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Peng XY, Wang KL, Li L, Li B, Wu XY, Zhang ZW, Li N, Liu LH, Nie P, Chen SN. Transcription of NOD1 and NOD2 and their interaction with CARD9 and RIPK2 in IFN signaling in a perciform fish, the Chinese perch, Siniperca chuatsi. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374368. [PMID: 38715616 PMCID: PMC11074466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
NOD1 and NOD2 as two representative members of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family play important roles in antimicrobial immunity. However, transcription mechanism of nod1 and nod2 and their signal circle are less understood in teleost fish. In this study, with the cloning of card9 and ripk2 in Chinese perch, the interaction between NOD1, NOD2, and CARD9 and RIPK2 were revealed through coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. The overexpression of NOD1, NOD2, RIPK2 and CARD9 induced significantly the promoter activity of NF-κB, IFNh and IFNc. Furthermore, it was found that nod1 and nod2 were induced by poly(I:C), type I IFNs, RLR and even NOD1/NOD2 themselves through the ISRE site of their proximal promoters. It is thus indicated that nod1 and nod2 can be classified also as ISGs due to the presence of ISRE in their proximal promoter, and their expression can be mechanistically controlled through PRR pathway as well as through IFN signaling in antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Yang Wu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi Wei Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Hao Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - P. Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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2
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Sundaram B, Tweedell RE, Prasanth Kumar S, Kanneganti TD. The NLR family of innate immune and cell death sensors. Immunity 2024; 57:674-699. [PMID: 38599165 PMCID: PMC11112261 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of pathogenic and sterile triggers. Activation of specific NLRs initiates pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling cascades and the formation of inflammasomes-multi-protein complexes that induce caspase-1 activation to drive inflammatory cytokine maturation and lytic cell death, pyroptosis. Certain NLRs and inflammasomes act as integral components of larger cell death complexes-PANoptosomes-driving another form of lytic cell death, PANoptosis. Here, we review the current understanding of the evolution, structure, and function of NLRs in health and disease. We discuss the concept of NLR networks and their roles in driving cell death and immunity. An improved mechanistic understanding of NLRs may provide therapeutic strategies applicable across infectious and inflammatory diseases and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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3
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Tsankov BK, Luchak A, Carr C, Philpott DJ. The effects of NOD-like receptors on adaptive immune responses. Biomed J 2024; 47:100637. [PMID: 37541620 PMCID: PMC10796267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that cues from the innate immune system orchestrate downstream adaptive immune responses. Although previous work has focused on the roles of Toll-like receptors in this regard, relatively little is known about how Nod-like receptors instruct adaptive immunity. Here we review the functions of different members of the Nod-like receptor family in orchestrating effector and anamnestic adaptive immune responses. In particular, we address the ways in which inflammasome and non-inflammasome members of this family affect adaptive immunity under various infectious and environmental contexts. Furthermore, we identify several key mechanistic questions that studies in this field have left unaddressed. Our aim is to provide a framework through which immunologists in the adaptive immune field may view their questions through an innate-immune lens and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan K Tsankov
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Luchak
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Carr
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Wrobel ER, Jackson J, Abraham M, He B. Regulation of host gene expression by J paramyxovirus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294173. [PMID: 37963152 PMCID: PMC10645344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that are associated with numerous diseases in humans and animals. J paramyxovirus (JPV) was first isolated from moribund mice (Mus musculus) with hemorrhagic lung lesions in Australia in 1972. In 2016, JPV was classified into the newly established genus Jeilongvirus. Novel jeilongviruses are being discovered worldwide in wildlife populations. However, the effects of jeilongvirus infection on host gene expression remains uncharacterized. To address this, cellular RNA from JPV-infected mouse fibroblasts was collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and were sequenced using single-end 75 base pairs (SE75) sequencing chemistry on an Illumina NextSeq platform. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the virus-infected replicates and mock replicates at each timepoint were identified using the Tophat2-Cufflinks-Cuffdiff protocol. At 2 hpi, 11 DEGs were identified in JPV-infected cells, while 1,837 DEGs were detected at 48 hpi. A GO analysis determined that the genes at the earlier timepoints were involved in interferon responses, while there was a shift towards genes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation processes at the later timepoints. At 48 hpi, a KEGG analysis revealed that many of the DEGs detected were involved in pathways that are important for immune responses. qRT-PCR verified that Rtp4, Ifit3, Mx2, and Stat2 were all upregulated during JPV infection, while G0s2 was downregulated. After JPV infection, the expression of inflammatory and antiviral factors in mouse fibroblasts changes significantly. This study provides crucial insight into the different arms of host immunity that mediate Jeilongvirus infection. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of Jeilongvirus will lead to better strategies for the prevention and control of potential diseases that may arise from this group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Wrobel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jared Jackson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mathew Abraham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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5
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Dixon CL, Wu A, Fairn GD. Multifaceted roles and regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242659. [PMID: 37869013 PMCID: PMC10585062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins, NOD1 and NOD2, are cytosolic receptors that recognize dipeptides and tripeptides derived from the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN). During the past two decades, studies have revealed several roles for NODs beyond detecting PGN fragments, including activation of an innate immune anti-viral response, NOD-mediated autophagy, and ER stress induced inflammation. Recent studies have also clarified the dynamic regulation of NODs at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses. This review will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 detect microbes and cellular stress and detail the molecular mechanisms that regulate activation and signaling while highlighting new evidence and the impact on inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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6
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Heath BR, Gong W, Taner HF, Broses L, Okuyama K, Cheng W, Jin M, Fitzsimonds ZR, Manousidaki A, Wu Y, Zhang S, Wen H, Chinn SB, Bartee E, Xie Y, Moon JJ, Lei YL. Saturated fatty acids dampen the immunogenicity of cancer by suppressing STING. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112303. [PMID: 36952341 PMCID: PMC10514241 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes destabilize STING in epithelial cell-derived cancer cells, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), to promote immune escape. Despite the abundance of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, HNSCC presents notable resistance to STING stimulation. Here, we show how saturated fatty acids in the microenvironment dampen tumor response to STING stimulation. Using single-cell analysis, we found that obesity creates an IFN-I-deprived tumor microenvironment with a massive expansion of suppressive myeloid cell clusters and contraction of effector T cells. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, potently inhibit the STING-IFN-I pathway in HNSCC cells. Myeloid cells from obese mice show dampened responses to STING stimulation and are more suppressive of T cell activation. In agreement, obese hosts exhibited increased tumor burden and lower responsiveness to STING agonist. As a mechanism, saturated fatty acids induce the expression of NLRC3, depletion of which results in a T cell inflamed tumor microenvironment and IFN-I-dependent tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Heath
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wang Gong
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hülya F Taner
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Program in Oral Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luke Broses
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kohei Okuyama
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wanqing Cheng
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Max Jin
- Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Zackary R Fitzsimonds
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andriana Manousidaki
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Department of Statistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yuesong Wu
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Department of Statistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shaoping Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven B Chinn
