appear to both target a similar unique conformational epitope. These gp41-specific mAbs mediated killing of infected cells that express high levels of Env due to either pre-treatment with interferon or deletion of vpu to increase levels of BST-2/Tetherin. They also mediate killing of target cells coated with various forms of the gp41 protein, including full-length gp41, gp41 ectodomain or a mimetic of the gp41 stump. Unlike many ADCC mAbs that target HIV gp120, these gp41-mAbs are not dependent on Env structural changes associated with membrane-bound CD4 interaction. Overall, the characterization of these four new mAbs that target gp41 and mediate ADCC provides evidence for diverse gp41 B cell lineages with overlapping but distinct epitopes within an individual. Such antibodies that can target various forms of envelope protein could represent a common response to a relatively conserved HIV epitope for a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Williams
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Megan Stumpf
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Nicole Elise Naiman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Shilei Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Garrett
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
| | - Theodore Gobillot
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Dani Vézina
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katharine Dusenbury
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nitya S. Ramadoss
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
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Thida W, Kuwata T, Maeda Y, Yamashiro T, Tran GV, Nguyen KV, Takiguchi M, Gatanaga H, Tanaka K, Matsushita S. The role of conventional antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site and CD4-induced epitopes in the control of HIV-1 CRF01_AE viruses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:46-51. [PMID: 30470571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 CRF01_AE viruses are highly prevalent in Southeast Asia. However, vulnerability sites in Env of CRF01_AE viruses have not been investigated sufficiently. We examined the sensitivity of CRF01_AE viruses from Japan and Vietnam, together with subtype B viruses from Japan, to neutralization and Fc-mediated signaling. Neutralization coverage of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 2G12 and b12, was significantly low against CRF01_AE viruses, compared with subtype B viruses. In contrast, the conventional antibody targeting the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), 49G2, showed better neutralization and Fc-mediated signaling activities against CRF01_AE viruses than subtype B viruses. Fc-mediated signaling activity of anti-CD4 induced (CD4i) antibody, 4E9C, was also detected against CRF01_AE viruses more than subtype B viruses. These results suggest that conventional antibodies against CD4bs and CD4i may play an important role in the control of CRF01_AE viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Thida
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Giang Van Tran
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kinh Van Nguyen
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tanaka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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39
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Janaka SK, Tavakoli-Tameh A, Neidermyer WJ, Serra-Moreno R, Hoxie JA, Desrosiers RC, Johnson RP, Lifson JD, Wolinsky SM, Evans DT. Polymorphisms in Rhesus Macaque Tetherin Are Associated with Differences in Acute Viremia in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Δ nef-Infected Animals. J Virol 2018; 92:e00542-18. [PMID: 30135127 PMCID: PMC6206476 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetherin (BST-2 or CD317) is an interferon-inducible transmembrane protein that inhibits virus release from infected cells. To determine the extent of sequence variation and the impact of polymorphisms in rhesus macaque tetherin on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, tetherin alleles were sequenced from 146 rhesus macaques, including 68 animals infected with wild-type SIVmac239 and 47 animals infected with SIVmac239Δnef Since Nef is the viral gene product of SIV that counteracts restriction by tetherin, these groups afford a comparison of the effects of tetherin polymorphisms on SIV strains that are, and are not, resistant to tetherin. We identified 15 alleles of rhesus macaque tetherin with dimorphic residues at 9 positions. The relationship between these alleles and plasma viral loads was compared during acute infection, prior to the onset of adaptive immunity. Acute viremia did not differ significantly among the wild-type SIV-infected animals; however, differences in acute viral loads were associated with polymorphisms in tetherin among the animals infected with SIVΔnef In particular, polymorphisms at positions 43 and 111 (P43 and H111) were associated with lower acute-phase viral loads for SIVΔnef infection. These observations reveal extensive polymorphism in rhesus macaque tetherin, maintained perhaps as a consequence of variability in the selective pressure of diverse viral pathogens, and identify tetherin alleles that may have an inherently greater capacity to restrict SIV replication in the absence of Nef.IMPORTANCE As a consequence of ongoing evolutionary conflict with viral pathogens, tetherin has accumulated numerous species-specific differences that represent important barriers to the transmission of viruses between species. This study reveals extensive polymorphism in rhesus macaque tetherin and identifies specific alleles that are associated with lower viral loads during the first few weeks after infection with nef-deleted SIV. These observations suggest that the variable selective pressure of viral pathogens, in addition to driving the diversification of tetherin among species, also operates within certain species to maintain sequence variation in tetherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aidin Tavakoli-Tameh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William J Neidermyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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40
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Abstract
: Interactions between the Fc segment of IgG and its receptors (FcγRs) found on cells such as natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils can potentially mediate antiviral effects in the setting of HIV and related infections. We review the potential role of FcγR interactions in HIV, SIV and SHIV infections, with an emphasis on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Notably, these viruses employ various strategies, including CD4 down-regulation and BST-2/tetherin antagonism to limit the effect of ADCC. Although correlative data suggest that ADCC participates in both protection and control of established infection, there is little direct evidence in support of either role. Direct evidence does, however, implicate an FcγR-dependent function in augmenting the beneficial in vivo activity of neutralizing antibodies.
