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Arizmendi-Izazaga A, Navarro-Tito N, Jiménez-Wences H, Evaristo-Priego A, Priego-Hernández VD, Dircio-Maldonado R, Zacapala-Gómez AE, Mendoza-Catalán MÁ, Illades-Aguiar B, De Nova Ocampo MA, Salmerón-Bárcenas EG, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Ortiz-Ortiz J. Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals E6 and E7 of HPV 16 Regulate Metabolic Reprogramming in Cervical Cancer, Head and Neck Cancer, and Colorectal Cancer through the PHD2-VHL-CUL2-ELOC-HIF-1α Axis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6199-6222. [PMID: 38921041 PMCID: PMC11202971 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) infection is associated with several types of cancer, such as head and neck, cervical, anal, and penile cancer. Its oncogenic potential is due to the ability of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins to promote alterations associated with cell transformation. HPV 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins increase metabolic reprogramming, one of the hallmarks of cancer, by increasing the stability of hypoxia-induced factor 1 α (HIF-1α) and consequently increasing the expression levels of their target genes. In this report, by bioinformatic analysis, we show the possible effect of HPV 16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 on metabolic reprogramming in cancer through the E6-E7-PHD2-VHL-CUL2-ELOC-HIF-1α axis. We proposed that E6 and E7 interact with VHL, CUL2, and ELOC in forming the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that ubiquitinates HIF-1α for degradation via the proteasome. Based on the information found in the databases, it is proposed that E6 interacts with VHL by blocking its interaction with HIF-1α. On the other hand, E7 interacts with CUL2 and ELOC, preventing their binding to VHL and RBX1, respectively. Consequently, HIF-1α is stabilized and binds with HIF-1β to form the active HIF1 complex that binds to hypoxia response elements (HREs), allowing the expression of genes related to energy metabolism. In addition, we suggest an effect of E6 and E7 at the level of PHD2, VHL, CUL2, and ELOC gene expression. Here, we propose some miRNAs targeting PHD2, VHL, CUL2, and ELOC mRNAs. The effect of E6 and E7 may be the non-hydroxylation and non-ubiquitination of HIF-1α, which may regulate metabolic processes involved in metabolic reprogramming in cancer upon stabilization, non-degradation, and translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adán Arizmendi-Izazaga
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (A.E.-P.); (V.D.P.-H.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.Á.M.-C.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Hilda Jiménez-Wences
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Adilene Evaristo-Priego
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (A.E.-P.); (V.D.P.-H.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.Á.M.-C.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Víctor Daniel Priego-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (A.E.-P.); (V.D.P.-H.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.Á.M.-C.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Roberto Dircio-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Ana Elvira Zacapala-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (A.E.-P.); (V.D.P.-H.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.Á.M.-C.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Mendoza-Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (A.E.-P.); (V.D.P.-H.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.Á.M.-C.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (A.E.-P.); (V.D.P.-H.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.Á.M.-C.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Mónica Ascención De Nova Ocampo
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239 Col. Fracc. La Escalera-Ticomán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 07320, Mexico;
| | - Eric Genaro Salmerón-Bárcenas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México C.P. 07360, Mexico;
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (A.E.-P.); (V.D.P.-H.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.Á.M.-C.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Julio Ortiz-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (A.E.-P.); (V.D.P.-H.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (M.Á.M.-C.); (B.I.-A.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
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2
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Lulić L, Šimić I, Božinović K, Pešut E, Manojlović L, Grce M, Dediol E, Sabol I, Tomaić V. Moderate SCRIB Expression Levels Correlate with Worse Prognosis in OPSCC Patients Regardless of HPV Status. Cells 2024; 13:1002. [PMID: 38920638 PMCID: PMC11201649 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers rank as the sixth most prevalent cancers globally. In addition to traditional risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use, human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are becoming a significant causative agent of head and neck cancers, particularly among Western populations. Although HPV offers a significant survival benefit, the search for better biomarkers is still ongoing. In the current study, our objective was to investigate whether the expression levels of three PDZ-domain-containing proteins (SCRIB, NHERF2, and DLG1), known HPV E6 cellular substrates, influence the survival of HNSCC patients treated by primary surgery (n = 48). Samples were derived from oropharyngeal and oral cancers, and HPV presence was confirmed by PCR and p16 staining. Clinical and follow-up information was obtained from the hospital database and the Croatian Cancer registry up to November 2023. Survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression. The results were corroborated through the reanalysis of a comparable subset of TCGA cancer patients (n = 391). In conclusion, of the three targets studied, only SCRIB levels were found to be an independent predictor of survival in the Cox regression analysis, along with tumor stage. Further studies in a more typical Western population setting are needed since smoking and alcohol consumption are still prominent in the Croatian population, while the strongest association between survival and SCRIB levels was seen in HPV-negative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Lulić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Božinović
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ena Pešut
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Manojlović
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Magdalena Grce
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emil Dediol
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Trejo-Cerro O, Basukala O, Myers MP, Banks L. HPV16 E7 modulates the cell surface expression of MET and CD109 via the AP2 complex. Tumour Virus Res 2024; 17:200279. [PMID: 38485055 PMCID: PMC10958106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2024.200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular pathways are affected by HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins, including endocytic and cellular trafficking. HPV-16 E7 can target the adaptor protein (AP) complex, which contains proteins important during endocytosis transport. To further investigate the role of HPV E7 during this process, we analysed the expression of cell surface proteins in NIKS cells expressing HPV-16 E7. We show that different cell surface proteins are regulated by HPV-16 E7 via interaction with AP2. We observed that the expression of MET and CD109 membrane protein seems to be upregulated in cells expressing E7. Moreover, the interaction of MET and CD109 with AP2 proteins is disrupted by HPV-16 E7. In addition, in the absence of HPV-16 E7, there is a downregulation of the cell membrane expression of MET and CD109 in HPV-positive cell lines. These results expand our knowledge of the functions of E7 and open new potential cellular pathways affected by this oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Trejo-Cerro
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Om Basukala
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Mayer 440, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michael P Myers
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
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4
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Atri Y, Bharti H, Sahani N, Sarkar DP, Nag A. CUL4A silencing attenuates cervical carcinogenesis and improves Cisplatin sensitivity. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1041-1058. [PMID: 37285039 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CUL4A is an ubiquitin ligase deregulated in numerous pathologies including cancer and even hijacked by viruses for facilitating their survival and propagation. However, its role in Human papilloma virus (HPV)-mediated cervical carcinogenesis remains elusive. The UALCAN and GEPIA datasets were analyzed to ascertain the transcript levels of CUL4A in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) patients. Subsequently, various biochemical assays were employed to explore the functional contribution of CUL4A in cervical carcinogenesis and to shed some light on its involvement in Cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer. Our UALCAN and GEPIA datasets analyses reveal elevated CUL4A transcript levels in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) patients that correlate with adverse clinicopathological parameters such as tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier plot and GEPIA assessment depict poor prognosis of CESC patients having high CUL4A expression. Varied biochemical assays illustrate that CUL4A inhibition severely curtails hallmark malignant properties such as cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells. We also show that CUL4A knockdown in HeLa cells causes increased susceptibility and better apoptotic induction toward Cisplatin, a mainstay drug used in cervical cancer treatment. More interestingly, we find reversion of Cisplatin-resistant phenotype of HeLa cells and an augmented cytotoxicity towards the platinum compound upon CUL4A downregulation. Taken together, our study underscores CUL4A as a cervical cancer oncogene and illustrates its potential as a prognosis indicator. Our investigation provides a novel avenue in improving current anti-cervical cancer therapy and overcoming the bottle-neck of Cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yama Atri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Hina Bharti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Nandini Sahani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Debi P Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Alo Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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5
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Tsai JM, Nowak RP, Ebert BL, Fischer ES. Targeted protein degradation: from mechanisms to clinic. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00729-9. [PMID: 38684868 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation refers to the use of small molecules to induce the selective degradation of proteins. In its most common form, this degradation is achieved through ligand-mediated neo-interactions between ubiquitin E3 ligases - the principal waste disposal machines of a cell - and the protein targets of interest, resulting in ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Notable advances have been made in biological and mechanistic understanding of serendipitously discovered degraders. This improved understanding and novel chemistry has not only provided clinical proof of concept for targeted protein degradation but has also led to rapid growth of the field, with dozens of investigational drugs in active clinical trials. Two distinct classes of protein degradation therapeutics are being widely explored: bifunctional PROTACs and molecular glue degraders, both of which have their unique advantages and challenges. Here, we review the current landscape of targeted protein degradation approaches and how they have parallels in biological processes. We also outline the ongoing clinical exploration of novel degraders and provide some perspectives on the directions the field might take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Tsai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Radosław P Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Chen L, Qian Z, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Sun J, Zhou C, Xiao H. Structural analysis of PTPN21 reveals a dominant-negative effect of the FERM domain on its phosphatase activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7404. [PMID: 38416831 PMCID: PMC10901363 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