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Department of Statistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu Leo Lei
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Program in Oral Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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Yamada T, Takaoka A. Innate immune recognition against SARS-CoV-2. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:7. [PMID: 36703213 PMCID: PMC9879261 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative virus of pandemic acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most of the infected individuals have asymptomatic or mild symptoms, but some patients show severe and critical systemic inflammation including tissue damage and multi-organ failures. Immune responses to the pathogen determine clinical course. In general, the activation of innate immune responses is mediated by host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as host damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which results in the activation of the downstream gene induction programs of types I and III interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines for inducing antiviral activity. However, the excessive activation of these responses may lead to deleterious inflammation. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in terms of innate recognition and the subsequent inflammation underlying COVID-19 immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisho Yamada
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
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8
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Kazemifard N, Dehkohneh A, Baradaran Ghavami S. Probiotics and probiotic-based vaccines: A novel approach for improving vaccine efficacy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:940454. [PMID: 36313997 PMCID: PMC9606607 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.940454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is defined as the stimulation and development of the adaptive immune system by administering specific antigens. Vaccines' efficacy, in inducing immunity, varies in different societies due to economic, social, and biological conditions. One of the influential biological factors is gut microbiota. Cross-talks between gut bacteria and the host immune system are initiated at birth during microbial colonization and directly control the immune responses and protection against pathogen colonization. Imbalances in the gut microbiota composition, termed dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of the adaptive immune system and impair the adequate response to the vaccination. The bacteria used in probiotics are often members of the gut microbiota, which have health benefits for the host. Probiotics are generally consumed as a component of fermented foods, affect both innate and acquired immune systems, and decrease infections. This review aimed to discuss the gut microbiota's role in regulating immune responses to vaccination and how probiotics can help induce immune responses against pathogens. Finally, probiotic-based oral vaccines and their efficacy have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Kazemifard
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Dehkohneh
- Department for Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany,Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
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9
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Godkowicz M, Druszczyńska M. NOD1, NOD2, and NLRC5 Receptors in Antiviral and Antimycobacterial Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091487. [PMID: 36146565 PMCID: PMC9503463 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular motifs through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that induce inflammasome assembly in macrophages and trigger signal transduction pathways, thereby leading to the transcription of inflammatory cytokine genes. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) represent a family of cytosolic PRRs involved in the detection of intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria or viruses. In this review, we discuss the role of NOD1, NOD2, and NLRC5 receptors in regulating antiviral and antimycobacterial immune responses by providing insight into molecular mechanisms as well as their potential health and disease implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Godkowicz
- Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Magdalena Druszczyńska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Guryanova SV. Regulation of Immune Homeostasis via Muramyl Peptides-Low Molecular Weight Bioregulators of Bacterial Origin. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081526. [PMID: 36013944 PMCID: PMC9413341 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites and fragments of bacterial cells play an important role in the formation of immune homeostasis. Formed in the course of evolution, symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and a macroorganism are manifested, in particular, in the regulation of numerous physiological functions of the human body by the innate immunity receptors. Low molecular weight bioregulators of bacterial origin have recently attracted more and more attention as drugs in the prevention and composition of complex therapy for a wide range of diseases of bacterial and viral etiology. Signaling networks show cascades of causal relationships of deterministic phenomena that support the homeostasis of multicellular organisms at different levels. To create networks, data from numerous biomedical and clinical research databases were used to prepare expert systems for use in pharmacological and biomedical research with an emphasis on muramyl dipeptides. Muramyl peptides are the fragments of the cell wall of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Binding of muramyl peptides with intracellular NOD2 receptors is crucial for an immune response on pathogens. Depending on the microenvironment and duration of action, muramyl peptides possess positive or negative regulation of inflammation. Other factors, such as genetic, pollutions, method of application and stress also contribute and should be taken into account. A system biology approach should be used in order to systemize all experimental data for rigorous analysis, with the aim of understanding intrinsic pathways of homeostasis, in order to define precise medicine therapy and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Guryanova
- Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Chan CP, Jin DY. Cytoplasmic RNA sensors and their interplay with RNA-binding partners in innate antiviral response: theme and variations. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:449-477. [PMID: 35031583 PMCID: PMC8925969 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including viral RNA by innate immunity represents the first line of defense against viral infection. In addition to RIG-I-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, several other RNA sensors are known to mediate innate antiviral response in the cytoplasm. Double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT interacts with prototypic RNA sensor RIG-I to facilitate its recognition of viral RNA and induction of host interferon response, but variations of this theme are seen when the functions of RNA sensors are modulated by other RNA-binding proteins to impinge on antiviral defense, proinflammatory cytokine production and cell death programs. Their discrete and coordinated actions are crucial to protect the host from infection. In this review, we will focus on cytoplasmic RNA sensors with an emphasis on their interplay with RNA-binding partners. Classical sensors such as RIG-I will be briefly reviewed. More attention will be brought to new insights on how RNA-binding partners of RNA sensors modulate innate RNA sensing and how viruses perturb the functions of RNA-binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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12
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Suzuki K, Shinkai H, Yoshioka G, Matsumoto T, Tanaka J, Hayashi N, Kitazawa H, Uenishi H. NOD2 Genotypes Affect the Symptoms and Mortality in the Porcine Circovirus 2-Spreading Pig Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091424. [PMID: 34573406 PMCID: PMC8469532 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that detects components of peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls. NOD2 regulates bowel microorganisms, provides resistance against infections such as diarrhea, and reduces the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in humans and mice. We previously demonstrated that a specific porcine NOD2 polymorphism (NOD2-2197A > C) augments the recognition of peptidoglycan components. In this study, the relationships between porcine NOD2-2197A/C genotypes affecting molecular functions and symptoms in a porcine circovirus 2b (PCV2b)-spreading Duroc pig population were investigated. The NOD2 allele (NOD2-2197A) with reduced recognition of the peptidoglycan components augmented the mortality of pigs at the growing stage in the PCV2b-spreading population. Comparison of NOD2 allele frequencies in the piglets before and after invasion of PCV2b indicated that the ratio of NOD2-2197A decreased in the population after the PCV2b epidemic. This data indicated that functional differences caused by NOD2-2197 polymorphisms have a marked impact on pig health and livestock productivity. We suggest that NOD2-2197CC is a PCV2 disease resistant polymorphism, which is useful for selective breeding by reducing mortality and increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Suzuki
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shinkai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan;
| | - Gou Yoshioka
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Toshimi Matsumoto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan;
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Noboru Hayashi
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.U.); Tel.: +81-22-757-4372 (H.K.); +81-29-838-6292 (H.U.)
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.U.); Tel.: +81-22-757-4372 (H.K.); +81-29-838-6292 (H.U.)
