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Liu Y, Ma J, Gao P, Li C, Wang Q, Wang L, Xu Z, Yu Y. IFITM3 reduces infectious bursal disease virus proliferation by regulating interferon expression. Microb Pathog 2024; 194:106802. [PMID: 39032673 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), a member of the interferon-stimulating factor (ISG) family, has various antiviral functions. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) mainly invades the bursa of Fabricius in chickens, causing a reduction in their immunity and resulting in death from secondary infections. Our previous study found that IBDV infection promotes the expression of chicken IFITM3. However, the role of chicken IFITM3 in IBDV infection remains unknown. To explore this role, the overexpression vector for IFITM3 was constructed and transfected into HD-11 and DF-1 cells. The results showed that the overexpression of IFITM3 significantly reduced IBDV proliferation. While the IBDV proliferation increased when IFITM3 was inhibited by using siRNA. To further explore the mechanism by which IFITM3 reduces IBDV proliferation, the effects of IFITM3 on interferon (IFN) were investigated. Transfecting the constructed IFITM3 vectors into HD-11 and DF-1 cells demonstrated that IFITM3 promoted the expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ. To investigate the mechanism by which IFITM3 regulates IFN expression, the effects of IFITM3 on IFN production were explored. The results showed that the IKB gene mainly affected the regulatory effects of IFITM3 on IFN. Taken together, IFITM3 may reduce viral proliferation by regulating changes in IFNs, and this process may involve a positive feedback effect of IFITM3 on IFN. IKB plays an important role in the regulation of IFN effects by IFITM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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An W, Lakhina S, Leong J, Rawat K, Husain M. Host Innate Antiviral Response to Influenza A Virus Infection: From Viral Sensing to Antagonism and Escape. Pathogens 2024; 13:561. [PMID: 39057788 PMCID: PMC11280125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus possesses an RNA genome of single-stranded, negative-sensed, and segmented configuration. Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory disease, commonly known as the "flu" in humans. In some individuals, flu can lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Influenza A virus (IAV) is the most significant because it causes recurring seasonal epidemics, occasional pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks in human populations, globally. The host innate immune response to IAV infection plays a critical role in sensing, preventing, and clearing the infection as well as in flu disease pathology. Host cells sense IAV infection through multiple receptors and mechanisms, which culminate in the induction of a concerted innate antiviral response and the creation of an antiviral state, which inhibits and clears the infection from host cells. However, IAV antagonizes and escapes many steps of the innate antiviral response by different mechanisms. Herein, we review those host and viral mechanisms. This review covers most aspects of the host innate immune response, i.e., (1) the sensing of incoming virus particles, (2) the activation of downstream innate antiviral signaling pathways, (3) the expression of interferon-stimulated genes, (4) and viral antagonism and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (W.A.); (S.L.); (J.L.); (K.R.)
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Nekulová M, Wyszkowska M, Friedlová N, Uhrík L, Zavadil Kokáš F, Hrabal V, Hernychová L, Vojtěšek B, Hupp TR, Szymański MR. Biochemical evidence for conformational variants in the anti-viral and pro-metastatic protein IFITM1. Biol Chem 2024; 405:311-324. [PMID: 38379409 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Interferon induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) play a dual role in the restriction of RNA viruses and in cancer progression, yet the mechanism of their action remains unknown. Currently, there is no data about the basic biochemical features or biophysical properties of the IFITM1 protein. In this work, we report on description and biochemical characterization of three conformational variants/oligomeric species of recombinant IFITM1 protein derived from an Escherichia coli expression system. The protein was extracted from the membrane fraction, affinity purified, and separated by size exclusion chromatography where two distinct oligomeric species were observed in addition to the expected monomer. These species remained stable upon re-chromatography and were designated as "dimer" and "oligomer" according to their estimated molecular weight. The dimer was found to be less stable compared to the oligomer using circular dichroism thermal denaturation and incubation with a reducing agent. A two-site ELISA and HDX mass spectrometry suggested the existence of structural motif within the N-terminal part of IFITM1 which might be significant in oligomer formation. Together, these data show the unusual propensity of recombinant IFITM1 to naturally assemble into very stable oligomeric species whose study might shed light on IFITM1 anti-viral and pro-oncogenic functions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nekulová
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Wyszkowska
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nela Friedlová
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Uhrík
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Zavadil Kokáš
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hrabal
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hernychová
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bořivoj Vojtěšek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Hupp
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michał R Szymański
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
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Wang P, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Chen C, Hu J, Wang X. Role of interferon-induced transmembrane protein family in cancer progression: a special focus on pancreatic cancer. Med Oncol 2024; 41:85. [PMID: 38472606 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Human interferon-induced transmembrane protein family (IFITMs) consists of five main proteins. IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 can be induced by interferon, while IFITM5 and IFITM10 are insensitive to interferon. IFITMs has various functions, including well-researched antiviral effects. As a molecule whose expression is significantly increased by interferon in the immune microenvironment, IFITMs has drawn growing interest in recent years for their role in the cancer progression. Unlike antiviral effects, the role and mechanism of IFITMs in cancer progression have not been clearly studied, especially the role and molecular mechanism of IFITMs in pancreatic cancer are rarely reported in the literature. This article focuses on the role and potential mechanism of IFITMs in pancreatic cancer progression by analyzing the function and mechanism of IFITM1-3 in other cancers and conducting bioinformatics analysis using the databases, so as to provide a new target for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Congliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Junmei Hu
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Rd, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Ren H, Wang S, Xie Z, Wan L, Xie L, Luo S, Li M, Xie Z, Fan Q, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Huang J, Wei Y. Analysis of Chicken IFITM3 Gene Expression and Its Effect on Avian Reovirus Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:330. [PMID: 38543696 PMCID: PMC10974799 DOI: 10.3390/v16030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an antiviral factor that plays an important role in the host innate immune response against viruses. Previous studies have shown that IFITM3 is upregulated in various tissues and organs after avian reovirus (ARV) infection, which suggests that IFITM3 may be involved in the antiviral response after ARV infection. In this study, the chicken IFITM3 gene was cloned and analyzed bioinformatically. Then, the role of chicken IFITM3 in ARV infection was further explored. The results showed that the molecular weight of the chicken IFITM3 protein was approximately 13 kDa. This protein was found to be localized mainly in the cytoplasm, and its protein structure contained the CD225 domain. The homology analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the IFITM3 genes of different species exhibited great variation during genetic evolution, and chicken IFITM3 shared the highest homology with that of Anas platyrhynchos and displayed relatively low homology with those of birds such as Anser cygnoides and Serinus canaria. An analysis of the distribution of chicken IFITM3 in tissues and organs revealed that the IFITM3 gene was expressed at its highest level in the intestine and in large quantities in immune organs, such as the bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen. Further studies showed that the overexpression of IFITM3 in chicken embryo fibroblasts (DF-1) could inhibit the replication of ARV, whereas the inhibition of IFITM3 expression in DF-1 cells promoted ARV replication. In addition, chicken IFITM3 may exert negative feedback regulatory effects on the expression of TBK1, IFN-γ and IRF1 during ARV infection, and it is speculated that IFITM3 may participate in the innate immune response after ARV infection by negatively regulating the expression of TBK1, IFN-γ and IRF1. The results of this study further enrich the understanding of the role and function of chicken IFITM3 in ARV infection and provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the antiviral mechanism of host resistance to ARV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Ren
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Lijun Wan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - You Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (H.R.); (S.W.); (L.W.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
