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Van Reeth K, Parys A, Gracia JCM, Trus I, Chiers K, Meade P, Liu S, Palese P, Krammer F, Vandoorn E. Sequential vaccinations with divergent H1N1 influenza virus strains induce multi-H1 clade neutralizing antibodies in swine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7745. [PMID: 38008801 PMCID: PMC10679120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that protect against any H1N1 influenza A virus strain would be advantageous for use in pigs and humans. Here, we try to induce a pan-H1N1 antibody response in pigs by sequential vaccination with antigenically divergent H1N1 strains. Adjuvanted whole inactivated vaccines are given intramuscularly in various two- and three-dose regimens. Three doses of heterologous monovalent H1N1 vaccine result in seroprotective neutralizing antibodies against 71% of a diverse panel of human and swine H1 strains, detectable antibodies against 88% of strains, and sterile cross-clade immunity against two heterologous challenge strains. This strategy outperforms any two-dose regimen and is as good or better than giving three doses of matched trivalent vaccine. Neutralizing antibodies are H1-specific, and the second heterologous booster enhances reactivity with conserved epitopes in the HA head. We show that even the most traditional influenza vaccines can offer surprisingly broad protection if they are administered in an alternative way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Anna Parys
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Ivan Trus
- Dioscuri Centre for RNA-Protein Interactions in Human Health and Disease, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Koen Chiers
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meade
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elien Vandoorn
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Pliasas VC, Neasham PJ, Naskou MC, Neto R, Strate PG, North JF, Pedroza S, Chastain SD, Padykula I, Tompkins SM, Kyriakis CS. Heterologous prime-boost H1N1 vaccination exacerbates disease following challenge with a mismatched H1N2 influenza virus in the swine model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253626. [PMID: 37928521 PMCID: PMC10623127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health. Developing IAV vaccine strategies able to elicit broad heterologous protection against antigenically diverse IAV strains is pivotal in effectively controlling the disease. The goal of this study was to examine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of diverse H1N1 influenza vaccine strategies including monovalent, bivalent, and heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens, against a mismatched H1N2 swine influenza virus. Five groups were homologous prime-boost vaccinated with either an oil-adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus (WIV) monovalent A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019 (GA19) H1N2 vaccine, a WIV monovalent A/sw/Minnesota/A02636116/2021 (MN21) H1N1 vaccine, a WIV monovalent A/California/07/2009 (CA09) H1N1, a WIV bivalent vaccine composed of CA09 and MN21, or adjuvant only (mock-vaccinated group). A sixth group was prime-vaccinated with CA09 WIV and boosted with MN21 WIV (heterologous prime-boost group). Four weeks post-boost pigs were intranasally and intratracheally challenged with A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019, an H1N2 swine IAV field isolate. Vaccine-induced protection was evaluated based on five critical parameters: (i) hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody responses, (ii) clinical scores, (iii) virus titers in nasal swabs and respiratory tissue homogenates, (iv) BALf cytology, and (v) pulmonary pathology. While all vaccination regimens induced seroprotective titers against homologous viruses, heterologous prime-boost vaccination failed to enhance HAI responses against the homologous vaccine strains compared to monovalent vaccine regimens and did not expand the scope of cross-reactive antibody responses against antigenically distinct swine and human IAVs. Mismatched vaccination regimens not only failed to confer clinical and virological protection post-challenge but also exacerbated disease and pathology. In particular, heterologous-boosted pigs showed prolonged clinical disease and increased pulmonary pathology compared to mock-vaccinated pigs. Our results demonstrated that H1-specific heterologous prime-boost vaccination, rather than enhancing cross-protection, worsened the clinical outcome and pathology after challenge with the antigenically distant A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maria C. Naskou
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rachel Neto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Philip G. Strate
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - J. Fletcher North
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen Pedroza
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Strickland D. Chastain
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ian Padykula
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
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Vilas Boas de Melo C, Peters F, van Dijken H, Lenz S, van de Ven K, Wijsman L, Gomersbach A, Schouten T, van Kasteren PB, van den Brand J, de Jonge J. Influenza Infection in Ferrets with SARS-CoV-2 Infection History. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0138622. [PMID: 36301107 PMCID: PMC9784775 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01386-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic drastically reduced human-to-human interactions, decreasing the circulation of other respiratory viruses, as well. Consequently, influenza virus circulation, which is normally responsible for 3 to 5 million hospitalizations per year globally, was significantly reduced. With the downscaling of the NPI countermeasures, there is a concern for increased influenza disease, particularly in individuals suffering from postacute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To investigate this, we performed a sequential influenza H1N1 infection 4 weeks after an initial SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets. Upon H1N1 infection, ferrets that were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed an increased tendency to develop clinical signs, compared to the control H1N1-infected animals. A histopathological analysis indicated only a slight increase for type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and bronchitis. Thus, the effects of the sequential infection appeared minor. However, ferrets were infected with B.1.351-SARS-CoV-2, the beta variant of concern, which replicated poorly in our model. The