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13
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Pei G, Zyla J, He L, Moura-Alves P, Steinle H, Saikali P, Lozza L, Nieuwenhuizen N, Weiner J, Mollenkopf HJ, Ellwanger K, Arnold C, Duan M, Dagil Y, Pashenkov M, Boneca IG, Kufer TA, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. Cellular stress promotes NOD1/2-dependent inflammation via the endogenous metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106272. [PMID: 33942347 PMCID: PMC8246065 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress has been associated with inflammation, yet precise underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, various unrelated stress inducers were employed to screen for sensors linking altered cellular homeostasis and inflammation. We identified the intracellular pattern recognition receptors NOD1/2, which sense bacterial peptidoglycans, as general stress sensors detecting perturbations of cellular homeostasis. NOD1/2 activation upon such perturbations required generation of the endogenous metabolite sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). Unlike peptidoglycan sensing via the leucine‐rich repeats domain, cytosolic S1P directly bound to the nucleotide binding domains of NOD1/2, triggering NF‐κB activation and inflammatory responses. In sum, we unveiled a hitherto unknown role of NOD1/2 in surveillance of cellular homeostasis through sensing of the cytosolic metabolite S1P. We propose S1P, an endogenous metabolite, as a novel NOD1/2 activator and NOD1/2 as molecular hubs integrating bacterial and metabolic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Pei
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joanna Zyla
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Lichun He
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heidrun Steinle
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Saikali
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie Nieuwenhuizen
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Arnold
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mojie Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulia Dagil
- Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Pashenkov
- Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Microbiology, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR2001, Integrative and Molecular Microbiology, Paris, France.,INSERM, Équipe AVENIR, Paris, France
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan He Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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14
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Guryanova SV, Khaitov RM. Strategies for Using Muramyl Peptides - Modulators of Innate Immunity of Bacterial Origin - in Medicine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607178. [PMID: 33959120 PMCID: PMC8093441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of infectious diseases is rampant. The emergence of new infections, the irrational use of antibiotics in medicine and their widespread use in agriculture contribute to the emergence of microorganisms that are resistant to antimicrobial drugs. By 2050, mortality from antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is projected to increase up to 10 million people per year, which will exceed mortality from cancer. Mutations in bacteria and viruses are occurring faster than new drugs and vaccines are being introduced to the market. In search of effective protection against infections, new strategies and approaches are being developed, one of which is the use of innate immunity activators in combination with etiotropic chemotherapy drugs. Muramyl peptides, which are part of peptidoglycan of cell walls of all known bacteria, regularly formed in the body during the breakdown of microflora and considered to be natural regulators of immunity. Their interaction with intracellular receptors launches a sequence of processes that ultimately leads to the increased expression of genes of MHC molecules, pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokines and their soluble and membrane-associated receptors. As a result, all subpopulations of immunocompetent cells are activated: macrophages and dendritic cells, neutrophils, T-, B- lymphocytes and natural killer cells for an adequate response to foreign or transformed antigens, manifested both in the regulation of the inflammatory response and in providing immunological tolerance. Muramyl peptides take part in the process of hematopoiesis, stimulating production of colony-stimulating factors, which is the basis for their use in the treatment of oncological diseases. In this review we highlight clinical trials of drugs based on muramyl peptides, as well as clinical efficacy of drugs mifamurtide, lycopid, liasten and polimuramil. Such a multifactorial effect of muramyl peptides and a well-known mechanism of activity make them promising drugs in the treatment and preventing of infectious, allergic and oncological diseases, and in the composition of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Guryanova
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Medical Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rahim M. Khaitov
- National Research Center – Institute of Immunology of Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Integrated Full-Length Transcriptome and RNA-Seq to Identify Immune System Genes from the Skin of Sperm Whale ( Physeter macrocephalus). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020233. [PMID: 33562637 PMCID: PMC7914425 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetaceans are a group of secondary aquatic mammals whose ancestors returned to the ocean from land, and during evolution, their immune systems adapted to the aquatic environment. Their skin, as the primary barrier to environmental pathogens, supposedly evolved to adapt to a new living environment. However, the immune system in the skin of cetaceans and the associated molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. To better understand the immune system, we extracted RNA from the sperm whale's (Physeter macrocephalus) skin and performed PacBio full-length sequencing and RNA-seq sequencing. We obtained a total of 96,350 full-length transcripts with an average length of 1705 bp and detected 5150 genes that were associated with 21 immune-related pathways by gene annotation enrichment analysis. Moreover, we found 89 encoding genes corresponding to 33 proteins were annotated in the NOD-like receptor (NLR)-signaling pathway, including NOD1, NOD2, RIP2, and NF-kB genes, which were discussed in detail and predicted to play essential roles in the immune system of the sperm whale. Furthermore, NOD1 was highly conservative during evolution by the sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree. These results provide new information about the immune system in the skin of cetaceans, as well as the evolution of immune-related genes.
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16
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Trindade BC, Chen GY. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:139-161. [PMID: 32677123 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs. Significant advances have been made from efforts that characterize their upstream activators, assembly of signaling complexes, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Disruption in NOD1 and NOD2 signaling has also been associated with impaired host defense and resistance to the development of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 sense microbes and cellular stress to regulate host responses that can affect disease pathogenesis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Trindade
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Kuss-Duerkop SK, Keestra-Gounder AM. NOD1 and NOD2 Activation by Diverse Stimuli: a Possible Role for Sensing Pathogen-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00898-19. [PMID: 32229616 PMCID: PMC7309630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00898-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt recognition of microbes by cells is critical to eliminate invading pathogens. Some cell-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and respond to microbial ligands. However, others can respond to cellular perturbations, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Nucleotide oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are PRRs that recognize and respond to multiple stimuli of microbial and cellular origin, such as bacterial peptidoglycan, viral infections, parasitic infections, activated Rho GTPases, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. How NOD1/2 are stimulated by such diverse stimuli is not fully understood but may partly rely on cellular changes during infection that result in ER stress. NOD1/2 are ER stress sensors that facilitate proinflammatory responses for pathogen clearance; thus, NOD1/2 may help mount broad antimicrobial responses through detection of ER stress, which is often induced during a variety of infections. Some pathogens may subvert this response to promote infection through manipulation of NOD1/2 responses to ER stress that lead to apoptosis. Here, we review NOD1/2 stimuli and cellular responses. Furthermore, we discuss pathogen-induced ER stress and how it might potentiate NOD1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Kuss-Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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18
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Wu XM, Zhang J, Li PW, Hu YW, Cao L, Ouyang S, Bi YH, Nie P, Chang MX. NOD1 Promotes Antiviral Signaling by Binding Viral RNA and Regulating the Interaction of MDA5 and MAVS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2216-2231. [PMID: 32169843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) detect diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns to activate the innate immune response. The role of mammalian NLR NOD1 in sensing bacteria is well established. Although several studies suggest NOD1 also plays a role in sensing viruses, the mechanisms behind this are still largely unknown. In this study, we report on the synergism and antagonism between NOD1 and MDA5 isoforms in teleost. In zebrafish, the overexpression of NOD1 enhances the antiviral response and mRNA abundances of key antiviral genes involved in RLR-mediated signaling, whereas the loss of NOD1 has the opposite effect. Notably, spring viremia of carp virus-infected NOD1-/- zebrafish exhibit reduced survival compared with wild-type counterparts. Mechanistically, NOD1 targets MDA5 isoforms and TRAF3 to modulate the formation of MDA5-MAVS and TRAF3-MAVS complexes. The cumulative effects of NOD1 and MDA5a (MDA5 normal form) were observed for the binding with poly(I:C) and the formation of the MDA5a-MAVS complex, which led to increased transcription of type I IFNs and ISGs. However, the antagonism between NOD1 and MDA5b (MDA5 truncated form) was clearly observed during proteasomal degradation of NOD1 by MDA5b. In humans, the interactions between NOD1-MDA5 and NOD1-TRAF3 were confirmed. Furthermore, the roles that NOD1 plays in enhancing the binding of MDA5 to MAVS and poly(I:C) are also evolutionarily conserved across species. Taken together, our findings suggest that mutual regulation between NOD1 and MDA5 isoforms may play a crucial role in the innate immune response and that NOD1 acts as a positive regulator of MDA5/MAVS normal form-mediated immune signaling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Peng Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.,Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yong Hong Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China; and
