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González Aparicio LJ, López CB. Selection of nonstandard viral genomes during the evolution of RNA viruses: A virus survival strategy or a pesky inconvenience? Adv Virus Res 2024; 119:39-61. [PMID: 38897708 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
RNA viruses are some of the most successful biological entities due their ability to adapt and evolve. Despite their small genome and parasitic nature, RNA viruses have evolved many mechanisms to ensure their survival and maintenance in the host population. We propose that one of these mechanisms of survival is the generation of nonstandard viral genomes (nsVGs) that accumulate during viral replication. NsVGs are often considered to be accidental defective byproducts of the RNA virus replication, but their ubiquity and the plethora of roles they have during infection indicate that they are an integral part of the virus life cycle. Here we review the different types of nsVGs and discuss how their multiple roles during infection could be beneficial for RNA viruses to be maintained in nature. By shifting our perspectives on what makes a virus successful, we posit that nsVG generation is a conserved phenomenon that arose during RNA virus evolution as an essential component of a healthy virus community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia J González Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Center for Women Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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2
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Brennan JW, Sun Y. Defective viral genomes: advances in understanding their generation, function, and impact on infection outcomes. mBio 2024; 15:e0069224. [PMID: 38567955 PMCID: PMC11077978 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00692-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are truncated derivatives of their parental viral genomes generated during an aberrant round of viral genomic replication. Distinct classes of DVGs have been identified in most families of both positive- and negative-sense RNA viruses. Importantly, DVGs have been detected in clinical samples from virally infected individuals and an emerging body of association studies implicates DVGs in shaping the severity of disease caused by viral infections in humans. Consequently, there is growing interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms of de novo DVG generation, how DVGs interact with the innate immune system, and harnessing DVGs as novel therapeutics and vaccine adjuvants to attenuate viral pathogenesis. This minireview focuses on single-stranded RNA viruses (excluding retroviridae), and summarizes the current knowledge of DVG generation, the functions and diversity of DVG species, the roles DVGs play in influencing disease progression, and their application as antivirals and vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W. Brennan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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3
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Aouadi W, Najburg V, Legendre R, Varet H, Kergoat L, Tangy F, Larrous F, Komarova AV, Bourhy H. Comparative analysis of rabies pathogenic and vaccine strains detection by RIG-I-like receptors. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105321. [PMID: 38461968 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a lethal neurotropic virus that causes 60,000 human deaths every year globally. RABV infection is characterized by the suppression of the interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response. However, molecular mechanisms leading to RABV sensing by RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) that initiates IFN signaling currently remain elusive. Here, we showed that RABV RNAs are primarily recognized by the RIG-I RLR, resulting in an IFN response in the infected cells, but this response varied according to the type of RABV used. Pathogenic RABV strain RNAs, Tha, were poorly detected in the cytosol by RIG-I and therefore caused a weak antiviral response. However, we revealed a strong IFN activity triggered by the attenuated RABV vaccine strain RNAs, SAD, mediated by RIG-I. We characterized two major 5' copy-back defective interfering (5'cb DI) genomes generated during SAD replication. Furthermore, we identified an interaction between 5'cb DI genomes, and RIG-I correlated with a high stimulation of the type I IFN signaling. This study indicates that wild-type RABV RNAs poorly activate the RIG-I pathway, while the presence of 5'cb DIs in the live-attenuated vaccine strain serves as an intrinsic adjuvant that strengthens its efficiency by enhancing RIG-I detection thus strongly stimulates the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Aouadi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Najburg
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Vaccines-innovation Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Hub Bioinformatics, and Biostatistics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Hub Bioinformatics, and Biostatistics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Vaccines-innovation Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Interactomics, RNA and Immunity Laboratory, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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4
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Hillung J, Olmo-Uceda MJ, Muñoz-Sánchez JC, Elena SF. Accumulation Dynamics of Defective Genomes during Experimental Evolution of Two Betacoronaviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:644. [PMID: 38675984 PMCID: PMC11053736 DOI: 10.3390/v16040644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus-encoded replicases often generate aberrant RNA genomes, known as defective viral genomes (DVGs). When co-infected with a helper virus providing necessary proteins, DVGs can multiply and spread. While DVGs depend on the helper virus for propagation, they can in some cases disrupt infectious virus replication, impact immune responses, and affect viral persistence or evolution. Understanding the dynamics of DVGs alongside standard viral genomes during infection remains unclear. To address this, we conducted a long-term experimental evolution of two betacoronaviruses, the human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and the murine hepatitis virus (MHV), in cell culture at both high and low multiplicities of infection (MOI). We then performed RNA-seq at regular time intervals, reconstructed DVGs, and analyzed their accumulation dynamics. Our findings indicate that DVGs evolved to exhibit greater diversity and abundance, with deletions and insertions being the most common types. Notably, some high MOI deletions showed very limited temporary existence, while others became prevalent over time. We observed differences in DVG abundance between high and low MOI conditions in HCoV-OC43 samples. The size distribution of HCoV-OC43 genomes with deletions differed between high and low MOI passages. In low MOI lineages, short and long DVGs were the most common, with an additional cluster in high MOI lineages which became more prevalent along evolutionary time. MHV also showed variations in DVG size distribution at different MOI conditions, though they were less pronounced compared to HCoV-OC43, suggesting a more random distribution of DVG sizes. We identified hotspot regions for deletions that evolved at a high MOI, primarily within cistrons encoding structural and accessory proteins. In conclusion, our study illustrates the widespread formation of DVGs during betacoronavirus evolution, influenced by MOI and cell- and virus-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hillung
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (J.H.); (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.)
| | - María J. Olmo-Uceda
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (J.H.); (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.)
| | - Juan C. Muñoz-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (J.H.); (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.)
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (J.H.); (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.)