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Husain M. Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs. Pathogens 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38392865 PMCID: PMC10893265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Wu J, Tang R, Zhang X, Gao M, Guo L, Zhang L, Shi D, Zhang X, Shi H, Song H, Feng L, Chen J. IFITM3 restricts porcine deltacoronavirus infection by targeting its Spike protein. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109953. [PMID: 38118371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of antiviral molecules is crucial for controlling porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). Previous studies have provided evidence that the IFN-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which is coded by an interferon-stimulated gene, prevents the infections of a number of enveloped viruses. Nevertheless, the involvement of IFITM3 in PDCoV infection remains unexplored. In this study, it was observed that the overexpression of IFITM3 successfully restrictes the infection of PDCoV in cell cultures. Conversely, the suppression of IFITM3 facilitates the infection of PDCoV in IPI-2I and IPEC-J2 cells. Further studies revealed that IFITM3 limits the attachment phase of viral infection by interacting with the S1 subunit of the PDCoV Spike (S) protein. In addition, IFITM3 is verified as a member of the CD225 family, the GxxxG conserved motif of this family is important for it to limit PDCoV infection. In summary, this study reveals the mechanism of IFITM3 as an antiviral molecule to inhibit PDCoV infection, and also provides theoretical supports for screening effective anti-PDCoV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiao Wu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Rongfeng Tang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mingzhe Gao
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Longjun Guo
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Da Shi
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongying Song
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Das T, Hang HC. Discovery and Characterization of IFITM S-Palmitoylation. Viruses 2023; 15:2329. [PMID: 38140570 PMCID: PMC10747768 DOI: 10.3390/v15122329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, 2 and 3) are important host antiviral defense factors. They are active against viruses like the influenza A virus (IAV), dengue virus (DENV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In this review, we focus on IFITM3 S-palmitoylation, a reversible lipid modification, and describe its role in modulating IFITM3 antiviral activity. Our laboratory discovered S-palmitoylation of IFITMs using chemical proteomics and demonstrated the importance of highly conserved fatty acid-modified Cys residues in IFITM3 antiviral activity. Further studies showed that site-specific S-palmitoylation at Cys72 is important for IFITM3 trafficking to restricted viruses (IAV and EBOV) and membrane-sterol interactions. Thus, site-specific lipid modification of IFITM3 directly regulates its antiviral activity, cellular trafficking, and membrane-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandrila Das
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology and Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Prikryl D, Marin M, Desai TM, Du Y, Fu H, Melikyan GB. Cyclosporines Antagonize the Antiviral Activity of IFITMProteins by Redistributing Them toward the Golgi Apparatus. Biomolecules 2023; 13:937. [PMID: 37371517 PMCID: PMC10296495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) block the fusion of diverse enveloped viruses, likely through increasing the cell membrane's rigidity. Previous studies have reported that the antiviral activity of the IFITM family member, IFITM3, is antagonized by cell pretreatment with rapamycin derivatives and cyclosporines A and H (CsA and CsH) that promote the degradation of IFITM3. Here, we show that CsA and CsH potently enhance virus fusion with IFITM1- and IFITM3-expressing cells by inducing their rapid relocalization from the plasma membrane and endosomes, respectively, towards the Golgi. This relocalization is not associated with a significant degradation of IFITMs. Although prolonged exposure to CsA induces IFITM3 degradation in cells expressing low endogenous levels of this protein, its levels remain largely unchanged in interferon-treated cells or cells ectopically expressing IFITM3. Importantly, the CsA-mediated redistribution of IFITMs to the Golgi occurs on a much shorter time scale than degradation and thus likely represents the primary mechanism of enhancement of virus entry. We further show that rapamycin also induces IFITM relocalization toward the Golgi, albeit less efficiently than cyclosporines. Our findings highlight the importance of regulation of IFITM trafficking for its antiviral activity and reveal a novel mechanism of the cyclosporine-mediated modulation of cell susceptibility to enveloped virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Prikryl
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tanay M. Desai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, White Plains, NY 10601, USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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10
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Meischel T, Fritzlar S, Villalón-Letelier F, Smith JM, Brooks AG, Reading PC, Londrigan SL. Caveats of Using Overexpression Approaches to Screen Cellular Host IFITM Proteins for Antiviral Activity. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040519. [PMID: 37111405 PMCID: PMC10145288 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic protein overexpression in immortalised cell lines is a commonly used method to screen host factors for their antiviral activity against different viruses. However, the question remains as to what extent such artificial protein overexpression recapitulates endogenous protein function. Previously, we used a doxycycline-inducible overexpression system, in conjunction with approaches to modulate the expression of endogenous protein, to demonstrate the antiviral activity of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 against influenza A virus (IAV) but not parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3) in A549 cells. We now show that constitutive overexpression of the same IFITM constructs in A549 cells led to a significant restriction of PIV-3 infection by all three IFITM proteins. Variable IFITM mRNA and protein expression levels were detected in A549 cells with constitutive versus inducible overexpression of each IFITM. Our findings show that overexpression approaches can lead to levels of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 that significantly exceed those achieved through interferon stimulation of endogenous protein. We propose that exceedingly high levels of overexpressed IFITMs may not accurately reflect the true function of endogenous protein, thus contributing to discrepancies when attributing the antiviral activity of individual IFITM proteins against different viruses. Our findings clearly highlight the caveats associated with overexpression approaches used to screen cellular host proteins for antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Meischel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Svenja Fritzlar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Fernando Villalón-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sarah L. Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8344-5708
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11
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Unali G, Crivicich G, Pagani I, Abou‐Alezz M, Folchini F, Valeri E, Matafora V, Reisz JA, Giordano AMS, Cuccovillo I, Butta GM, Donnici L, D'Alessandro A, De Francesco R, Manganaro L, Cittaro D, Merelli I, Petrillo C, Bachi A, Vicenzi E, Kajaste‐Rudnitski A. Interferon‐inducible phospholipids govern
IFITM3
‐dependent endosomal antiviral immunity. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112234. [PMID: 36970857 PMCID: PMC10183820 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM) are implicated in several biological processes, including antiviral defense, but their modes of action remain debated. Here, taking advantage of pseudotyped viral entry assays and replicating viruses, we uncover the requirement of host co-factors for endosomal antiviral inhibition through high-throughput proteomics and lipidomics in cellular models of IFITM restriction. Unlike plasma membrane (PM)-localized IFITM restriction that targets infectious SARS-CoV2 and other PM-fusing viral envelopes, inhibition of endosomal viral entry depends on lysines within the conserved IFITM intracellular loop. These residues recruit Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) that we show here to be required for endosomal IFITM activity. We identify PIP3 as an interferon-inducible phospholipid that acts as a rheostat for endosomal antiviral immunity. PIP3 levels correlated with the potency of endosomal IFITM restriction and exogenous PIP3 enhanced inhibition of endocytic viruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2 Omicron variant. Together, our results identify PIP3 as a critical regulator of endosomal IFITM restriction linking it to the Pi3K/Akt/mTORC pathway and elucidate cell-compartment-specific antiviral mechanisms with potential relevance for the development of broadly acting antiviral strategies.
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12
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Comparison of a Genotype 1 and a Genotype 2 Macaque Foamy Virus env Gene Indicates Distinct Infectivity and Cell-Cell Fusion but Similar Tropism and Restriction of Cell Entry by Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020262. [PMID: 36851478 PMCID: PMC9960098 DOI: 10.3390/v15020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are naturally found in many different animals and also in primates with the notable exception of humans, but zoonotic infections are common. In several species, two different envelope (env) gene sequence clades or genotypes exist. We constructed a simian FV (SFV) clone containing a reporter gene cassette. In this background, we compared the env genes of the SFVmmu-DPZ9524 (genotype 1) and of the SFVmmu_R289hybAGM (genotype 2) isolates. SFVmmu_R289hybAGM env-driven infection was largely resistant to neutralization by SFVmmu-DPZ9524-neutralizing sera. While SFVmmu_R289hybAGM env consistently effected higher infectivity and cell-cell fusion, we found no differences in the cell tropism conferred by either env across a range of different cells. Infection by both viruses was weakly and non-significantly enhanced by simultaneous knockout of interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) 1, 2, and 3 in A549 cells, irrespective of prior interferon stimulation. Infection was modestly reduced by recombinant overexpression of IFITM3, suggesting that the SFV entry step might be weakly restricted by IFITM3 under some conditions. Overall, our results suggest that the different env gene clades in macaque foamy viruses induce genotype-specific neutralizing antibodies without exhibiting overt differences in cell tropism, but individual env genes may differ significantly with regard to fitness.