PTPN21 belongs to the four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) and plays important roles in cytoskeleton-associated cellular processes like cell adhesion, motility, and cargo transport. Because of the presence of a WPE loop instead of a WPD loop in the phosphatase domain, it is often considered to lack phosphatase activity. However, many of PTPN21's biological functions require its catalytic activity. To reconcile these findings, we have determined the structures of individual PTPN21 FERM, PTP domains, and a complex between FERM-PTP. Combined with biochemical analysis, we have found that PTPN21 PTP is weakly active and is autoinhibited by association with its FERM domain. Disruption of FERM-PTP interaction results in enhanced ERK activation. The oncogenic HPV18 E7 protein binds to PTP at the same location as PTPN21 FERM, indicating that it may act by displacing the FERM domain from PTP. Our results provide mechanistic insight into PTPN21 and benefit functional studies of PTPN21-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zijun Qian
- Department of Hematology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yuyuan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Hematology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Department of Hematology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
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Khalil MI, Yang C, Vu L, Chadha S, Nabors H, James CD, Morgan IM, Pyeon D. The membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase MARCHF8 stabilizes the human papillomavirus oncoprotein E7 by degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 in head and neck cancer. J Virol 2024; 98:e0172623. [PMID: 38226814 PMCID: PMC10878100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01726-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 is a relatively short-lived protein required for HPV-driven cancer development and maintenance. E7 is degraded through ubiquitination mediated by cullin 1 (CUL1) and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3). However, E7 proteins are maintained at high levels in most HPV-positive cancer cells. A previous proteomics study has shown that UBE2L3 and CUL1 protein levels are increased by the knockdown of the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 8 (MARCHF8). We have recently demonstrated that HPV16 upregulates MARCHF8 expression in HPV-positive keratinocytes and head and neck cancer (HPV+ HNC) cells. Here, we report that MARCHF8 stabilizes the HPV16 E7 protein by degrading the components of the S-phase kinase-associated protein 1-CUL1-F-box ubiquitin ligase complex in HPV+ HNC cells. We found that MARCHF8 knockdown in HPV+ HNC cells drastically decreases the HPV16 E7 protein level while increasing the CUL1 and UBE2L3 protein levels. We further revealed that the MARCHF8 protein binds to and ubiquitinates CUL1 and UBE2L3 proteins and that MARCHF8 knockdown enhances the ubiquitination of the HPV16 E7 protein. Conversely, the overexpression of CUL1 and UBE2L3 in HPV+ HNC cells decreases HPV16 E7 protein levels and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Our findings suggest that HPV-induced MARCHF8 prevents the degradation of the HPV16 E7 protein in HPV+ HNC cells by ubiquitinating and degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 proteins.IMPORTANCESince human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 is essential for virus replication; HPV has to maintain high levels of E7 expression in HPV-infected cells. However, HPV E7 can be efficiently ubiquitinated by a ubiquitin ligase and degraded by proteasomes in the host cell. Mechanistically, the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex cullin 1 (CUL1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3) components play an essential role in E7 ubiquitination and degradation. Here, we show that the membrane ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 8 (MARCHF8) induced by HPV16 E6 stabilizes the E7 protein by degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 and blocking E7 degradation through proteasomes. MARCHF8 knockout restores CUL1 and UBE2L3 expression, decreasing E7 protein levels and inhibiting the proliferation of HPV-positive cancer cells. Additionally, overexpression of CUL1 or UBE2L3 decreases E7 protein levels and suppresses in vivo tumor growth. Our results suggest that HPV16 maintains high E7 protein levels in the host cell by inducing MARCHF8, which may be critical for cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I. Khalil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Canchai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lexi Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Smriti Chadha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Harrison Nabors
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire D. James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Rosendo-Chalma P, Antonio-Véjar V, Ortiz Tejedor JG, Ortiz Segarra J, Vega Crespo B, Bigoni-Ordóñez GD. The Hallmarks of Cervical Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms Induced by Human Papillomavirus. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:77. [PMID: 38392296 PMCID: PMC10886769 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and, specifically, high-risk HPVs (HR-HPVs) are identified as necessary factors in the development of cancer of the lower genital tract, with CaCU standing out as the most prevalent tumor. This review summarizes ten mechanisms activated by HR-HPVs during cervical carcinogenesis, which are broadly associated with at least seven of the fourteen distinctive physiological capacities of cancer in the newly established model by Hanahan in 2022. These mechanisms involve infection by human papillomavirus, cellular tropism, genetic predisposition to uterine cervical cancer (CaCU), viral load, viral physical state, regulation of epigenetic mechanisms, loss of function of the E2 protein, deregulated expression of E6/E7 oncogenes, regulation of host cell protein function, and acquisition of the mesenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rosendo-Chalma
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer of Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIB-UNAM), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Unidad Académica de Posgrado, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Antonio-Véjar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Jonnathan Gerardo Ortiz Tejedor
- Unidad Académica de Posgrado, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
- Carrera de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca 010101, Ecuador
| | - Jose Ortiz Segarra
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador
| | - Bernardo Vega Crespo
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador
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Skelin J, Luk HY, Butorac D, Boon SS, Tomaić V. The effects of HPV oncoproteins on host communication networks: Therapeutic connotations. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29315. [PMID: 38115222 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are a leading cause of viral-induced malignancies worldwide, with a prominent association with cervical and head and neck cancers. The pivotal role of HPV oncoproteins, E5, E6, and E7, in manipulating cellular events, which contribute to viral pathogenesis in various ways, has been extensively documented. This article reviews the influence of HPV oncoproteins on cellular signaling pathways within the host cell, shedding light on the underlying molecular mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of these molecular alterations is essential for the development of targeted therapies and strategies to combat HPV-induced premalignancies and prevent their progress to cancer. Furthermore, this review underscores the intricate interplay between HPV oncoproteins and some of the most important cellular signaling pathways: Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, JAK/STAT, and PI3K AKT/mTOR. The treatment efficacies of the currently available inhibitors on these pathways in an HPV-positive context are also discussed. This review also highlights the importance of continued research to advance our knowledge and enhance therapeutic interventions for HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josipa Skelin
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ho Yin Luk
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Dražan Butorac
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siaw Shi Boon
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Jain M, Yadav D, Jarouliya U, Chavda V, Yadav AK, Chaurasia B, Song M. Epidemiology, Molecular Pathogenesis, Immuno-Pathogenesis, Immune Escape Mechanisms and Vaccine Evaluation for HPV-Associated Carcinogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:1380. [PMID: 38133265 PMCID: PMC10745624 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in over 90% of cervical cancer cases, with factors like regional variability, HPV genotype, the population studied, HPV vaccination status, and anatomical sample collection location influencing the prevalence and pathology of HPV-induced cancer. HPV-16 and -18 are mainly responsible for the progression of several cancers, including cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, and oropharynx. The oncogenic ability of HPV is not only sufficient for the progression of malignancy, but also for other tumor-generating steps required for the production of invasive cancer, such as coinfection with other viruses, lifestyle factors such as high parity, smoking, tobacco chewing, use of contraceptives for a long time, and immune responses such as stimulation of chronic stromal inflammation and immune deviation in the tumor microenvironment. Viral evasion from immunosurveillance also supports viral persistence, and virus-like particle-based prophylactic vaccines have been licensed, which are effective against high-risk HPV types. In addition, vaccination awareness programs and preventive strategies could help reduce the rate and incidence of HPV infection. In this review, we emphasize HPV infection and its role in cancer progression, molecular and immunopathogenesis, host immune response, immune evasion by HPV, vaccination, and preventive schemes battling HPV infection and HPV-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior 474009, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Urmila Jarouliya
- SOS in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011 Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Arun Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot 151203, Punjab, India;
| | - Bipin Chaurasia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj 44300, Nepal;
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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11
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Khalil MI, Yang C, Vu L, Chadha S, Nabors H, James CD, Morgan IM, Pyeon D. The membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase MARCHF8 stabilizes the human papillomavirus oncoprotein E7 by degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 in head and neck cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565564. [PMID: 37961092 PMCID: PMC10635129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 is a relatively short-lived protein required for HPV-driven cancer development and maintenance. E7 is degraded through ubiquitination mediated by cullin 1 (CUL1) and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3). However, E7 proteins are maintained at high levels in most HPV-positive cancer cells. A previous proteomics study has shown that UBE2L3 and CUL1 protein levels are increased by the knockdown of the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 8 (MARCHF8). We have recently demonstrated that HPV upregulates MARCHF8 expression in HPV-positive keratinocytes and head and neck cancer (HPV+ HNC) cells. Here, we report that MARCHF8 stabilizes the E7 protein by degrading the components of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex in HPV+ HNC cells. We found that MARCHF8 knockdown in HPV+ HNC cells drastically decreases the E7 protein level while increasing the CUL1 and UBE2L3 protein levels. We further revealed that the MARCHF8 protein binds to and ubiquitinates CUL1 and UBE2L3 proteins and that MARCHF8 knockdown enhances the ubiquitination of the E7 protein. Conversely, the overexpression of CUL1 and UBE2L3 in HPV+ HNC cells decreases E7 protein levels and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Our findings suggest that HPV-induced MARCHF8 prevents the degradation of the E7 protein in HPV+ HNC cells by ubiquitinating and degrading CUL1 and UBE2L3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I. Khalil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Cairo, Egypt
| | - Canchai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lexi Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Smriti Chadha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Harrison Nabors