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China; and.,Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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19
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Mukherjee T, Hovingh ES, Foerster EG, Abdel-Nour M, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammation, immunity and disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 670:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Pokharel SM, Shil NK, Gc JB, Colburn ZT, Tsai SY, Segovia JA, Chang TH, Bandyopadhyay S, Natesan S, Jones JCR, Bose S. Integrin activation by the lipid molecule 25-hydroxycholesterol induces a proinflammatory response. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1482. [PMID: 30931941 PMCID: PMC6443809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are components of cell-matrix adhesions, and function as scaffolds for various signal transduction pathways. So far no lipid ligand for integrin has been reported. Here we show that a lipid, oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), directly binds to α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins to activate integrin-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Treatment of macrophages and epithelial cells with 25HC results in an increase in activated αvβ3 integrin in podosome and focal adhesion matrix adhesion sites. Moreover, activation of pattern recognition receptor on macrophages induces secretion of 25HC, triggering integrin signaling and the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-6. Thus, the lipid molecule 25HC is a physiologically relevant activator of integrins and is involved in positively regulating proinflammatory responses. Our data suggest that extracellular 25HC links innate immune inflammatory response with integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Niraj K Shil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Jeevan B Gc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Zachary T Colburn
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Su-Yu Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jesus A Segovia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Te-Hung Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Smarajit Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Biotechnology Core Laboratory, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Jonathan C R Jones
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA.
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21
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Nabergoj S, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Jakopin Ž. Harnessing the untapped potential of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain ligands for cancer immunotherapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1447-1484. [PMID: 30548868 PMCID: PMC6767550 DOI: 10.1002/med.21557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as an effective alternative to traditional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. In contrast to the latter, cancer immunotherapy has the potential to distinguish between cancer and healthy cells, and thus to avoid severe and intolerable side‐effects, since the cancer cells are effectively eliminated by stimulated immune cells. The cytosolic nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 receptors (NOD1 and NOD2) are important components of the innate immune system and constitute interesting targets in terms of strengthening the immune response against cancer cells. Many NOD ligands have been synthesized, in particular NOD2 agonists that exhibit favorable immunostimulatory and anticancer activity. Among them, mifamurtide has already been approved in Europe by the European Medicine Agency for treating patients with osteosarcoma in combination with chemotherapy after complete surgical removal of the primary tumor. This review is focused on NOD receptors as promising targets in cancer immunotherapy as well as summarizing current knowledge of the various NOD ligands exhibiting antitumor and even antimetastatic activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Nabergoj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Žiga Jakopin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Huang S, Wu J, Gao X, Zou S, Chen L, Yang X, Sun C, Du Y, Zhu B, Li J, Yang X, Feng X, Wu C, Shi C, Wang B, Lu Y, Liu J, Zheng X, Gong F, Lu M, Yang D. LSECs express functional NOD1 receptors: A role for NOD1 in LSEC maturation-induced T cell immunity in vitro. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:167-175. [PMID: 29944986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are organ resident APCs capable of antigen presentation and subsequent tolerization of T cells under physiological conditions. In this study, we investigated whether LSEC pretreatment with NOD-like receptor (NLR) agonists can switch the cells from a tolerogenic to an immunogenic state and promote the development of T cell immunity. LSECs constitutively express NOD1, NOD2 and RIPK2. Stimulation of LSECs with DAP induced the activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases and upregulated the expression of chemokines (CXCL2/9, CCL2/7/8) and cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2). Pretreatment of LSECs with DAP induced significantly increased IFN-γ and IL-2-production by HBV-stimulated CD8+ T cells primed by DAP-treated LSECs. Consistently, a significant reduction in the HBV DNA and HBsAg level occurred in mice receiving T cells primed by DAP-treated LSECs. MDP stimulation had no impact on LSECs or HBV-stimulated CD8+ T cells primed with MDP-treated LSECs except for the upregulation of PD-L1. DAP stimulation in vitro could promote LSEC maturation and activate HBV-specific T cell responses. These results are of particular relevance for the regulation of the local innate immune response against HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Shi Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Xilang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Chan Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Yanqin Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chunwei Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Yinping Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
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23
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Stacey HD, Barjesteh N, Mapletoft JP, Miller MS. "Gnothi Seauton": Leveraging the Host Response to Improve Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020023. [PMID: 29649134 PMCID: PMC6027147 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against the seasonal influenza virus is the best way to prevent infection. Nevertheless, vaccine efficacy remains far from optimal especially in high-risk populations such as the elderly. Recent technological advancements have facilitated rapid and precise identification of the B and T cell epitopes that are targets for protective responses. While these discoveries have undoubtedly brought the field closer to "universal" influenza virus vaccines, choosing the correct antigen is only one piece of the equation. Achieving efficacy and durability requires a detailed understanding of the diverse host factors and pathways that are required for attaining optimal responses. Sequencing technologies, systems biology, and immunological studies have recently advanced our understanding of the diverse aspects of the host response required for vaccine efficacy. In this paper, we review the critical role of the host response in determining efficacious responses and discuss the gaps in knowledge that will need to be addressed if the field is to be successful in developing new and more effective influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Stacey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Neda Barjesteh
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Jonathan P Mapletoft
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Pickens JA, Tripp RA. Verdinexor Targeting of CRM1 is a Promising Therapeutic Approach against RSV and Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E48. [PMID: 29361733 PMCID: PMC5795461 DOI: 10.3390/v10010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two primary causes of respiratory tract infections are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses, both of which remain major public health concerns. There are a limited number of antiviral drugs available for the treatment of RSV and influenza, each having limited effectiveness and each driving selective pressure for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Novel broad-spectrum antivirals are needed to circumvent problems with current disease intervention strategies, while improving the cytokine-induced immunopathology associated with RSV and influenza infections. In this review, we examine the use of Verdinexor (KPT-335, a novel orally bioavailable drug that functions as a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, SINE), as an antiviral with multifaceted therapeutic potential. KPT-335 works to (1) block CRM1 (i.e., Chromosome Region Maintenance 1; exportin 1 or XPO1) mediated export of viral proteins critical for RSV and influenza pathogenesis; and (2) repress nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, thus reducing cytokine production and eliminating virus-associated immunopathology. The repurposing of SINE compounds as antivirals shows promise not only against RSV and influenza virus but also against other viruses that exploit the nucleus as part of their viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Pickens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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NOD1 and NOD2: Molecular targets in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:385-400. [PMID: 29207344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2 are pattern-recognition receptors responsible for sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan known as muropeptides. Stimulation of innate immunity by systemic or local administration of NOD1 and NOD2 agonists is an attractive means to prevent and treat infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss novel data concerning structural features of selective and non-selective (dual) NOD1 and NOD2 agonists, main signaling pathways and biological effects induced by NOD1 and NOD2 stimulation, including induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons and antimicrobial peptides, induction of autophagy, alterations of metabolism. We also discuss interactions between NOD1/NOD2 and Toll-like receptor agonists in terms of synergy and cross-tolerance. Finally, we review available animal data on the role of NOD1 and NOD2 in protection against infections, and discuss how these data could be applied in human infectious diseases.