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41
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Variable infectivity and conserved engagement in cell-to-cell viral transfer by HIV-1 Env from Clade B transmitted founder clones. Virology 2018; 526:189-202. [PMID: 30415130 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transmission is usually initiated by a single viral strain called transmitted/ founder (T/F) virus. In in vitro models, HIV-1 can efficiently spread via cell-free and virological synapse (VS)-mediated cell-to-cell infection. Both modes of infection require the viral glycoprotein Envelope (Env). The efficiency with which T/F Envs initiate VS and mediate cell-to-cell infection has not been well characterized. Here we tested a panel of isogenic HIV-1 molecular clones that carry different Clade B T/F Envs. We found that despite variable infectivity among different Env clones in the two modes of infection, T/F Envs generally mediated efficient VS formation and subsequent cell-to-cell transfer. In contrast, in vitro infectivity of the T/F Env clones was more variable and strongly correlated with intrinsic fusogenicity of various Envs. We speculate that the conservation of cell-to-cell transfer by T/F Env is indicative of a biologically important function of Env.
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42
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Preadaptation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsmm Facilitated Env-Mediated Counteraction of Human Tetherin by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00276-18. [PMID: 29976668 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00276-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host restriction factor tetherin inhibits virion release from infected cells and poses a significant barrier to successful zoonotic transmission of primate lentiviruses to humans. While most simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), including the direct precursors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, use their Nef protein to counteract tetherin in their natural hosts, they fail to antagonize the human tetherin ortholog. Pandemic HIV-1 group M and epidemic group O strains overcame this hurdle by adapting their Vpu and Nef proteins, respectively, whereas HIV-2 group A uses its envelope (Env) glycoprotein to counteract human tetherin. Whether or how the remaining eight groups of HIV-2 antagonize this antiviral factor has remained unclear. Here, we show that Nef proteins from diverse groups of HIV-2 do not or only modestly antagonize human tetherin, while their ability to downmodulate CD3 and CD4 is highly conserved. Experiments in transfected cell lines and infected primary cells revealed that not only Env proteins of epidemic HIV-2 group A but also those of a circulating recombinant form (CRF01_AB) and rare groups F and I decrease surface expression of human tetherin and significantly enhance progeny virus release. Intriguingly, we found that many SIVsmm Envs also counteract human as well as smm tetherin. Thus, Env-mediated tetherin antagonism in different groups of HIV-2 presumably stems from a preadaptation of their SIVsmm precursors to humans. In summary, we identified a phenotypic trait of SIVsmm that may have facilitated its successful zoonotic transmission to humans and the emergence of HIV-2.IMPORTANCE HIV-2 groups A to I resulted from nine independent cross-species transmission events of SIVsmm to humans and differ considerably in their prevalence and geographic spread. Thus, detailed characterization of these viruses offers a valuable means to elucidate immune evasion mechanisms and human-specific adaptations determining viral spread. In a systematic comparison of rare and epidemic HIV-2 groups and their simian SIVsmm counterparts, we found that the ability of Nef to downmodulate the primary viral entry receptor CD4 and the T cell receptor CD3 is conserved, while effects on CD28, CD74, and major histocompatibility complex class I surface expression vary considerably. Furthermore, we show that not only the Env proteins of HIV-2 groups A, AB, F, and I but also those of some SIVsmm isolates antagonize human tetherin. This finding helps to explain why SIVsmm has been able to cross the species barrier to humans on at least nine independent occasions.