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Corda PO, Bollen M, Ribeiro D, Fardilha M. Emerging roles of the Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) in the context of viral infections. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:65. [PMID: 38267954 PMCID: PMC10807198 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase in eukaryotes, participating in several cellular processes and metabolic pathways. Due to their low substrate specificity, PP1's catalytic subunits do not exist as free entities but instead bind to Regulatory Interactors of Protein Phosphatase One (RIPPO), which regulate PP1's substrate specificity and subcellular localization. Most RIPPOs bind to PP1 through combinations of short linear motifs (4-12 residues), forming highly specific PP1 holoenzymes. These PP1-binding motifs may, hence, represent attractive targets for the development of specific drugs that interfere with a subset of PP1 holoenzymes. Several viruses exploit the host cell protein (de)phosphorylation machinery to ensure efficient virus particle formation and propagation. While the role of many host cell kinases in viral life cycles has been extensively studied, the targeting of phosphatases by viral proteins has been studied in less detail. Here, we compile and review what is known concerning the role of PP1 in the context of viral infections and discuss how it may constitute a putative host-based target for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro O Corda
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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6
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Grard M, Idjellidaine M, Arbabian A, Chatelain C, Berland L, Combredet C, Dutoit S, Deshayes S, Dehame V, Labarrière N, Fradin D, Boisgerault N, Blanquart C, Tangy F, Fonteneau JF. Oncolytic attenuated measles virus encoding NY-ESO-1 induces HLA I and II presentation of this tumor antigen by melanoma and dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3309-3322. [PMID: 37466668 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor virotherapy stimulates the antitumor immune response during tumor cell lysis induced by oncolytic viruses (OVs). OV can be modified to express additional transgenes that enhance their therapeutic potential. In this study, we armed the spontaneously oncolytic Schwarz strain of measles viruses (MVs) with the gene encoding the cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 to obtain MVny. We compared MV and MVny oncolytic activity and ability to induce NY-ESO-1 expression in six human melanoma cell lines. After MVny infection, we measured the capacity of melanoma cells to present NY-ESO-1 peptides to CD4 + and CD8 + T cell clones specific for this antigen. We assessed the ability of MVny to induce NY-ESO-1 expression and presentation in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Our results show that MVny and MV oncolytic activity are similar with a faster cell lysis induced by MVny. We also observed that melanoma cell lines and DC expressed the NY-ESO-1 protein after MVny infection. In addition, MVny-infected melanoma cells and DCs were able to stimulate NY-ESO-1-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Finally, MVny was able to induce DC maturation. Altogether, these results show that MVny could be an interesting candidate to stimulate NY-ESO-1-specific T cells in melanoma patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Grard
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Mohamed Idjellidaine
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Atousa Arbabian
- Vaccines Innovation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Camille Chatelain
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Laurine Berland
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Vaccines Innovation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Soizic Dutoit
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Deshayes
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Dehame
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Labarrière
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, Université d'Angers, Inserm, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Fradin
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Boisgerault
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Blanquart
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Vaccines Innovation Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
- Oncovita, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fonteneau
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000, Nantes, France.
- Labex IGO, Immunology Graft Oncology, Nantes, France.
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7
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Collados Rodríguez M, Maillard P, Journeaux A, Komarova AV, Najburg V, David RYS, Helynck O, Guo M, Zhong J, Baize S, Tangy F, Jacob Y, Munier-Lehmann H, Meurs EF. Novel Antiviral Molecules against Ebola Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14791. [PMID: 37834238 PMCID: PMC10573436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Ebola virus (EBOV) is responsible for hemorrhagic fever in humans with a high mortality rate. Combined efforts of prevention and therapeutic intervention are required to tackle highly variable RNA viruses, whose infections often lead to outbreaks. Here, we have screened the 2P2I3D chemical library using a nanoluciferase-based protein complementation assay (NPCA) and isolated two compounds that disrupt the interaction of the EBOV protein fragment VP35IID with the N-terminus of the dsRNA-binding proteins PKR and PACT, involved in IFN response and/or intrinsic immunity, respectively. The two compounds inhibited EBOV infection in cell culture as well as infection by measles virus (MV) independently of IFN induction. Consequently, we propose that the compounds are antiviral by restoring intrinsic immunity driven by PACT. Given that PACT is highly conserved across mammals, our data support further testing of the compounds in other species, as well as against other negative-sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Collados Rodríguez
- School of Infection & Immunity (SII), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), Sir Michael Stoker Building, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Patrick Maillard
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Alexandra Journeaux
- Unit of Biology of Emerging Viral Infections, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Anastassia V. Komarova
- Interactomics, RNA and Immunity Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Valérie Najburg
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Raul-Yusef Sanchez David
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Blizard Institute—Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS, UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (O.H.); (H.M.-L.)
| | - Mingzhe Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200023, China; (M.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200023, China; (M.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unit of Biology of Emerging Viral Infections, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Yves Jacob
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS, UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (O.H.); (H.M.-L.)
