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Xie C, Lu D. Evolution and diversity of the hepatitis B virus genome: Clinical implications. Virology 2024; 598:110197. [PMID: 39098184 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global health burden. The genetic variation of HBV is complex. HBV can be divided into nine genotypes, which show significant differences in geographical distribution, clinical manifestations, transmission routes and treatment response. In recent years, substantial progress has been made through various research methods in understanding the development, pathogenesis, and antiviral treatment response of clinical disease associated with HBV genetic variants. This progress provides important theoretical support for a deeper understanding of the natural history of HBV infection, virus detection, drug treatment, vaccine development, mother-to-child transmission, and surveillance management. This review summarizes the mechanisms of HBV diversity, discusses methods used to detect viral diversity in current studies, and the impact of viral genome variation during infection on the development of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzuo Xie
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daiqiang Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Medical Virology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510632, China.
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2
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Padarath K, Deroubaix A, Naicker P, Stoychev S, Kramvis A. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Huh7 Cells Transfected with Sub-Saharan African Hepatitis B Virus (Sub)genotypes Reveals Potential Oncogenic Factors. Viruses 2024; 16:1052. [PMID: 39066215 PMCID: PMC11281506 DOI: 10.3390/v16071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the (sub)genotypes A1, D3, and E of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevail. Individuals infected with subgenotype A1 have a 4.5-fold increased risk of HCC compared to those infected with other (sub)genotypes. The effect of (sub)genotypes on protein expression and host signalling has not been studied. Mass spectrometry was used to analyse the proteome of Huh7 cells transfected with replication-competent clones. Proteomic analysis revealed significantly differentially expressed proteins between SSA (sub)genotypes. Different (sub)genotypes have the propensity to dysregulate specific host signalling pathways. Subgenotype A1 resulted in dysregulation within the Ras pathway. Ras-associated protein, RhoC, was significantly upregulated in cells transfected with subgenotype A1 compared to those transfected with other (sub)genotypes, on both a proteomic (>1.5-fold) and mRNA level (p < 0.05). Two of the main cellular signalling pathways involving RHOC, MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, regulate cell growth, motility, and survival. Downstream signalling products of these pathways have been shown to increase MMP2 and MMP9 expression. An extracellular MMP2 and MMP9 ELISA revealed a non-significant increase in MMP2 and MMP9 in the cells transfected with A1 compared to the other (sub)genotypes (p < 0.05). The upregulated Ras-associated proteins have been implicated as oncoproteins in various cancers and could contribute to the increased hepatocarcinogenic potential of A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyasha Padarath
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa (A.D.)
| | - Aurélie Deroubaix
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa (A.D.)
- Life Sciences Imaging Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Previn Naicker
- Future Production Chemicals, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0184, South Africa;
| | - Stoyan Stoychev
- ReSyn Biosciences, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;
- Evosep Biosystems, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa (A.D.)
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3
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Schollmeier A, Basic M, Glitscher M, Hildt E. The impact of HBx protein on mitochondrial dynamics and associated signaling pathways strongly depends on the hepatitis B virus genotype. J Virol 2024; 98:e0042424. [PMID: 38629837 PMCID: PMC11092329 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00424-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are strongly associated with liver cirrhosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this context, the viral HBx protein is considered as a major factor influencing HBV-associated pathogenesis through deregulation of multiple cellular signaling pathways and is therefore a potential target for prognostic and therapeutic applications. However, HBV-associated pathogenesis differs significantly between genotypes, with the relevant factors and in particular the contribution of the genetic diversity of HBx being largely unknown. To address this question, we studied the specific genotype-dependent impact of HBx on cellular signaling pathways, focusing in particular on morphological and functional parameters of mitochondria. To exclusively investigate the impact of HBx of different genotypes on integrity and function of mitochondria in the absence of additional viral factors, we overexpressed HBx in Huh7 or HepG2 cells. Key signaling pathways were profiled by kinome analysis and correlated with expression levels of mitochondrial and pathogenic markers. Conclusively, HBx of genotypes A and G caused strong disruption of mitochondrial morphology alongside an induction of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. These effects were only moderately dysregulated by genotypes B and E, whereas genotypes C and D exhibit an intermediate effect in this regard. Accordingly, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated reactive oxygen species production were associated with the HBx-mediated dysfunction among different genotypes. Also, genotype-related differences in mitophagy induction were identified and indicated that HBx-mediated changes in the mitochondria morphology and function strongly depend on the genotype. This indicates a relevant role of HBx in the process of genotype-dependent liver pathogenesis of HBV infections and reveals underlying mechanisms.IMPORTANCEThe hepatitis B virus is the main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and differs in terms of pathogenesis and clinical outcome among the different genotypes. Furthermore, the viral HBx protein is a known factor in the progression of liver injury by inducing aberrant mitochondrial structures and functions. Consequently, the selective removal of dysfunctional mitochondria is essential to maintain overall cellular homeostasis and cell survival. Consistent with the intergenotypic difference of HBV, our data reveal significant differences regarding the impact of HBx of different genotypes on mitochondrial dynamic and function and thereby on radical oxygen stress levels within the cell. We subsequently observed that the induction of mitophagy differs significantly across the heterogenetic HBx proteins. Therefore, this study provides evidence that HBx-mediated changes in the mitochondria dynamics and functionality strongly depend on the genotype of HBx. This highlights an important contribution of HBx in the process of genotype-dependent liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Basic
- Division of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Mirco Glitscher
- Division of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Division of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
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Duchen D, Clipman SJ, Vergara C, Thio CL, Thomas DL, Duggal P, Wojcik GL. A hepatitis B virus (HBV) sequence variation graph improves alignment and sample-specific consensus sequence construction. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301069. [PMID: 38669259 PMCID: PMC11051683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nearly 300 million individuals live with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB), for which no curative therapy is available. As viral diversity is associated with pathogenesis and immunological control of infection, improved methods to characterize this diversity could aid drug development efforts. Conventionally, viral sequencing data are mapped/aligned to a reference genome, and only the aligned sequences are retained for analysis. Thus, reference selection is critical, yet selecting the most representative reference a priori remains difficult. We investigate an alternative pangenome approach which can combine multiple reference sequences into a graph which can be used during alignment. Using simulated short-read sequencing data generated from publicly available HBV genomes and real sequencing data from an individual living with CHB, we demonstrate alignment to a phylogenetically representative 'genome graph' can improve alignment, avoid issues of reference ambiguity, and facilitate the construction of sample-specific consensus sequences more genetically similar to the individual's infection. Graph-based methods can, therefore, improve efforts to characterize the genetics of viral pathogens, including HBV, and have broader implications in host-pathogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Duchen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Clipman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Candelaria Vergara
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Chloe L. Thio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - David L. Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Genevieve L. Wojcik
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Sun B, Andrades Valtueña A, Kocher A, Gao S, Li C, Fu S, Zhang F, Ma P, Yang X, Qiu Y, Zhang Q, Ma J, Chen S, Xiao X, Damchaabadgar S, Li F, Kovalev A, Hu C, Chen X, Wang L, Li W, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Krause J, Herbig A, Cui Y. Origin and dispersal history of Hepatitis B virus in Eastern Eurasia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2951. [PMID: 38580660 PMCID: PMC10997587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is a globally distributed pathogen and the history of HBV infection in humans predates 10000 years. However, long-term evolutionary history of HBV in Eastern Eurasia remains elusive. We present 34 ancient HBV genomes dating between approximately 5000 to 400 years ago sourced from 17 sites across Eastern Eurasia. Ten sequences have full coverage, and only two sequences have less than 50% coverage. Our results suggest a potential origin of genotypes B and D in Eastern Asia. We observed a higher level of HBV diversity within Eastern Eurasia compared to Western Eurasia between 5000 and 3000 years ago, characterized by the presence of five different genotypes (A, B, C, D, WENBA), underscoring the significance of human migrations and interactions in the spread of HBV. Our results suggest the possibility of a transition from non-recombinant subgenotypes (B1, B5) to recombinant subgenotypes (B2 - B4). This suggests a shift in epidemiological dynamics within Eastern Eurasia over time. Here, our study elucidates the regional origins of prevalent genotypes and shifts in viral subgenotypes over centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Aida Andrades Valtueña
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Arthur Kocher
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Shizhu Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shuang Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Quanchao Zhang
- School of archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jian Ma
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Shan Chen
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110136, China
| | - Xiaoming Xiao
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110136, China
| | | | - Fajun Li
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Alexey Kovalev
- Department of archaeological heritage preservation, Institute of Archaeology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117292, Russia
| | - Chunbai Hu
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Xianglong Chen
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, 830011, China
| | - Yawei Zhou
- School of History, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450066, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Yinqiu Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Sirilert S, Khamrin P, Kumthip K, Malasao R, Tongsong T, Maneekarn N. Hepatitis B virus genotypes associated with pregnant women in Northern Thailand. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:406-411. [PMID: 38262076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the major route of transmission causing persistent infection. The prevalence of HBV infection and HBV genotypes found in different geographical areas varies from country to country. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the HBV genotypes in HBV-infected pregnant women in Northern Thailand. METHODS Stored blood samples that were collected from 145 HBsAg-positive pregnant women who gave birth at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand from 2017 to 2020 were analyzed. The partial nucleotide sequence of the S gene of HBV was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced. All sequences were analyzed phylogenetically together with the reference strains to define the HBV genotypes. RESULTS A total of 31 blood samples from 145 HBsAg-positive pregnant women were positive for HBV by nested PCR. The detected HBV strains were identified as presumptive subgenotypes C1 (77.4%; 24/31), B9 (9.7%; 3/31), C2 (3.2%; 1/31), B2 (3.2%; 1/31), B4 (3.2%; 1/31), and presumptive B4/C2 recombinant subgenotype (3.2%; 1/31). CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed that presumptive subgenotype C1 was the most common subgenotype circulating in pregnant women in Northern Thailand and accounted for 77.4% of cases, followed by presumptive subgenotypes B9, C2, B2, and B4. Furthermore, this study reported, for the first time in Thailand, the HBV genotypes and presumptive subgenotypes, particularly subgenotype B9 circulating in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinart Sirilert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Malasao