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43
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Madani N, Princiotto AM, Mach L, Ding S, Prevost J, Richard J, Hora B, Sutherland L, Zhao CA, Conn BP, Bradley T, Moody MA, Melillo B, Finzi A, Haynes BF, Smith Iii AB, Santra S, Sodroski J. A CD4-mimetic compound enhances vaccine efficacy against stringent immunodeficiency virus challenge. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2363. [PMID: 29915222 PMCID: PMC6006336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ((gp120/gp41)3) mediates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells. The “closed,” antibody-resistant Env trimer is driven to more open conformations by binding the host receptor, CD4. Broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved elements of the closed Env are potentially protective, but are elicited inefficiently. HIV-1 has evolved multiple mechanisms to evade readily elicited antibodies against more open Env conformations. Small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) bind the HIV-1 gp120 Env and promote conformational changes similar to those induced by CD4, exposing conserved Env elements to antibodies. Here, we show that a CD4mc synergizes with antibodies elicited by monomeric HIV-1 gp120 to protect monkeys from multiple high-dose intrarectal challenges with a heterologous simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). The protective immune response persists for at least six months after vaccination. CD4mc should increase the protective efficacy of any HIV-1 Env vaccine that elicits antibodies against CD4-induced conformations of Env. The HIV Env trimer exhibits a closed confirmation and restricts access to known antibody binding sites. Here the authors show that a small-molecule CD4-mimetic compound binds the HIV Env trimer and enhances antibody-mediated protection in a non-human primate model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Amy M Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Linh Mach
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prevost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Connie A Zhao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Brandon P Conn
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Amos B Smith Iii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Incomplete Downregulation of CD4 Expression Affects HIV-1 Env Conformation and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00484-18. [PMID: 29669829 PMCID: PMC6002730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00484-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected cells expressing envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation on their surfaces are targeted by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by CD4-induced (CD4i) antibodies and sera from HIV-1-infected individuals (HIV+ sera). By downregulating the surface expression of CD4, Nef prevents Env-CD4 interaction, thus protecting HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC. HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMCs) are widely used to measure ADCC. In order to facilitate the identification of infected cells and high-throughput ADCC analysis, reporter genes (e.g., the Renilla luciferase [LucR] gene) are often introduced into IMC constructs. We evaluated the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes to ADCC using a panel of parental IMCs and derivatives that expressed the LucR reporter gene, utilizing different molecular strategies, including one specifically designed to retain Nef expression. We found that in some of these constructs, Nef expression in CD4+ T cells was suboptimal, and consequently, CD4 downregulation was incomplete. CD4 molecules remaining on the cell surface resulted in the exposure of ADCC-mediating CD4i epitopes on Env and a dramatic increase in the susceptibility of the infected cells to ADCC. Strikingly, protection from ADCC was observed when cells were infected with the parental IMC, which exhibited strong CD4 downregulation. This discrepancy between the parental and Nef-impaired viruses was independent of the strains of Env expressed, but rather, it was correlated with the levels of CD4 surface expression. Overall, our results indicate that caution should be taken when selecting IMCs for ADCC measurements and that CD4 downregulation needs to be carefully monitored when drawing conclusions about the nature and magnitude of ADCC. IMPORTANCE In-depth understanding of the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC might help establish correlates of vaccine protection and guide the development of HIV-1 vaccine strategies. Different ADCC assays have been developed, including those using infectious molecular clones (IMCs) carrying a LucR reporter gene that greatly facilitates large-scale quantitative analysis. We previously reported different molecular strategies for introducing LucR while maintaining Nef expression and function and, consequently, CD4 surface downregulation. Here, we demonstrate that utilizing IMCs that exhibit impaired Nef expression can have undesirable consequences due to incomplete CD4 downregulation. CD4 molecules remaining on the cell surface resulted in the exposure of ADCC-mediating CD4i epitopes on Env and a dramatic increase in the susceptibility of the infected cells to ADCC. Overall, our results indicate that CD4 downregulation needs to be carefully monitored when drawing conclusions about the nature and magnitude of ADCC.