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Claire D. James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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12
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Chaudhary P, Proulx J, Park IW. Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) mediation of viral infection and human diseases. Virus Res 2023; 335:199191. [PMID: 37541588 PMCID: PMC10430597 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A, UBE3A, also known as E6-associated protein (E6-AP), is known to play an essential role in regulating the degradation of various proteins by transferring Ub from E2 Ub conjugating enzymes to the substrate proteins. Several studies indicate that UBE3A regulates the stabilities of key viral proteins in the virus-infected cells and, thereby, the infected virus-mediated diseases, even if it were reported that UBE3A participates in non-viral-related human diseases. Furthermore, mutations such as deletions and duplications in the maternally inherited gene in the brain cause human neurodevelopmental disorders such as Angelman syndrome (AS) and autism. It is also known that UBE3A functions as a transcriptional coactivator for the expression of steroid hormone receptors. These reports establish that UBE3A is distinguished by its multitudinous functions that are paramount to viral pathology and human diseases. This review is focused on molecular mechanisms for such intensive participation of UBE3A in disease formation and virus regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
| | - Jessica Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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13
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Lulić L, Jakovčević A, Kovačić I, Manojlović L, Dediol E, Skelin J, Tomaić V. HPV16 Impacts NHERF2 Expression in Oropharyngeal Cancers. Pathogens 2023; 12:1013. [PMID: 37623973 PMCID: PMC10459660 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs), in particular with HPV type 16, is now considered to be a key risk factor for the development of a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) that show different epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic characteristics from HPV-negative (HPV-) OPSCCs. So far, extensive research efforts aiming to distinguish these two distinct entities have not identified specific biomarkers, nor led to different therapies. Previous research has shown that HPV16 E6 oncoprotein binds NHERF2, inducing its proteasomal degradation, and consequently increasing cell proliferation; we therefore aimed to investigate how this might be reflected in human histological samples. We analyzed NHERF2 expression patterns in HPV16-positive (HPV16+) and HPV- OPSCC samples, to investigate any potential differences in NHERF2 pattern. Interestingly, we observed a statistically significant decrease in NHERF2 levels in HPV16+ and poorly differentiated HPV- OPSCCs, compared with healthy tissue. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in the percentage of NHERF2 immunoreactive cancer cells in HPV16+ tumors, compared with well and moderately differentiated HPV- OPSCCs, suggesting the importance of 16E6's targeting of NHERF2 in HPV-driven oncogenesis in the head and neck area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Lulić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonia Jakovčević
- Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Kovačić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Manojlović
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emil Dediol
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Skelin
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vjekoslav Tomaić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Li Y, Wei Y, Zhang H, Bai Y, Wang X, Li Q, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang J, Wen S, Li J, Zhao W. MicroRNA-154-5p suppresses cervical carcinoma growth and metastasis by silencing Cullin2 in vitro and in vivo. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15641. [PMID: 37397007 PMCID: PMC10312157 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-154-5p (miR-154-5p) plays a role in tumorigenesis in diverse human malignancies. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanism by which miR-154-5p alters the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer. This research aimed to analyze the role of miR-154-5p in the pathology of cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. Methods The level of miR-154-5p in human papillomavirus 16 positive cervical cancer cells was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bioinformatics predicted the downstream targets and potential functions of miR-154-5p. Furthermore, lentiviral technology was used to construct SiHa cell lines with stable up- and down-expression levels of miR-154-5p. Its differential expression effects on the progress and metastasis of cervical cancer were analyzed using cell culture and animal models. Results MiR-154-5p showed low expression in cervical cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-154-5p could markedly inhibit the proliferation, migration, and colony formation ability of SiHa cells, concomitantly leading to G1 arrest of the cell cycle, while silencing miR-154-5p triggered the opposite results. Meanwhile, overexpression of miR-154-5p restrained the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer by silencing CUL2 in vivo. Additionally, miR-154-5p reduced CUL2 level, and overexpression of CUL2 influenced the effect of miR-154-5p in cervical cancer. In conclusion, miR-154-5p restrained the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer by directly silencing CUL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yimiao Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology,Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiuting Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yatao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiapu Wang
- Scientific Research Experiment Center, Central laboratory, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Songquan Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- Department of Epidemiology,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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15
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Glaß M, Hüttelmaier S. IGF2BP1-An Oncofetal RNA-Binding Protein Fuels Tumor Virus Propagation. Viruses 2023; 15:1431. [PMID: 37515119 PMCID: PMC10385356 DOI: 10.3390/v15071431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncofetal RNA-binding protein IGF2BP1 has been reported to be a driver of tumor progression in a multitude of cancer entities. Its main function is the stabilization of target transcripts by shielding these from miRNA-mediated degradation. However, there is growing evidence that several virus species recruit IGF2BP1 to promote their propagation. In particular, tumor-promoting viruses, such as hepatitis B/C and human papillomaviruses, benefit from IGF2BP1. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that non-oncogenic viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, also take advantage of IGF2BP1. The only virus inhibited by IGF2BP1 reported to date is HIV-1. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the interactions between IGF2BP1 and different virus species. It further recapitulates several findings by presenting analyses from publicly available high-throughput datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Glaß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle, Germany
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16
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Hao Y, Guy MM, Liu Q, Li R, Mao Z, Jiang N, Wang B, Cui B, Zhang W. Construction of a prognostic model based on eight ubiquitination-related genes via machine learning and potential therapeutics analysis for cervical cancer. Front Genet 2023; 14:1142938. [PMID: 36999051 PMCID: PMC10043205 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1142938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ubiquitination is involved in many biological processes and its predictive value for prognosis in cervical cancer is still unclear.Methods: To further explore the predictive value of the ubiquitination-related genes we obtained URGs from the Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Conjugation Database, analyzed datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases, and then selected differentially expressed ubiquitination-related genes between normal and cancer tissues. Then, DURGs significantly associated with overall survival were selected through univariate Cox regression. Machine learning was further used to select the DURGs. Then, we constructed and validated a reliable prognostic gene signature by multivariate analysis. In addition, we predicted the substrate proteins of the signature genes and did a functional analysis to further understand the molecular biology mechanisms. The study provided new guidelines for evaluating cervical cancer prognosis and also suggested new directions for drug development.Results: By analyzing 1,390 URGs in GEO and TCGA databases, we obtained 175 DURGs. Our results showed 19 DURGs were related to prognosis. Finally, eight DURGs were identified via machine learning to construct the first ubiquitination prognostic gene signature. Patients were stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups and the prognosis was worse in the high-risk group. In addition, these gene protein levels were mostly consistent with their transcript level. According to the functional analysis of substrate proteins, the signature genes may be involved in cancer development through the transcription factor activity and the classical P53 pathway ubiquitination-related signaling pathways. Additionally, 71 small molecular compounds were identified as potential drugs.Conclusion: We systematically studied the influence of ubiquitination-related genes on prognosis in cervical cancer, established a prognostic model through a machine learning algorithm, and verified it. Also, our study provides a new treatment strategy for cervical cancer.
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17
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ZER1 Contributes to the Carcinogenic Activity of High-Risk HPV E7 Proteins. mBio 2022; 13:e0203322. [PMID: 36346242 PMCID: PMC9765665 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02033-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 proteins bind to host cell proteins to facilitate virus replication. Interactions between HPV E7 and host cell proteins can also drive cancer progression. We hypothesize that HPV E7-host protein interactions specific for high-risk E7 contribute to the carcinogenic activity of high-risk HPV. The cellular protein ZER1 interacts with the E7 protein from HPV16, the genotype most frequently associated with human cancers. The HPV16 E7-ZER1 interaction is unique among HPV E7 tested to date. Other E7 proteins, even from closely related HPV genotypes, do not bind ZER1, which is a substrate specificity factor for a CUL2-RING ubiquitin ligase. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of ZER1 to the carcinogenic activity of HPV16 E7. First, we mapped the ZER1 binding site to specific residues on the C terminus of HPV16 E7. We showed that the mutant HPV16 E7 that cannot bind ZER1 is impaired in the ability to promote the growth of primary keratinocytes. We found that ZER1 and CUL2 contribute to, but are not required for, HPV16 E7 to degrade RB1. Cancer dependency data show that ZER1 is an essential gene in most HPV-positive, but not HPV-negative, cancer cell lines. Depleting ZER1 impaired the growth of primary keratinocytes expressing HPV16 E7 or HPV18 E7 and of HPV16-and HPV18-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Taken together, our work demonstrates that ZER1 contributes to HPV-mediated carcinogenesis and is essential for the growth of HPV-positive cells. IMPORTANCE HPV16 is highly carcinogenic and is the most predominant HPV genotype associated with human cancers. The mechanisms that underlie differences between high-risk HPV genotypes are currently unknown, but many of these differences are likely attributable to the activities of the oncogenic HPV proteins, including E7. The HPV E7 oncoprotein is essential for HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. A large number of HPV E7 targets have been identified. However, it is unclear which of these many interactions contributes to the carcinogenic activity of HPV E7. Here, we characterized the interaction between HPV16 E7 and the host cell protein ZER1, testing whether this genotype-specific interaction could enable some of the carcinogenic activity of HPV16 E7. We found that ZER1 binding contributes to the growth-promoting activity of HPV16 E7 and to the growth of HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. We propose that ZER1 makes an important contribution to HPV-mediated carcinogenesis.