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13
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Lee J. Does IFITM3 link inflammation to tumorigenesis? BMB Rep 2022; 55:602-608. [PMID: 36404597 PMCID: PMC9813432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled chronic inflammation, in most cases due to excessive cytokine signaling through their receptors, is known to contribute to the development of tumorigenesis. Recently, it has been reported that the antiviral membrane protein interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), induced by interferon signaling as part of the inflammatory response after viral infection, contributes to the development of B-cell malignancy. The unexpected oncogenic signaling of IFITM3 upon malignant B cell activation elucidated the mechanism by which the uncontrolled expression of inflammatory proteins contributes to leukemogenesis. In this review, the potential effects of inflammatory cytokines on upregulation of IFITM3 and its contribution to tumorigenesis are discussed. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(12): 602-608].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoong Lee
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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14
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Jiménez-Munguía I, Beaven AH, Blank PS, Sodt AJ, Zimmerberg J. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) and its antiviral activity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102467. [PMID: 36306674 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by enveloped viruses require fusion with cellular membranes for viral genome entry. Viral entry occurs following an interaction of viral and cellular membranes allowing the formation of fusion pores, by which the virus accesses the cytoplasm. Here, we focus on interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) and its antiviral activity. IFITM3 is predicted to block or stall viral fusion at an intermediate state, causing viral propagation to fail. After introducing IFITM3, we describe the generalized lipid membrane fusion pathway and how it can be stalled, particularly with respect to IFITM3, and current questions regarding IFITM3's topology, with specific emphasis on IFITM3's amphipathic α-helix (AAH) 59V-68M, which is necessary for the antiviral activity. We report new hydrophobicity and hydrophobic moment calculations for this peptide and a variety of active site peptides from known membrane-remodeling proteins. Finally, we discuss the effects of posttranslational modifications and localization, how IFITM3's AAH may block viral fusion, and possible ramifications of membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jiménez-Munguía
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - A H Beaven
- Unit on Membrane Chemical Physics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH) MD, USA; Postdoctoral Research Associate Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P S Blank
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - A J Sodt
- Unit on Membrane Chemical Physics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH) MD, USA.
| | - J Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA.
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15
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Lee J. Does IFITM3 link inflammation to tumorigenesis? BMB Rep 2022; 55:602-608. [PMID: 36404597 PMCID: PMC9813432 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2022.55.12.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled chronic inflammation, in most cases due to excessive cytokine signaling through their receptors, is known to contribute to the development of tumorigenesis. Recently, it has been reported that the antiviral membrane protein interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), induced by interferon signaling as part of the inflammatory response after viral infection, contributes to the development of B-cell malignancy. The unexpected oncogenic signaling of IFITM3 upon malignant B cell activation elucidated the mechanism by which the uncontrolled expression of inflammatory proteins contributes to leukemogenesis. In this review, the potential effects of inflammatory cytokines on upregulation of IFITM3 and its contribution to tumorigenesis are discussed. [BMB Reports 2022; 55(12): 602-608].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoong Lee
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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16
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Friedlová N, Zavadil Kokáš F, Hupp TR, Vojtěšek B, Nekulová M. IFITM protein regulation and functions: Far beyond the fight against viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042368. [PMID: 36466909 PMCID: PMC9716219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are important cytokines that regulate immune responses through the activation of hundreds of genes, including interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). This evolutionarily conserved protein family includes five functionally active homologs in humans. Despite the high sequence homology, IFITMs vary in expression, subcellular localization and function. The initially described adhesive and antiproliferative or pro-oncogenic functions of IFITM proteins were diluted by the discovery of their antiviral properties. The large set of viruses that is inhibited by these proteins is constantly expanding, as are the possible mechanisms of action. In addition to their beneficial antiviral effects, IFITM proteins are often upregulated in a broad spectrum of cancers. IFITM proteins have been linked to most hallmarks of cancer, including tumor cell proliferation, therapeutic resistance, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Recent studies have described the involvement of IFITM proteins in antitumor immunity. This review summarizes various levels of IFITM protein regulation and the physiological and pathological functions of these proteins, with an emphasis on tumorigenesis and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Friedlová
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Zavadil Kokáš
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ted R. Hupp
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bořivoj Vojtěšek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marta Nekulová
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
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17
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Tiwari V, Viswanath S. Identification of potential modulators of IFITM3 by in-silico modeling and virtual screening. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15952. [PMID: 36153346 PMCID: PMC9509314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIFITM3 is a transmembrane protein that confers innate immunity. It has been established to restrict entry of multiple viruses. Overexpression of IFITM3 has been shown to be associated with multiple cancers, implying IFITM3 to be good therapeutic target. The regulation of IFITM3 activity is mediated by multiple post-translational modifications (PTM). In this study, we have modelled the structure of IFITM3, consistent with experimental predictions on its membrane topology. MD simulation in membrane-aqueous environment revealed the stability of the model. Ligand binding sites on the IFITM3 surface were predicted and it was observed that the best site includes important residues involved in PTM and has good druggable score. Molecular docking was performed using FDA approved ligands and natural ligands from Super Natural II database. The ligands were re-ranked by calculating binding free energy. Select docking complexes were simulated again to substantiate the binding between ligand and IFITM3. We observed that known drugs like Eluxadoline and natural products like SN00224572 and Parishin A have good binding affinity against IFITM3. These ligands form persistent interactions with key lysine residues (Lys83, Lys104) and hence can potentially alter the activity of IFITM3. The results of this computational study can provide a starting point for experimental investigations on IFITM3 modulators.
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18
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Das T, Yang X, Lee H, Garst EH, Valencia E, Chandran K, Im W, Hang HC. S-Palmitoylation and Sterol Interactions Mediate Antiviral Specificity of IFITMs. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2109-2120. [PMID: 35861660 PMCID: PMC10597057 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, 2, and 3) are important antiviral proteins that are active against many viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), dengue virus (DENV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). IFITM proteins exhibit specificity in activity, but their distinct mechanisms of action and regulation are unclear. Since S-palmitoylation and cholesterol homeostasis are crucial for viral infections, we investigated IFITM interactions with cholesterol by photoaffinity cross-linking in mammalian cells along with molecular dynamic simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in vitro. These studies suggest that cholesterol can directly interact with S-palmitoylated IFITMs in cells and alter the conformation of IFITMs in membrane bilayers. Notably, we discovered that the S-palmitoylation levels regulate differential IFITM protein interactions with cholesterol in mammalian cells and specificity of antiviral activity toward IAV, SARS-CoV-2, and EBOV. Our studies suggest that modulation of IFITM S-palmitoylation levels and cholesterol interaction influence host susceptibility to different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandrila Das
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Xinglin Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Hwayoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Emma H. Garst
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Estefania Valencia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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19
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Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Inhibition of Lipid Metabolism in 2-D Porcine Enteroids by Infection with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Platelet proteome reveals features of cell death, antiviral response and viral replication in covid-19. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:324. [PMID: 35842415 PMCID: PMC9287722 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected over 400 million people worldwide, leading to 6 million deaths. Among the complex symptomatology of COVID-19, hypercoagulation and thrombosis have been described to directly contribute to lethality, pointing out platelets as an important SARS-CoV-2 target. In this work, we explored the platelet proteome of COVID-19 patients through a label-free shotgun proteomics approach to identify platelet responses to infection, as well as validation experiments in a larger patient cohort. Exclusively detected proteins (EPs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the proteomic dataset and thus classified into biological processes to map pathways correlated with pathogenesis. Significant changes in the expression of proteins related to platelet activation, cell death, and antiviral response through interferon type-I were found in all patients. Since the outcome of COVID-19 varies highly among individuals, we also performed a cross-comparison of proteins found in survivors and nonsurvivors. Proteins belonging to the translation pathway were strongly highlighted in the nonsurvivor group. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 genome was fully sequenced in platelets from five patients, indicating viral internalization and preprocessing, with CD147 as a potential entry route. In summary, platelets play a significant role in COVID-19 pathogenesis via platelet activation, antiviral response, and disease severity.