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45
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Richard J, Prévost J, Baxter AE, von Bredow B, Ding S, Medjahed H, Delgado GG, Brassard N, Stürzel CM, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Parsons MS, Kaufmann DE, Evans DT, Finzi A. Uninfected Bystander Cells Impact the Measurement of HIV-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses. mBio 2018; 9:e00358-18. [PMID: 29559570 PMCID: PMC5874913 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00358-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) substantially impacts antibody recognition and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses. In the absence of the CD4 receptor at the cell surface, primary Envs sample a "closed" conformation that occludes CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes. The virus controls CD4 expression through the actions of Nef and Vpu accessory proteins, thus protecting infected cells from ADCC responses. However, gp120 shed from infected cells can bind to CD4 present on uninfected bystander cells, sensitizing them to ADCC mediated by CD4i antibodies (Abs). Therefore, we hypothesized that these bystander cells could impact the interpretation of ADCC measurements. To investigate this, we evaluated the ability of antibodies to CD4i epitopes and broadly neutralizing Abs (bNAbs) to mediate ADCC measured by five ADCC assays commonly used in the field. Our results indicate that the uninfected bystander cells coated with gp120 are efficiently recognized by the CD4i ligands but not the bNabs. Consequently, the uninfected bystander cells substantially affect in vitro measurements made with ADCC assays that fail to identify responses against infected versus uninfected cells. Moreover, using an mRNA flow technique that detects productively infected cells, we found that the vast majority of HIV-1-infected cells in in vitro cultures or ex vivo samples from HIV-1-infected individuals are CD4 negative and therefore do not expose significant levels of CD4i epitopes. Altogether, our results indicate that ADCC assays unable to differentiate responses against infected versus uninfected cells overestimate responses mediated by CD4i ligands.IMPORTANCE Emerging evidence supports a role for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in protection against HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. However, there are conflicting reports regarding the ability of nonneutralizing antibodies targeting CD4-inducible (CD4i) Env epitopes to mediate ADCC. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison of different methods currently being used in the field to measure ADCC responses to HIV-1. We found that assays which are unable to differentiate virus-infected from uninfected cells greatly overestimate ADCC responses mediated by antibodies to CD4i epitopes and underestimate responses mediated by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Our results strongly argue for the use of assays that measure ADCC against HIV-1-infected cells expressing physiologically relevant conformations of Env to evaluate correlates of protection in vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin von Bredow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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46
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Wines BD, Billings H, Mclean MR, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM. Antibody Functional Assays as Measures of Fc Receptor-Mediated Immunity to HIV - New Technologies and their Impact on the HIV Vaccine Field. Curr HIV Res 2018; 15:202-215. [PMID: 28322167 PMCID: PMC5543561 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666170320112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is now intense interest in the role of HIV-specific antibodies and the engagement of FcγR functions in the control and prevention of HIV infection. The analyses of the RV144 vaccine trial, natural progression cohorts, and macaque models all point to a role for Fc-dependent effector functions, such as cytotoxicity (ADCC) or phagocytosis (ADCP), in the control of HIV. However, reliable assays that can be reproducibly used across different laboratories to measure Fc-dependent functions, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are limited. Method: This brief review highlights the importance of Fc properties for immunity to HIV, particular-ly via FcγR diversity and function. We discuss assays used to study FcR mediated functions of HIV-specific Ab, including our recently developed novel cell-free ELISA using homo-dimeric FcγR ecto-domains to detect functionally relevant viral antigen-specific antibodies. Results: The binding of these dimeric FcγR ectodomains, to closely spaced pairs of IgG Fc, mimics the engagement and cross-linking of Fc receptors by IgG opsonized virions or infected cells as the es-sential prerequisite to the induction of Ab-dependent effector functions. The dimeric FcγR ELISA reli-ably correlates with ADCC in patient responses to influenza. The assay is amenable to high throughput and could be standardized across laboratories. Conclusion: We propose the assay has broader implications for the evaluation of the quality of anti-body responses in viral infections and for the rapid evaluation of responses in vaccine development campaigns for HIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Hugh Billings
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia