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18
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Hashemi L, Ormsbee ME, Patel PJ, Nielson JA, Ahlander J, Padash Barmchi M. A Drosophila model of HPV16-induced cancer reveals conserved disease mechanism. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278058. [PMID: 36508448 PMCID: PMC9744332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) cause almost all cervical cancers and a significant number of vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV16 and 18 are the most prevalent types among HR-HPVs and together cause more than 70% of all cervical cancers. Low vaccination rate and lack of molecularly-targeted therapeutics for primary therapy have led to a slow reduction in cervical cancer incidence and high mortality rate. Hence, creating new models of HPV-induced cancer that can facilitate understanding of the disease mechanism and identification of key cellular targets of HPV oncogenes are important for development of new interventions. Here in this study, we used the tissue-specific expression technique, Gal4-UAS, to establish the first Drosophila model of HPV16-induced cancer. Using this technique, we expressed HPV16 oncogenes E5, E6, E7 and the human E3 ligase (hUBE3A) specifically in the epithelia of Drosophila eye, which allows simple phenotype scoring without affecting the viability of the organism. We found that, as in human cells, hUBE3A is essential for cellular abnormalities caused by HPV16 oncogenes in flies. Several proteins targeted for degradation by HPV16 oncoproteins in human cells were also reduced in the Drosophila epithelial cells. Cell polarity and adhesion were compromised, resulting in impaired epithelial integrity. Cells did not differentiate to the specific cell types of ommatidia, but instead were transformed into neuron-like cells. These cells extended axon-like structures to connect to each other and exhibited malignant behavior, migrating away to distant sites. Our findings suggest that given the high conservation of genes and signaling pathways between humans and flies, the Drosophila model of HPV16- induced cancer could serve as an excellent model for understanding the disease mechanism and discovery of novel molecularly-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hashemi
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - McKenzi E. Ormsbee
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - Prashant J. Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn A. Nielson
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Ahlander
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK, United States of America
| | - Mojgan Padash Barmchi
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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RIPOR2 Expression Decreased by HPV-16 E6 and E7 Oncoproteins: An Opportunity in the Search for Prognostic Biomarkers in Cervical Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233942. [PMID: 36497200 PMCID: PMC9740487 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main risk factor for cervical cancer (CC) development, where the continuous expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins maintain the malignant phenotype. In Mexico, around 70% of CC cases are diagnosed in advanced stages, impacting the survival of patients. The aim of this work was to identify biomarkers affected by HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins that impact the prognosis of CC patients. Expression profiles dependent on E6 and E7 oncoproteins, as well as their relationship with biological processes and cellular signaling pathways, were analyzed in CC cells. A comparison among expression profiles of E6- and E7-expressing cells and that from a CC cohort obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrated that the expression of 13 genes impacts the overall survival (OS). A multivariate analysis revealed that the downregulated expression of RIPOR2 was strongly associated with a worse OS. RIPOR2, including its transcriptional variants, were overwhelmingly depleted in E6- and E7-expressing cells. Finally, in a Mexican cohort, it was found that in premalignant cervical lesions, RIPOR2 expression decreases as the lesions progress; meanwhile, decreased RIPOR2 expression was also associated with a worse OS in CC patients.
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20
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Jaiswal N, Nandi D, Cheema PS, Nag A. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome co-activator, Cdh1, is a novel target of human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein in cervical oncogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:988-1001. [PMID: 35738876 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming properties of the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 oncoprotein are indispensable for driving the virus life cycle and pathogenesis. Besides inactivation of the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressors as part of its oncogenic endeavors, E7-mediated perturbations of eminent cell cycle regulators, checkpoint proteins and proto-oncogenes are considered to be the tricks of its transformative traits. However, many such critical interactions are still unknown. In the present study, we have identified the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC) co-activator, Cdh1, as a novel interacting partner and a degradation target of E7. We found that HPV16 E7-induced inactivation of Cdh1 promoted abnormal accumulation of multiple Cdh1 substrates. Such a mode of deregulation possibly contributes to HPV-mediated cervical oncogenesis. Our mapping studies recognized the C-terminal zinc-finger motif of E7 to associate with Cdh1 and interfere with the timely degradation of FoxM1, a bona fide Cdh1 substrate and a potent oncogene. Importantly, the E7 mutant with impaired interaction with Cdh1 exhibited defects in its ability for overriding typical cell cycle transition and oncogenic transformation, thereby validating the functional and pathological significance of the E7-Cdh1 axis during cervical carcinoma progression. Altogether, the findings from our study discover a unique nexus between E7 and APC/C-Cdh1, thereby adding to our understanding of the mechanism of E7-induced carcinogenesis and provide a promising target for the management of cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Deeptashree Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Singh Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Alo Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi, India
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21
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Lai YH, Su CC, Wu SY, Hsueh WT, Wu YH, Chen HHW, Hsiao JR, Liu CH, Tsai YS. Impact of Alcohol and Smoking on Outcomes of HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6510. [PMID: 36362736 PMCID: PMC9655073 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of adverse lifestyle factors on outcomes in patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). METHODS From 2010 to 2019, 150 consecutive non-metastatic OPSCC patients receiving curative treatment in our institution were retrospectively enrolled. HPV positivity was defined as p16 expression ≥75%. The effects of adverse lifestyle factors on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) on OPSCC patients were determined. RESULTS The median follow-up duration was 3.6 years. Of the 150 OPSCCs, 51 (34%) patients were HPV-positive and 99 (66%) were HPV-negative. The adverse lifestyle exposure rates were 74.7% (n = 112) alcohol use, 57.3% (n = 86) betel grid chewing, and 78% (n = 117) cigarette smoking. Alcohol use strongly interacted with HPV positivity (HR, 6.00; 95% CI, 1.03-35.01), leading to an average 26.1% increased risk of disease relapse in patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. Heavy smoking age ≥30 pack-years was associated with increased risk of death (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.05-4.00) and disease relapse (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.06-3.75) in OPSCC patients. In stratified analyses, the 3-year absolute risk of disease relapse in HPV-positive OPSCC patients reached up to 50% when alcohol use and heavy smoking for ≥30 pack-years were combined. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol acted as a significant treatment-effect modifier for DFS in HPV-positive OPSCC patients, diluting the favorable prognostic effect of HPV positivity. Heavy smoking age ≥30 pack-years was an independent adverse prognostic factor of OS and DFS in OPSCC patients. De-intensification treatment for HPV-related OPSCC may be avoided when these adverse lifestyle factors are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lai
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
- Clinical Innovation and Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chou Su
- Clinical Innovation and Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yin Wu
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsueh
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Helen H. W. Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsun Liu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Tsai
- Clinical Innovation and Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704302, Taiwan
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22
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Khan A, Das BC, Abiha U, Sisodiya S, Chikara A, Nazir SU, Das AM, Rodrigues AG, Passari AK, Tanwar P, Hussain S, Rashid S, Rashid S. Insights into the role of complement regulatory proteins in HPV mediated cervical carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:583-589. [PMID: 34087416 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The persistent infection of high-risk Human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) induced cervical cancer remains a challenge in women worldwide including India. Recent advances in cancer research have paved the way for advanced cancer treatment modalities including immunotherapy by manipulating the function or number of cytotoxic T cells. It is well established that anaphylatoxins like C3a and C5a of complement system influence tumor growth by evading apoptosis leading to progression of cancer. The role of the complement system, particularly the complement regulatory proteins (CRPs) which are important determinants of immune response play a crucial role in carcinogenesis. In a tumor microenvironment (TME) assisted suppression of immune effector cells may be achieved through CRPs. However, recent advances in pharmacogenomics including drug designing and combination of these approaches have provided a holistic understanding of signaling pathways and their crosstalk, to regulate cellular communications.This review describes the role of complement system; particularly CRPs in HPV induced cervical carcinogenesis which may be used for designing anti- HPV or cervical cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiya Khan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India; Laboratory Oncology Unit, Rotary Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Health & Allied Sciences Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Umme Abiha
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Sisodiya
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Molecular Diagnostics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Noida, India; Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Atul Chikara
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Molecular Diagnostics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Noida, India; Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Sheeraz Un Nazir
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Molecular Diagnostics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Noida, India
| | - Ankan M Das
- Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Alexandre Gomes Rodrigues
- Alpha & Omega Labor, Messe-Alle, 23, 04158, Leipzig, Germany; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ajit Kumar Passari
- Departmento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Rotary Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Showket Hussain
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Molecular Diagnostics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Noida, India.