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21
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Xu W, Wang Y, Li L, Qu X, Liu Q, Li T, Wu S, Liao M, Jin N, Du S, Li C. Transmembrane domain of IFITM3 is responsible for its interaction with influenza virus HA 2 subunit. Virol Sin 2022; 37:664-675. [PMID: 35809785 PMCID: PMC9583175 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits influenza virus infection by blocking viral membrane fusion, but the exact mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigated the function and key region of IFITM3 in blocking influenza virus entry mediated by hemagglutinin (HA). The restriction of IFITM3 on HA-mediated viral entry was confirmed by pseudovirus harboring HA protein from H5 and H7 influenza viruses. Subcellular co-localization and immunocoprecipitation analyses revealed that IFITM3 partially co-located with the full-length HA protein and could directly interact with HA2 subunit but not HA1 subunit of H5 and H7 virus. Truncated analyses showed that the transmembrane domain of the IFITM3 and HA2 subunit might play an important role in their interaction. Finally, this interaction of IFITM3 was also verified with HA2 subunits from other subtypes of influenza A virus and influenza B virus. Overall, our data demonstrate for the first time a direct interaction between IFITM3 and influenza HA protein via the transmembrane domain, providing a new perspective for further exploring the biological significance of IFITM3 restriction on influenza virus infection or HA-mediated antagonism or escape. IFITM3 interacts with HA2 subunit of hemagglutinin from multiple subtypes of influenza A and B virus. Interaction between IFITM3 and HA2 subunit is mediated by binding to the transmembrane domain of HA. Affinity of IFITM3 intramembrane domain or transmembrane domain to HA2 subunit of H5 and H7 subtype is different. Transmembrane domain of IFITM3 is responsible for its interaction with the HA2 subunit. There are differences in the binding ability of IFITM3 to HA2 from different serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tiyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Shipin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Shouwen Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
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22
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Mutagenic Analysis of the HIV Restriction Factor Shiftless. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071454. [PMID: 35891432 PMCID: PMC9324250 DOI: 10.3390/v14071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced host cell protein shiftless (SFL) was reported to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by blocking the –1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (–1PRF) required for expression of the Gag-Pol polyprotein. However, it is not clear how SFL inhibits –1PRF. To address this question, we focused on a 36 amino acids comprising region (termed required for antiviral activity (RAA)) that is essential for suppression of –1PRF and HIV infection and is missing from SFL short (SFLS), a splice variant of SFL with unknown function. Here, we confirm that SFL, but not SFLS, inhibits HIV –1PRF and show that inhibition is cell-type-independent. Mutagenic and biochemical analyses demonstrated that the RAA region is required for SFL self-interactions and confirmed that it is necessary for ribosome association and binding to the HIV RNA. Analysis of SFL mutants with six consecutive amino-acids-comprising deletions in the RAA region suggests effects on binding to the HIV RNA, complete inhibition of –1PRF, inhibition of Gag-Pol expression, and antiviral activity. In contrast, these amino acids did not affect SFL expression and were partially dispensable for SFL self-interactions and binding to the ribosome. Collectively, our results support the notion that SFL binds to the ribosome and the HIV RNA in order to block –1PRF and HIV infection, and suggest that the multimerization of SFL may be functionally important.
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23
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Wen S, Song Y, Li C, Jin N, Zhai J, Lu H. Positive Regulation of the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 by S-Palmitoylation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919477. [PMID: 35769480 PMCID: PMC9236556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), a small molecule transmembrane protein induced by interferon, is generally conserved in vertebrates, which can inhibit infection by a diverse range of pathogenic viruses such as influenza virus. However, the precise antiviral mechanisms of IFITM3 remain unclear. At least four post-translational modifications (PTMs) were found to modulate the antiviral effect of IFITM3. These include positive regulation provided by S-palmitoylation of cysteine and negative regulation provided by lysine ubiquitination, lysine methylation, and tyrosine phosphorylation. IFITM3 S-palmitoylation is an enzymatic addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid on the three cysteine residues within or adjacent to its two hydrophobic domains at positions 71, 72, and 105, that is essential for its proper targeting, stability, and function. As S-palmitoylation is the only PTM known to enhance the antiviral activity of IFITM3, enzymes that add this modification may play important roles in IFN-induced immune responses. This study mainly reviews the research progresses on the antiviral mechanism of IFITM3, the regulation mechanism of S-palmitoylation modification on its subcellular localization, stability, and function, and the enzymes that mediate the S-palmitoylation modification of IFITM3, which may help elucidate the mechanism by which this IFN effector restrict virus replication and thus aid in the design of therapeutics targeted at pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Yang Song
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Chang Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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24
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Cai S, Zheng Z, Cheng J, Zhong L, Shao R, Zheng F, Lai Z, Ou J, Xu L, Zhou P, Lu G, Zhang G. Swine Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Proteins Potently Inhibit African Swine Fever Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827709. [PMID: 35401540 PMCID: PMC8989734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes an acute, hemorrhagic, and highly contagious disease in domestic swine, leading to significant economic losses to the global porcine industry. Restriction factors of innate immunity play a critical in host antiviral action. However, function of swine restriction factors of innate immunity on ASFV has been seldomly investigated. In this study, we determined five homologues of swine interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (SwIFITM [named SwIFITM1a, -1b, -2, -3, and -5]), and we found that they all exhibit potent antiviral activity against ASFV. Expression profile analysis indicated that these SwIFITMs are constitutively expressed in most porcine tissues. Whether infected with ASFV or treated with swine interferon, the expression levels of SwIFITMs were induced in vitro. The subcellular localization of SwIFITMs was similar to that of their human homologues. SwIFITM1a and -1b localized to the plasma membrane, SwIFITM2 and -3 focused on the cytoplasm and the perinuclear region, while SwIFITM5 accumulated in the cell surface and cytoplasm. The overexpression of SwIFITM1a, -1b, -2, -3, or -5 could significantly inhibit ASFV replication in Vero cells, whereas knockdown of these genes could enhance ASFV replication in PAMs. We blocked the constitutive expression of endogenous IFITMs in Vero cells using a CRISPR-Cas9 system and then infected them with ASFV. The results indicated that the knockout of endogenous IFITMs could enhance ASFV replication. Finally, we expressed five SwIFITMs in knockout Vero cell lines and then challenged them with ASFV. The results showed that all of the SwIFITMs had a strong antiviral effect on ASFV. This research will further expand the understanding of the anti-ASFV activity of porcine IFITMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - JiaoJiao Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Lintao Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
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25
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Zhong L, Song Y, Marziali F, Uzbekov R, Nguyen XN, Journo C, Roingeard P, Cimarelli A. A novel domain within the CIL regulates egress of IFITM3 from the Golgi and reveals a regulatory role of IFITM3 on the secretory pathway. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202101174. [PMID: 35396335 PMCID: PMC8994042 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The InterFeron-Induced TransMembrane proteins (IFITMs) are members of the dispanin/CD225 family that act as broad viral inhibitors by preventing viral-to-cellular membrane fusion. In this study, we uncover egress from the Golgi as an important step in the biology of IFITM3 by identifying the domain that regulates this process and that similarly controls the egress of the dispanins IFITM1 and PRRT2, protein linked to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. In the case of IFITM3, high levels of expression of wild-type, or mutations in the Golgi egress domain, lead to accumulation of IFITM3 in the Golgi and drive generalized glycoprotein trafficking defects. These defects can be relieved upon incubation with Amphotericin B, compound known to relieve IFITM-driven membrane fusion defects, as well as by v-SNARE overexpression, suggesting that IFITM3 interferes with membrane fusion processes important for Golgi functionalities. The comparison of glycoprotein trafficking in WT versus IFITMs-KO cells indicates that the modulation of the secretory pathway is a novel feature of IFITM proteins. Overall, our study defines a novel domain that regulates the egress of several dispanin/CD225 members from the Golgi and identifies a novel modulatory function for IFITM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yuxin Song
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Federico Marziali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France,INSERM U1259, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France,Correspondence:
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26
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Zhao X, Chen D, Li X, Griffith L, Chang J, An P, Guo JT. Interferon Control of Human Coronavirus Infection and Viral Evasion: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Antiviral Drug and Vaccine Development. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167438. [PMID: 34990653 PMCID: PMC8721920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of viral infections by various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates an inflammatory cytokine response that inhibits viral replication and orchestrates the activation of adaptive immune responses to control the viral infection. The broadly active innate immune response puts a strong selective pressure on viruses and drives the selection of variants with increased capabilities to subvert the induction and function of antiviral cytokines. This revolutionary process dynamically shapes the host ranges, cell tropism and pathogenesis of viruses. Recent studies on the innate immune responses to the infection of human coronaviruses (HCoV), particularly SARS-CoV-2, revealed that HCoV infections can be sensed by endosomal toll-like receptors and/or cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors in various cell types. However, the profiles of inflammatory cytokines and transcriptome response induced by a specific HCoV are usually cell type specific and determined by the virus-specific mechanisms of subverting the induction and function of interferons and inflammatory cytokines as well as the genetic trait of the host genes of innate immune pathways. We review herein the recent literatures on the innate immune responses and their roles in the pathogenesis of HCoV infections with emphasis on the pathobiological roles and therapeutic effects of type I interferons in HCoV infections and their antiviral mechanisms. The knowledge on the mechanism of innate immune control of HCoV infections and viral evasions should facilitate the development of therapeutics for induction of immune resolution of HCoV infections and vaccines for efficient control of COVID-19 pandemics and other HCoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Danying Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Lauren Griffith
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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27