| | - Eliane F. Meurs
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
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8
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Schweibenz BD, Solotchi M, Hanpude P, Devarkar S, Patel S. RIG-I recognizes metabolite-capped RNAs as signaling ligands. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:8102-8114. [PMID: 37326006 PMCID: PMC10450190 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune receptor RIG-I recognizes 5'-triphosphate double-stranded RNAs (5' PPP dsRNA) as pathogenic RNAs. Such RNA-ends are present in viral genomes and replication intermediates, and they activate the RIG-I signaling pathway to produce a potent interferon response essential for viral clearance. Endogenous mRNAs cap the 5' PPP-end with m7G and methylate the 2'-O-ribose to evade RIG-I, preventing aberrant immune responses deleterious to the cell. Recent studies have identified RNAs in cells capped with metabolites such as NAD+, FAD and dephosphoCoA. Whether RIG-I recognizes these metabolite-capped RNAs has not been investigated. Here, we describe a strategy to make metabolite-capped RNAs free from 5' PPP dsRNA contamination, using in vitro transcription initiated with metabolites. Mechanistic studies show that metabolite-capped RNAs have a high affinity for RIG-I, stimulating the ATPase activity at comparable levels to 5' PPP dsRNA. Cellular signaling assays show that the metabolite-capped RNAs potently stimulate the innate antiviral immune response. This demonstrates that RIG-I can tolerate diphosphate-linked, capped RNAs with bulky groups at the 5' RNA end. This novel class of RNAs that stimulate RIG-I signaling may have cellular roles in activating the interferon response and may be exploited with proper functionalities for RIG-I-related RNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Schweibenz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers University, USA
| | - Mihai Solotchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers University, USA
| | - Pranita Hanpude
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Swapnil C Devarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers University, USA
| | - Smita S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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9
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Atari N, Erster O, Shteinberg YH, Asraf H, Giat E, Mandelboim M, Goldstein I. Proof-of-concept for effective antiviral activity of an in silico designed decoy synthetic mRNA against SARS-CoV-2 in the Vero E6 cell-based infection model. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113697. [PMID: 37152730 PMCID: PMC10157240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive-sense single-stranded (ss) RNA viruses of the Betacoronavirus (beta-CoV) genus can spillover from mammals to humans and are an ongoing threat to global health and commerce, as demonstrated by the current zoonotic pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current anti-viral strategies focus on vaccination or targeting key viral proteins with antibodies and drugs. However, the ongoing evolution of new variants that evade vaccination or may become drug-resistant is a major challenge. Thus, antiviral compounds that circumvent these obstacles are needed. Here we describe an innovative antiviral modality based on in silico designed fully synthetic mRNA that is replication incompetent in uninfected cells (termed herein PSCT: parasitic anti-SARS-CoV-2 transcript). The PSCT sequence was engineered to include key untranslated cis-acting regulatory RNA elements of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, so as to effectively compete for replication and packaging with the standard viral genome. Using the Vero E6 cell-culture based SARS-CoV-2 infection model, we determined that the intracellular delivery of liposome-encapsulated PSCT at 1 hour post infection significantly reduced intercellular SARS-CoV-2 replication and release into the extracellular milieu as compared to mock treatment. In summary, our findings are a proof-of-concept for the therapeutic feasibility of in silico designed mRNA compounds formulated to hinder the replication and packaging of ssRNA viruses sharing a comparable genomic-structure with beta-CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Atari
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oran Erster
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | | | - Hadar Asraf
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Eitan Giat
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Department of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
- The Department of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Itamar Goldstein
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Department of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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10
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Defective Interfering Particles of Influenza Virus and Their Characteristics, Impacts, and Use in Vaccines and Antiviral Strategies: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122773. [PMID: 36560777 PMCID: PMC9781619 DOI: 10.3390/v14122773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are particles containing defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during viral replication. DIPs have been found in various RNA viruses, especially in influenza viruses. Evidence indicates that DIPs interfere with the replication and encapsulation of wild-type viruses, namely standard viruses (STVs) that contain full-length viral genomes. DIPs may also activate the innate immune response by stimulating interferon synthesis. In this review, the underlying generation mechanisms and characteristics of influenza virus DIPs are summarized. We also discuss the potential impact of DIPs on the immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and development of influenza vaccines based on NS1 gene-defective DIPs. Finally, we review the antiviral strategies based on influenza virus DIPs that have been used against both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. This review provides systematic insights into the theory and application of influenza virus DIPs.
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11
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Amurri L, Reynard O, Gerlier D, Horvat B, Iampietro M. Measles Virus-Induced Host Immunity and Mechanisms of Viral Evasion. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122641. [PMID: 36560645 PMCID: PMC9781438 DOI: 10.3390/v14122641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system deploys a complex network of cells and signaling pathways to protect host integrity against exogenous threats, including measles virus (MeV). However, throughout its evolutionary path, MeV developed various mechanisms to disrupt and evade immune responses. Despite an available vaccine, MeV remains an important re-emerging pathogen with a continuous increase in prevalence worldwide during the last decade. Considerable knowledge has been accumulated regarding MeV interactions with the innate immune system through two antagonistic aspects: recognition of the virus by cellular sensors and viral ability to inhibit the induction of the interferon cascade. Indeed, while the host could use several innate adaptors to sense MeV infection, the virus is adapted to unsettle defenses by obstructing host cell signaling pathways. Recent works have highlighted a novel aspect of innate immune response directed against MeV unexpectedly involving DNA-related sensing through activation of the cGAS/STING axis, even in the absence of any viral DNA intermediate. In addition, while MeV infection most often causes a mild disease and triggers a lifelong immunity, its tropism for invariant T-cells and memory T and B-cells provokes the elimination of one primary shield and the pre-existing immunity against previously encountered pathogens, known as "immune amnesia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Amurri
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Reynard
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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12
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A Virus Is a Community: Diversity within Negative-Sense RNA Virus Populations. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0008621. [PMID: 35658541 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00086-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-sense RNA virus populations are composed of diverse viral components that interact to form a community and shape the outcome of virus infections. At the genomic level, RNA virus populations consist not only of a homogeneous population of standard viral genomes but also of an extremely large number of genome variants, termed viral quasispecies, and nonstandard viral genomes, which include copy-back viral genomes, deletion viral genomes, mini viral RNAs, and hypermutated RNAs. At the particle level, RNA virus populations are composed of pleomorphic particles, particles missing or having additional genomes, and single particles or particle aggregates. As we continue discovering more about the components of negative-sense RNA virus populations and their crucial functions during virus infection, it will become more important to study RNA virus populations as a whole rather than their individual parts. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the components of negative-sense RNA virus communities, speculate how the components of the virus community interact, and summarize what vaccines and antiviral therapies are being currently developed to target or harness these components.