| | - Sabia Rashid
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital & King's College Hospital, Stadium Road, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Shazia Rashid
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Zhai F, Wang J, Yang W, Ye M, Jin X. The E3 Ligases in Cervical Cancer and Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5354. [PMID: 36358773 PMCID: PMC9658772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial (EC) and cervical (CC) cancers are the most prevalent malignancies of the female reproductive system. There is a global trend towards increasing incidence and mortality, with a decreasing age trend. E3 ligases label substrates with ubiquitin to regulate their activity and stability and are involved in various cellular functions. Studies have confirmed abnormal expression or mutations of E3 ligases in EC and CC, indicating their vital roles in the occurrence and progression of EC and CC. This paper provides an overview of the E3 ligases implicated in EC and CC and discusses their underlying mechanism. In addition, this review provides research advances in the target of ubiquitination processes in EC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Zhai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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24
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Tornesello ML, Cerasuolo A, Starita N, Tornesello AL, Bonelli P, Tuccillo FM, Buonaguro L, Isaguliants MG, Buonaguro FM. The Molecular Interplay between Human Oncoviruses and Telomerase in Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5257. [PMID: 36358677 PMCID: PMC9659228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oncoviruses are able to subvert telomerase function in cancer cells through multiple strategies. The activity of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (TERT) is universally enhanced in virus-related cancers. Viral oncoproteins, such as high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) LMP1, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8) LANA, hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBVx, hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein, interact with regulatory elements in the infected cells and contribute to the transcriptional activation of TERT gene. Specifically, viral oncoproteins have been shown to bind TERT promoter, to induce post-transcriptional alterations of TERT mRNA and to cause epigenetic modifications, which have important effects on the regulation of telomeric and extra-telomeric functions of the telomerase. Other viruses, such as herpesviruses, operate by integrating their genomes within the telomeres or by inducing alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) in non-ALT cells. In this review, we recapitulate on recent findings on virus-telomerase/telomeres interplay and the importance of TERT-related oncogenic pathways activated by cancer-causing viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerasuolo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Noemy Starita
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bonelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Franco M. Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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25
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Repression of Memo1, a Novel Target of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7, Increases Cell Proliferation in Cervical Cancer Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0122922. [PMID: 36197110 PMCID: PMC9599245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01229-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced carcinogenesis is associated with unregulated expression of the oncoproteins E6 and E7. HPV E7 is a viral protein that lacks enzymatic activity; however, it can target several cellular proteins to induce cell transformation and promote uncontrolled proliferation. Although several E7 targets have been described, there are still gaps in the understanding of how this oncoprotein drives cells toward malignancy. Here, using a small HPV type 16 (HPV16) E7 peptide in a proteomic approach, we report Memo1 as a new E7 binding partner, interacting through the aspartic and glutamic acid residues (E80 and D81) in the C-terminal region of HPV16 E7. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HPV16 E7 targets Memo1 for proteasomal degradation through a Cullin2-dependent mechanism. In addition, we show that overexpression of Memo1 decreases cell transformation and proliferation and that reduction of Memo1 levels correlate with activation of Akt and an increase in invasion of HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Our results show a novel HPV E7 interacting partner and describe novel functions of Memo1 in the context of HPV-induced malignancy. IMPORTANCE Although numerous targets have been reported to interact with the HPV E7 oncoprotein, the mechanisms involved in HPV-induced carcinogenesis and the maintenance of cell transformation are still lacking. Here, through pulldown assays using a peptide encompassing the C-terminal region of HPV16 E7, we report Memo1 as a novel E7 interactor. High levels of Memo1 correlated with reduced cell proliferation and, concordantly, knockdown of Memo1 resulted in Akt activation in HPV-positive cell lines. These results highlight new mechanisms used by HPV oncoproteins to modulate proliferation pathways in cervical cancer cells and increase our understanding of the link between Memo1 protein and cancer.
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26
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Skelin J, Sabol I, Tomaić V. Do or Die: HPV E5, E6 and E7 in Cell Death Evasion. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091027. [PMID: 36145459 PMCID: PMC9502459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the dividing cells of human epithelia and hijack the cellular replication machinery to ensure their own propagation. In the effort to adapt the cell to suit their own reproductive needs, the virus changes a number of processes, amongst which is the ability of the cell to undergo programmed cell death. Viral infections, forced cell divisions and mutations, which accumulate as a result of uncontrolled proliferation, all trigger one of several cell death pathways. Here, we examine the mechanisms employed by HPVs to ensure the survival of infected cells manipulated into cell cycle progression and proliferation.
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27
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Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are responsible for most human cervical cancers, and uncontrolled expression of the two key viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, stimulates the induction of carcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown that both E6 and E7 are closely associated with different components of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, including several ubiquitin ligases. Most often these are utilized to target cellular substrates for proteasome-mediated degradation, but in the case of E6, the E6AP ubiquitin ligase plays a critical role in controlling E6 stability. We now show that knockdown of E6AP in HPV-positive cervical cancer-derived cells causes a marked decrease in E7 protein levels. This is due to a decrease in the E7 half-life and occurs in a proteasome-dependent manner. In an attempt to define the underlying mechanism, we show that E7 can also associate with E6AP, albeit in a manner different from that of E6. In addition, we show that E6AP-dependent stabilization of E7 also leads to an increase in the degradation of E7's cellular target substrates. Interestingly, ectopic overexpression of E6 oncoprotein results in lower levels of E7 protein through sequestration of E6AP. We also show that increased E7 stability in the presence of E6AP increases the proliferation of the cervical cancer-derived cell lines. These results demonstrate a surprising interplay between E6 and E7, in a manner which is mediated by the E6AP ubiquitin ligase. IMPORTANCE This is the first demonstration that E6AP can directly help stabilize the HPV E7 oncoprotein, in a manner similar to that observed with HPV E6. This redefines how E6 and E7 can cooperate and potentially modulate each other's activity and further highlights the essential role played by E6AP in the viral life cycle and malignancy.
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28
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Ramón AC, Basukala O, Massimi P, Thomas M, Perera Y, Banks L, Perea SE. CIGB-300 Peptide Targets the CK2 Phospho-Acceptor Domain on Human Papillomavirus E7 and Disrupts the Retinoblastoma (RB) Complex in Cervical Cancer Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081681. [PMID: 36016303 PMCID: PMC9414295 DOI: 10.3390/v14081681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CIGB-300 is a clinical-grade anti-Protein Kinase CK2 peptide, binding both its substrate’s phospho-acceptor site and the CK2α catalytic subunit. The cyclic p15 inhibitory domain of CIGB-300 was initially selected in a phage display library screen for its ability to bind the CK2 phospho-acceptor domain ofHPV-16 E7. However, the actual role of this targeting in CIGB-300 antitumoral mechanism remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the physical interaction of CIGB-300 with HPV-E7 and its impact on CK2-mediated phosphorylation. Hence, we studied the relevance of targeting E7 phosphorylation for the cytotoxic effect induced by CIGB-300. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation experiments followed by western blotting were performed to study the impact of the peptide on the E7–pRB interaction. Interestingly, we found a clear binding of CIGB-300 to the N terminal region of E7 proteins of the HPV-16 type. Accordingly, the in vivo physical interaction of the peptide with HPV-16 E7 reduced CK2-mediated phosphorylation of E7, as well as its binding to the tumor suppressor pRB. However, the targeting of E7 phosphorylation by CIGB-300 seemed to be dispensable for the induction of cell death in HPV-18 cervical cancer-derived C4-1 cells. These findings unveil novel molecular clues to the means by which CIGB-300 triggers cell death in cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn C. Ramón
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (Y.P.)
| | - Om Basukala
- Tumor Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Paola Massimi
- Tumor Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Miranda Thomas
- Tumor Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Yasser Perera
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (Y.P.)
- China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Lengshuitan District, Yongzhou 425000, China
| | - Lawrence. Banks
- Tumor Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (P.M.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (S.E.P.)
| | - Silvio E. Perea
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana 10600, Cuba; (A.C.R.); (Y.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (S.E.P.)