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Li J, Lu J, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang H, Liu F, Fang M, Duan X, Liu W. Differential immune response of influenza A virus-infected dendritic cells and association with autophagy. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: We sought to study the responses of dendritic cells (DCs) after direct stimulation by different influenza A viruses. Materials & methods: Using bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) as a model, we measured the expression of surface markers, cytokine production and the priming effect on CD4+ naive T cells. Results & conclusion: We found that all of the tested viruses induced BMDC maturation. Cytokine expression assays also demonstrated that activated BMDCs secrete higher levels of cytokines. Similar to the maturation degree, well-stimulated BMDCs induced higher levels of naive CD4+ T-cell activation. Furthermore, we found that the PR8 and WSN influenza A viruse-induced BMDC functional activation was at least partially influenced by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuefeng Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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27
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Keestra-Gounder AM, Tsolis RM. NOD1 and NOD2: Beyond Peptidoglycan Sensing. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:758-767. [PMID: 28823510 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NOD1 and NOD2 are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system with well-established roles in sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan. In addition to their role as microbial sensors, recent evidence indicates that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs) can also recognize a broader array of danger signals. Indeed, recent work has expanded the roles of NOD1 and NOD2 to encompass not only sensing of infections with viruses and parasites but also perceiving perturbations of cellular processes such as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. This review will comment on recent progress and point out emerging questions in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA USA.
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28
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Deficiency of the NOD-Like Receptor NLRC5 Results in Decreased CD8 + T Cell Function and Impaired Viral Clearance. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00377-17. [PMID: 28615208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00377-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptors are vital components of the immune system. Engagement of these receptors is important not only for instigation of innate immune responses to invading pathogens but also for initiating the adaptive immune response. Members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of pathogen recognition receptors have important roles in orchestrating this response. The NLR family member NLRC5 regulates major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression during various types of infections, but its role in immunity to influenza A virus (IAV) is not well studied. Here we show that Nlrc5-/- mice exhibit an altered CD8+ T cell response during IAV infection compared to that of wild-type (WT) mice. Nlrc5-/- mice have decreased MHC-I expression on hematopoietic cells and fewer CD8+ T cells prior to infection. NLRC5 deficiency does not affect the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells following IAV infection; however, a change in epitope dominance is observed in Nlrc5-/- mice. Moreover, IAV-specific CD8+ T cells from Nlrc5-/- mice have impaired effector functions. This change in the adaptive immune response is associated with impaired viral clearance in Nlrc5-/- mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate an important role for NLRC5 in regulation of antiviral immune responses and viral clearance during IAV infection.IMPORTANCE The NOD-like receptor family member NLRC5 is known to regulate expression of MHC-I as well as other genes required for antigen processing. In addition, NLRC5 also regulates various immune signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of NLRC5 during influenza virus infection and found a major role for NLRC5 in restricting virus replication and promoting viral clearance. The observed increases in viral titers in NLRC5-deficient mice correlated with impaired effector CD8+ T cell responses. Although NLRC5-deficient mice were defective at clearing the virus, they did not show an increase in morbidity or mortality following influenza virus infection because of other compensatory immune mechanisms. Therefore, our study highlights how NLRC5 regulates multiple immune effector mechanisms to promote the host defense during influenza virus infection.