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Theera Tongsong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, and Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Agustiningsih A, Rasyak MR, Turyadi, Jayanti S, Sukowati C. The oncogenic role of hepatitis B virus X gene in hepatocarcinogenesis: recent updates. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:120-134. [PMID: 38464387 PMCID: PMC10918233 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent form of primary liver cancers with high mortality rate. Among its various etiological factors, one of the major risk factors for HCC is a chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV X protein (HBx) has been identified to play an important role in the HBV-induced HCC pathogenesis since it may interfere with several key regulators of many cellular processes. HBx localization within the cells may be beneficial to HBx multiple functions at different phases of HBV infection and associated hepatocarcinogenesis. HBx as a regulatory protein modulates cellular transcription, molecular signal transduction, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, protein degradation pathways, and host genetic stability via interaction with various factors, including its association with various non-coding RNAs. A better understanding on the regulatory mechanism of HBx on various characteristics of HCC would provide an overall picture of HBV-associated HCC. This article addresses recent data on HBx role in the HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustiningsih Agustiningsih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Rezki Rasyak
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
- Post Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Turyadi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
| | - Sri Jayanti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
| | - Caecilia Sukowati
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
- Liver Cancer Unit, Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Liao F, Xie J, Du R, Gao W, Lan L, Wang M, Rong X, Fu Y, Wang H. Replication and Expression of the Consensus Genome of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype C from the Chinese Population. Viruses 2023; 15:2302. [PMID: 38140543 PMCID: PMC10747539 DOI: 10.3390/v15122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C is a prevalent HBV genotype in the Chinese population. Although genotype C shows higher sequence heterogeneity and more severe liver disease than other genotypes, its pathogenesis and immunological traits are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we first established and chemically synthesized the consensus sequence based on representative 138 full-length HBV genotype C genomes from the Chinese population. The pHBV1.3C plasmid system, containing a 1.3-fold full-length HBV genotype C consensus sequence, was constructed for subsequent validation. Next, we performed functional assays to investigate the replicative competence of pHBV1.3C in vitro through the transient transfection of HepG2 and Huh7 cells and validated the in vivo function via a hydrodynamic injection to BALB/c recipient mice. The in vitro investigation revealed that the extracellular HBV DNA and intracellular replicative intermediate (i.e., pregenomic RNA, pgRNA) were apparently measurable at 48 h, and the HBsAg and HBcAg were still positive in hepatoma cells at 96 h. We also found that HBsAg and HBeAg accumulated at the extracellular and intracellular levels in a time-dependent manner. The in vivo validation demonstrated that pHBV1.3C plasmids induced HBV viremia, triggered morphological changes and HBsAg- or HBcAg- positivity of hepatocytes, and ultimately caused inflammatory infiltration and focal or piecemeal necrosis in the livers of the murine recipients. HBV protein (HBsAg) colocalized with CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells in the liver. F4/80+ Kupffer cells were abundantly recruited around the altered murine hepatocytes. Taken together, our results indicate that the synthetic consensus sequence of HBV genotype C is replication-competent in vitro and in vivo. This genotype C consensus genome supports the full HBV life cycle, which is conducive to studying its pathogenesis and immune response, screening novel antiviral agents, and further optimizing testing and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfang Liao
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Junmou Xie
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Rongsong Du
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Wenbo Gao
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Lanyin Lan
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Min Wang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Xia Rong
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Yongshui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
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9
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Angelo L, Vaillant A, Blanchet M, Labonté P. Pangenomic antiviral effect of REP 2139 in CRISPR/Cas9 engineered cell lines expressing hepatitis B virus surface antigen. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293167. [PMID: 37910550 PMCID: PMC10619774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B remains a global health problem with 296 million people living with chronic HBV infection and being at risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-infectious subviral particles (SVP) are produced in large excess over infectious Dane particles in patients and are the major source of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). They are thought to exhaust the immune system, and it is generally considered that functional cure requires the clearance of HBsAg from blood of patient. Nucleic acid polymers (NAPs) antiviral activity lead to the inhibition of HBsAg release, resulting in rapid clearance of HBsAg from circulation in vivo. However, their efficacy has only been demonstrated in limited genotypes in small scale clinical trials. HBV exists as nine main genotypes (A to I). In this study, the HBsAg ORFs from the most prevalent genotypes (A, B, C, D, E, G), which account for over 96% of human cases, were inserted into the AAVS1 safe-harbor of HepG2 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in. A cell line producing the D144A vaccine escape mutant was also engineered. The secretion of HBsAg was confirmed into these new genotype cell lines (GCLs) and the antiviral activity of the NAP REP 2139 was then assessed. The results demonstrate that REP 2139 exerts an antiviral effect in all genotypes and serotypes tested in this study, including the vaccine escape mutant, suggesting a pangenomic effect of the NAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Angelo
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique–Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologies, Laval, Canada
| | | | - Matthieu Blanchet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique–Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologies, Laval, Canada
- Replicor Inc, Montréal, Canada
| | - Patrick Labonté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique–Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologies, Laval, Canada
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10
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Panduro A, Roman S, Laguna-Meraz S, Jose-Abrego A. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype H: Epidemiological, Molecular, and Clinical Characteristics in Mexico. Viruses 2023; 15:2186. [PMID: 38005864 PMCID: PMC10675821 DOI: 10.3390/v15112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV), comprising of ten genotypes (A-J), has been a silent threat against humanity, constituting a public health problem worldwide. In 2016, the World Health Organization set forth an impressive initiative for the global elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030. As the target date approaches, many nations, particularly in the Latin American region, face challenges in designing and implementing their respective elimination plan. This review aimed to portray the state of knowledge about the epidemiological, molecular, and clinical characteristics of HBV genotype H (HBV/H), endemic to Mexico. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to compile scientific literature over 50 years (1970-2022). A total of 91 articles were organized into thematic categories, addressing essential aspects such as epidemiological data, risk factors, HBV genotype distribution, HBV mixed infections, clinical characteristics, and vaccination. The prevalence and its associated 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated using the Metafor package in R programming language (version 4.1.2). We provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses in diagnostics and prevention measures that explain the current epidemiological profile of HBV/H. Training, research, and awareness actions are required to control HBV infections in Mexico. These actions should contribute to creating more specific clinical practice guides according to the region's characteristics. Mexico's elimination plan for HBV will require teamwork among the government health administration, researchers, physicians, specialists, and civil society advocates to overcome this task jointly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Panduro
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico; (S.L.-M.); (A.J.-A.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico; (S.L.-M.); (A.J.-A.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Saul Laguna-Meraz
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico; (S.L.-M.); (A.J.-A.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alexis Jose-Abrego
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico; (S.L.-M.); (A.J.-A.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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11
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Jose-Abrego A, Roman S, Laguna-Meraz S, Panduro A. Host and HBV Interactions and Their Potential Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Pathogens 2023; 12:1146. [PMID: 37764954 PMCID: PMC10535809 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a challenge for global health services, affecting millions and leading thousands to end-stage liver disease each year. This comprehensive review explores the interactions between HBV and the host, examining their impact on clinical outcomes. HBV infection encompasses a spectrum of severity, ranging from acute hepatitis B to chronic hepatitis B, which can potentially progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), characterized by low HBV DNA levels in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative individuals, can reactivate and cause acute hepatitis B. HBV genotyping has revealed unique geographical patterns and relationships with clinical outcomes. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the human host genome have been linked to several clinical outcomes, including cirrhosis, HCC, OBI, hepatitis B reactivation, and spontaneous clearance. The immune response plays a key role in controlling HBV infection by eliminating infected cells and neutralizing HBV in the bloodstream. Furthermore, HBV can modulate host metabolic pathways involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and bile acid absorption, influencing disease progression. HBV clinical outcomes correlate with three levels of viral adaptation. In conclusion, the clinical outcomes of HBV infection could result from complex immune and metabolic interactions between the host and HBV. These outcomes can vary among populations and are influenced by HBV genotypes, host genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Understanding the degrees of HBV adaptation is essential for developing region-specific control and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Jose-Abrego
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (A.J.-A.); (S.R.); (S.L.-M.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (A.J.-A.); (S.R.); (S.L.-M.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Saul Laguna-Meraz
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (A.J.-A.); (S.R.); (S.L.-M.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Arturo Panduro
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (A.J.-A.); (S.R.); (S.L.-M.)
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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12
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Chen J, Li L, Yin Q, Shen T. A review of epidemiology and clinical relevance of Hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2023; 47:102180. [PMID: 37479136 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health burden, affecting nearly 300 million people around the world. Due to HBV population is considered to be represented as a viral quasispecies with genetic diversity, some reports showed that different genotypes of HBV have different viral effects, though the emergence of antiviral drugs that effectively inhibit viral replication, however, HBV infection has still not been eradicated and further research is needed. SUMMARY HBV has been classified into at least ten genotypes (A-J) and more than 40 subgenotypes based on an intergroup or intragroup nucleotide difference across the whole genome, respectively. Inter genotypic recombinants were also observed during the HBV evolution. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes have distinct ethno-geographical distributions, as well as evident differences in their biological characteristics. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes also have close association with disease severity, long-term clinical outcomes, and response to antiviral therapy. KEYMESSAGES In this review, we up-dated the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features and prognosis of HBV infection with dissimilar genotype/subgenotypes, to better understanding and developing individualized prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Medical school, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Qi Yin
- Medical school, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Tao Shen
- Medical school, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Virology, Institute of Basic and Clinical Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, PR China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatic Disease, Yunnan Province Innovation Team of Intestinal Microecology Related Disease Research and Technological Transformation, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, PR China.