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29
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Mekawy AS, Alaswad Z, Ibrahim AA, Mohamed AA, AlOkda A, Elserafy M. The consequences of viral infection on host DNA damage response: a focus on SARS-CoVs. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:104. [PMID: 35829826 PMCID: PMC9277982 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage and genome instability in host cells are introduced by many viruses during their life cycles. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) manipulation of DNA damage response (DDR) is an important area of research that is still understudied. Elucidation of the direct and indirect interactions between SARS-CoVs and DDR not only provides important insights into how the viruses exploit DDR pathways in host cells but also contributes to our understanding of their pathogenicity. Here, we present the known interactions of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 with DDR pathways of the host cells, to further understand the consequences of infection on genome integrity. Since this area of research is in its early stages, we try to connect the unlinked dots to speculate and propose different consequences on DDR mechanisms. This review provides new research scopes that can be further investigated in vitro and in vivo, opening new avenues for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Mekawy
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.,University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Zina Alaswad
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.,University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Aya A Ibrahim
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.,University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Mohamed
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.,University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman AlOkda
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Menattallah Elserafy
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt. .,University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt.
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30
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Zhou L, Ng DSC, Yam JC, Chen LJ, Tham CC, Pang CP, Chu WK. Post-translational modifications on the retinoblastoma protein. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:33. [PMID: 35650644 PMCID: PMC9161509 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein (pRb) functions as a cell cycle regulator controlling G1 to S phase transition and plays critical roles in tumour suppression. It is frequently inactivated in various tumours. The functions of pRb are tightly regulated, where post-translational modifications (PTMs) play crucial roles, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation and methylation. Most PTMs on pRb are reversible and can be detected in non-cancerous cells, playing an important role in cell cycle regulation, cell survival and differentiation. Conversely, altered PTMs on pRb can give rise to anomalies in cell proliferation and tumourigenesis. In this review, we first summarize recent findings pertinent to how individual PTMs impinge on pRb functions. As many of these PTMs on pRb were published as individual articles, we also provide insights on the coordination, either collaborations and/or competitions, of the same or different types of PTMs on pRb. Having a better understanding of how pRb is post-translationally modulated should pave the way for developing novel and specific therapeutic strategies to treat various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Siu-Chun Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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31
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Baj J, Forma A, Dudek I, Chilimoniuk Z, Dobosz M, Dobrzyński M, Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Flieger J, Portincasa P. The Involvement of Human Papilloma Virus in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112607. [PMID: 35681587 PMCID: PMC9179480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. HPV infection has a strong relationship with the onset of cervix uteri, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx, but also tonsils and tongue cancers. Some epidemiological data indicate that except for gynecologic cancers, HPV infection can be one of the risk factors associated with a greater risk of induction and progression of gastrointestinal cancers. Data, however, remain contradictory and definite conclusions cannot be drawn, so far. The following review aims to organize recent evidence and summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the association between HPV infection and gastrointestinal tumors primarily focusing on esophageal, liver, gastric, colorectal, and anal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Iga Dudek
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Zuzanna Chilimoniuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Maciej Dobosz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Michał Dobrzyński
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Teresiński
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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Goetsch PD, Strome S. DREAM interrupted: severing LIN-35-MuvB association in Caenorhabditis elegans impairs DREAM function but not its chromatin localization. Genetics 2022; 221:6584818. [PMID: 35554539 PMCID: PMC9252284 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian pocket protein family, which includes the Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and Rb-like pocket proteins p107 and p130, regulates entry into and exit from the cell cycle by repressing cell cycle gene expression. Although pRb plays a dominant role in mammalian systems, p107 and p130 are the ancestral pocket proteins. The Rb-like pocket proteins interact with the highly conserved 5-subunit MuvB complex and an E2F-DP transcription factor heterodimer, forming the DREAM (for Dp, Rb-like, E2F, and MuvB) complex. DREAM complex assembly on chromatin culminates in repression of target genes mediated by the MuvB subcomplex. Here, we examined how the Rb-like pocket protein contributes to DREAM formation and function by disrupting the interaction between the sole Caenorhabditis elegans pocket protein LIN-35 and the MuvB subunit LIN-52 using CRISPR/Cas9 targeted mutagenesis. A triple alanine substitution of LIN-52's LxCxE motif severed LIN-35-MuvB association and caused classical DREAM mutant phenotypes, including synthetic multiple vulvae, high-temperature arrest, and ectopic expression of germline genes in the soma. However, RNA-sequencing revealed limited upregulation of DREAM target genes when LIN-35-MuvB association was severed, as compared with gene upregulation following LIN-35 loss. Based on chromatin immunoprecipitation, disrupting LIN-35-MuvB association did not affect the chromatin localization of E2F-DP, LIN-35, or MuvB components. In a previous study, we showed that in worms lacking LIN-35, E2F-DP, and MuvB chromatin occupancy was reduced genome-wide. With LIN-35 present but unable to associate with MuvB, our study suggests that the E2F-DP-LIN-35 interaction promotes E2F-DP's chromatin localization, which we hypothesize supports MuvB chromatin occupancy indirectly through DNA. Altogether, this study highlights how the pocket protein's association with MuvB supports DREAM function but is not required for DREAM's chromatin occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Goetsch
- Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 740 Dow ESE building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Susan Strome
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Brimer N, Vande Pol S. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 induces cell competition. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010431. [PMID: 35320322 PMCID: PMC8979454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections induce squamous epithelial tumors in which the virus replicates. Initially, the virus-infected cells are untransformed, but expand in both number and area at the expense of uninfected squamous epithelial cells. We have developed an in vitro assay in which colonies of post-confluent HPV16 expressing cells outcompete and displace confluent surrounding uninfected keratinocytes. The enhanced colony competition induced by the complete HPV16 genome is conferred by E6 expression alone, not by individual expression of E5 or E7, and requires E6 interaction with p53. E6-expressing keratinocytes undermine and displace adjacent normal keratinocytes from contact with the attachment substrate, thereby expanding the area of the E6-expressing colony at the expense of normal keratinocytes. These new results separate classic oncogenicity that is primarily conferred by HPV16 E7 from cell competition that we show is primarily conferred by E6 and provides a new biological role for E6 oncoproteins from high-risk human papillomaviruses. Microbial infections can change the fate and behavior of normal vertebrate cells to resemble oncogenic cells. High-risk papillomaviruses induce infected squamous epithelial cells to form tumors, some of which evolve into malignancies. The present work shows that the enhanced competitiveness of HPV16-infected cells for the basal cell surface is primarily due to the expression of the E6 oncoprotein and not the E7 or E5 oncoproteins. Compared to normal keratinocytes, E6 induces a super-competitor phenotype while E5 and E7 do not. This work shows the importance of measuring oncoprotein traits not only as cell autonomous traits, but in the context of competition with uninfected cells and shows the potential of papillomavirus oncoproteins to be novel genetic probes for the analysis of cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Scott Vande Pol
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:306-327. [PMID: 35105976 PMCID: PMC8805140 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has one of the most rapidly increasing incidences of any cancer in high-income countries. The most recent (8th) edition of the UICC/AJCC staging system separates HPV+ OPSCC from its HPV-negative (HPV−) counterpart to account for the improved prognosis seen in the former. Indeed, owing to its improved prognosis and greater prevalence in younger individuals, numerous ongoing trials are examining the potential for treatment de-intensification as a means to improve quality of life while maintaining acceptable survival outcomes. In addition, owing to the distinct biology of HPV+ OPSCCs, targeted therapies and immunotherapies have become an area of particular interest. Importantly, OPSCC is often detected at an advanced stage owing to a lack of symptoms in the early stages; therefore, a need exists to identify and validate possible diagnostic biomarkers to aid in earlier detection. In this Review, we provide a summary of the epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management of HPV+ OPSCC in an effort to highlight important advances in the field. Ultimately, a need exists for improved understanding of the molecular basis and clinical course of this disease to guide efforts towards early detection and precision care, and to improve patient outcomes. The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing rapidly in most developed countries. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the epidemiology, molecular biology and treatment of HPV-positive OPSCC, including discussions of the role of treatment de-escalation and emerging novel therapies. The incidence of human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer (HPV+ OPSCC) is expected to continue to rise over the coming decades until the benefits of gender-neutral prophylactic HPV vaccination begin to become manifest. The incidence of HPV+ OPSCC appears to be highest in high-income countries, although more epidemiological data are needed from low- and middle-income countries, in which HPV vaccination coverage remains low. The substantially better prognosis of patients with HPV+ OPSCC compared to those with HPV– OPSCC has been recognized in the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM8 staging guidelines, which recommend stratification by HPV status to improve staging. The molecular biology and genomic features of HPV+ OPSCC are similar to those of other HPV-associated malignancies, with HPV oncogenes (E6 and E7) acting as key drivers of pathogenesis. Treatment de-intensification is being pursued in clinical trials, although identifying the ~15% of patients with HPV+ OPSCC who have recurrent disease, and who therefore require more intensive treatment, remains a key challenge.