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Olmo-Uceda MJ, Muñoz-Sánchez JC, Lasso-Giraldo W, Arnau V, Díaz-Villanueva W, Elena SF. DVGfinder: A Metasearch Tool for Identifying Defective Viral Genomes in RNA-Seq Data. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051114. [PMID: 35632855 PMCID: PMC9144107 DOI: 10.3390/v14051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of different types of defective viral genomes (DVG) is an unavoidable consequence of the error-prone replication of RNA viruses. In recent years, a particular class of DVGs, those containing long deletions or genome rearrangements, has gain interest due to their potential therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Identifying such DVGs in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data has become an interesting computational problem. Several algorithms have been proposed to accomplish this goal, though all incur false positives, a problem of practical interest if such DVGs have to be synthetized and tested in the laboratory. We present a metasearch tool, DVGfinder, that wraps the two most commonly used DVG search algorithms in a single workflow for the identification of the DVGs in HTS data. DVGfinder processes the results of ViReMa-a and DI-tector and uses a gradient boosting classifier machine learning algorithm to reduce the number of false-positive events. The program also generates output files in user-friendly HTML format, which can help users to explore the DVGs identified in the sample. We evaluated the performance of DVGfinder compared to the two search algorithms used separately and found that it slightly improves sensitivities for low-coverage synthetic HTS data and DI-tector precision for high-coverage samples. The metasearch program also showed higher sensitivity on a real sample for which a set of copy-backs were previously validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Olmo-Uceda
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Juan C. Muñoz-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Wilberth Lasso-Giraldo
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Vicente Arnau
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Wladimiro Díaz-Villanueva
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-544-779
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14
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Rabaan AA, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Garout M, Alsubki RA, Alshahrani FS, Alfouzan WA, Alestad JH, Alsaleh AE, Al-Mozaini MA, Koritala T, Alotaibi S, Temsah MH, Akbar A, Ahmad R, Khalid Z, Muhammad J, Ahmed N. Updates on Measles Incidence and Eradication: Emphasis on the Immunological Aspects of Measles Infection. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58050680. [PMID: 35630096 PMCID: PMC9147347 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is an RNA virus infectious disease mainly seen in children. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine against measles, it remains a health issue in children. Although it is a self-limiting disease, it becomes severe in undernourished and immune-compromised individuals. Measles infection is associated with secondary infections by opportunistic bacteria due to the immunosuppressive effects of the measles virus. Recent reports highlight that measles infection erases the already existing immune memory of various pathogens. This review covers the incidence, pathogenesis, measles variants, clinical presentations, secondary infections, elimination of measles virus on a global scale, and especially the immune responses related to measles infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (N.A.)
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fatimah S. Alshahrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha A. Alfouzan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait
| | - Jeehan H. Alestad
- Immunology and Infectious Microbiology Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK;
- Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Jabriya 46300, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah E. Alsaleh
- Core Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maha A. Al-Mozaini
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Thoyaja Koritala
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, MN 56001, USA;
| | - Sultan Alotaibi
- Molecular Microbiology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Akbar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan;
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan; (R.A.); (Z.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Zainab Khalid
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan; (R.A.); (Z.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Javed Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan; (R.A.); (Z.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.R.); (N.A.)
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15
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Wang H, Cui X, Cai X, An T. Recombination in Positive-Strand RNA Viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870759. [PMID: 35663855 PMCID: PMC9158499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA recombination is a major driver of genetic shifts tightly linked to the evolution of RNA viruses. Genomic recombination contributes substantially to the emergence of new viral lineages, expansion in host tropism, adaptations to new environments, and virulence and pathogenesis. Here, we review some of the recent progress that has advanced our understanding of recombination in positive-strand RNA viruses, including recombination triggers and the mechanisms behind them. The study of RNA recombination aids in predicting the probability and outcome of viral recombination events, and in the design of viruses with reduced recombination frequency as candidates for the development of live attenuated vaccines. Surveillance of viral recombination should remain a priority in the detection of emergent viral strains, a goal that can only be accomplished by expanding our understanding of how these events are triggered and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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16
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Chan CP, Jin DY. Cytoplasmic RNA sensors and their interplay with RNA-binding partners in innate antiviral response: theme and variations. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:449-477. [PMID: 35031583 PMCID: PMC8925969 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including viral RNA by innate immunity represents the first line of defense against viral infection. In addition to RIG-I-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, several other RNA sensors are known to mediate innate antiviral response in the cytoplasm. Double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT interacts with prototypic RNA sensor RIG-I to facilitate its recognition of viral RNA and induction of host interferon response, but variations of this theme are seen when the functions of RNA sensors are modulated by other RNA-binding proteins to impinge on antiviral defense, proinflammatory cytokine production and cell death programs. Their discrete and coordinated actions are crucial to protect the host from infection. In this review, we will focus on cytoplasmic RNA sensors with an emphasis on their interplay with RNA-binding partners. Classical sensors such as RIG-I will be briefly reviewed. More attention will be brought to new insights on how RNA-binding partners of RNA sensors modulate innate RNA sensing and how viruses perturb the functions of RNA-binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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17
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The Nucleocapsid of Paramyxoviruses: Structure and Function of an Encapsidated Template. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122465. [PMID: 34960734 PMCID: PMC8708338 DOI: 10.3390/v13122465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family share a common and complex molecular machinery for transcribing and replicating their genomes. Their non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome is encased in a tight homopolymer of viral nucleoproteins (N). This ribonucleoprotein complex, termed a nucleocapsid, is the template of the viral polymerase complex made of the large protein (L) and its co-factor, the phosphoprotein (P). This review summarizes the current knowledge on several aspects of paramyxovirus transcription and replication, including structural and functional data on (1) the architecture of the nucleocapsid (structure of the nucleoprotein, interprotomer contacts, interaction with RNA, and organization of the disordered C-terminal tail of N), (2) the encapsidation of the genomic RNAs (structure of the nucleoprotein in complex with its chaperon P and kinetics of RNA encapsidation in vitro), and (3) the use of the nucleocapsid as a template for the polymerase complex (release of the encased RNA and interaction network allowing the progress of the polymerase complex). Finally, this review presents models of paramyxovirus transcription and replication.