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Feng Z, Xu L, Xie Z. Receptors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Host Factors Regulating the Life Cycle of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858629. [PMID: 35281439 PMCID: PMC8913501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections and responsible for a large proportion of mortality in children and the elderly. There are no licensed vaccines available to date. Prophylaxis and therapeutic RSV-specific antibodies are limited to populations at high risk owing to high cost and uncertain clinical value. Receptors and host factors are two determinants important for virus entry and establishment of infection in vivo. The identification and understanding of viral receptors and host factors can help us to gain insight into the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Herein, we reviewed receptors and host factors that have been reported thus far. RSV could bind to CX3C chemokine receptor 1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans via the G protein, and to nucleolin, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, epidermal growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 via the F protein. Seven host restriction factors and 13 host factors essential for RSV infection were reviewed. We characterized the functions and their roles in the life cycle of RSV, trying to provide an update on the information of RSV-related receptors and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Xu,
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Stott-Marshall RJ, Foster TL. Inhibition of Arenavirus Entry and Replication by the Cell-Intrinsic Restriction Factor ZMPSTE24 Is Enhanced by IFITM Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840885. [PMID: 35283811 PMCID: PMC8915953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of effective vaccines and treatments, annual outbreaks of severe human haemorrhagic fever caused by arenaviruses, such as Lassa virus, continue to pose a significant human health threat. Understanding the balance of cellular factors that inhibit or promote arenavirus infection may have important implications for the development of effective antiviral strategies. Here, we identified the cell-intrinsic zinc transmembrane metalloprotease, ZMPSTE24, as a restriction factor against arenaviruses. Notably, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of ZMPSTE24 in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells increased arenavirus glycoprotein-mediated viral entry in pseudoparticle assays and live virus infection models. As a barrier to viral entry and replication, ZMPSTE24 may act as a downstream effector of interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) antiviral function; though through a yet poorly understood mechanism. Overexpression of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 proteins did not restrict the entry of pseudoparticles carrying arenavirus envelope glycoproteins and live virus infection. Furthermore, gain-of-function studies revealed that IFITMs augment the antiviral activity of ZMPSTE24 against arenaviruses, suggesting a cooperative effect of viral restriction. We show that ZMPSTE24 and IFITMs affect the kinetics of cellular endocytosis, suggesting that perturbation of membrane structure and stability is likely the mechanism of ZMPSTE24-mediated restriction and cooperative ZMPSTE24-IFITM antiviral activity. Collectively, our findings define the role of ZMPSTE24 host restriction activity in the early stages of arenavirus infection. Moreover, we provide insight into the importance of cellular membrane integrity for productive fusion of arenaviruses and highlight a novel avenue for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshana L. Foster
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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29
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Abstract
Virus entry, consisting of attachment to and penetration into the host target cell, is the first step of the virus life cycle and is a critical 'do or die' event that governs virus emergence in host populations. Most antiviral vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent virus entry into cells. However, while the prevention of virus invasion by humoral immunity is well appreciated, considerably less is known about the immune defences present within cells (known as intrinsic immunity) that interfere with virus entry. The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, known for inhibiting fusion between viral and cellular membranes, were once the only factors known to restrict virus entry. However, the progressive development of genetic and pharmacological screening platforms and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have galvanized interest in how viruses infiltrate cells and how cells defend against it. Several host factors with antiviral potential are now implicated in the regulation of virus entry, including cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), lymphocyte antigen 6E (LY6E), nuclear receptor co-activator protein 7 (NCOA7), interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), CD74 and ARFGAP with dual pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 2 (ADAP2). This Review summarizes what is known and what remains to be understood about the intrinsic factors that form the first line of defence against virus infection.
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30
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Das T, Yang X, Lee H, Garst E, Valencia E, Chandran K, Im W, Hang H. S-palmitoylation and sterol interactions mediate antiviral specificity of IFITM isoforms. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-1179000. [PMID: 34981045 PMCID: PMC8722608 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1179000/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, 2 and 3) are important antiviral proteins that are active against many viruses, including influenza A virus (IAV), dengue virus (DENV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). IFITMs exhibit isoform-specific activity, but their distinct mechanisms of action and regulation are unclear. Since S -palmitoylation and cholesterol homeostasis are crucial for viral infections, we investigated IFITM interactions with cholesterol by molecular dynamic stimulations, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis in vitro and photoaffinity crosslinking in mammalian cells. These studies suggest that cholesterol can alter the conformation of IFITMs in membrane bilayers and directly interact with S -palmitoylated IFITMs in cells. Notably, we discovered that the S -palmitoylation levels regulate differential IFITM isoform interactions with cholesterol in mammalian cells and specificity of antiviral activity towards IAV, SARS-CoV-2 and EBOV. Our studies suggest that modulation of IFITM S -palmitoylation levels and cholesterol interaction may influence host susceptibility to different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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31
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Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins Inhibit Infection by the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and the Related Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus in a Cell-Specific Manner. mBio 2021; 12:e0211321. [PMID: 34933450 PMCID: PMC8689460 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02113-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad-spectrum antiviral proteins that inhibit the entry of enveloped viruses. We analyzed the effect of IFITMs on the gamma-2 herpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the closely related rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV). We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout to generate A549 cells, human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with combined IFITM1/2/3 knockout and identified IFITMs as cell-dependent inhibitors of KSHV and RRV infection in A549 cells and HFF but not HUVEC. IFITM overexpression revealed IFITM1 as the relevant IFITM that inhibits KSHV and RRV infection. Fluorescent KSHV particles did not pronouncedly colocalize with IFITM-positive compartments. However, we found that KSHV and RRV glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion is enhanced upon IFITM1/2/3 knockout. Taken together, we identified IFITM1 as a cell-dependent restriction factor of KSHV and RRV that acts at the level of membrane fusion. Of note, our results indicate that recombinant IFITM overexpression may lead to results that are not representative for the situation at endogenous levels. Strikingly, we observed that the endotheliotropic KSHV circumvents IFITM-mediated restriction in HUVEC despite high IFITM expression, while influenza A virus (IAV) glycoprotein-driven entry into HUVEC is potently restricted by IFITMs even in the absence of interferon. Mechanistically, we found that KSHV colocalizes less with IFITM1 and IFITM2 in HUVEC than in A549 cells immediately after attachment, potentially contributing to the observed difference in restriction. IMPORTANCE IFITM proteins are the first line of defense against infection by many pathogens and may also have therapeutic importance, as they, among other effectors, mediate the antiviral effect of interferons. Neither their function against herpesviruses nor their mechanism of action is well understood. We report here that in some cells but not in, for example, primary umbilical vein endothelial cells, IFITM1 restricts KSHV and RRV and that, mechanistically, this is likely effected by reducing the fusogenicity of the cell membrane. Further, we demonstrate potent inhibition of IAV glycoprotein-driven infection of cells of extrapulmonary origin by high constitutive IFITM expression.
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32
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Lu G, Ou J, Cai S, Lai Z, Zhong L, Yin X, Li S. Canine Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein Is a Host Restriction Factor That Potently Inhibits Replication of Emerging Canine Influenza Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710705. [PMID: 34721379 PMCID: PMC8551696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine influenza virus (CIV) is an emerging virus that is associated with major hidden hazards to the canine population and public health. Until now, how canine uses its innate immunity to restrict CIV replication is seldomly investigated. Recently, studies on interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) of several major hosts of influenza virus (human, chicken, duck, pig) indicated it can potently restrict the viral replication. Here, the gene locus of five previously annotated canine IFITM (caIFITM) genes was determined on chromosome 18 using multiple bioinformatics strategies, provisionally designated as caIFITM1, caIFITM2a, caIFITM2b, caIFITM3, and caIFITM5. An analysis on protein sequences between caIFITM and its homologs indicated they shared the same conserved amino acids important for the antiviral activity. Expression profile analysis showed that caIFITM was constitutively expressed in tissues and MDCK cell line. After treatment with interferon or infection with influenza virus, the expression level of caIFITM increased with different degrees in vitro. An animal challenge study demonstrated CIV infection resulted in upregulation of caIFITM in beagles. caIFITMs had a similar subcellular localization to their human homologs. caIFITM1 was present at the cell surface and caIFITM3 was present perinuclearly and colocalized with LAMP1-containing compartments. Finally, we generated A549 cell lines stably expressing caIFITM and challenged them with influenza virus. The result demonstrated caIFITM1, caIFITM2a, caIFITM2b, and caIFITM3 had a potent antiviral activity against influenza virus. Our study will help better understand the evolutional pattern of IFITM and its role in the host’s defense against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lintao Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Regulation of Viral Restriction by Post-Translational Modifications. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112197. [PMID: 34835003 PMCID: PMC8618861 DOI: 10.3390/v13112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic immunity is orchestrated by a wide range of host cellular proteins called restriction factors. They have the capacity to interfere with viral replication, and most of them are tightly regulated by interferons (IFNs). In addition, their regulation through post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitutes a major mechanism to shape their action positively or negatively. Following viral infection, restriction factor modification can be decisive. Palmitoylation of IFITM3, SUMOylation of MxA, SAMHD1 and TRIM5α or glycosylation of BST2 are some of those PTMs required for their antiviral activity. Nonetheless, for their benefit and by manipulating the PTMs machinery, viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to counteract restriction factors. Indeed, many viral proteins evade restriction activity by inducing their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Studies on PTMs and their substrates are essential for the understanding of the antiviral defense mechanisms and provide a global vision of all possible regulations of the immune response at a given time and under specific infection conditions. Our aim was to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the role of PTMs on restriction factors with an emphasis on their impact on viral replication.