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13
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Toyé RM, Loureiro CL, Jaspe RC, Zoulim F, Pujol FH, Chemin I. The Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes E to J: The Overlooked Genotypes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1908. [PMID: 37630468 PMCID: PMC10459053 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes E to J are understudied genotypes. Genotype E is found almost exclusively in West Africa. Genotypes F and H are found in America and are rare in other parts of the world. The distribution of genotype G is not completely known. Genotypes I and J are found in Asia and probably result from recombination events with other genotypes. The number of reported sequences for HBV genotypes E to J is small compared to other genotypes, which could impact phylogenetic and pairwise distance analyses. Genotype F is the most divergent of the HBV genotypes and is subdivided into six subgenotypes F1 to F6. Genotype E may be a recent genotype circulating almost exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa. Genotype J is a putative genotype originating from a single Japanese patient. The paucity of data from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America is due to the under-representation of these regions in clinical and research cohorts. The purpose of this review is to highlight the need for further research on HBV genotypes E to J, which appear to be overlooked genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Maryse Toyé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France; (R.M.T.); (F.Z.)
| | - Carmen Luisa Loureiro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular (CMBC), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Rossana Celeste Jaspe
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular (CMBC), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France; (R.M.T.); (F.Z.)
| | - Flor Helene Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular (CMBC), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (C.L.L.); (R.C.J.)
- Collégium de Lyon, Institut d’Etudes Avancées, Université Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Chemin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France; (R.M.T.); (F.Z.)
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14
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Anabire NG, Quaye O, Helegbe GK. Circulation of multiple hepatitis B virus genotypes in individual pregnant women seeking antenatal care in northern Ghana. Virol J 2023; 20:149. [PMID: 37443015 PMCID: PMC10347747 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification and monitoring of HBV genotype variations is important, since that can help forecast the likelihood of developing serious liver disease and how well patients respond to antiviral medication. Given that HBV genotyping tests are not widely available in our healthcare system, this study characterized HBV genotypes in pregnant women seeking prenatal treatment in northern Ghana. METHOD By a cross-sectional approach, 2071 pregnant women seeking antenatal care in health facilities in northern Ghana were screened for HBV infection using hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid diagnostic test kit. The women were aged between 17 and 41 years, were of varying gravidae (primigravidae and multigravidae) and gestational age (first, second and third trimesters). A confirmatory PCR assay was used to detect HBsAg, and the distribution of HBV genotypes was determined using a nested PCR assay. RESULTS Three HBV genotypes (A, D and E) were detected among the pregnant women, of which 175 (91.6%) had genotype E, 9 (4.7%) had mixed genotypes A and E, 5 (2.6%) had mixed genotypes D and E, and 2 (1.1) had mixed genotypes A, D and E. The proportions of women with the different HBV genotypes were independent of age (p = 0.925), gravidity (p = 0.193, χ2 = 4.729) and gestational age (p = 0.227, χ2 = 8.152). CONCLUSION This study for the first-time characterized circulating HBV genotypes in pregnant women in northern Ghana, which reveals genotypes A and D are found in mixed infections with genotype E. The findings have clinical implications on the management of chronic HBV infection among pregnant women in northern Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsoh Godwin Anabire
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon- Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon- Accra, Ghana
| | - Gideon Kofi Helegbe
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
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15
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di Filippo Villa D, Navas MC. Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus-An Update. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1140. [PMID: 37317114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem in the world. Approximately 296 million people are chronically infected. In endemic areas, vertical transmission is a common route of transmission. There are several strategies for the prevention of HBV vertical transmission, such as antiviral treatment during the third trimester of pregnancy and immunoprophylaxis to newborns that includes the administration of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and an HBV vaccine. Despite this, immunoprophylaxis failure can occur in up to 30% of infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers and/or with high viral load. Therefore, management and prevention of HBV vertical transmission is of paramount significance. In this article, we provided a review of the epidemiology, mechanisms of pathogenesis and risk factors of vertical transmission, as well as the strategies implemented to prevent the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana di Filippo Villa
- Gastrohepatology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Maria-Cristina Navas
- Gastrohepatology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin 050010, Colombia
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16
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Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Kato CD, Wampande E, Walusansa A, Kajumbula H, Kateete D, Ssenku JE, Sendagire H. Mapping hepatitis B virus genotypes on the African continent from 1997 to 2021: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5723. [PMID: 37029173 PMCID: PMC10082212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has ten genotypes (A-J) and over 40 sub-genotypes based on the divergence of ≥ 8% and 4 to < 8% in the complete genome respectively. These genotypes and sub-genotypes influence the disease prognosis, response to therapy and route of viral transmission. Besides, infection with mixed genotypes and recombinant genotypes has also been reported. This study aimed at mapping the de novo genotypes and correlate them with the immigration trends in order to inform future research on the underlying reasons for the relative distribution of HBV genotypes from a large sample size pooled from many primary studies. Data was extracted from 59 full research articles obtained from Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, Willy library, African Journal Online (AJOL) and Google Scholar. Studies that investigated the genotypes, sub-genotypes, mixed genotypes and recombinant were included. The Z-test and regression were used for the analysis. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42022300220. Overall, genotype E had the highest pooled prevalence significantly higher than all the other genotypes (P < 0.001). By region, genotype A posted the highest pooled prevalence in eastern and southern Africa, E in west Africa and D in north Africa (P < 0.0001). Regarding the emerging genotypes B and C on the African continent, genotype B was significantly higher in south Africa than C (P < 0.001). In contrast, genotype C was significantly higher in east Africa than west Africa (P < 0.0001). The A1 and D/E were the most diverse sub-genotypes and genotype mixtures respectively. Finally, we observed a general progressive decrease in the prevalence of predominant genotypes but a progressive increase in the less dominant by region. Historical and recent continental and intercontinental migrations can provide a plausible explanation for the HBV genotype distribution pattern on the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mukasa Kafeero
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Dorothy Ndagire
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ponsiano Ocama
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Drago Kato
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eddie Wampande
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abdul Walusansa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Kateete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jamilu E Ssenku
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hakim Sendagire
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, P. O Box 7689, Kampala, Uganda
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17
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A novel subgenotype I3 of hepatitis B virus in Guangxi, China: a 15-year follow-up study. Virus Genes 2023; 59:359-369. [PMID: 36841897 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Genotype I of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was proposed recently following sequencing of complete HBV genomes from Vietnam and Laos. However, its long-term molecular evolution is unknown. The objectives of this study were to study the molecular evolution of this genotype from an asymptomatic HBsAg carrier from the Long An cohort over a 15-year period was studied using both NGS and clone-based sequencing. The number of complete genome sequences obtained in 2004, 2007, 2013, and 2019 are 17, 20, 19, and 10, respectively. All strains belong to subgenotype I1, except for six (five from 2007 and one from 2019) and 8 further strains from 2007 which form a cluster branching out from other subgenotype I sequences, supported by a 100% bootstrap value. Based on complete genome sequences, all of the estimated intragroup nucleotide divergence values between these strains and HBV subgenotypes I1-I2 exceed 4%. These strains are recombinants between genotype I1 and subgenotype C but the breakpoints vary. The median intrahost viral evolutionary rate in this carrier was 3.88E-4 substitutions per site per year. The Shannon entropy (Sn) ranged from 0.55 to 0.88 and the genetic diversity, D, ranged from 0.0022 to 0.0041. In conclusion, our data provide evidence of novel subgenotypes. Considering that the 8 strains disappeared after 2007, while one of the 6 strains appears again in 2019, we propose these 6 strains as a new subgenotype, provisionally designated HBV subgenotype I3 and the 8 strains as aberrant genotype.
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18
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Duchen D, Clipman S, Vergara C, Thio CL, Thomas DL, Duggal P, Wojcik GL. A hepatitis B virus (HBV) sequence variation graph improves sequence alignment and sample-specific consensus sequence construction for genetic analysis of HBV. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523611. [PMID: 36711598 PMCID: PMC9882026 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a global public health concern, with over 250 million individuals living with chronic HBV infection (CHB) and no curative therapy currently available. Viral diversity is associated with CHB pathogenesis and immunological control of infection. Improved methods to characterize the viral genome at both the population and intra-host level could aid drug development efforts. Conventionally, HBV sequencing data are aligned to a linear reference genome and only sequences capable of aligning to the reference are captured for analysis. Reference selection has additional consequences, including sample-specific 'consensus' sequence construction. It remains unclear how to select a reference from available sequences and whether a single reference is sufficient for genetic analyses. Using simulated short-read sequencing data generated from full-length publicly available HBV genome sequences and HBV sequencing data from a longitudinally sampled individual with CHB, we investigate alternative graph-based alignment approaches. We demonstrate that using a phylogenetically representative 'genome graph' for alignment, rather than linear reference sequences, avoids issues of reference ambiguity, improves alignment, and facilitates the construction of sample-specific consensus sequences genetically similar to an individual's infection. Graph-based methods can therefore improve efforts to characterize the genetics of viral pathogens, including HBV, and may have broad implications in host pathogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Duchen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Steven Clipman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Candelaria Vergara
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chloe L Thio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Genevieve L Wojcik
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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19
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Marcelino R, Ezeonwumelu IJ, Janeiro A, Mimoso P, Matos S, Briz V, Pimentel V, Pingarilho M, Tato Marinho R, Maria Marcelino J, Taveira N, Abecasis A. Phylogeography of hepatitis B virus: The role of Portugal in the early dissemination of HBV worldwide. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276618. [PMID: 36548381 PMCID: PMC9778982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Portugal, the genetic diversity, origin of HBV and the Portuguese role in the dissemination of HBV worldwide were never investigated. In this work, we studied the epidemic history and transmission dynamics of HBV genotypes that are endemic in Portugal. HBV pol gene was sequenced from 130 patients followed in Lisbon. HBV genotype A was the most prevalent (n = 54, 41.5%), followed by D (n = 44, 33.8%), and E (n = 32, 24.6%). Spatio-temporal evolutionary dynamics was reconstructed in BEAST using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, with a GTR nucleotide substitution model, an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock model, a Bayesian skyline plot, and a continuous diffusion model. HBV subgenotype D4 was the first to be introduced in Portugal around 1857 (HPD 95% 1699-1931) followed by D3 and A2 a few decades later. HBV genotype E and subgenotype A1 were introduced in Portugal later, almost simultaneously. Our results indicate a very important role of Portugal in the exportation of subgenotypes D4 and A2 to Brazil and Cape Verde, respectively, in the beginning of the XX century. This work clarifies the epidemiological history of HBV in Portugal and provides new insights in the early and global epidemic history of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Marcelino
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - André Janeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, GenoMed–Diagnósticos de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Mimoso
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, GenoMed–Diagnósticos de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Matos
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, GenoMed–Diagnósticos de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Veronica Briz
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Pimentel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Pingarilho
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Tato Marinho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Santa Maria Hospital, Medical School of Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Maria Marcelino
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Abecasis
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT/UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
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20
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Hepatitis B Therapeutic Vaccine: A Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121542. [PMID: 36558991 PMCID: PMC9783911 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis has long been underrated as a danger to global health. The UN only recently called for worldwide action to tackle viral hepatitis and lessen the disease burden in its "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which causes liver cirrhosis and malignancy, is a main cause of death globally. This review analyses innovative HBV therapeutic vaccine candidates for which a patent was filed between January 2010 and March 2022 and presents future improvement techniques for vaccine efficacy. Although there is a preventative vaccine for HBV infection, over 3% of people worldwide have the disease on a long-term basis and can no longer benefit from it. Most people will have chronic HBV infection for the rest of their lives once it has been diagnosed. Moreover, only a small percentage of treated patients experience a functional cure with persistent hepatitis B surface antigen reduction. A significant proportion of deaths are caused by liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer, which are both caused by chronic hepatitis B infection. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel medications due to the inadequacies of the current therapies.