histopathology of the respiratory organs was mostly resolved 4 weeks after the SARS-CoV-2 infection, with only reminiscent histopathological features in the upper respiratory tract. Nevertheless, SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral responses were observed, confirming an established infection. On account of a modest trend toward the enhancement of the influenza disease, even upon a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, our findings suggest that a stronger SARS-CoV-2 infection and its consequent, long-term effects could have a greater impact on the outcome of disease after a sequential influenza infection. Hence, the influenza vaccination of individuals suffering from postacute SARS-CoV-2 infection effects may be considered an avertible measure for such a scenario. IMPORTANCE During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks, social distancing, and isolation were effective not only in decreasing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 but also in reducing other respiratory viruses, such as influenza. With fewer restrictions currently in place, influenza is slowly returning. In the meantime, people who are still suffering from long-COVID could be more vulnerable to an influenza virus infection and could develop a more severe influenza disease. This study provides directions to the effect of a previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure on influenza disease severity in a ferret model. This model is highly valuable to test sequential infections under controlled settings for translation to humans. We could not induce clear long-term COVID-19 effects, as the SARS-CoV-2 infections in the ferrets were mild. However, we still observed a slight increase in influenza disease severity compared to ferrets that had not encountered SARS-CoV-2 before. Therefore, it may be advisable to include long-COVID patients as a risk group for influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florence Peters
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Dijken
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van de Ven
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Wijsman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Angéla Gomersbach
- Animal Research Centre, Poonawalla Science Park, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Schouten
- Animal Research Centre, Poonawalla Science Park, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Puck B. van Kasteren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jørgen de Jonge
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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van de Ven K, Lanfermeijer J, van Dijken H, Muramatsu H, Vilas Boas de Melo C, Lenz S, Peters F, Beattie MB, Lin PJC, Ferreira JA, van den Brand J, van Baarle D, Pardi N, de Jonge J. A universal influenza mRNA vaccine candidate boosts T cell responses and reduces zoonotic influenza virus disease in ferrets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9937. [PMID: 36516261 PMCID: PMC9750153 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Universal influenza vaccines should protect against continuously evolving and newly emerging influenza viruses. T cells may be an essential target of such vaccines, as they can clear infected cells through recognition of conserved influenza virus epitopes. We evaluated a novel T cell-inducing nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine that encodes the conserved nucleoprotein, matrix protein 1, and polymerase basic protein 1 of an H1N1 influenza virus. To mimic the human situation, we applied the mRNA vaccine as a prime-boost regimen in naïve ferrets (mimicking young children) and as a booster in influenza-experienced ferrets (mimicking adults). The vaccine induced and boosted broadly reactive T cells in the circulation, bone marrow, and respiratory tract. Booster vaccination enhanced protection against heterosubtypic infection with a potential pandemic H7N9 influenza virus in influenza-experienced ferrets. Our findings show that mRNA vaccines encoding internal influenza virus proteins represent a promising strategy to induce broadly protective T cell immunity against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen van de Ven
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Josien Lanfermeijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Dijken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Vilas Boas de Melo
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Lenz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Florence Peters
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | - José A. Ferreira
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Judith van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Virology and Immunology Research Group, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jørgen de Jonge
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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5
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Parys A, Vandoorn E, Chiers K, Van Reeth K. Alternating 3 different influenza vaccines for swine in Europe for a broader antibody response and protection. Vet Res 2022; 53:44. [PMID: 35705993 PMCID: PMC9202218 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with experimental or commercial influenza vaccines has been successful in various animal species. In this study, we have examined the efficacy of alternating 3 different European commercial swine influenza A virus (swIAV) vaccines: the trivalent Respiporc® FLU3 (TIV), the bivalent GRIPORK® (BIV) and the monovalent Respiporc® FLUpan H1N1 (MOV). Five groups of 6 pigs each received 3 vaccinations at 4-6 week intervals in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost regimen. A sixth group served as a mock-vaccinated challenge control. Four weeks after the last vaccination, pigs were challenged intranasally with a European avian-like H1N1 (1C.2.1) swIAV, which was antigenically distinct from the vaccine strains. One heterologous prime-boost group (TIV-BIV-MOV) had higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition antibody responses against a panel of antigenically distinct H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 IAVs than the other heterologous prime-boost group (BIV-TIV-MOV) and the homologous prime-boost groups (3xTIV; 3xBIV; 3xMOV). Group TIV-BIV-MOV had seroprotective HI titers (≥ 40) against 56% of the tested viruses compared to 33% in group BIV-TIV-MOV and 22-39% in the homologous prime-boost groups. Post-challenge, group TIV-BIV-MOV was the single group with significantly reduced virus titers in all respiratory samples compared to the challenge control group. Our results suggest that the use of different commercial swIAV vaccines for successive vaccinations may result in broader antibody responses and protection than the traditional, homologous prime-boost vaccination regimens. In addition, the order in which the different vaccines are administered seems to affect the breadth of the antibody response and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parys