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Kim YC, Jeong MJ, Jeong BH. Regulatory Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of the Bovine IFITM3 Gene Induces Differential Transcriptional Capacities of Hanwoo and Holstein Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111662. [PMID: 34828268 PMCID: PMC8619045 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), a crucial effector of the host's innate immune system, prohibits an extensive range of viruses. Previous studies have reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IFITM3 gene are associated with the expression level and length of the IFITM3 protein and can impact susceptibility to infectious viruses and the severity of infection with these viruses. However, there have been no studies on polymorphisms of the bovine IFITM3 gene. In the present study, we finely mapped the bovine IFITM3 gene and annotated the identified polymorphisms. We investigated polymorphisms of the bovine IFITM3 gene in 108 Hanwoo and 113 Holstein cattle using direct sequencing and analyzed genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the IFITM3 genes of the two cattle breeds. In addition, we analyzed transcription factor-binding sites and transcriptional capacity using PROMO and luciferase assays, respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of a nonsynonymous SNP of the IFITM3 gene using PolyPhen-2, PANTHER, and PROVEAN. We identified 23 polymorphisms in the bovine IFITM3 gene and found significantly different genotype, allele, and haplotype frequency distributions and LD scores between polymorphisms of the bovine IFITM3 gene in Hanwoo and Holstein cattle. In addition, the ability to bind the transcription factor Nkx2-1 and transcriptional capacities were significantly different depending on the c.-193T > C allele. Furthermore, nonsynonymous SNP (F121L) was predicted to be benign. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genetic study of bovine IFITM3 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chan Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea; (Y.-C.K.); (M.-J.J.)
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Min-Ju Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea; (Y.-C.K.); (M.-J.J.)
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Korea; (Y.-C.K.); (M.-J.J.)
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-900-4040; Fax: +82-63-900-4012
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Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), of the genus Flavivirus, is a causative agent of severe encephalitis in endemic regions of northern Asia and central and northern Europe. Interferon induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are restriction factors that inhibit the replication cycles of numerous viruses, including flaviviruses such as the West Nile virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus. Here, we demonstrate the role of IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 in the inhibition of TBEV infection and in protection against virus-induced cell death. We show the most significant role being that of IFITM3, including the dissection of its functional motifs by mutagenesis. Furthermore, through the use of CRISPR-Cas9-generated IFITM1/3-knockout monoclonal cell lines, we confirm the role and additive action of endogenous IFITMs in TBEV suppression. However, the results of co-culture assays suggest that TBEV might partially escape IFN- and IFITM-mediated suppression during high-density co-culture infection when the virus enters naïve cells directly from infected donor cells. Thus, cell-to-cell spread may constitute a strategy for virus escape from innate host defenses. Importance: TBEV infection may result in encephalitis, chronic illness or death. TBEV is endemic in northern Asia and Europe; however, due to climate change, new endemic centers arise. Although effective TBEV vaccines have been approved, vaccination coverage is low, and, due to the lack of specific therapeutics, infected individuals depend on their immune responses to control the infection. The IFITM proteins are components of the innate antiviral defenses that suppress cell entry of many viral pathogens. However, no studies regarding the role of IFITM proteins in the TBEV infection have been published so far. Understanding of antiviral innate immune responses is crucial for future development of antiviral strategies. Here, we show the important role of IFITM proteins in the inhibition of TBEV infection and virus-mediated cell death. However, our data suggest that TBEV cell-to-cell spread may be less prone to both IFN- and IFITM-mediated suppression, potentially facilitating escape from IFITM-mediated immunity.
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Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of interferon-inducible proteins that inhibit a broad range of viruses by interfering with viral-to-cellular membrane fusion. The antiviral activity of IFITMs is highly regulated by several posttranslational modifications and by a number of protein domains that modulate steady-state protein levels, trafficking, and antiviral effectiveness. Taking advantage of the natural diversity existing among IFITMs of different animal species, we have compared 21 IFITMs for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 at two steps, during virus entry into cells (target cell protection) and during the production of novel virion particles (negative imprinting of virion particles' infectivity). We found a high functional heterogeneity among IFITM homologs with respect to both antiviral modalities, with IFITM members that exhibit enhanced viral inhibition, while others have no ability to block HIV-1. These differences could not be ascribed to known regulatory domains and could only be partially explained through differential protein stability, implying the existence of additional mechanisms. Through the use of chimeras between active and inactive IFITMs, we demonstrate that the cross talk between distinct domains of IFITMs is an important contributor of their antiviral potency. Finally, we identified murine IFITMs as natural variants competent for target cell protection, but not for negative imprinting of virion particles' infectivity, suggesting that the two properties may, at least in principle, be uncoupled. Overall, our results shed new light on the complex relationship between IFITMs and viral infection and point to the cross talk between IFITM domains as a novel layer of regulation of their activity. IMPORTANCE IFITMs are broad viral inhibitors capable of interfering with both early and late phases of the replicative cycle of many different viruses. By comparing 21 IFITM proteins issued from different animal species for their ability to inhibit HIV-1, we have identified several that exhibit either enhanced or impaired antiviral behavior. This functional diversity is not driven by differences in known domains and can only be partly explained through differential protein stability. Chimeras between active and inactive IFITMs point to the cross talk between individual IFITM domains as important for optimal antiviral activity. Finally, we show that murine IFITMs are not capable of decreasing the infectivity of newly produced HIV-1 virion particles, although they retain target cell protection abilities, suggesting that these properties may be, in principle, disconnected. Overall, our results shed new light on the complex layers of regulation of IFITM proteins and enrich our current understanding of these broad antiviral factors.