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A live measles-vectored COVID-19 vaccine induces strong immunity and protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice and hamsters. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6277. [PMID: 34725327 PMCID: PMC8560864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several COVID-19 vaccines have now been deployed to tackle the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, most of them based on messenger RNA or adenovirus vectors.The duration of protection afforded by these vaccines is unknown, as well as their capacity to protect from emerging new variants. To provide sufficient coverage for the world population, additional strategies need to be tested. The live pediatric measles vaccine (MV) is an attractive approach, given its extensive safety and efficacy history, along with its established large-scale manufacturing capacity. We develop an MV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine expressing the prefusion-stabilized, membrane-anchored full-length S antigen, which proves to be efficient at eliciting strong Th1-dominant T-cell responses and high neutralizing antibody titers. In both mouse and golden Syrian hamster models, these responses protect the animals from intranasal infectious challenge. Additionally, the elicited antibodies efficiently neutralize in vitro the three currently circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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19
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Identification and Characterization of Defective Viral Genomes in Ebola Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2021; 95:e0071421. [PMID: 34160256 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00714-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), of the family Filoviridae, is an RNA virus that can cause a hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate. Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are truncated genomes that have been observed during multiple RNA virus infections, including in vitro EBOV infection, and have previously been associated with viral persistence and immunostimulatory activity. As DVGs have been detected in cells persistently infected with EBOV, we hypothesized that DVGs may also accumulate during viral replication in filovirus-infected hosts. Therefore, we interrogated sequence data from serum and tissue samples using a bioinformatics tool in order to identify the presence of DVGs in nonhuman primates (NHPs) infected with EBOV, Sudan virus (SUDV), or Marburg virus (MARV). Multiple 5' copy-back DVGs (cbDVGs) were detected in NHP serum during the acute phase of filovirus infection. While the relative abundance of total DVGs in most animals was low, serum collected during acute EBOV and SUDV infections, but not MARV infections, contained a higher proportion of short trailer sequence cbDVGs than the challenge stock. This indicated an accumulation of these DVGs throughout infection, potentially due to the preferential replication of short DVGs over the longer viral genome. Using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and deep sequencing, we also confirmed the presence of 5' cbDVGs in EBOV-infected NHP testes, which is of interest due to EBOV persistence in semen of male survivors of infection. This work suggests that DVGs play a role in EBOV infection in vivo and that further study will lead to a better understanding of EBOV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE The study of filovirus pathogenesis is critical for understanding the consequences of infection and for the development of strategies to ameliorate future outbreaks. Defective viral genomes (DVGs) have been detected during EBOV infections in vitro; however, their presence in in vivo infections remains unknown. In this study, DVGs were detected in samples collected from EBOV- and SUDV-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs). The accumulation of these DVGs in the trailer region of the genome during infection indicates a potential role in EBOV and SUDV pathogenesis. In particular, the presence of DVGs in the testes of infected NHPs requires further investigation as it may be linked to the establishment of persistence.
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20
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Li S, Yang J, Zhu Y, Wang H, Ji X, Luo J, Shao Q, Xu Y, Liu X, Zheng W, Meurens F, Chen N, Zhu J. Analysis of Porcine RIG-I Like Receptors Revealed the Positive Regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 by LGP2. Front Immunol 2021; 12:609543. [PMID: 34093517 PMCID: PMC8169967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.609543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RLRs play critical roles in sensing and fighting viral infections especially RNA virus infections. Despite the extensive studies on RLRs in humans and mice, there is a lack of systemic investigation of livestock animal RLRs. In this study, we characterized the porcine RLR members RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2. Compared with their human counterparts, porcine RIG-I and MDA5 exhibited similar signaling activity to distinct dsRNA and viruses, via similar and cooperative recognitions. Porcine LGP2, without signaling activity, was found to positively regulate porcine RIG-I and MDA5 in transfected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), gene knockout PAMs and PK-15 cells. Mechanistically, LGP2 interacts with RIG-I and MDA5 upon cell activation, and promotes the binding of dsRNA ligand by MDA5 as well as RIG-I. Accordingly, porcine LGP2 exerted broad antiviral functions. Intriguingly, we found that porcine LGP2 mutants with defects in ATPase and/or dsRNA binding present constitutive activity which are likely through RIG-I and MDA5. Our work provided significant insights into porcine innate immunity, species specificity and immune biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Li
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xueliang Liu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - François Meurens
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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21
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López CB. Defective Viral Particles. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Levi LI, Rezelj VV, Henrion-Lacritick A, Erazo D, Boussier J, Vallet T, Bernhauerová V, Suzuki Y, Carrau L, Weger-Lucarelli J, Saleh MC, Vignuzzi M. Defective viral genomes from chikungunya virus are broad-spectrum antivirals and prevent virus dissemination in mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009110. [PMID: 33556143 PMCID: PMC7870000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are truncated and/or rearranged viral genomes produced during virus replication. Described in many RNA virus families, some of them have interfering activity on their parental virus and/or strong immunostimulatory potential, and are being considered in antiviral approaches. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes spp. that infected millions of humans in the last 15 years. Here, we describe the DVGs arising during CHIKV infection in vitro in mammalian and mosquito cells, and in vivo in experimentally infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. We combined experimental and computational approaches to select DVG candidates most likely to have inhibitory activity and showed that, indeed, they strongly interfere with CHIKV replication both in mammalian and mosquito cells. We further demonstrated that some DVGs present broad-spectrum activity, inhibiting several CHIKV strains and other alphaviruses. Finally, we showed that pre-treating Aedes aegypti with DVGs prevented viral dissemination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I. Levi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- École doctorale BioSPC, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Veronica V. Rezelj
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Diana Erazo
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - J Boussier
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- École doctorale Frontières du vivant, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Veronika Bernhauerová
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Yasutsugu Suzuki
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNAi Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- École doctorale BioSPC, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNAi Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
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23