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21
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Lourenço J, McNaughton AL, Pley C, Obolski U, Gupta S, Matthews PC. Polymorphisms predicting phylogeny in hepatitis B virus. Virus Evol 2022; 9:veac116. [PMID: 36628296 PMCID: PMC9825179 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) are compact viruses with circular genomes of ∼3.2 kb in length. Four genes (HBx, Core, Surface, and Polymerase) generating seven products are encoded on overlapping reading frames. Ten HBV genotypes have been characterised (A-J), which may account for differences in transmission, outcomes of infection, and treatment response. However, HBV genotyping is rarely undertaken, and sequencing remains inaccessible in many settings. We set out to assess which amino acid (aa) sites in the HBV genome are most informative for determining genotype, using a machine learning approach based on random forest algorithms (RFA). We downloaded 5,496 genome-length HBV sequences from a public database, excluding recombinant sequences, regions with conserved indels, and genotypes I and J. Each gene was separately translated into aa, and the proteins concatenated into a single sequence (length 1,614 aa). Using RFA, we searched for aa sites predictive of genotype and assessed covariation among the sites with a mutual information-based method. We were able to discriminate confidently between genotypes A-H using ten aa sites. Half of these sites (5/10) sites were identified in Polymerase (Pol), of which 4/5 were in the spacer domain and one in reverse transcriptase. A further 4/10 sites were located in Surface protein and a single site in HBx. There were no informative sites in Core. Properties of the aa were generally not conserved between genotypes at informative sites. Among the highest co-varying pairs of sites, there were fifty-five pairs that included one of these 'top ten' sites. Overall, we have shown that RFA analysis is a powerful tool for identifying aa sites that predict the HBV lineage, with an unexpectedly high number of such sites in the spacer domain, which has conventionally been viewed as unimportant for structure or function. Our results improve ease of genotype prediction from limited regions of HBV sequences and may have future applications in understanding HBV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caitlin Pley
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel,Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
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22
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Villano U, Mataj E, Dorrucci M, Farchi F, Pirone C, Valdarchi C, Equestre M, Madonna E, Bruni R, Pisani G, Martina A, Simeoni M, Iaiani G, Ciccozzi M, Ciccaglione AR, Conti F, Ceccarelli F, Lo Presti A. Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Patient with Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112866. [PMID: 36428926 PMCID: PMC9689093 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health problem. Patients with autoimmune diseases, such as Lupus Erythematosus, are exposed to a higher risk of acquiring infections. In this study, a molecular characterization, genomic investigation of the Hepatitis B virus, polymerase (P) and surface (S) genes, from a patient affected by Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE), was presented. Viral DNA was extracted from 200 μL of serum, and the HBV-DNA was amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase. The PCR products were purified and sequencing reactions were performed. A phylogenetic analysis was performed through maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The HBV CLE isolate was classified as sub-genotype D3 and related to other Italian HBV D3 genomes, and some from foreign countries. No drug resistant mutations were identified. One mutation (a.a. 168 M) was located in the last part of the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of the surface antigen (HBsAg). Moreover, three sites (351G, 526Y, 578C) in the polymerase were exclusively present in the CLE patient. The mutations identified exclusively in the HBsAg of our CLE patient may have been selected because of the Lupus autoantibodies, which are characteristic in the Lupus autoimmune disease, using a possible molecular mimicry mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umbertina Villano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elida Mataj
- Instituti i Shendetit Publik (ISHP), Alessander Moisiu No. 80, Tirane, Albania
| | - Maria Dorrucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Farchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmelo Pirone
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Valdarchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Madonna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Pisani
- Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Martina
- Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Simeoni
- Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Iaiani
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Aou Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Conti
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49902915
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23
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Manuylov V, Chulanov V, Bezuglova L, Chub E, Karlsen A, Kyuregyan K, Ostankova Y, Semenov A, Osipova L, Tallo T, Netesova I, Tkachuk A, Gushchin V, Netesov S, Magnius LO, Norder H. Genetic Diversity and Possible Origins of the Hepatitis B Virus in Siberian Natives. Viruses 2022; 14:2465. [PMID: 36366563 PMCID: PMC9693834 DOI: 10.3390/v14112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 381 hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA sequences collected from nine groups of Siberian native populations were phylogenetically analyzed along with 179 HBV strains sampled in different urban populations of former western USSR republics and 50 strains from Central Asian republics and Mongolia. Different HBV subgenotypes predominated in various native Siberian populations. Subgenotype D1 was dominant in Altaian Kazakhs (100%), Tuvans (100%), and Teleuts (100%) of southern Siberia as well as in Dolgans and Nganasans (69%), who inhabit the polar Taimyr Peninsula. D2 was the most prevalent subgenotype in the combined group of Nenets, Komi, and Khants of the northern Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Region (71%) and in Yakuts (36%) from northeastern Siberia. D3 was the main subgenotype in South Altaians (76%) and Buryats (40%) of southeastern Siberia, and in Chukchi (51%) of the Russian Far East. Subgenotype C2 was found in Taimyr (19%) and Chukchi (27%), while subgenotype A2 was common in Yakuts (33%). In contrast, D2 was dominant (56%) in urban populations of the former western USSR, and D1 (62%) in Central Asian republics and Mongolia. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the studied groups are epidemiologically isolated from each other and might have contracted HBV from different sources during the settlement of Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Manuylov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases, 127473 Moscow, Russia
- Chair of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila Bezuglova
- Hepatitis B ELISA Department, Vector-Best JSC, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Elena Chub
- Department of Molecular Virology of Flaviviruses and Viral Hepatitis, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” of the Rospotrednadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Anastasia Karlsen
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center for High-Performance Methods of Genomic Analysis, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen Kyuregyan
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center for High-Performance Methods of Genomic Analysis, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Ostankova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute Pasteur in Saint Petersburg for Research in Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Rospotrednadzor, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Semenov
- Ekaterinburg Research Institute of Viral Infections of SRC VB Vector, 620030 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ludmila Osipova
- Laboratory of Populational Ethnogenetics, Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatjana Tallo
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Netesova
- Hepatitis B ELISA Department, Vector-Best JSC, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Artem Tkachuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gushchin
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Netesov
- Laboratory of Bionanotechnology, Microbiology and Virology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Anejo-Okopi J, Okeke E, Davwar PM, Onwuamah C, Onywera H, Omaiye P, Duguru M, Okojokwu OJ, Ujah OI, Jonathan B, George CA, Crown RS, Yakubu FB, Sokei JO, Okoli LC, Audu O, Inzaule SC, Abah IO, Agaba P, Agbaji OO, Sagay AS, Hawkins C. Molecular detection of hepatitis B virus genotype E with immune escape mutations in chronic hepatitis B patients on long-term antiviral therapy in Jos, Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 2022; 11:1677. [PMID: 36337771 PMCID: PMC9634812 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v11i1.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies in Nigeria have reported the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype E and the availability of immune escape mutants. There is a paucity of data on chronic patients on long-term antiviral therapy for HBV infection. Objective This study assessed HBV genotypes and drug resistance variants among patients with chronic HBV infection receiving tenofovir in Jos, Nigeria. Methods This cross-sectional study consecutively enrolled 101 patients (51 with HIV/HBV co-infection and 50 with HBV infection only) on antiviral therapy from February 2018 to May 2019 at four hospitals in Jos, Nigeria. DNA quantification of HBV was performed on all samples; 30 samples with detectable viral load were selected for genotyping using Sanger sequencing by targeting the full-length sequences of reverse transcriptase gene of the HBV genome. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with reference sequences from GenBank. Escape mutant and drug resistance analysis were performed using HBV drug resistance interpretation and Geno2pheno. Results Only 30 (29.7%) of the 101 study participants had detectable HBV DNA. Of these, six (20.0%) isolates were successfully amplified and sequenced. The identified genotype was E, including escape mutations L127R (16.7%) and G145A (16.7%). Conclusion This study revealed exclusive dominance of genotype E in Nigeria. The S gene mutations G145A and L271R are known to be associated with modified antigenicity and impaired serologic assays, which may cause false negatives in the detection of anti-HBV surface antigen. The presence of mutants that are associated with vaccine immune escape may also have diagnostic and vaccine immune response implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Anejo-Okopi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Edith Okeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Pantong M. Davwar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Chika Onwuamah
- Center for Human Virology and Genomics Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Harris Onywera
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Research, Innovations, and Academics Unit, Tunacare Services Health Providers Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patience Omaiye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Mary Duguru
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | | | - Otobo I. Ujah
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Bulus Jonathan
- Department of Family Medicine, Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Chima A. George
- Department of Family Medicine, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Ramyil S. Crown
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Fiyaktu B. Yakubu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Judith O. Sokei
- Center for Human Virology and Genomics Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Leona C. Okoli
- Center for Human Virology and Genomics Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Onyemocho Audu
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Seth C. Inzaule
- Department of HIV and Global Hepatitis Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isaac O. Abah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Patricia Agaba
- AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Oche O. Agbaji
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Atiene S. Sagay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Claudia Hawkins
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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25
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Kachwala MJ, Smith CW, Nandu N, Yigit MV. Recombinase amplified CRISPR enhanced chain reaction (RACECAR) for viral genome detection. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13500-13504. [PMID: 36102688 PMCID: PMC9623498 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a 'recombinase amplified CRISPR enhanced chain reaction' (RACECAR) assay that can detect as little as 40 copies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome using a benchtop spectrofluorometer. The limit of detection was determined to be 3 copies of HBV genome. The specificity of RACECAR was confirmed against hepatitis A virus (HAV). This assay can detect the genomic targets directly in serum samples without an extraction step. The 4 h-long fluorometric assay was developed by combining three tiers of isothermal amplification processes and can be repurposed for any target of choice. This highly modular reaction setup is an untapped resource that can be incorporated into the front-runners of molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahera J Kachwala
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
| | - Christopher W Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
| | - Nidhi Nandu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
| | - Mehmet V Yigit
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA.