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Wiese KM, Coates BM, Ridge KM. The Role of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptors in Pulmonary Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:151-161. [PMID: 28157451 PMCID: PMC5576584 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0375tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is caused by both viral and bacterial pathogens and is responsible for a significant health burden in the Unites States. The innate immune system is the human body's first line of defense against these pathogens. The recognition of invading pathogens via pattern recognition receptors leads to proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, followed by recruitment and activation of effector immune cells. The nonspecific inflammatory nature of the innate immune response can result in immunopathology that is detrimental to the host. In this review, we focus on one class of pattern recognition receptors, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, specifically NOD1 and NOD2, and their role in host defense against viral and bacterial pathogens of the lung, including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. It is hoped that improved understanding of NOD1 and NOD2 activity in pneumonia will facilitate the development of novel therapies and promote improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bria M. Coates
- Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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30
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Selber-Hnatiw S, Rukundo B, Ahmadi M, Akoubi H, Al-Bizri H, Aliu AF, Ambeaghen TU, Avetisyan L, Bahar I, Baird A, Begum F, Ben Soussan H, Blondeau-Éthier V, Bordaries R, Bramwell H, Briggs A, Bui R, Carnevale M, Chancharoen M, Chevassus T, Choi JH, Coulombe K, Couvrette F, D'Abreau S, Davies M, Desbiens MP, Di Maulo T, Di Paolo SA, Do Ponte S, Dos Santos Ribeiro P, Dubuc-Kanary LA, Duncan PK, Dupuis F, El-Nounou S, Eyangos CN, Ferguson NK, Flores-Chinchilla NR, Fotakis T, Gado Oumarou H D M, Georgiev M, Ghiassy S, Glibetic N, Grégoire Bouchard J, Hassan T, Huseen I, Ibuna Quilatan MF, Iozzo T, Islam S, Jaunky DB, Jeyasegaram A, Johnston MA, Kahler MR, Kaler K, Kamani C, Karimian Rad H, Konidis E, Konieczny F, Kurianowicz S, Lamothe P, Legros K, Leroux S, Li J, Lozano Rodriguez ME, Luponio-Yoffe S, Maalouf Y, Mantha J, McCormick M, Mondragon P, Narayana T, Neretin E, Nguyen TTT, Niu I, Nkemazem RB, O'Donovan M, Oueis M, Paquette S, Patel N, Pecsi E, Peters J, Pettorelli A, Poirier C, Pompa VR, Rajen H, Ralph RO, Rosales-Vasquez J, Rubinshtein D, Sakr S, Sebai MS, Serravalle L, Sidibe F, Sinnathurai A, Soho D, Sundarakrishnan A, Svistkova V, Ugbeye TE, Vasconcelos MS, Vincelli M, Voitovich O, Vrabel P, Wang L, Wasfi M, Zha CY, Gamberi C. Human Gut Microbiota: Toward an Ecology of Disease. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1265. [PMID: 28769880 PMCID: PMC5511848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Composed of trillions of individual microbes, the human gut microbiota has adapted to the uniquely diverse environments found in the human intestine. Quickly responding to the variances in the ingested food, the microbiota interacts with the host via reciprocal biochemical signaling to coordinate the exchange of nutrients and proper immune function. Host and microbiota function as a unit which guards its balance against invasion by potential pathogens and which undergoes natural selection. Disturbance of the microbiota composition, or dysbiosis, is often associated with human disease, indicating that, while there seems to be no unique optimal composition of the gut microbiota, a balanced community is crucial for human health. Emerging knowledge of the ecology of the microbiota-host synergy will have an impact on how we implement antibiotic treatment in therapeutics and prophylaxis and how we will consider alternative strategies of global remodeling of the microbiota such as fecal transplants. Here we examine the microbiota-human host relationship from the perspective of the microbial community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belise Rukundo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Masoumeh Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hayfa Akoubi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hend Al-Bizri
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Adelekan F Aliu
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lilit Avetisyan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Irmak Bahar
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Baird
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fatema Begum
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Helene Bramwell
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alicia Briggs
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Bui
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Talia Chevassus
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jin H Choi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Karyne Coulombe
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Meghan Davies
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Di Maulo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola K Duncan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sara El-Nounou
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tanya Fotakis
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Metodi Georgiev
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tazkia Hassan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Iman Huseen
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tania Iozzo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Safina Islam
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dilan B Jaunky
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Cedric Kamani
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Filip Konieczny
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Karina Legros
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Yara Maalouf
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Mantha
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thi T T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Niu
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Matthew Oueis
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Nehal Patel
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emily Pecsi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jackie Peters
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Surya Sakr
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lisa Serravalle
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fily Sidibe
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Dominique Soho
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga Voitovich
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pamela Vrabel
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maryse Wasfi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cong Y Zha
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chiara Gamberi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
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Wang BX, Fish EN. Interactions Between NS1 of Influenza A Viruses and Interferon-α/β: Determinants for Vaccine Development. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:331-341. [PMID: 28514196 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause mild to severe infections in humans with considerable socioeconomic and global health consequences. The host interferon (IFN)-α/β response, critical as the first line of defense against foreign pathogens, is induced upon detection of IAV genomic RNA in infected cells by host innate pattern recognition receptors. IFN-α/β production and subsequent activation of cell signaling result in the expression of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes whose products target various stages of the IAV life cycle to inhibit viral replication and the spread of infection and establish an antiviral state. IAVs, however, encode a multifunctional virulence factor, nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), that directly antagonizes the host IFN-α/β response to support viral replication. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which NS1 suppresses IFN-α/β production and subsequent cell signaling, and consider, therefore, the potential for recombinant IAVs lacking NS1 to be used as live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben X Wang
- 1 Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- 1 Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN)-conserved motifs in cytosol and stimulates host immune response. The association of NOD2 mutations with a number of inflammatory pathologies, including Crohn disease (CD), Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and Blau syndrome, highlights its pivotal role in host–pathogen interactions and inflammatory response. Stimulation of NOD2 by its ligand (muramyl dipeptide) activates pro-inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Caspase-1. A loss of NOD2 function may result in a failure in the control of microbial infection, thereby initiating systemic responses and aberrant inflammation. Because the ligand of Nod2 is conserved in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, NOD2 detects a wide variety of microorganisms. Furthermore, current literature evidences that NOD2 is also able to control viruses’ and parasites’ infections. In this review, we present and discuss recent developments about the role of NOD2 in shaping the gut commensal microbiota and pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and the mechanisms by which Nod2 mutations participate in disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Nabhani
- Laboratoire Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Laboratoire Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JPH); (FB)
| | - Frederick Barreau
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (JPH); (FB)
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CLEC5A-Mediated Enhancement of the Inflammatory Response in Myeloid Cells Contributes to Influenza Virus Pathogenicity In Vivo. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01813-16. [PMID: 27795434 PMCID: PMC5165214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01813-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with influenza viruses exhibit mild to severe clinical outcomes as a result of complex virus-host interactions. Induction of inflammatory mediators via pattern recognition receptors may dictate subsequent host responses for pathogen clearance and tissue damage. We identified that human C-type lectin domain family 5 member A (CLEC5A) interacts with the hemagglutinin protein of influenza viruses expressed on lentiviral pseudoparticles through lectin screening. Silencing CLEC5A gene expression, blocking influenza-CLEC5A interactions with anti-CLEC5A antibodies, or dampening CLEC5A-mediated signaling using a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor consistently reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines produced by human macrophages without affecting the replication of influenza A viruses of different subtypes. Infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages from CLEC5A-deficient mice showed reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IP-10 but elevated alpha interferon (IFN-α) compared to those of wild-type mice. The heightened type I IFN response in the macrophages of CLEC5A-deficient mice was associated with upregulated TLR3 mRNA after treatment with double-stranded RNA. Upon lethal challenges with a recombinant H5N1 virus, CLEC5A-deficient mice showed reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased immune cell infiltration in the lungs, and improved survival compared to the wild-type mice, despite comparable viral loads noted throughout the course of infection. The survival difference was more prominent at a lower dose of inoculum. Our results suggest that CLEC5A-mediated enhancement of the inflammatory response in myeloid cells contributes to influenza pathogenicity in vivo and may be considered a therapeutic target in combination with effective antivirals. Well-orchestrated host responses together with effective viral clearance are critical for optimal clinical outcome after influenza infections.
IMPORTANCE Multiple pattern recognition receptors work in synergy to sense viral RNA or proteins synthesized during influenza replication and mediate host responses for viral control. Well-orchestrated host responses may help to maintain the inflammatory response to minimize tissue damage while inducing an effective adaptive immune response for viral clearance. We identified that CLEC5A, a C-type lectin receptor which has previously been reported to mediate flavivirus-induced inflammatory responses, enhanced induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in myeloid cells after influenza infections. CLEC5A-deficient mice infected with influenza virus showed reduced inflammation in the lungs and improved survival compared to that of the wild-type mice despite comparable viral loads. The survival difference was more prominent at a lower dose of inoculum. Collectively, our results suggest that dampening CLEC5A-mediated inflammatory responses in myeloid cells reduces immunopathogenesis after influenza infections.