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Meignié A, Combredet C, Santolini M, Kovács IA, Douché T, Gianetto QG, Eun H, Matondo M, Jacob Y, Grailhe R, Tangy F, Komarova AV. Proteomic Analysis Uncovers Measles Virus Protein C Interaction With p65-iASPP Protein Complex. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100049. [PMID: 33515806 PMCID: PMC7950213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate the central machineries of host cells to their advantage. They prevent host cell antiviral responses to create a favorable environment for their survival and propagation. Measles virus (MV) encodes two nonstructural proteins MV-V and MV-C known to counteract the host interferon response and to regulate cell death pathways. Several molecular mechanisms underlining MV-V regulation of innate immunity and cell death pathways have been proposed, whereas MV-C host-interacting proteins are less studied. We suggest that some cellular factors that are controlled by MV-C protein during viral replication could be components of innate immunity and the cell death pathways. To determine which host factors are targeted by MV-C, we captured both direct and indirect host-interacting proteins of MV-C protein. For this, we used a strategy based on recombinant viruses expressing tagged viral proteins followed by affinity purification and a bottom-up mass spectrometry analysis. From the list of host proteins specifically interacting with MV-C protein in different cell lines, we selected the host targets that belong to immunity and cell death pathways for further validation. Direct protein interaction partners of MV-C were determined by applying protein complementation assay and the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approach. As a result, we found that MV-C protein specifically interacts with p65–iASPP protein complex that controls both cell death and innate immunity pathways and evaluated the significance of these host factors on virus replication. Measles virus controls immune response and cell death pathways to achieve replication. Host proteins interaction network with measles virulence factor C protein. Cellular p65–iASPP complex is targeted by measles virus C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meignié
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Marc Santolini
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM U1284, Paris, France; Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - István A Kovács
- Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA; Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Computational Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 3756, Paris, France
| | - Hyeju Eun
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Regis Grailhe
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
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24
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Welch SR, Tilston NL, Lo MK, Whitmer SLM, Harmon JR, Scholte FEM, Spengler JR, Duprex WP, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Inhibition of Nipah Virus by Defective Interfering Particles. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S460-S470. [PMID: 32108876 PMCID: PMC11034736 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The error-prone nature of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases drives the diversity of RNA virus populations. Arising within this diversity is a subset of defective viral genomes that retain replication competency, termed defective interfering (DI) genomes. These defects are caused by aberrant viral polymerase reinitiation on the same viral RNA template (deletion DI species) or the nascent RNA strand (copyback DI species). DI genomes have previously been shown to alter the dynamics of a viral population by interfering with normal virus replication and/or by stimulating the innate immune response. In this study, we investigated the ability of artificially produced DI genomes to inhibit Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic biosafety level 4 paramyxovirus. High multiplicity of infection passaging of both NiV clinical isolates and recombinant NiV in Vero cells generated an extensive DI population from which individual DIs were identified using next-generation sequencing techniques. Assays were established to generate and purify both naturally occurring and in silico-designed DIs as fully encapsidated, infectious virus-like particles termed defective interfering particles (DIPs). We demonstrate that several of these NiV DIP candidates reduced NiV titers by up to 4 logs in vitro. These data represent a proof-of-principle that a therapeutic application of DIPs to combat NiV infections may be an alternative source of antiviral control for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natasha L. Tilston
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shannon L. M. Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R. Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florine E. M. Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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25
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Ayasoufi K, Pfaller CK. Seek and hide: the manipulating interplay of measles virus with the innate immune system. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:18-30. [PMID: 32330821 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections with pathogens. It provides direct antiviral mechanisms to suppress the viral life cycle at multiple steps. Innate immune cells are specialized to recognize pathogen infections and activate and modulate adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation, co-stimulation and release of cytokines and chemokines. Measles virus, which causes long-lasting immunosuppression and immune-amnesia, primarily infects and replicates in innate and adaptive immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells and B cells. To achieve efficient replication, measles virus has evolved multiple mechanisms to manipulate innate immune responses by both stimulation and blocking of specific signals necessary for antiviral immunity. This review will highlight our current knowledge in this and address open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Ayasoufi
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Immunology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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26
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The C Protein Is Recruited to Measles Virus Ribonucleocapsids by the Phosphoprotein. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01733-19. [PMID: 31748390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01733-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV), like all viruses of the order Mononegavirales, utilizes a complex consisting of genomic RNA, nucleoprotein, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and a polymerase cofactor, the phosphoprotein (P), for transcription and replication. We previously showed that a recombinant MeV that does not express another viral protein, C, has severe transcription and replication deficiencies, including a steeper transcription gradient than the parental virus and generation of defective interfering RNA. This virus is attenuated in vitro and in vivo However, how the C protein operates and whether it is a component of the replication complex remained unclear. Here, we show that C associates with the ribonucleocapsid and forms a complex that can be purified by immunoprecipitation or ultracentrifugation. In the presence of detergent, the C protein is retained on purified ribonucleocapsids less efficiently than the P protein and the polymerase. The C protein is recruited to the ribonucleocapsid through its interaction with the P protein, as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy of cells expressing different combinations of viral proteins and by split luciferase complementation assays. Forty amino-terminal C protein residues are dispensable for the interaction with P, and the carboxyl-terminal half of P is sufficient for the interaction with C. Thus, the C protein, rather than being an "accessory" protein as qualified in textbooks so far, is a ribonucleocapsid-associated protein that interacts with P, thereby increasing replication accuracy and processivity of the polymerase complex.IMPORTANCE Replication of negative-strand RNA viruses relies on two components: a helical ribonucleocapsid and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase composed of a catalytic subunit, the L protein, and a cofactor, the P protein. We show that the measles virus (MeV) C protein is an additional component of the replication complex. We provide evidence that the C protein is recruited to the ribonucleocapsid by the P protein and map the interacting segments of both C and P proteins. We conclude that the primary function of MeV C is to improve polymerase processivity and accuracy, rather than uniquely to antagonize the type I interferon response. Since most viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family express C proteins, their primary function may be conserved.