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, USA
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26
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Liu Y, Park D, Cafiero TR, Bram Y, Chandar V, Tseng A, Gertje HP, Crossland NA, Su L, Schwartz RE, Ploss A. Molecular clones of genetically distinct hepatitis B virus genotypes reveal distinct host and drug treatment responses. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100535. [PMID: 36035359 PMCID: PMC9403497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims HBV exhibits wide genetic diversity with at least 9 genotypes (GTs), which differ in terms of prevalence, geographic distribution, natural history, disease progression, and treatment outcome. However, differences in HBV replicative capacity, gene expression, and infective capability across different GTs remain incompletely understood. Herein, we aimed to study these crucial aspects using newly constructed infectious clones covering the major HBV GTs. Methods The replicative capacity of infectious clones covering HBV GTs A-E was analyzed in cell lines, primary hepatocytes and humanized mice. Host responses and histopathology induced by the different HBV GTs were characterized in hydrodynamically injected mice. Differences in treatment responses to entecavir and various HBV capsid inhibitors were also quantified across the different genetically defined GTs. Results Patient-derived HBV infectious clones replicated robustly both in vitro and in vivo. GTs A and D induce more pronounced intrahepatic and proinflammatory cytokine responses which correlated with faster viral clearance. Notably, all 5 HBV clones robustly produced viral particles following transfection into HepG2 cells, and these particles were infectious in HepG2-NTCP cells, primary human hepatocytes and human chimeric mice. Notably, GT D virus exhibited higher infectivity than GTs A, B, C and E in vitro, although it was comparable to GT A and B in the human liver chimeric mice in vivo. HBV capsid inhibitors were more readily capable of suppressing HBV GTs A, B, D and E than C. Conclusions The infectious clones described here have broad utility as genetic tools that can mechanistically dissect intergenotypic differences in antiviral immunity and pathogenesis and aid in HBV drug development and screening. Lay summary The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major contributor to human morbidity and mortality. HBV can be categorized into a number of genotypes, based on their specific genetic make-up, of which 9 are well known. We isolated and cloned the genomes of 5 of these genotypes and used them to create valuable tools for future research on this clinically important virus.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- BCP, basic core promoter
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CpAM, core protein allosteric modulators
- DR, direct repeat
- ETV, entecavir
- En, enhancer
- GT(s), genotype(s)
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBVcc, cell culture-derived HBV
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDI, hydrodynamic injection
- IFN, interferon
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- NA, nucleos(t)ide analogue
- NRG, NODRag1−/−IL2RγNULL
- PHH, primiary human hepatocyte
- SVR, sustained virologic response
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- dpi, days post infection
- drug development
- genotypes
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis B virus
- host responses
- pgRNA, pre-genomic RNA
- reverse genetics
- viral hepatitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Debby Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas R. Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yaron Bram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasuretha Chandar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Tseng
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans P. Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Crossland
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert E. Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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27
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Hamida ME, Raja SM, Petros Y, Wahab M, Elkhidir IM, Achila OO, Tekle F, Berhane IY. Genotyping and sero-virological characterization of hepatitis B virus-infected blood donors in Central Eritrea. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To determine the serological markers and genotype profiles of hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates in Central Eritrea. Materials & methods: A total of 191 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive sera were randomly selected for the study. ELISA was used to perform HBV seromarker screening, genotypes were determined using multiplex-nested PCR. Results: Of 191, 77.5% (148/191) were positive for HBcAb (total), among which 99.3% (147/148) and 0.7% (1/148) were positive for HBsAg and hepatitis B surface antibody, respectively. Of the 147 positive HBcAb/HBsAg, 16 (10.9%) and 131 (77.9%) were positive for HBeAg and HBeAb, respectively. A total of 73 HBV isolates were successfully genotyped: 39 (53.4%) D; 10 (13.7%) E; 6 (8.2%) A; 6 (8.2%) C/D; 4 (5.5%) C; 3 (4.1%) C/D/E; 2 (2.7%) A/D; 2 (2.7%) D/E; and 1 (1.4%) B/D. Conclusion: HBV genotype D is the predominant genotype among blood donors in Eritrea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saud Mohammed Raja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Orotta College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Yodahi Petros
- National Animal & Plant Health Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Munir Wahab
- National Animal & Plant Health Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Isam Mohammed Elkhidir
- Department of Microbiology, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Oliver Okoth Achila
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Asmara College of Health Science (ACHS), Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Freweini Tekle
- Ministry of Health, National Health Laboratory, Asmara, Eritrea
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28
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Maepa MB, Ely A, Kramvis A, Bloom K, Naidoo K, Simani OE, Maponga TG, Arbuthnot P. Hepatitis B Virus Research in South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091939. [PMID: 36146747 PMCID: PMC9503375 DOI: 10.3390/v14091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being vaccine-preventable, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the seventh leading cause of mortality in the world. In South Africa (SA), over 1.9 million people are chronically infected with HBV, and 70% of all Black chronic carriers are infected with HBV subgenotype A1. The virus remains a significant burden on public health in SA despite the introduction of an infant immunization program implemented in 1995 and the availability of effective treatment for chronic HBV infection. In addition, the high prevalence of HIV infection amplifies HBV replication, predisposes patients to chronicity, and complicates management of the infection. HBV research has made significant progress leading to better understanding of HBV epidemiology and management challenges in the SA context. This has led to recent revision of the national HBV infection management guidelines. Research on developing new vaccines and therapies is underway and progress has been made with designing potentially curative gene therapies against HBV. This review summarizes research carried out in SA on HBV molecular biology, epidemiology, treatment, and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohube B. Maepa
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Kubendran Naidoo
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Omphile E. Simani
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Tongai G. Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7602, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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Kumar R. Review on hepatitis B virus precore/core promoter mutations and their correlation with genotypes and liver disease severity. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:708-718. [PMID: 35646275 PMCID: PMC9099108 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i4.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) later in life. HBV is the most diverse DNA virus, and its genome is composed of four open reading frames: Presurface antigen/surface antigen gene (preS/S), precore/core gene (preC/C), polymerase gene (P), and the X gene (X). HBV produces quasispecies naturally or in response to antiviral agents because of the absence of proofreading activity amid reverse transcription and a high replication rate. The virus has 10 genotypes (A to J) with different geographical distributions. There are various HBV mutations in the HBV genome, including preC/C mutations, preS/S mutations, P gene mutations, and X gene mutations. The core promoter region plays a vital part in the replication, morphogenesis and pathogenesis of the virus. The precore region also plays a crucial role in viral replication. Both core promoter and precore mutations rescue the virus from host immune surveillance and result in the formation of mutated strains that may have altered pathogenicity. preC/C mutations are associated with liver disease progression. Precore mutations stop hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) production and basal core promoter mutations downregulate HBeAg production. Mutations in the basal core promoter are also associated with increased HBV replication and an increased incidence of advanced liver diseases such as cirrhosis and HCC. The emergence of antiviral-resistant mutations is the main reason for treatment failure. This review focuses mainly on preC/C promoter mutations and their correlation with genotypes and liver disease severity. Thorough perception and knowledge of HBV genetic variety and mutants could be vital to discover techniques for the prognosis and control of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of School Education, Haryana Government, Panchkula 134109, Haryana, India
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Araujo NM, Osiowy C. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype G: The Odd Cousin of the Family. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872766. [PMID: 35432294 PMCID: PMC9009205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With a widespread distribution but low prevalence worldwide, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) is a recently described genotype for which the origin and biology are poorly understood. Some unique features make HBV/G the most peculiar of all genotypes. In this review, we reflect on the major milestones in HBV/G research, highlighting the main aspects of its discovery, molecular epidemiology, and virological and clinical characteristics. We also illustrate common pitfalls in the routine detection, which may lead to underestimated rates of HBV/G infection. Large-scale analysis of data from dozens of articles was further performed, with the aim of gaining comprehensive insights into the epidemiological aspects of HBV/G. Finally, we point out recent findings on HBV/G origins and discuss new perspectives regarding the evolutionary history of HBV/G and the plausibility of an African geographic re-emergence of this genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Osiowy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Carla Osiowy,