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Liu P, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Peng C, Yang W, Li X, Zhang C, Li M, Han J, Lu Y. Integrative overview of IFITMs family based on Bioinformatics analysis. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2021; 10:165-172. [PMID: 34466338 PMCID: PMC8397817 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2021.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) family is a multi-functional biomacromolecule family playing a critical role in various physiological processes, such as, antiviral immunity, tumor suppression, and bone formation. Although there are many studies proving that a subset of tumors strongly links to the changes of IFITMs, the link between different IFITMs mutant types and diverse tumors has not been studied thoroughly. To investigate the law of expression among IFITMs internal members and the linking of IFITMs mutant types and cancers, online databases were used to pool together relevant data for bioinformatics analysis. Here, we summarize mutations, expression, and functions of human IFITMs, analyze diverse expression levels of IFITMs in physiological and pathological tissues, predict protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and target miRNAs and relevant signaling pathways of IFITMs. The results show that IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3 have similar motif pattern constructions and physiological functions, while IFITM5 and IFITM10 show far diversity from them. Particularly, IFITM1-3, in conjunction with interacting proteins, is strongly related to development and overall survival rates of a portion of cancers, including renal cancer and uveal melanoma (UVM). This trait may make IFITM1-3 become a prognostic marker of cancers. Meanwhile, hsa_circ_0116375 has been found as the common circRNA for IFITM2, IFITM3, IFITM5, and IFITM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanming Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xianxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Mian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to:Yanqin Lu, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences. # 6699 Qingdao Road, Ji'nan 250117, China. E-mail:
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IFITM proteins that restrict the early stages of respiratory virus infection do not influence late-stage replication. J Virol 2021; 95:e0083721. [PMID: 34319159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00837-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins inhibit a broad range of enveloped viruses by blocking entry into host cells. We used an inducible overexpression system to investigate if IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 could modulate early and/or late stages of influenza A virus (IAV) or parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 infection in human A549 airway epithelial cells. IAV and PIV-3 represent respiratory viruses which utilise distinct cellular entry pathways. We verify entry by endocytosis for IAV, whereas PIV-3 infection was consistent with fusion at the plasma membrane. Following induction prior to infection, all three IFITM proteins restricted the percentage of IAV-infected cells at 8 hours post-infection. In contrast, prior induction of IFITM1 and IFITM2 did not inhibit PIV-3 infection, although a modest reduction was observed with IFITM3. siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 expression, in the presence or absence of pre-treatment with type I interferon, resulted in increased IAV, but not PIV-3, infection. This suggests that while all three IFITMs display antiviral activity against IAV, they do not restrict the early stages of PIV-3 infection. IAV and PIV-3 infection culminates in viral egress through budding at the plasma membrane. Inducible expression of IFITM1, IFITM2 or IFITM3 immediately after infection did not impact titres of infectious virus released from IAV or PIV-3 infected cells. Our findings show that IFITM proteins differentially restrict the early stages of infection of two respiratory viruses with distinct cellular entry pathways, but do not influence the late stages of replication for either virus. IMPORTANCE Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins restrict the initial stages of infection for several respiratory viruses, however their potential to modulate the later stages of virus replication has not been explored. In this study we highlight the utility of an inducible overexpression system to assess the impact of IFITM proteins on either early or late stage replication of two respiratory viruses. We demonstrate antiviral activity by IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 against influenza A virus (IAV) but not parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 during the early stages of cellular infection. Furthermore, IFITM induction following IAV or PIV-3 infection does not restrict the late stages of replication of either virus. Our findings show that IFITM proteins can differentially restrict the early stages of infection of two viruses with distinct cellular entry pathways, yet do not influence the late stages of replication for either virus.
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Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Bayurova E, Volchkova E, Gegechkori V, Gordeychuk I, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR-Cas Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:1373. [PMID: 34372578 PMCID: PMC8310348 DOI: 10.3390/v13071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause a variety of acute and chronic human diseases, sometimes resulting in small local outbreaks, or in some cases spreading across the globe and leading to global pandemics. Understanding and exploiting virus-host interactions is instrumental for identifying host factors involved in viral replication, developing effective antiviral agents, and mitigating the severity of virus-borne infectious diseases. The diversity of CRISPR systems and CRISPR-based tools enables the specific modulation of innate immune responses and has contributed impressively to the fields of virology and immunology in a very short time. In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of CRISPR systems for basic and translational studies of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Immunobiological Drugs, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dieter Glebe
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Franz S, Pott F, Zillinger T, Schüler C, Dapa S, Fischer C, Passos V, Stenzel S, Chen F, Döhner K, Hartmann G, Sodeik B, Pessler F, Simmons G, Drexler JF, Goffinet C. Human IFITM3 restricts chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus infection and is susceptible to virus-mediated counteraction. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000909. [PMID: 34078739 PMCID: PMC8200292 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins restrict membrane fusion and virion internalization of several enveloped viruses. The role of IFITM proteins during alphaviral infection of human cells and viral counteraction strategies are insufficiently understood. Here, we characterized the impact of human IFITMs on the entry and spread of chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus and provide first evidence for a CHIKV-mediated antagonism of IFITMs. IFITM1, 2, and 3 restricted infection at the level of alphavirus glycoprotein-mediated entry, both in the context of direct infection and cell-to-cell transmission. Relocalization of normally endosomal IFITM3 to the plasma membrane resulted in loss of antiviral activity. rs12252-C, a naturally occurring variant of IFITM3 that may associate with severe influenza in humans, restricted CHIKV, MAYV, and influenza A virus infection as efficiently as wild-type IFITM3 Antivirally active IFITM variants displayed reduced cell surface levels in CHIKV-infected cells involving a posttranscriptional process mediated by one or several nonstructural protein(s) of CHIKV. Finally, IFITM3-imposed reduction of specific infectivity of nascent particles provides a rationale for the necessity of a virus-encoded counteraction strategy against this restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Franz
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Pott
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Schüler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Dapa
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Carlo Fischer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vânia Passos
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia Stenzel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hanover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hanover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- Research Group Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hanover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Guo X, Steinkühler J, Marin M, Li X, Lu W, Dimova R, Melikyan GB. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Blocks Fusion of Diverse Enveloped Viruses by Altering Mechanical Properties of Cell Membranes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8155-8170. [PMID: 33656312 PMCID: PMC8159881 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) potently inhibits entry of diverse enveloped viruses by trapping the viral fusion at a hemifusion stage, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that recombinant IFITM3 reconstituted into lipid vesicles induces negative membrane curvature and that this effect maps to its small amphipathic helix (AH). We demonstrate that AH (i) partitions into lipid-disordered domains where IAV fusion occurs, (ii) induces negative membrane curvature, and (iii) increases lipid order and membrane stiffness. These effects on membrane properties correlate with the fusion-inhibitory activity, as targeting the ectopically expressed AH peptide to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the cell plasma membrane diminishes IAV-cell surface fusion induced by exposure to acidic pH. Our results thus imply that IFITM3 inhibits the transition from hemifusion to full fusion by imposing an unfavorable membrane curvature and increasing the order and stiffness of the cytoplasmic leaflet of endosomal membranes. Our findings reveal a universal mechanism by which cells block entry of diverse enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jan Steinkühler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author: Gregory B. Melikyan,
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Garst EH, Lee H, Das T, Bhattacharya S, Percher A, Wiewiora R, Witte IP, Li Y, Peng T, Im W, Hang HC. Site-Specific Lipidation Enhances IFITM3 Membrane Interactions and Antiviral Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:844-856. [PMID: 33887136 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are S-palmitoylated proteins in vertebrates that restrict a diverse range of viruses. S-palmitoylated IFITM3 in particular engages incoming virus particles, prevents their cytoplasmic entry, and accelerates their lysosomal clearance by host cells. However, how S-palmitoylation modulates the structure and biophysical characteristics of IFITM3 to promote its antiviral activity remains unclear. To investigate how site-specific S-palmitoylation controls IFITM3 antiviral activity, we employed computational, chemical, and biophysical approaches to demonstrate that site-specific lipidation of cysteine 72 enhances the antiviral activity of IFITM3 by modulating its conformation and interaction with lipid membranes. Collectively, our results demonstrate that site-specific S-palmitoylation of IFITM3 directly alters its biophysical properties and activity in cells to prevent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H. Garst
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Hwayoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Tandrila Das
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | - Avital Percher
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rafal Wiewiora
- Tri-Institutional Ph.D. Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Isaac P. Witte
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yumeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology and Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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43
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CD225 Proteins: A Family Portrait of Fusion Regulators. Trends Genet 2021; 37:406-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Kim YC, Jeong BH. Phylogenetic and topological analyses of the bovine interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM3). Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:14-22. [PMID: 33861724 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) plays a pivotal role in antiviral capacity in several species. However, to date, investigations of the IFITM3 protein in cattle have been rare. According to recent studies, interspecific differences in the IFITM3 protein result in several unique features of the IFITM3 protein relative to primates and birds. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the bovine IFITM3 protein based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences to find its distinct features. We found that the bovine IFITM3 gene showed a significantly different length and homology relative to other species, including primates, rodents and birds. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the bovine IFITM3 gene and IFITM3 protein showed closer evolutionary distance with primates than with rodents. However, cattle showed an independent clade among primates, rodents and birds. Multiple sequence alignment of the IFITM3 protein indicated that the bovine IFITM3 protein contains 36 bovine-specific amino acids. Notably, the bovine IFITM3 protein was predicted to prefer inside-to-outside topology of intramembrane domain 1 (IMD1) and inside-to-outside topology of transmembrane domain 2 by TMpred and three membrane embedding domains according to the SOSUI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chan Kim