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Detailed chromosome analysis of wild-type, immortalized fibroblasts with SV40T, E6E7, combinational introduction of cyclin dependent kinase 4, cyclin D1, telomerase reverse transcriptase. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:998-1005. [PMID: 34888747 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell immortalization enables us to expand the cultured cell infinitely. However, the process of immortalization sometimes changes the nature of the original cell. In this study, we established immortalized embryonic fibroblasts with oncogenic SV40T and human papilla virus-derived E6E7, combinational expression of mutant cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin D1, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) from identical primary wild-type human embryonic fibroblasts (HE16). After the establishment of immortalized cells, we compared the details of chromosome condition with the G-banding and Q-banding methods. There is no example of detailed analysis so far about chromosome abnormalities, such as trisomy, ring chromosome, reciprocal translocation, and dicentric chromosomes. The detailed chromosome analysis revealed that immortalized cells with SV40T and E6E7 showed intensive chromosome abnormalities, such as gain or loss of the chromosomes all through the genome. Furthermore, we detected that the incidence of chromosome abnormities in the immortalized cell with the combinational introduction of R24C mutant of CDK4, cyclin D1, and TERT is almost identical to that of wild-type cell. Furthermore, short tandem repeat analysis demonstrated that the origin of K4DT cell is primary HE16. These results showed that cellular immortalization with CDK4, cyclin D1, and TERT is more advantageous in keeping the chromosome's original condition than oncogenic immortalization methods.
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Human Papillomaviruses-Associated Cancers: An Update of Current Knowledge. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112234. [PMID: 34835040 PMCID: PMC8623401 DOI: 10.3390/v13112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are small, double-stranded, circular DNA viruses infecting human epithelial cells, are associated with various benign and malignant lesions of mucosa and skin. Intensive research on the oncogenic potential of HPVs started in the 1970s and spread across Europe, including Croatia, and worldwide. Nowadays, the causative role of a subset of oncogenic or high-risk (HR) HPV types, led by HPV-16 and HPV-18, of different anogenital and head and neck cancers is well accepted. Two major viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, are directly involved in the development of HPV-related malignancies by targeting synergistically various cellular pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell polarity control networks as well as host immune response. This review is aimed at describing the key elements in HPV-related carcinogenesis and the advances in cancer prevention with reference to past and on-going research in Croatia.
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Wang Y, Liu R, Liao J, Jiang L, Jeong GH, Zhou L, Polite M, Duong D, Seyfried NT, Wang H, Kiyokawa H, Yin J. Orthogonal ubiquitin transfer reveals human papillomavirus E6 downregulates nuclear transport to disarm interferon-γ dependent apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21986. [PMID: 34662469 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101232rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) underpins important protein interaction networks between the virus and host to promote viral infection. Through its interaction with E6AP, a host E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase, E6 stirs the protein ubiquitination pathways toward the oncogenic transformation of the infected cells. For a systematic measurement of E6 reprogramming of the substrate pool of E6AP, we performed a proteomic screen based on "orthogonal UB transfer (OUT)" that allowed us to identify the ubiquitination targets of E6AP dependent on the E6 protein of HPV-16, a high-risk viral subtype for the development of cervical cancer. The OUT screen identified more than 200 potential substrates of the E6-E6AP pair based on the transfer of UB from E6AP to the substrate proteins. Among them, we verified that E6 would induce E6AP-catalyzed ubiquitination of importin proteins KPNA1-3, protein phosphatase PGAM5, and arginine methyltransferases CARM1 to trigger their degradation by the proteasome. We further found that E6 could significantly reduce the cellular level of KPNA1 that resulted in the suppression of nuclear transport of phosphorylated STAT1 and the inhibition of interferon-γ-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Overall, our work demonstrates OUT as a powerful proteomic platform to probe the interaction of E6 and host cells through protein ubiquitination and reveals a new role of E6 in down-regulating nuclear transport proteins to attenuate tumor-suppressive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruochuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jia Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lucen Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geon H Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Monica Polite
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Duc Duong
- Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Basukala O, Banks L. The Not-So-Good, the Bad and the Ugly: HPV E5, E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in the Orchestration of Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:1892. [PMID: 34696321 PMCID: PMC8541208 DOI: 10.3390/v13101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with HPV starts with the access of the viral particles to basal cells in the epidermis, potentially via microtraumas to the skin. The basal cells are able to keep away these pathogens in normal circumstances through a robust immune response from the host, as HPV infections are, in general, cleared within 2 to 3 weeks. However, the rare instances of persistent infection and/or in cases where the host immune system is compromised are major risk factors for the development of lesions potentially leading to malignancy. Evolutionarily, obligatory pathogens such as HPVs would not be expected to risk exposing the host to lethal cancer, as this would entail challenging their own life cycle, but infection with these viruses is highly correlated with cancer and malignancy-as in cancer of the cervix, which is almost always associated with these viruses. Despite this key associative cause and the availability of very effective vaccines against these viruses, therapeutic interventions against HPV-induced cancers are still a challenge, indicating the need for focused translational research. In this review, we will consider the key roles that the viral proteins play in driving the host cells to carcinogenesis, mainly focusing on events orchestrated by early proteins E5, E6 and E7-the not-so-good, the bad and the ugly-and discuss and summarize the major events that lead to these viruses mechanistically corrupting cellular homeostasis, giving rise to cancer and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;
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Dubey AR, Jagtap YA, Kumar P, Patwa SM, Kinger S, Kumar A, Singh S, Prasad A, Jana NR, Mishra A. Biochemical strategies of E3 ubiquitin ligases target viruses in critical diseases. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:161-182. [PMID: 34520596 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are known to cause various diseases in human and also infect other species such as animal plants, fungi, and bacteria. Replication of viruses depends upon their interaction with hosts. Human cells are prone to such unwanted viral infections. Disintegration and reconstitution require host machinery and various macromolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins are invaded by viral particles. E3 ubiquitin ligases are known for their specific function, that is, recognition of their respective substrates for intracellular degradation. Still, we do not understand how ubiquitin proteasome system-based enzymes E3 ubiquitin ligases do their functional interaction with different viruses. Whether E3 ubiquitin ligases help in the elimination of viral components or viruses utilize their molecular capabilities in their intracellular propagation is not clear. The first time our current article comprehends fundamental concepts and new insights on the different viruses and their interaction with various E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. In this review, we highlight the molecular pathomechanism of viruses linked with E3 Ubiquitin Ligases dependent mechanisms. An enhanced understanding of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase-mediated removal of viral proteins may open new therapeutic strategies against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur R Dubey
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yuvraj A Jagtap
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Som M Patwa
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sumit Kinger
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Nihar R Jana
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Duan S, Pagano M. Ubiquitin ligases in cancer: Functions and clinical potentials. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:918-933. [PMID: 33974914 PMCID: PMC8286310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitylation, a highly regulated post-translational modification, controls many cellular pathways that are critical to cell homeostasis. Ubiquitin ligases recruit substrates and promote ubiquitin transfer onto targets, inducing proteasomal degradation or non-degradative signaling. Accumulating evidence highlights the critical role of dysregulated ubiquitin ligases in processes associated with the initiation and progression of cancer. Depending on the substrate specificity and biological context, a ubiquitin ligase can act either as a tumor promoter or as a tumor suppressor. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles of ubiquitin ligases and how perturbations of their functions contribute to cancer pathogenesis. We also briefly discuss current strategies for targeting or exploiting ubiquitin ligases for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Arras W, Vercammen H, Ní Dhubhghaill S, Koppen C, Van den Bogerd B. Proliferation Increasing Genetic Engineering in Human Corneal Endothelial Cells: A Literature Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:688223. [PMID: 34268324 PMCID: PMC8275833 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.688223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal endothelium is the inner layer of the cornea. Despite comprising only a monolayer of cells, dysfunction of this layer renders millions of people visually impaired worldwide. Currently, corneal endothelial transplantation is the only viable means of restoring vision for these patients. However, because the supply of corneal endothelial grafts does not meet the demand, many patients remain on waiting lists, or are not treated at all. Possible alternative treatment strategies include intracameral injection of human corneal endothelial cells (HCEnCs), biomedical engineering of endothelial grafts and increasing the HCEnC density on grafts that would otherwise have been unsuitable for transplantation. Unfortunately, the limited proliferative capacity of HCEnCs proves to be a major bottleneck to make these alternatives beneficial. To tackle this constraint, proliferation enhancing genetic engineering is being investigated. This review presents the diverse array of genes that have been targeted by different genetic engineering strategies to increase the proliferative capacity of HCEnCs and their relevance for clinical and research applications. Together these proliferation-related genes form the basis to obtain a stable and safe supply of HCEnCs that can tackle the corneal endothelial donor shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Arras
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Vercammen
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sorcha Ní Dhubhghaill
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery (NIIOS), Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carina Koppen
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Bert Van den Bogerd