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus and an important human pathogen. There are an estimated 296 million people in the world that are chronically infected by this virus, and many of them will develop severe liver diseases including hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV is a small DNA virus that replicates via the reverse transcription pathway. In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways that govern the replication of HBV and its interactions with host cells. We also discuss viral and non-viral factors that are associated with HBV-induced carcinogenesis and pathogenesis, as well as the role of host immune responses in HBV persistence and liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Ingasia LAO, Wose Kinge C, Kramvis A. Genotype E: The neglected genotype of hepatitis B virus. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1875-1891. [PMID: 35069995 PMCID: PMC8727212 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i12.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) (sub)genotypes A1, D3 and E circulate in sub-Saharan Africa, the region with one of the highest incidences of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma globally. Although genotype E was identified more than 20 years ago, and is the most widespread genotype in Africa, it has not been extensively studied. The current knowledge status and gaps in its origin and evolution, natural history of infection, disease progression, response to antiviral therapy and vaccination are discussed. Genotype E is an African genotype, with unique molecular characteristics that is found mainly in Western and Central Africa and rarely outside Africa except in individuals of African descent. The low prevalence of this genotype in the African descendant populations in the New World, phylogeographic analyses, the low genetic diversity and evidence of remnants of genotype E in ancient HBV samples suggests the relatively recent re-introduction into the population. There is scarcity of information on the clinical and virological characteristics of genotype E-infected patients, disease progression and outcomes and efficacy of anti-HBV drugs. Individuals infected with genotype E have been characterised with high hepatitis B e antigen-positivity and high viral load with a lower end of treatment response to interferon-alpha. A minority of genotype E-infected participants have been included in studies in which treatment response was monitored. Of concern is that current guidelines do not consider patients infected with genotype E. Thus, there is an urgent need for further large-scale investigations into genotype E, the neglected genotype of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luicer Anne Olubayo Ingasia
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Constance Wose Kinge
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Implementation Science, Right to Care, Johannesburg 0046, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, Gauteng, South Africa
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Kim H, Ko C, Lee JY, Kim M. Current Progress in the Development of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulators: Chemical Structure, Mode-of-Action and Efficacy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247420. [PMID: 34946502 PMCID: PMC8705634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major causative agent of human hepatitis. Its viral genome comprises partially double-stranded DNA, which is complexed with viral polymerase within an icosahedral capsid consisting of a dimeric core protein. Here, we describe the effects of capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) on the geometric or kinetic disruption of capsid construction and the virus life cycle. We highlight classical, early-generation CAMs such as heteroaryldihydropyrimidines, phenylpropenamides or sulfamoylbenzamides, and focus on the chemical structure and antiviral efficacy of recently identified non-classical CAMs, which consist of carboxamides, aryl ureas, bithiazoles, hydrazones, benzylpyridazinones, pyrimidines, quinolines, dyes, and antimicrobial compounds. We summarize the therapeutic efficacy of four representative classical compounds with data from clinical phase 1 studies in chronic HBV patients. Most of these compounds are in phase 2 trials, either as monotherapy or in combination with approved nucleos(t)ides drugs or other immunostimulatory molecules. As followers of the early CAMs, the therapeutic efficacy of several non-classical CAMs has been evaluated in humanized mouse models of HBV infection. It is expected that these next-generation HBV CAMs will be promising candidates for a series of extended human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-7130 (H.K.); +82-42-860-7540 (M.K.)
| | | | | | - Meehyein Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-7130 (H.K.); +82-42-860-7540 (M.K.)
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The interplay between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and innate immunity in hepatitis B virus patients. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43066-021-00084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most epidemic liver disorder worldwide as a result of rapid lifestyle transformation over the past few decades and is expected to elevate in the next few years as well as it is ranging from plain hepatic steatosis via non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Main text
NAFLD can also stimulate the diseases progression as diabetes and cardiovascular. Therefore, understanding the NAFLD pathogenesis is of vital clinical interest additionally is a crucial for disease treatment and prevention. After analyzing NAFLD and liver diseases prevalence, it has been a belief regarding the interaction between NAFLD and chronic hepatitis B (CHB).
Conclusion
The liver is an essential innate immune organ with large numbers of innate immune cells that contribute in NAFLD pathogenesis, additionally play the influential role that control NAFLD progression in the hepatitis B patients. Here, we summarized the recent advances in understanding and managing the NAFLD patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and interplay with innate immunity.
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Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Subgenotypes in Ethnic Minority Populations, Yunnan Province, China. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 150:e11. [PMID: 34784995 PMCID: PMC8753486 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821002326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to determine the distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subgenotypes in ethnic minorities in Yunnan province to provide evidence supporting the theoretical basis for hepatitis B prevention and control. We obtained serum samples and demographic data from 765 individuals reported by Yunnan province who had either acute or chronic HBV infection and were from one of 20 ethnic minority populations: Achang, Bai, Brown, Tibetan, Dai, Deang, Dulong, Hani, Hui, Jingpo, Lahu, Yi, Lisu Miao, Naxi, Nu, Pumi, Wa, Yao, or Zhuang people. We sequenced the HBV DNA and determined the genotypes and subgenotypes of the isolated HBVs. We mapped the genotype and subgenotype distribution by ethnic minority population and conducted descriptive analyses. There were four genotypes among the 20 ethnic groups: genotype B (21.3% of samples), C (76.6%), D (1.8%) and I (0.3%). The most common subgenotype was C1. There were no genotype differences by gender (P = 0.954) or age (P = 0.274), but there were differences by region (P < 0.001). There were differences in genotype distribution (P < 0.001) and subgenotype distribution (P = 0.011) by ethnic group. Genotype D was most prominent in Tibet and most HBV isolates were C/D recombinant viruses. The only two genotype I virus isolates were in Zhuang people. Susceptibility and geographic patterns may influence HBV prevalence in different ethnic populations, but additional research is needed for such a determination.
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Song J, Ou G, Lai X, Tian X, Wang L, Zhang K, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhao C, Zhuang H, Xiang K, Li T. The enhancement role of Matrigel on HBV infection in HepG2-NTCP cells. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114345. [PMID: 34728272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoma cell lines stably expressing sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), the receptor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, serve as important infection models for studying viral biology and drug discovery. However, the efficiency of infection greatly varies. In this study, we studied the effects and potential mechanisms of Matrigel® hESC-qualified (M-hq), a biological basement membrane matrix commonly used in cell culture, on promotion HBV in vitro infection in HepG2-NTCP cells. For the first time, our findings demonstrate that M-hq could enhance the infection efficiency of cell culture-derived HBV with no impact on the cell viability, the HBV transcription and response to antiviral treatments. The infection enhancement is reproducible and is suggested to occur at HBV attachment step. Our study suggests that this novel system is applicable for studying HBV biology and new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Song
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guomin Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinyuan Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Luwei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuechao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chengyu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Athamneh RY, Arıkan A, Sayan M, Mahafzah A, Sallam M. Variable Proportions of Phylogenetic Clustering and Low Levels of Antiviral Drug Resistance among the Major HBV Sub-Genotypes in the Middle East and North Africa. Pathogens 2021; 10:1333. [PMID: 34684283 PMCID: PMC8540944 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health threat in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Phylogenetic analysis of HBV can be helpful to study the putative transmission links and patterns of inter-country spread of the virus. The objectives of the current study were to analyze the HBV genotype/sub-genotype (SGT) distribution, reverse transcriptase (RT), and surface (S) gene mutations and to investigate the domestic transmission of HBV in the MENA. All HBV molecular sequences collected in the MENA were retrieved from GenBank as of 30 April 2021. Determination of genotypes/SGT, RT, and S mutations were based on the Geno2pheno (hbv) 2.0 online tool. For the most prevalent HBV SGTs, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify the putative phylogenetic clusters, with approximate Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like likelihood ratio test values ≥ 0.90, and genetic distance cut-off values ≤ 0.025 substitutions/site as implemented in Cluster Picker. The total number of HBV sequences used for genotype/SGT determination was 4352 that represented a total of 20 MENA countries, with a majority from Iran (n = 2103, 48.3%), Saudi Arabia (n = 503, 11.6%), Tunisia (n = 395, 9.1%), and Turkey (n = 267, 6.1%). Genotype D dominated infections in the MENA (86.6%), followed by genotype A (4.1%), with SGT D1 as the most common in 14 MENA countries and SGT D7 dominance in the Maghreb. The highest prevalence of antiviral drug resistance was observed against lamivudine (4.5%) and telbivudine (4.3%). The proportion of domestic phylogenetic clustering was the highest for SGT D7 (61.9%), followed by SGT D2 (28.2%) and genotype E (25.7%). The largest fraction of domestic clusters with evidence of inter-country spread within the MENA was seen in SGT D7 (81.3%). Small networks (containing 3-14 sequences) dominated among domestic phylogenetic clusters. Specific patterns of HBV genetic diversity were seen in the MENA with SGT D1 dominance in the Levant, Iran, and Turkey; SGT D7 dominance in the Maghreb; and extensive diversity in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. A low prevalence of lamivudine, telbivudine, and entecavir drug resistance was observed in the region, with almost an absence of resistance to tenofovir and adefovir. Variable proportions of phylogenetic clustering indicated prominent domestic transmission of SGT D7 (particularly in the Maghreb) and relatively high levels of virus mobility in SGT D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabaa Y. Athamneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus; (R.Y.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ayşe Arıkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus; (R.Y.A.); (A.A.)