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Wu W, Zhang W, Booth JL, Hutchings DC, Wang X, White VL, Youness H, Cross CD, Zou MH, Burian D, Metcalf JP. Human primary airway epithelial cells isolated from active smokers have epigenetically impaired antiviral responses. Respir Res 2016; 17:111. [PMID: 27604339 PMCID: PMC5013564 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking (CS) is the main risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and most COPD exacerbations are caused by respiratory infections including influenza. Influenza infections are more severe in smokers. The mechanism of the increased risk and severity of infections in smokers is likely multifactorial, but certainly includes changes in immunologic host defenses. METHODS We investigated retinoic acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I) and interferon (IFN) induction by influenza A virus (IAV) in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) isolated from smokers or nonsmokers. Subcultured HBEC cells were infected with A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) IAV at an MOI of 1. After 24 h of infection, cells and supernatants were collected for qRT-PCR, immunoblot or ELISA to determine RIG-I, Toll-like receptor3 (TLR3) and IFN expression levels. RESULTS IAV exposure induced a vigorous IFN-β, IFN-λ 1 and IFN-λ 2/3 antiviral response in HBEC from nonsmokers and significant induction of RIG-I and TLR3. In cells from smokers, viral RIG-I and TLR3 mRNA induction was reduced 87 and 79 % compared to the response from nonsmokers. CS exposure history was associated with inhibition of viral induction of the IFN-β, IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ 2/3 mRNA response by 85, 96 and 95 %, respectively, from that seen in HBEC from nonsmokers. The demethylating agent 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine reversed the immunosuppressive effects of CS exposure in HBEC since viral induction of all three IFNs was restored. IFN-β induction of RIG-I and TLR3 was also suppressed in the cells from smokers. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that active smoking reduces expression of antiviral cytokines in primary HBEC cells. This effect likely occurs via downregulation of RIG-I and TLR3 due to smoke-induced epigenetic modifications. Reduction in lung epithelial cell RIG-I and TLR3 responses may be a major mechanism contributing to the increased risk and severity of viral respiratory infections in smokers and to viral-mediated acute exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - J Leland Booth
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vicky L White
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Houssein Youness
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Cory D Cross
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis Burian
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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35
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Gurung P, Kanneganti TD. Immune responses against protozoan parasites: a focus on the emerging role of Nod-like receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3035-51. [PMID: 27032699 PMCID: PMC4956549 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nod-like receptors (NLRs) have gained attention in recent years because of the ability of some family members to assemble into a multimeric protein complex known as the inflammasome. The role of NLRs and the inflammasome in regulating innate immunity against bacterial pathogens has been well studied. However, recent studies show that NLRs and inflammasomes also play a role during infections caused by protozoan parasites, which pose a significant global health burden. Herein, we review the diseases caused by the most common protozoan parasites in the world and discuss the roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in host immunity against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-2794, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-2794, USA.
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36
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Coutermarsh-Ott S, Eden K, Allen IC. Beyond the inflammasome: regulatory NOD-like receptor modulation of the host immune response following virus exposure. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:825-838. [PMID: 26763980 PMCID: PMC4854363 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex interaction exists between elements of the host innate immune system and viral pathogens. It is essential that the host mount a robust immune response during viral infection and effectively resolve inflammation once the pathogen has been eliminated. Members of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat [NBD-LRR; known as NOD-like receptor (NLR)] family of cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors are essential components of these immunological processes and have diverse functions in the host antiviral immune response. NLRs can be subgrouped based on their general function. The inflammasome-forming subgroup of NLRs are the best-characterized family members, and several have been found to modulate the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 following virus exposure. However, the members of the regulatory NLR subgroups are significantly less characterized. These NLRs uniquely function to modulate signalling pathways initiated by other families of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and/or Rig-I-like helicase receptors. Regulatory NLRs that augment pro-inflammatory pathways include nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, which have been shown to form a multiprotein complex termed the NODosome that significantly modulates IFN and NF-κB signalling following viral infection. Conversely, a second subgroup of regulatory NLRs functions to negatively regulate inflammation. These inhibitory NLRs include NLRX1, NLRP12 and NLRC3, which have been shown to interact with TRAF molecules and various kinases to modulate diverse cellular processes. Targeting NLR signalling following infection with a virus represents a novel and promising therapeutic strategy. However, significant effort is still required to translate the current understanding of NLR biology into effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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37
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Abdelaziz DHA, Khalil H, Cormet-Boyaka E, Amer AO. The cooperation between the autophagy machinery and the inflammasome to implement an appropriate innate immune response: do they regulate each other? Immunol Rev 2016; 265:194-204. [PMID: 25879294 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is originally described as the main catabolic pathway responsible for maintaining intracellular nutritional homeostasis that involves the formation of a unique vacuole, the autophagosome, and the interaction with the endosome-lysosome pathways. This conserved machinery plays a key role in immune-protection against different invaders, including pathogenic bacteria, intracellular parasites, and some viruses like herpes simplex and hepatitis C virus. Importantly, autophagy is linked to a number of human diseases and disorders including neurodegenerative disease, Crohn's disease, type II diabetes, tumorigenesis, cardiomyopathy, and fatty liver disease. On the other hand, inflammasomes are multiprotein platforms stimulated upon several environmental conditions and microbial infection. Once assembled, the inflammasomes mediate the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote phagosome-lysosome fusion to sustain an innate immune response. The intersections between autophagy and inflammasome have been observed in various diseases and microbial infections. This review highlights the molecular aspects involved in autophagy and inflammasome interactions during different medical conditions and microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia H A Abdelaziz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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38
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Heaton SM, Borg NA, Dixit VM. Ubiquitin in the activation and attenuation of innate antiviral immunity. J Exp Med 2015; 213:1-13. [PMID: 26712804 PMCID: PMC4710203 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection activates danger signals that are transmitted via the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein signaling cascades. This places host cells in an antiviral posture by up-regulating antiviral cytokines including type-I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin modifications and cross-talk between proteins within these signaling cascades potentiate IFN-I expression, and inversely, a growing number of viruses are found to weaponize the ubiquitin modification system to suppress IFN-I. Here we review how host- and virus-directed ubiquitin modification of proteins in the RLR, NLR, and TLR antiviral signaling cascades modulate IFN-I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Heaton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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39