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Vats A, Trejo-Cerro O, Thomas M, Banks L. Human papillomavirus E6 and E7: What remains? Tumour Virus Res 2021; 11:200213. [PMID: 33716206 PMCID: PMC7972986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much about the very many cellular proteins and pathways that they influence in one way or another. However, much of this information is quite discrete, referring to one activity examined under one condition. It is now time to join the dots to try to understand a larger picture: how, where and when do all these interactions occur... and why? Examining these questions will also show how many of the yet obscure cellular processes work together for cellular and tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Vats
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Oscar Trejo-Cerro
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Miranda Thomas
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Group, ICGEB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, 34149, Italy
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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Hao X, Sun X, Zhu H, Xie L, Wang X, Jiang N, Fu P, Sang M. Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin-Complexed Resveratrol Enhanced Antitumor Activity in a Cervical Cancer Model: In Vivo Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:573909. [PMID: 33935691 PMCID: PMC8082405 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.573909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (RES) exhibits a wide range of biological activities. Various methodological approaches have been established to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of RES. Moreover, additional in vivo studies are required to support clinical application. In this study, RES/HP-β-CD (RHSD) inclusion complex was prepared and characterized by FTIR, PXRD, DSC and NMR data. The effect and potential mechanism of RHSD against cervical cancer were investigated in a mouse xenograft tumor model by qPCR assay, Western blot assay, and immunohistochemical assay. Results showed that RHSD significantly decreased tumor growth compared with free RES, while the effect of preventing tumor growth was more prominent in vivo. Notably, RHSD could inhibit tumor development by suppressing the expression of HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes and upregulating P53 and Rb1 protein in cervical cancer. These findings demonstrated that RHSD was safe and potential for development of a new oral administration drug to treat cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincai Hao
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lixia Xie
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Hubei Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Fu
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ming Sang
- Hubei Clinical Institute of Parkinson's Disease at Xiangyang No .1 People's Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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45
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Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. The human papillomavirus oncoproteins: a review of the host pathways targeted on the road to transformation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001540. [PMID: 33427604 PMCID: PMC8148304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the causal factor in over 99 % of cervical cancer cases, and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. The key drivers of HPV-mediated transformation are the oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7. Together, they act to prolong cell-cycle progression, delay differentiation and inhibit apoptosis in the host keratinocyte cell in order to generate an environment permissive for viral replication. The oncoproteins also have key roles in mediating evasion of the host immune response, enabling infection to persist. Moreover, prolonged infection within the cellular environment established by the HR-HPV oncoproteins can lead to the acquisition of host genetic mutations, eventually culminating in transformation to malignancy. In this review, we outline the many ways in which the HR-HPV oncoproteins manipulate the host cellular environment, focusing on how these activities can contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Present address: Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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46
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Park S, Auyeung A, Lee DL, Lambert PF, Carchman EH, Sherer NM. HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Slow HPV16-Driven Cell Proliferation through Targeted Depletion of Viral E6 and E7 Oncoproteins. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:949. [PMID: 33668328 PMCID: PMC7956332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus strain 16 (HPV16) causes oral and anogenital cancers through the activities of two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, that dysregulate the host p53 and pRb tumor suppressor pathways, respectively. The maintenance of HPV16-positive cancers requires constitutive expression of E6 and E7. Therefore, inactivating these proteins could provide the basis for an anticancer therapy. Herein we demonstrate that a subset of aspartyl protease inhibitor drugs currently used to treat HIV/AIDS cause marked reductions in HPV16 E6 and E7 protein levels using two independent cell culture models: HPV16-transformed CaSki cervical cancer cells and NIKS16 organotypic raft cultures (a 3-D HPV16-positive model of epithelial pre-cancer). Treatment of CaSki cells with some (lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir) but not other (indinavir and atazanavir) protease inhibitors reduced E6 and E7 protein levels, correlating with increased p53 protein levels and decreased cell viability. Long-term (>7 day) treatment of HPV16-positive NIKS16 raft cultures with saquinavir caused epithelial atrophy with no discernible effects on HPV-negative rafts, demonstrating selectivity. Saquinavir also reduced HPV16's effects on markers of the cellular autophagy pathway in NIKS16 rafts, a hallmark of HPV-driven pre-cancers. Taken together, these data suggest HIV-1 protease inhibitors be studied further in the context of treating or preventing HPV16-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeong Park
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Andrew Auyeung
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Denis L. Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
| | - Evie H. Carchman
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Nathan M. Sherer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Deptartment of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (S.P.); (D.L.L.); (P.F.L.)
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (A.A.); (E.H.C.)
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Rasi Bonab F, Baghbanzadeh A, Ghaseminia M, Bolandi N, Mokhtarzadeh A, Amini M, Dadashzadeh K, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Molecular pathways in the development of HPV-induced cervical cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:320-337. [PMID: 33746665 PMCID: PMC7975633 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) has gained considerable attention in cervical cancer research studies. It is one of the most important sexually transmitted diseases that can affect 160 to 289 out of 10000 persons every year. Due to the infectious nature of this virus, HPV can be considered a serious threat. The knowledge of viral structure, especially for viral oncoproteins like E6, E7, and their role in causing cancer is very important. This virus has different paths (PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, ERK/MAPK, and JAK/STAT) that are involved in the transmission of signaling paths through active molecules like MEK (pMEK), ERK (pERK), and Akt (pAkt). It's eventually through these paths that cancer is developed. Precise knowledge of these paths and their signals give us the prognosis to adopt appropriate goals for prevention and control of these series of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Rasi Bonab
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Moslem Ghaseminia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nadia Bolandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kianoosh Dadashzadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Lee HS, Kim MW, Jin KS, Shin HC, Kim WK, Lee SC, Kim SJ, Lee EW, Ku B. Molecular Analysis of the Interaction between Human PTPN21 and the Oncoprotein E7 from Human Papillomavirus Genotype 18. Mol Cells 2021; 44:26-37. [PMID: 33431714 PMCID: PMC7854179 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause cellular hyperproliferation-associated abnormalities including cervical cancer. The HPV genome encodes two major viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which recruit various host proteins by direct interaction for proteasomal degradation. Recently, we reported the structure of HPV18 E7 conserved region 3 (CR3) bound to the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain of PTPN14, a well-defined tumor suppressor, and found that this intermolecular interaction plays a key role in E7-driven transformation and tumorigenesis. In this study, we carried out a molecular analysis of the interaction between CR3 of HPV18 E7 and the PTP domain of PTPN21, a PTP protein that shares high sequence homology with PTPN14 but is putatively oncogenic rather than tumor-suppressive. Through the combined use of biochemical tools, we verified that HPV18 E7 and PTPN21 form a 2:2 complex, with a dissociation constant of 5 nM and a nearly identical binding manner with the HPV18 E7 and PTPN14 complex. Nevertheless, despite the structural similarities, the biological consequences of the E7 interaction were found to differ between the two PTP proteins. Unlike PTPN14, PTPN21 did not appear to be subjected to proteasomal degradation in HPV18-positive HeLa cervical cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of PTPN21 led to retardation of the migration/invasion of HeLa cells and HPV18 E7-expressing HaCaT keratinocytes, which reflects its protumor activity. In conclusion, the associations of the viral oncoprotein E7 with PTPN14 and PTPN21 are similar at the molecular level but play different physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min Wook Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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49
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Nandi A, Jain B, Adhikary T, Sadhukhan P. Human papilloma virus infection of uterine cervix and spectrum of cervical pathology in human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 17:1462-1467. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_552_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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50
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The deubiquitinase (DUB) USP13 promotes Mcl-1 stabilisation in cervical cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2112-2129. [PMID: 33627786 PMCID: PMC7979541 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a critical regulator of cellular homeostasis. Aberrations in the addition or removal of ubiquitin can result in the development of cancer and key components of the ubiquitination machinery serve as oncogenes or tumour suppressors. An emerging target in the development of cancer therapeutics are the deubiquitinase (DUB) enzymes that remove ubiquitin from protein substrates. Whether this class of enzyme plays a role in cervical cancer has not been fully explored. By interrogating the cervical cancer data from the TCGA consortium, we noted that the DUB USP13 is amplified in ~15% of cervical cancer cases. We confirmed that USP13 expression was increased in cervical cancer cell lines, cytology samples from patients with cervical disease and in cervical cancer tissue. Depletion of USP13 inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation. Mechanistically, USP13 bound to, deubiquitinated and stabilised Mcl-1, a pivotal member of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family. Furthermore, reduced Mcl-1 expression partially contributed to the observed proliferative defect in USP13 depleted cells. Importantly, the expression of USP13 and Mcl-1 proteins correlated in cervical cancer tissue. Finally, we demonstrated that depletion of USP13 expression or inhibition of USP13 enzymatic activity increased the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to the BH3 mimetic inhibitor ABT-263. Together, our data demonstrates that USP13 is a potential oncogene in cervical cancer that functions to stabilise the pro-survival protein Mcl-1, offering a potential therapeutic target for these cancers.
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