- DESAM, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus;
| | - Murat Sayan
- DESAM, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus;
- Clinical Laboratory, PCR Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, İzmit 41380, Turkey
| | - Azmi Mahafzah
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Malmö, Sweden
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Zhang H, Chen F, Giang E, Bao F, Lauer GM, Marsh C, Law M, Pockros PJ. Virus reactivation in a non-cirrhotic HBV patient requiring liver transplantation after cessation of nucleoside analogue therapy. Antivir Ther 2021; 26:3-8. [DOI: 10.1177/13596535211042205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) are a mainstay of therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infections and have a profound effect on hepatitis B virus (HBV) suppression. We report a rare case of HBV reactivation in a CHB patient without cirrhosis following cessation of NA therapy that resulted in acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation. Investigation of the viral genetics and host immune responses suggest that viral mutations known to promote virus replication are associated with reactivation, whereas adaptive immunity to HBV remained defective in this patient. Viral sequencing may be useful for identifying mutations that are unfavorable for therapy withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erick Giang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fei Bao
- Department of Pathology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Marsh
- Scripps Center for Organ Transplantation, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Pockros
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Hong J, Choi Y, Choi Y, Lee J, Hong HJ. Epitope-Paratope Interaction of a Neutralizing Human Anti-Hepatitis B Virus PreS1 Antibody That Recognizes the Receptor-Binding Motif. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070754. [PMID: 34358170 PMCID: PMC8310169 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global health burden that causes acute and chronic hepatitis. To develop an HBV-neutralizing antibody that effectively prevents HBV infection, we previously generated a human anti-preS1 monoclonal antibody (1A8) that binds to genotypes A–D and validated its HBV-neutralizing activity in vitro. In the present study, we aimed to determine the fine epitope and paratope of 1A8 to understand the mechanism of HBV neutralization. We performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis on the preS1 (aa 19–34, genotype C) and the heavy (HCDR) and light (LCDR) chain complementarity-determining regions. The 1A8 recognized the three residues (Leu22, Gly23, and Phe25) within the highly conserved receptor-binding motif (NPLGFFP) of the preS1, while four CDR residues of 1A8 were critical in antigen binding. Structural analysis of the epitope–paratope interaction by molecular modeling revealed that Leu100 in the HCDR3, Ala50 in the HCDR2, and Tyr96 in the LCDR3 closely interacted with Leu22, Gly23, and Phe25 of the preS1. Additionally, we found that 1A8 also binds to the receptor-binding motif (NPLGFLP) of infrequently occurring HBV. The results suggest that 1A8 may broadly and effectively block HBV entry and thus have potential as a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Hong
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.H.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Youngjin Choi
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.H.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Yoonjoo Choi
- Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea;
| | - Jiwoo Lee
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.H.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Hyo Jeong Hong
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.H.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8381; Fax: +82-33-259-5643
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40
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Portilho MM, Bezerra CS, Mendonça ACDF, Marques VA, Nabuco LC, Villela-Nogueira CA, Ivantes CAP, Lewis-Ximenez LL, do Lago BV, Villar LM. Applicability of oral fluid samples for tracking hepatitis B virus mutations, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2435-2442. [PMID: 34146173 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the usefulness of saliva samples for hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotyping and mutation analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of oral fluid samples to determine HBV genotype distribution, S/polymerase mutations, and HBV subpopulation diversity among chronically HBV-infected individuals. Serum and oral fluid samples were obtained from 18 individuals for PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the HBV surface antigen gene. Biochemical analysis of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT) and HBV, HCV, and HIV serological tests were also performed. All serum samples were HBsAg (+), anti-HBc (+), and anti-HBs (-); 55.6% were HBeAg (+)/anti-HBe (-), and 11.1% were anti-HIV (+). The mean HBV DNA viral load was 6.1 ± 2.3 log IU/mL. The HBV genotype distribution was as follows: A, 72.2%; D, 11.1%; E, 5.6%; F, 11.1%. A concordance of 100% in genotype classification and 99.8% in sequence similarity between paired oral fluid and serum samples was observed. HBsAg mutations were detected in all samples, but no resistance mutations were found in the polymerase gene. This study demonstrates that oral fluid samples can be used reliably for tracking HBV mutations, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis. This could be important for molecular epidemiology studies with hard-to-reach populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyra Machado Portilho
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy, Ground Floor, Room B09, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 210360-040, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Research Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Cristianne Sousa Bezerra
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy, Ground Floor, Room B09, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 210360-040, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina da Fonseca Mendonça
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy, Ground Floor, Room B09, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 210360-040, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Alves Marques
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy, Ground Floor, Room B09, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 210360-040, Brazil
| | - Leticia Cancella Nabuco
- Clementino Fraga Filho Hospital, University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lia Laura Lewis-Ximenez
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy, Ground Floor, Room B09, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 210360-040, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Vieira do Lago
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy, Ground Floor, Room B09, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 210360-040, Brazil.,Immunobiological Technology Institute (Bio-Manguinhos), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Helio and Peggy, Ground Floor, Room B09, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 210360-040, Brazil.
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Tsai TY, Huang MT, Sung PS, Peng CY, Tao MH, Yang HI, Chang WC, Yang AS, Yu CM, Lin YP, Bau CY, Huang CJ, Pan MH, Wu CY, Hsiao CD, Yeh YH, Duan S, Paulson JC, Hsieh SL. SIGLEC-3 (CD33) serves as an immune checkpoint receptor for HBV infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141965. [PMID: 34060491 DOI: 10.1172/jci141965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is rarely eradicated by current antiviral nucleos(t)ide analogues. We found that α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) bound human SIGLEC-3 (CD33) by IP and ELISA, and the binding affinity between SIGLEC-3 and α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans was determined by biolayer interferometry (equilibrium dissociation constant [KD]: 1.95 × 10-10 ± 0.21 × 10-10 M). Moreover, HBV activated SIGLEC-3 on myeloid cells and induced immunosuppression by stimulating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif phosphorylation and SHP-1/-2 recruitment via α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans on HBsAg. An antagonistic anti-SIGLEC-3 mAb reversed this effect and enhanced cytokine production in response to TLR-7 agonist GS-9620 in PBMCs from CHB patients. Moreover, anti-SIGLEC-3 mAb alone was able to upregulate the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation, such as CD80, CD86, CD40, MHC-I, MHC-II, and PD-L1 in CD14+ cells. Furthermore, SIGLEC-3 SNP rs12459419 C, which expressed a higher amount of SIGLEC-3, was associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in CHB patients (HR: 1.256, 95% CI: 1.027-1.535, P = 0.0266). Thus, blockade of SIGLEC-3 is a promising strategy to reactivate host immunity to HBV and lower the incidence of HCC in the CHB patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Tsai
- PhD Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Shan Sung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Suei Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Yu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Bau
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hung Pan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Hung Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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42
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Prevalence of hepatitis B virus genotypes among patients with liver disease in Eritrea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11323. [PMID: 34059763 PMCID: PMC8166852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eritrea is an East African multiethnic country with an intermediate endemicity for hepatitis B. Our aim was to establish the most prevalent genotypes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) among patients with liver disease. A total of 293 Eritrean patients with liver disease who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive were enrolled. All sera were tested for liver transaminases, HBV DNA viral load, and hepatitis B seromarkers including HBsAg, anti-HBcAb (total), HBeAg, and anti-HBeAb. Those reactive for HBsAg and anti-HBc (total) were further tested for HBV genotyping. The median (interquartile range) of HBV DNA viral load and ALT levels were 3.47 (1.66) log IU/mL and 28 (15.3) IU/L, respectively. Using type-specific primer-based genotyping method, 122/293 (41.6%) could be genotyped. Irrespective of mode of occurrence, HBV genotype D (21.3%) was the predominant circulating genotype, followed by genotypes C (17.2%), E (15.6%), C/D (13.1%), and C/E (10.7%). Genotypes C/D/E (7.4%), A/D (4.9%), D/E (4.1%), A (2.5%), and B, A/E, B/E, and A/D/C (0.8%) were also present. HBV in Eritrea is comprised of a mixture of HBV genotypes. This is the first study of HBV genotyping among patients with liver disease in Eritrea.
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43
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Hatano Y, Ideta T, Hirata A, Hatano K, Tomita H, Okada H, Shimizu M, Tanaka T, Hara A. Virus-Driven Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2625. [PMID: 34071792 PMCID: PMC8198641 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer arises from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Even in the era of precision oncology, carcinogens contributing to neoplastic process are still an important focus of research. Comprehensive genomic analyses have revealed various combinations of base substitutions, referred to as the mutational signatures, in cancer. Each mutational signature is believed to arise from specific DNA damage and repair processes, including carcinogens. However, as a type of carcinogen, tumor viruses increase the cancer risk by alternative mechanisms, including insertional mutagenesis, viral oncogenes, and immunosuppression. In this review, we summarize virus-driven carcinogenesis to provide a framework for the control of malignant cell proliferation. We first provide a brief overview of oncogenic viruses and describe their implication in virus-related tumors. Next, we describe tumor viruses (HPV, Human papilloma virus; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus; MCV, Merkel cell polyoma virus; HTLV-1, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type-1) and tumor virus-related cancers. Lastly, we introduce emerging tumor virus candidates, human cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV-2). We expect this review to be a hub in a complex network of data for virus-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (H.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Takayasu Ideta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Kayoko Hatano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (H.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
| | - Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (T.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology (DDP) and Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology (RC-DiP), Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu 500-8513, Japan;
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (H.T.); (A.H.)