| | - Milla R Mclean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Bourke NM, Napoletano S, Bannan C, Ahmed S, Bergin C, McKnight Á, Stevenson NJ. Control of HIV infection by IFN-α: implications for latency and a cure. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:775-783. [PMID: 28988399 PMCID: PMC11105398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections, including HIV, trigger the production of type I interferons (IFNs), which in turn, activate a signalling cascade that ultimately culminates with the expression of anti-viral proteins. Mounting evidence suggests that type I IFNs, in particular IFN-α, play a pivotal role in limiting acute HIV infection. Highly active anti-retroviral treatment reduces viral load and increases life expectancy in HIV positive patients; however, it fails to fully eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. To revisit HIV as a curable disease, this article reviews a body of literature that highlights type I IFNs as mediators in the control of HIV infection, with particular focus on the anti-HIV restriction factors induced and/or activated by IFN-α. In addition, we discuss the relevance of type I IFN treatment in the context of HIV latency reversal, novel therapeutic intervention strategies and the potential for full HIV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nollaig M Bourke
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Napoletano
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciaran Bannan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Genito Urinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suaad Ahmed
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Bergin
- Department of Genito Urinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nigel J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Foster TL, Pickering S, Neil SJD. Inhibiting the Ins and Outs of HIV Replication: Cell-Intrinsic Antiretroviral Restrictions at the Plasma Membrane. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1853. [PMID: 29354117 PMCID: PMC5758531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Like all viruses, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) and their primate lentivirus relatives must enter cells in order to replicate and, once produced, new virions need to exit to spread to new targets. These processes require the virus to cross the plasma membrane of the cell twice: once via fusion mediated by the envelope glycoprotein to deliver the viral core into the cytosol; and secondly by ESCRT-mediated scission of budding virions during release. This physical barrier thus presents a perfect location for host antiviral restrictions that target enveloped viruses in general. In this review we will examine the current understanding of innate host antiviral defences that inhibit these essential replicative steps of primate lentiviruses associated with the plasma membrane, the mechanism by which these viruses have adapted to evade such defences, and the role that this virus/host battleground plays in the transmission and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshana L Foster
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J D Neil
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Envelope glycoproteins sampling states 2/3 are susceptible to ADCC by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. Virology 2017; 515:38-45. [PMID: 29248757 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent analysis of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) dynamics showed that the unliganded Env trimer can potentially sample three conformations: a metastable "closed" conformation (State 1), an "open" CD4-bound conformation (State 3), and an intermediate "partially open" conformation (State 2). HIV-1 evolved several mechanisms to avoid "opening" its Env in order to evade immune responses such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which preferentially targets Envs in the CD4-bound conformation on the surface of infected cells. Here we took advantage of a well-characterized single-residue change in the gp120 trimer association domain to modify Env conformation and evaluate its impact on ADCC responses. We found that cells infected with viruses expressing Env stabilized in States 2/3 become highly susceptible to ADCC responses by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. Our results indicate that the conformations spontaneously sampled by the Env trimer at the surface of infected cells has a significant impact on ADCC responses.
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50
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Richard J, Prévost J, Alsahafi N, Ding S, Finzi A. Impact of HIV-1 Envelope Conformation on ADCC Responses. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:253-265. [PMID: 29162391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) represent the only virus-specific antigen exposed at the surface of infected cells. In its unliganded form, Env from primary viruses samples a 'closed' conformation (State 1), which is preferentially recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). CD4 engagement drives Env into an intermediate 'partially open' (State 2) and then into the 'open' CD4-bound conformation (State 3). Emerging evidence suggests a link between Env conformation and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1-infected cells exposing Env in the CD4-bound conformation are susceptible to ADCC mediated by CD4-induced Abs and HIV+sera. Cells exposing State 1 Env are susceptible to ADCC mediated by bNAbs. Here, we discuss how Env conformation affects ADCC responses and in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; These authors contributed equally
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; These authors contributed equally
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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