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Ingle H, Kumar S, Raut AA, Mishra A, Kulkarni DD, Kameyama T, Takaoka A, Akira S, Kumar H. The microRNA miR-485 targets host and influenza virus transcripts to regulate antiviral immunity and restrict viral replication. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra126. [PMID: 26645583 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are responsible for dynamic changes in gene expression, and some regulate innate antiviral responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic sensor of viral RNA; RIG-I activation induces an antiviral immune response. We found that miR-485 of the host was produced in response to viral infection and targeted RIG-I mRNA for degradation, which led to suppression of the antiviral response and enhanced viral replication. Thus, inhibition of the expression of mir-485 markedly reduced the replication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the H5N1 strain of influenza virus in mammalian cells. Unexpectedly, miR-485 also bound to the H5N1 gene PB1 (which encodes an RNA polymerase required for viral replication) in a sequence-specific manner, thereby inhibiting replication of the H5N1 virus. Furthermore, miR-485 exhibited bispecificity, targeting RIG-I in cells with a low abundance of H5N1 virus and targeting PB1 in cells with increased amounts of the H5N1 virus. These findings highlight the dual role of miR-485 in preventing spurious activation of antiviral signaling and restricting influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Ingle
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Raut
- Pathogenomics Lab, OIE Reference Lab for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | - Anamika Mishra
- Pathogenomics Lab, OIE Reference Lab for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | - Diwakar Dattatraya Kulkarni
- Pathogenomics Lab, OIE Reference Lab for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal 462022, India
| | - Takeshi Kameyama
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India. Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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40
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Khan N, Pahari S, Vidyarthi A, Aqdas M, Agrewala JN. NOD-2 and TLR-4 Signaling Reinforces the Efficacy of Dendritic Cells and Reduces the Dose of TB Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Innate Immun 2015; 8:228-42. [PMID: 26613532 DOI: 10.1159/000439591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading killer infectious diseases. TB patients are inflicted with devastating side effects and the toxicity of a lengthy drug regime, accentuating an urgent need to explore newer and safer treatment methods. Recently, an improved understanding of host-pathogen interaction has opened new avenues for TB treatment, including immunotherapy. This has emboldened us to devise a novel strategy to restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) growth by activating dendritic cells (DCs) through the NOD-2 and TLR-4 molecules of innate immunity. Triggered DCs show a robust release of cytokines and nitric oxide, autophagy and improved migration towards the lymph nodes, and consequently impede the intracellular survival of Mtb. Of note, this approach enhanced the efficacy of TB drugs by reducing their dose to a 5-fold lesser concentration than recommended. In vivo administration of ligands of NOD-2 (NOD-2L) and TLR-4 (TLR-4L) substantially increased the pool of effector memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Additionally, NOD-2L and TLR-4L, in conjunction with the reduced dose of isoniazid, substantially declined the Mtb burden in the lungs. In the future, adjunct therapy involving NOD-2L, TLR-4L and TB drugs may have enough potential to reduce the dose and duration of treatment of TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Khan
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
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Simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2 inhibits in vitro alloresponses but does not prevent allograft rejection. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1227-31. [PMID: 26159289 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role in host anti-donor responses to transplanted tissue. A key trigger of the host alloresponse involves recognition of foreign antigen presented on activated antigen presenting cells by the host T cells. Emerging data suggest that PRR blockade can abrogate host anti-donor responses by interfering with activation of antigen presenting cells, particularly activation of dendritic cells. Our study asked whether blockade of a well-characterized family of intracellular PRRs, the NOD family, interfered with alloantigen recognition and allograft rejection. We found that deletion of either NOD1 or NOD2 in antigen presenting cells (APCs) had no effect on induction of T cell proliferation to alloantigen, but that simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2 significantly inhibited T cell responses. There was however no effect of the NOD deletion on skin graft rejection when NOD1×NOD2 skin was transplanted onto allogeneic hosts or when WT skin was transplanted onto NOD1×NOD2 deficient recipients. The conclusion of this study is that in vitro alloresponses are negatively impacted by the simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2, but that allograft rejection across a stringent allo barrier is not affected. Our results suggest that the NOD family members, NOD1 and NOD2, play a collaborative role in T cell activation by alloantigen and that their blockade in vitro can inhibit T cell responses.
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42
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Ramadan A, Paczesny S. Various forms of tissue damage and danger signals following hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:14. [PMID: 25674088 PMCID: PMC4309199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most potent curative therapy for many malignant and non-malignant disorders. Unfortunately, a major complication of HSCT is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is mediated by tissue damage resulting from the conditioning regimens before the transplantation and the alloreaction of dual immune components (activated donor T-cells and recipient’s antigen-presenting cells). This tissue damage leads to the release of alarmins and the triggering of pathogen-recognition receptors that activate the innate immune system and subsequently the adaptive immune system. Alarmins, which are of endogenous origin, together with the exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) elicit similar responses of danger signals and represent the group of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Effector cells of innate and adaptive immunity that are activated by PAMPs or alarmins can secrete other alarmins and amplify the immune responses. These complex interactions and loops between alarmins and PAMPs are particularly potent at inducing and then aggravating the GVHD reaction. In this review, we highlight the role of these tissue damaging molecules and their signaling pathways. Interestingly, some DAMPs and PAMPs are organ specific and GVHD-induced and have been shown to be interesting biomarkers. Some of these molecules may represent potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraouf Ramadan
- Department of Pediatrics, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University , Indianapolis, IN , USA
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Abstract
Influenza viruses pose a substantial threat to human and animal health worldwide. Recent studies in mouse models have revealed an indispensable role for the innate immune system in defense against influenza virus. Recognition of the virus by innate immune receptors in a multitude of cell types activates intricate signaling networks, functioning to restrict viral replication. Downstream effector mechanisms include activation of innate immune cells and, induction and regulation of adaptive immunity. However, uncontrolled innate responses are associated with exaggerated disease, especially in pandemic influenza virus infection. Despite advances in the understanding of innate response to influenza in the mouse model, there is a large knowledge gap in humans, particularly in immunocompromised groups such as infants and the elderly. We propose here, the need for further studies in humans to decipher the role of innate immunity to influenza virus, particularly at the site of infection. These studies will complement the existing work in mice and facilitate the quest to design improved vaccines and therapeutic strategies against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Richard W. Compans
- IDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia USA
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44
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Barbé F, Douglas T, Saleh M. Advances in Nod-like receptors (NLR) biology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:681-97. [PMID: 25070125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is composed of a wide repertoire of conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) able to trigger inflammation and host defense mechanisms in response to endogenous or exogenous pathogenic insults. Among these, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular sentinels of cytosolic sanctity capable of orchestrating innate immunity and inflammatory responses following the perception of noxious signals within the cell. In this review, we elaborate on recent advances in the signaling mechanisms of NLRs, operating within inflammasomes or through alternative inflammatory pathways, and discuss the spectrum of their effector functions in innate immunity. We describe the progressive characterization of each NLR with associated controversies and cutting edge discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Barbé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Todd Douglas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maya Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada.
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