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44
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Locarnini SA, Littlejohn M, Yuen LKW. Origins and Evolution of the Primate Hepatitis B Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653684. [PMID: 34108947 PMCID: PMC8180572 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent interest in the origins and subsequent evolution of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) has strengthened with the discovery of ancient HBV sequences in fossilized remains of humans dating back to the Neolithic period around 7,000 years ago. Metagenomic analysis identified a number of African non-human primate HBV sequences in the oldest samples collected, indicating that human HBV may have at some stage, evolved in Africa following zoonotic transmissions from higher primates. Ancestral genotype A and D isolates were also discovered from the Bronze Age, not in Africa but rather Eurasia, implying a more complex evolutionary and migratory history for HBV than previously recognized. Most full-length ancient HBV sequences exhibited features of inter genotypic recombination, confirming the importance of recombination and the mutation rate of the error-prone viral replicase as drivers for successful HBV evolution. A model for the origin and evolution of HBV is proposed, which includes multiple cross-species transmissions and favors subsequent recombination events that result in a pathogen and can successfully transmit and cause persistent infection in the primate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilly K W Yuen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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45
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Novel Genetic Rearrangements in Hepatitis B Virus: Complex Structural Variations and Structural Variation Polymorphisms. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030473. [PMID: 33809245 PMCID: PMC8000817 DOI: 10.3390/v13030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes serious clinical problems, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current antiviral treatments suppress HBV; however, the clinical cure rate remains low. Basic research on HBV is indispensable to eradicate and cure HBV. Genetic alterations are defined by nucleotide substitutions and canonical forms of structural variations (SVs), such as insertion, deletion and duplication. Additionally, genetic changes inconsistent with the canonical forms have been reported, and these have been termed complex SVs. Detailed analyses of HBV using bioinformatical applications have detected complex SVs in HBV genomes. Sequence gaps and low sequence similarity have been observed in the region containing complex SVs. Additionally, insertional motif sequences have been observed in HBV strains with complex SVs. Following the analyses of complex SVs in the HBV genome, the role of SVs in the genetic diversity of orthohepadnavirus has been investigated. SV polymorphisms have been detected in comparisons of several species of orthohepadnaviruses. As mentioned, complex SVs are composed of multiple SVs. On the contrary, SV polymorphisms are observed as insertions of different SVs. Up to a certain point, nucleotide substitutions cause genetic differences. However, at some point, the nucleotide sequences are split into several particular patterns. These SVs have been observed as polymorphic changes. Different species of orthohepadnaviruses possess SVs which are unique and specific to a certain host of the virus. Studies have shown that SVs play an important role in the HBV genome. Further studies are required to elucidate their virologic and clinical roles.
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46
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Farooq A, Waheed U, Saba N, Kaleem M, Majeed N, Wazeer A, Cheema NA, Ahmed S, Arshad M. Molecular and genetic characterization of hepatitis B virus among multitransfused thalassaemia patients in Islamabad, Pakistan. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:998-1002. [PMID: 34041111 PMCID: PMC8138360 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1880_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the aetiological agent of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis globally. Beta thalassaemia major individuals are at greater risk of contracting HBV infection due to multiple blood transfusions required for the medical management of these patients. Based on HBV genetic variability, it is divided into 10 genotypes. The determination of HBV genotypes has significant implications for clinical management and treatment regimens. Aim: This study was performed to assess the HBV epidemiology and circulating genotypes in multi-transfused β-thalassemia major patients with the aim to be considered while formulating the treatment pattern taking into account particular needs of thalassaemia patients. Materials and Methods: This study was performed from September 2018 to June 2019, at the Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (SZAB) Medical University, Islamabad. A total of 2,260 thalassaemia patients were enrolled in the study. The study was endorsed by the Ethics Committee of the SZAB Medical University, Islamabad. The samples were serologically screened for HBsAg on the LIAISON® XL Murex HBsAg Quant assay (DiaSorin S.p.A., Italy) a chemiluminescence based immunoassay (CLIA). HBV quantitative PCR kit was used to measure the HBV DNA in serum samples. The HBV genotypes were determined using universal primers targeting the P1 and S1 region amplification. Results: Of 2,260 thalassaemia patients, 64.6% were males while 35.4% were females. The HBsAg was identified in 98 individuals (4.33%). The PCR analysis was done for these 98 patients and in this cohort, genotype D was 59.18% (n = 58), genotype A was 21.42% (n = 21) while genotype C was 19.38% (n = 19). Conclusion: The determination of HBV genotypes in the multi-transfused patients is key to the effective management of chronic HBV patients as the severity and course of the disease is dependent on a specific type of genotypes. Quality assured screening of donated blood will prevent the incidence of HBV in thalassaemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farooq
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Waheed
- Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Islamabad Blood Transfusion Authority, Ministry of National Health Services, Government of Pakistan
| | - Noore Saba
- Peshawar Regional Blood Centre, Department of Health, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kaleem
- Department of Pathology, Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Najma Majeed
- Department of Health, College of Medical Technology, Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Akhlaaq Wazeer
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, Divisional Headquarters Teaching Hospital, Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Naila Arif Cheema
- Department of Biology, National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Blood Bank, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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47
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Hoan NX, Hoechel M, Tomazatos A, Anh CX, Pallerla SR, Linh LTK, Binh MT, Sy BT, Toan NL, Wedemeyer H, Bock CT, Kremsner PG, Meyer CG, Song LH, Velavan TP. Predominance of HBV Genotype B and HDV Genotype 1 in Vietnamese Patients with Chronic Hepatitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020346. [PMID: 33671832 PMCID: PMC7926858 DOI: 10.3390/v13020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfection will additionally aggravate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) burden in the coming decades, with an increase in HBV-related liver diseases. Between 2018 and 2019, a total of 205 HBV patients clinically characterized as chronic hepatitis B (CHB; n = 115), liver cirrhosis (LC; n = 21), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; n = 69) were recruited. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against surface antigens (anti-HBs), and core antigens (anti-HBc) were determined by ELISA. The presence of hepatitis B viral DNA and hepatitis delta RNA was determined. Distinct HBV and HDV genotypes were phylogenetically reconstructed and vaccine escape mutations in the “a” determinant region of HBV were elucidated. All HBV patients were HbsAg positive, with 99% (n = 204) and 7% (n = 15) of them being positive for anti-HBc and anti-HBs, respectively. Anti-HBs positivity was higher among HCC (15%; n = 9) compared to CHB patients. The HBV-B genotype was predominant (65%; n = 134), followed by HBV-C (31%; n = 64), HBV-D, and HBV-G (3%; n = 7). HCC was observed frequently among young individuals with HBV-C genotypes. A low frequency (2%; n = 4) of vaccine escape mutations was observed. HBV-HDV coinfection was observed in 16% (n = 33) of patients with the predominant occurrence of the HDV-1 genotype. A significant association of genotypes with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme levels was observed in HBV monoinfections. The prevalence of the HDV-1 genotype is high in Vietnam. No correlation was observed between HDV-HBV coinfections and disease progression when compared to HBV monoinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam; (C.X.A.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mirjam Hoechel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Alexandru Tomazatos
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Chu Xuan Anh
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam; (C.X.A.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Srinivas Reddy Pallerla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Le Thi Kieu Linh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam; (C.X.A.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
| | - Mai Thanh Binh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam; (C.X.A.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Tien Sy
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam; (C.X.A.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam;
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany;
| | - C.-Thomas Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambarene, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Christian G. Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam; (C.X.A.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam; (C.X.A.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.X.H.); (M.H.); (A.T.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (M.T.B.); (P.G.K.); (C.G.M.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam; (C.X.A.); (B.T.S.); (L.H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-2985981
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are approximately 250 million people in the world that are chronically infected by this virus, resulting in nearly 1 million deaths every year. Many of these patients die from severe liver diseases, including HCC. HBV may induce HCC through the induction of chronic liver inflammation, which can cause oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, many studies also indicated that HBV could induce HCC via the alteration of hepatocellular physiology that may involve genetic and epigenetic changes of the host DNA, the alteration of cellular signaling pathways, and the inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms. This alteration of cellular physiology can lead to the accumulation of DNA damages and the promotion of cell cycles and predispose hepatocytes to oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kuen-Nan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-401, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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49
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Velkov S, Protzer U, Michler T. Global Occurrence of Clinically Relevant Hepatitis B Virus Variants as Found by Analysis of Publicly Available Sequencing Data. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111344. [PMID: 33238650 PMCID: PMC7700573 DOI: 10.3390/v12111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viral factors impact the natural course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the sensitivity of diagnostic tests, or treatment response to interferon-α and nucleos(t)ide analogues. These factors include the viral genotype and serotype but also mutations affecting the HBV surface antigen, basal core promoter/pre-core region, or reverse transcriptase. However, a comprehensive overview of the distribution of HBV variants between HBV genotypes or different geographical locations is lacking. To address this, we performed an in silico analysis of publicly available HBV full-length genome sequences. We found that not only the serotype frequency but also the majority of clinically relevant mutations are primarily associated with specific genotypes. Distinct mutations enriched in certain world regions are not explained by the local genotype distribution. Two HBV variants previously identified to confer resistance to the nucleotide analogue tenofovir in vitro were not identified, questioning their translational relevance. In summary, our work elucidates the differences in the clinical manifestation of HBV infection observed between genotypes and geographical locations and furthermore helps identify suitable diagnostic tests and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Velkov
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, D-81675 München, Germany; (S.V.); (U.P.)
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, D-81675 München, Germany; (S.V.); (U.P.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Michler
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, D-81675 München, Germany; (S.V.); (U.P.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, D-81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-6814
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50
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Aluora PO, Muturi MW, Gachara G. Seroprevalence and genotypic characterization of HBV among low risk voluntary blood donors in Nairobi, Kenya. Virol J 2020; 17:176. [PMID: 33187530 PMCID: PMC7666503 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes significant morbidity and mortality globally primarily due to its ability to cause hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The Kenya National Blood Transfusion Services screens for Hepatitis B antibodies using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method. This test does not inform on the genotypic characteristics of the virus or the actual presence of the virus in blood. This study therefore sought to determine the serologic and genotypic profiles of HBV circulating among the voluntary blood donors in Nairobi. Methods Blood samples were collected in plain and EDTA vacutainers and tested for the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). HBV DNA was then extracted from plasma, its overlapping P/S gene amplified and sequenced. The resulting sequences were used to analyze for the circulating genotypes and mutations within the P and S genes. Bivariate statistical analysis was used to determine the association between demographic factors and HBV infection. Results A seroprevalence of 2.3% (n = 7) was reported. The age group 19–28 years was significantly associated with HBV infection. Nine samples were positive for HBV DNA; these included 2 HBsAg positive samples and 7 HBsAg negative samples. Genotype A, sub genotype A1 was found to be exclusively prevalent while a number of mutations were reported in the “a” determinant segment of the major hydrophilic region of the S gene associated with antibody escape. RT mutations including mutation rt181T in the P gene conferring resistance against Lamivudine and other ʟ-nucleoside drugs were detected. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of occult HBV infections among these blood donors and therefore the testing platform currently in use requires revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Okoti Aluora
- Department of Health and Applied Sciences, Nairobi Technical Training Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - George Gachara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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