- 1Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120 Hana-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54531, Republic of Korea
- 2Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- 1Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120 Hana-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54531, Republic of Korea
- 2Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54531, Republic of Korea
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45
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McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:522. [PMID: 33810083 PMCID: PMC8005160 DOI: 10.3390/v13030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic is real. With past pandemics claiming millions of lives, finding new ways to combat this virus is essential. Host cells have developed a multi-modular system to detect incoming pathogens, a phenomenon called sensing. The signaling cascade triggered by sensing subsequently induces protection for themselves and their surrounding neighbors, termed interferon (IFN) response. This response induces the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including antiviral effectors, establishing an antiviral state. As well as the antiviral proteins induced through the IFN system, cells also possess a so-called intrinsic immunity, constituted of antiviral proteins that are constitutively expressed, creating a first barrier preceding the induction of the interferon system. All these combined antiviral effectors inhibit the virus at various stages of the viral lifecycle, using a wide array of mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of mammalian and avian influenza A restriction factors, detailing their mechanism of action and in vivo relevance, when known. Understanding their mode of action might help pave the way for the development of new influenza treatments, which are absolutely required if we want to be prepared to face a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoine Rebendenne
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM/CNRS/UCBL1/ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Zheng J, Huang L, Wang S, Huang X, Qin Q, Huang Y. Grouper Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 1 Inhibits Iridovirus and Nodavirus Replication by Regulating Virus Entry and Host Lipid Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636806. [PMID: 33767703 PMCID: PMC7985356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are novel viral restriction factors which inhibit numerous virus infections by impeding viral entry into target cells. To investigate the roles of IFITMs during fish virus infection, we cloned and characterized an IFITM1 homolog from orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (EcIFITM1) in this study. EcIFITM1 encodes a 131-amino-acid polypeptide, which shares 64 and 43% identity with Seriola dumerili and Homo sapiens, respectively. The multiple sequence alignment showed that EcIFITM1 contained five domains, including NTD (aa 1–45), IMD (aa 46–67), CIL (aa 68–93), TMD (aa 94–119), and CTD (aa 120–131). In vitro, the level of EcIFITM1 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), or red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection. EcIFITM1 encoded a cytoplasmic protein, which was partly colocalized with early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. The ectopic expression of EcIFITM1 significantly inhibited the replication of SGIV or RGNNV, which was demonstrated by the reduced virus production, as well as the levels of viral gene transcription and protein expression. In contrast, knockdown of EcIFITM1 using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) promoted the replication of both viruses. Notably, EcIFITM1 exerted its antiviral activity in the step of viral entry into the host cells. Furthermore, the results of non-targeted lipometabolomics showed that EcIFITM1 overexpression induced lipid metabolism remodeling in vitro. All of the detected ceramides were significantly increased following EcIFITM1 overexpression, suggesting that EcIFITM1 may suppress SGIV entry by regulating the level of ceramide in the lysosomal system. In addition, EcIFITM1 overexpression positively regulated both interferon-related molecules and ceramide synthesis-related genes. Taken together, our results demonstrated that EcIFITM1 exerted a bi-functional role, including immune regulation and lipid metabolism in response to fish virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins. It controls protein activity, stability, trafficking and protein–protein interactions. Recent global profiling of immune cells and targeted analysis have identified many S-palmitoylated immunity-associated proteins. Here, we review S-palmitoylated immune receptors and effectors, and their dynamic regulation at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses. We also highlight how this understanding can drive therapeutic advances to pharmacologically modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandrila Das
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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48
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Human Interferon Inducible Transmembrane Protein 3 (IFITM3) Inhibits Influenza Virus A Replication and Inflammation by Interacting with ABHD16A. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6652147. [PMID: 33763481 PMCID: PMC7946484 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6652147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that human interferon inducible transmembrane protein (hIFITMs) family proteins have broad-spectrum antiviral capabilities. Preliminary studies in our laboratory have tentatively proved that hIFITMs have the effect of inhibiting influenza viruses. In order to further study its mechanism and role in the occurrence and development of influenza A, relevant studies have been carried out. Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection technology was used to observe the effect of hIFITM3 on the replication of influenza A virus (IVA) and the interaction with hABHD16A. In HEK293 cells, overexpression of hIFITM3 protein significantly inhibited the replication of IVA at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h; yeast two-hybrid experiment proved that hIFITM3 interacts with hABHD16A; laser confocal microscopy observations showed that hIFITM3 and hABHD16A colocalized in the cell membrane area; the expression level of inflammation-related factors in cells overexpressing hIFITM3 or hABHD16A was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the results showed that the mRNA levels of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) were significantly increased. But when hIFITM3/hABHD16A was coexpressed, the mRNA expression levels of these cytokines were significantly reduced except COX2. When influenza virus infected cells coexpressing hIFITM3/hABHD16A, the expression level of inflammatory factors decreased compared with the control group, indicating that hIFITM3 can play an important role in regulating inflammation balance. This study confirmed that hIFITM3 has an effect of inhibiting IVA replication. Furthermore, it was found that hIFITM3 interacts with hABHD16A, following which it can better inhibit the replication of influenza virus and the inflammatory response caused by the disease process.
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49
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Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular factor that reduces HIV-1 infectivity by an incompletely understood mechanism. We show here that viruses differing only in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) expressed on their surface have different sensitivities to IFITM3. Measurements of the sensitivity of viruses to neutralizing antibodies showed that IFITM3 increased the sensitivity of IFITM3-sensitive viruses to PG16, which targets the V1V2 loop, suggesting that IFITM3 promotes exposure of the PG16 epitope of IFITM3-sensitive viruses. Exchanges of V1V2 loops between the Env proteins of sensitive and resistant viruses revealed that V1V2 and V3 act together to modulate viral sensitivity to IFITM3. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that IFITM3 interacted with both the precursor (gp160) and cleaved (gp120) forms of Env from IFITM3-sensitive viruses, but only with the precursor (gp160) form of Env from IFITM3-resistant viruses. This finding suggests that the interaction between the Env of resistant viruses and IFITM3 was inhibited once Env had been processed in the Golgi apparatus. This hypothesis was supported by immunofluorescence experiments, which showed a strong colocalization of IFITM3 with the Env of sensitive viruses, but only weak colocalization with the Env of resistant viruses on the plasma membrane of virus-producing cells. Together, these results indicate that IFITM3 interacts with Env, inducing conformational changes that may decrease viral infectivity. This antiviral action is, nevertheless, modulated by the nature of the Env, in particular its V1V2 and V3 loops, which after maturation may be able to escape this interaction.IMPORTANCE Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular factor that reduces HIV-1 infectivity by an incompletely understood mechanism. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) in determining viral susceptibility to IFITM3. We found that viruses differing only in Env expressed on their surface had different sensitivities to IFITM3. By comparing the Env proteins of viruses that were highly sensitive or resistant to IFITM3, we obtained new insight in the mechanisms by which HIV-1 escapes this protein. We showed that IFITM3 interacts with the Env protein of sensitive viruses in virion-producing cells, inducing conformational changes that may decrease viral infectivity. However, this antiviral action is modulated by the nature of Env, particularly the V1V2 and V3 loops, which may be able to escape this interaction after processing in the Golgi.
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50
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Shi G, Kenney AD, Kudryashova E, Zani A, Zhang L, Lai KK, Hall‐Stoodley L, Robinson RT, Kudryashov DS, Compton AA, Yount JS. Opposing activities of IFITM proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106501. [PMID: 33270927 PMCID: PMC7744865 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) restrict infections by many viruses, but a subset of IFITMs enhance infections by specific coronaviruses through currently unknown mechanisms. We show that SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped virus and genuine SARS-CoV-2 infections are generally restricted by human and mouse IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, using gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Mechanistically, SARS-CoV-2 restriction occurred independently of IFITM3 S-palmitoylation, indicating a restrictive capacity distinct from reported inhibition of other viruses. In contrast, the IFITM3 amphipathic helix and its amphipathic properties were required for virus restriction. Mutation of residues within the IFITM3 endocytosis-promoting YxxФ motif converted human IFITM3 into an enhancer of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cell-to-cell fusion assays confirmed the ability of endocytic mutants to enhance Spike-mediated fusion with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of TMPRSS2, which increases plasma membrane fusion versus endosome fusion of SARS-CoV-2, attenuated IFITM3 restriction and converted amphipathic helix mutants into infection enhancers. In sum, we uncover new pro- and anti-viral mechanisms of IFITM3, with clear distinctions drawn between enhancement of viral infection at the plasma membrane and amphipathicity-based mechanisms used for endosomal SARS-CoV-2 restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Shi
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Adam D Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Elena Kudryashova
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Kin Kui Lai
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Luanne Hall‐Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
| | - Dmitri S Kudryashov
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication ProgramCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMDUSA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and ImmunityThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOHUSA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens ProgramInfectious Diseases InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
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