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27
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Streicher F, Jouvenet N. Stimulation of Innate Immunity by Host and Viral RNAs. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1134-1148. [PMID: 31735513 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) response, a major vertebrate defense mechanism against viral infections, is initiated by RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated recognition of viral replicative intermediates in the cytosol. RLR purification methods coupled to RNA sequencing have recently led to the characterization of viral nucleic acid features recognized by RLRs in infected cells. This work revealed that some cellular RNAs can bind to RLRs and stimulate the IFN response. We provide an overview of self and non-self RNAs that activate innate immunity, and discuss the cellular dysregulation that allows recognition of cellular RNAs by RLRs, including RNA mislocalization and downregulation of RNA-shielding proteins. These discussions are relevant because manipulating RLR activation presents opportunities for treating viral infections and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Streicher
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3569, Paris, France; Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 3569, Paris, France.
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28
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Sanchez David RY, Combredet C, Najburg V, Millot GA, Beauclair G, Schwikowski B, Léger T, Camadro JM, Jacob Y, Bellalou J, Jouvenet N, Tangy F, Komarova AV. LGP2 binds to PACT to regulate RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaar3993. [PMID: 31575732 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 stimulate inflammatory and antiviral responses by sensing nonself RNA molecules produced during viral replication. Here, we investigated how LGP2 regulates the RIG-I- and MDA5-dependent induction of type I interferon (IFN) signaling and showed that LGP2 interacted with different components of the RNA-silencing machinery. We identified a direct protein-protein interaction between LGP2 and the IFN-inducible, double-stranded RNA binding protein PACT. The LGP2-PACT interaction was mediated by the regulatory C-terminal domain of LGP2 and was necessary for inhibiting RIG-I-dependent responses and for amplifying MDA5-dependent responses. We described a point mutation within LGP2 that disrupted the LGP2-PACT interaction and led to the loss of LGP2-mediated regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 signaling. These results suggest a model in which the LGP2-PACT interaction regulates the inflammatory responses mediated by RIG-I and MDA5 and enables the cellular RNA-silencing machinery to coordinate with the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Y Sanchez David
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
- Ecole doctorale B3MI/Paris7, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Najburg
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Gael A Millot
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-C3BI, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Beauclair
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Benno Schwikowski
- Systems Biology Laboratory and USR 3756, Institut Pasteur and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Léger
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
- Mitochondria, Metals, and Oxidative Stress Group, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Bellalou
- Platform of Recombinant Proteins in Prokaryotic Cells, Institut Pasteur, 75015, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
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29
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Yang Y, Lyu T, Zhou R, He X, Ye K, Xie Q, Zhu L, Chen T, Shen C, Wu Q, Zhang B, Zhao W. The Antiviral and Antitumor Effects of Defective Interfering Particles/Genomes and Their Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1852. [PMID: 31447826 PMCID: PMC6696905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering particles (DIPs), derived naturally from viral particles, are not able to replicate on their own. Several studies indicate that DIPs exert antiviral effects via multiple mechanisms. DIPs are able to activate immune responses and suppress virus replication cycles, such as competing for viral replication products, impeding the packaging, release and invasion of viruses. Other studies show that DIPs can be used as a vaccine against viral infection. Moreover, DIPs/DI genomes display antitumor effects by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and promoting dendritic cell maturation. With genetic modified techniques, it is possible to improve its safety against both viruses and tumors. In this review, a comprehensive discussion on the effects exerted by DIPs is provided. We further highlight the clinical significance of DIPs and propose that DIPs can open up a new platform for antiviral and antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taibiao Lyu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runing Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyan Ye
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Defective viral genomes are key drivers of the virus-host interaction. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1075-1087. [PMID: 31160826 PMCID: PMC7097797 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses survive often harsh host environments, yet we know little about the strategies they utilize to adapt and subsist given their limited genomic resources. We are beginning to appreciate the surprising versatility of viral genomes and how replication-competent and -defective virus variants can provide means for adaptation, immune escape and virus perpetuation. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the types of defective viral genomes generated during the replication of RNA viruses and the functions that they carry out. We highlight the universality and diversity of defective viral genomes during infections and discuss their predicted role in maintaining a fit virus population, their impact on human and animal health, and their potential to be harnessed as antiviral tools. This Review describes recent findings on the biogenesis and the role of defective viral genomes during replication of RNA viruses and discusses their impact on viral dynamics and evolution.
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31
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Bosma TJ, Karagiannis K, Santana-Quintero L, Ilyushina N, Zagorodnyaya T, Petrovskaya S, Laassri M, Donnelly RP, Rubin S, Simonyan V, Sauder CJ. Identification and quantification of defective virus genomes in high throughput sequencing data using DVG-profiler, a novel post-sequence alignment processing algorithm. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216944. [PMID: 31100083 PMCID: PMC6524942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most viruses are known to spontaneously generate defective viral genomes (DVG) due to errors during replication. These DVGs are subgenomic and contain deletions that render them unable to complete a full replication cycle in the absence of a co-infecting, non-defective helper virus. DVGs, especially of the copyback type, frequently observed with paramyxoviruses, have been recognized to be important triggers of the antiviral innate immune response. DVGs have therefore gained interest for their potential to alter the attenuation and immunogenicity of vaccines. To investigate this potential, accurate identification and quantification of DVGs is essential. Conventional methods, such as RT-PCR, are labor intensive and will only detect primer sequence-specific species. High throughput sequencing (HTS) is much better suited for this undertaking. Here, we present an HTS-based algorithm called DVG-profiler to identify and quantify all DVG sequences in an HTS data set generated from a virus preparation. DVG-profiler identifies DVG breakpoints relative to a reference genome and reports the directionality of each segment from within the same read. The specificity and sensitivity of the algorithm was assessed using both in silico data sets as well as HTS data obtained from parainfluenza virus 5, Sendai virus and mumps virus preparations. HTS data from the latter were also compared with conventional RT-PCR data and with data obtained using an alternative algorithm. The data presented here demonstrate the high specificity, sensitivity, and robustness of DVG-profiler. This algorithm was implemented within an open source cloud-based computing environment for analyzing HTS data. DVG-profiler might prove valuable not only in basic virus research but also in monitoring live attenuated vaccines for DVG content and to assure vaccine lot to lot consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent J. Bosma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos Karagiannis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luis Santana-Quintero
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalia Ilyushina
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Zagorodnyaya
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Petrovskaya
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Majid Laassri
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raymond P. Donnelly
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Rubin
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vahan Simonyan
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christian J. Sauder
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are generated during viral replication and are unable to carry out a full replication cycle unless coinfected with a full-length virus. DVGs are produced by many viruses, and their presence correlates with alterations in infection outcomes. Historically, DVGs were studied for their ability to interfere with standard virus replication as well as for their association with viral persistence. More recently, a critical role for DVGs in inducing the innate immune response during infection was appreciated. Here we review the role of DVGs of RNA viruses in shaping outcomes of experimental as well as natural infections and explore the mechanisms by which DVGs impact infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Genoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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33
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Gerke C, Frantz PN, Ramsauer K, Tangy F. Measles-vectored vaccine approaches against viral infections: a focus on Chikungunya. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:393-403. [PMID: 30601074 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1562908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The large global burden of viral infections and especially the rapidly spreading vector-borne diseases and other emerging viral diseases show the need for new approaches in vaccine development. Several new vaccine technology platforms have been developed and are under evaluation. Areas covered: This article discusses the measles vector platform technology derived from the safe and highly efficacious measles virus vaccine. The pipeline of measles-vectored vaccine candidates against viral diseases is reviewed. Particular focus is given to the Chikungunya vaccine candidate as the first measles-vectored vaccine that demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and functionality of the technology in humans even in the presence of pre-existing anti-measles immunity and thus achieved proof of concept for the technology. Expert commentary: Demonstrating no impact of pre-existing anti-measles immunity in humans on the response to the transgene was fundamental for the technology and indicates that the technology is suitable for large-scale immunization in measles pre-immune populations. The proof of concept in humans combined with a large preclinical track record of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy for a variety of pathogens suggest the measles vector platform as promising plug-and-play vaccine platform technology for rapid development of effective preventive vaccines against viral and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phanramphoei N Frantz
- b Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR-3569 CNRS, Department of Virology , Institut Pasteur , Paris , France.,c Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) , National Science and Technology Development Agency , Pathumthani , Thailand
| | | | - Frédéric Tangy
- b Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, UMR-3569 CNRS, Department of Virology , Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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Beauclair G, Mura M, Combredet C, Tangy F, Jouvenet N, Komarova AV. DI-tector: defective interfering viral genomes' detector for next-generation sequencing data. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:1285-1296. [PMID: 30012569 PMCID: PMC6140465 DOI: 10.1261/rna.066910.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Defective interfering (DI) genomes, or defective viral genomes (DVGs), are truncated viral genomes generated during replication of most viruses, including live viral vaccines. Among these, "panhandle" or copy-back (cb) and "hairpin" or snap-back (sb) DI genomes are generated during RNA virus replication. 5' cb/sb DI genomes are highly relevant for viral pathogenesis since they harbor immunostimulatory properties that increase virus recognition by the innate immune system of the host. We have developed DI-tector, a user-friendly and freely available program that identifies and characterizes cb/sb genomes from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. DI-tector confirmed the presence of 5' cb genomes in cells infected with measles virus (MV). DI-tector also identified a novel 5' cb genome, as well as a variety of 3' cb/sb genomes whose existence had not previously been detected by conventional approaches in MV-infected cells. The presence of these novel cb/sb genomes was confirmed by RT-qPCR and RT-PCR, validating the ability of DI-tector to reveal the landscape of DI genome population in infected cell samples. Performance assessment using different experimental and simulated data sets revealed the robust specificity and sensitivity of DI-tector. We propose DI-tector as a universal tool for the unbiased detection of DI viral genomes, including 5' cb/sb DI genomes, in NGS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beauclair
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
- CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Marie Mura
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
- CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, 75015, France
- Unité des Biothérapies anti-infectieuses et Immunologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées BP73, Brétigny-sur-Orge, 91223, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
- CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
- CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
- CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
- CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, 75015, France
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35
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Frantz PN, Teeravechyan S, Tangy F. Measles-derived vaccines to prevent emerging viral diseases. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:493-500. [PMID: 29410084 PMCID: PMC7110469 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease epidemics match wars and natural disasters in their capacity to threaten lives and damage economies. Like SARS previously and Zika recently, the Ebola crisis in 2015 showed how vulnerable the world is to these epidemics, with over 11,000 people dying in the outbreak. In addition to causing immense human suffering, these epidemics particularly affect low- and middle-income countries. Many of these deadly infectious diseases that have epidemic potential can become global health emergencies in the absence of effective vaccines. But very few vaccines against these threats have been developed to create proven medical products. The measles vaccine is an efficient, live attenuated, replicating virus that has been safely administered to 2 billion children over the last 40 years, affording life-long protection after a single dose. Taking advantage of these characteristics, this attenuated virus was transformed into a versatile chimeric or recombinant vaccine vector with demonstrated proof-of-principle in humans and a preclinical track record of rapid adaptability and effectiveness for a variety of pathogens. Clinical trials have shown the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine platform in individuals with preexisting immunity to measles. This review describes the potential of this platform to develop new vaccines against emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanramphoei N Frantz
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3965, Paris, France; Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3965, Paris, France.
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