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien Vandoorn
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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6
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Contribution of neuraminidase to the efficacy of seasonal split influenza vaccines in the ferret model. J Virol 2022; 96:e0195921. [PMID: 35107371 PMCID: PMC8941921 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01959-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccination takes into account primarily hemagglutinin (HA)-specific neutralizing antibody responses. However, the accumulation of substitutions in the antigenic regions of HA (i.e., antigenic drift) occasionally results in a mismatch between the vaccine and circulating strains. To prevent poor vaccine performance, we investigated whether an antigenically matched neuraminidase (NA) may compensate for reduced vaccine efficacy due to a mismatched HA. Ferrets were vaccinated twice with adjuvanted split inactivated influenza vaccines containing homologous HA and NA (vacH3N2), only homologous HA (vacH3N1), only homologous NA (vacH1N2), heterologous HA and NA (vacH1N1), or phosphate-buffered saline (vacPBS), followed by challenge with H3N2 virus (A/Netherlands/16190/1968). Ferrets vaccinated with homologous HA (vacH3N2 and vacH3N1) displayed minimum fever and weight loss compared to vacH1N1 and vacPBS ferrets, while ferrets vaccinated with NA-matched vacH1N2 displayed intermediate fever and weight loss. Vaccination with vacH1N2 further led to a reduction in virus shedding from the nose and undetectable virus titers in the lower respiratory tract, similarly to when the homologous vacH3N2 was used. Some protection was observed upon vacH1N1 vaccination, but this was not comparable to that observed for vacH1N2, again highlighting the important role of NA in vaccine-induced protection. These results illustrate that NA antibodies can prevent severe disease caused by influenza virus infection and that an antigenically matched NA in seasonal vaccines might prevent lower respiratory tract complications. This underlines the importance of considering NA during the yearly vaccine strain selection process, which may be particularly beneficial in seasons when the HA component of the vaccine is mismatched. IMPORTANCE Despite the availability of vaccines, influenza virus infections continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality in humans. Currently available influenza vaccines take primarily the hemagglutinin (HA) into account, but the highly variable nature of this protein as a result of antigenic drift has led to a recurrent decline in vaccine effectiveness. While the protective effect of neuraminidase (NA) antibodies has been highlighted by several studies, there are no requirements with regard to quantity or quality of NA in licensed vaccines, and NA immunity remains largely unexploited. Since antigenic changes in HA and NA are thought to occur asynchronously, NA immunity could compensate for reduced vaccine efficacy when drift in HA occurs. By matching and mismatching the HA and NA components of monovalent split inactivated vaccines, we demonstrated the potential of NA immunity to protect against disease, virus replication in the lower respiratory tract, and virus shedding in the ferret model.
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7
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Chepkwony S, Parys A, Vandoorn E, Chiers K, Van Reeth K. Efficacy of Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with H3N2 Influenza Viruses in Pre-Immune Individuals: Studies in the Pig Model. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090968. [PMID: 32882956 PMCID: PMC7552030 DOI: 10.3390/v12090968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study in influenza-naïve pigs, heterologous prime-boost vaccination with monovalent, adjuvanted whole inactivated vaccines (WIV) based on the European swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) strain, A/swine/Gent/172/2008 (G08), followed by the US SwIAV strain, A/swine/Pennsylvania/A01076777/2010 (PA10), was shown to induce broadly cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against 12 out of 15 antigenically distinct H3N2 influenza strains. Here, we used the pig model to examine the efficacy of that particular heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen, in individuals with pre-existing infection-immunity. Pigs were first inoculated intranasally with the human H3N2 strain, A/Nanchang/933/1995. Seven weeks later, they were vaccinated intramuscularly with G08 followed by PA10 or vice versa. We examined serum antibody responses against the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses in peripheral blood, draining lymph nodes, and nasal mucosa (NMC), in ELISPOT assays. Vaccination induced up to 10-fold higher HI antibody titers than in naïve pigs, with broader cross-reactivity, and protection against challenge with an antigenically distant H3N2 strain. It also boosted ASC responses in lymph nodes and NMC. Our results show that intramuscular administration of WIV can lead to enhanced antibody responses and cross-reactivity in pre-immune subjects, and recall of ASC responses in lymph nodes and NMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chepkwony
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.P.); (E.V.)
| | - Anna Parys
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.P.); (E.V.)
| | - Elien Vandoorn
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.P.); (E.V.)
| | - Koen Chiers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.P.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-92647369
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8
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Vidaña B, Brookes SM, Everett HE, Garcon F, Nuñez A, Engelhardt O, Major D, Hoschler K, Brown IH, Zambon M. Inactivated pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus human vaccines have different efficacy after homologous challenge in the ferret model. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 15:142-153. [PMID: 32779850 PMCID: PMC7767958 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 2009 pandemic H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09) influenza A virus (IAV) has replaced the previous seasonal H1N1 strain in humans and continues to circulate worldwide. The comparative performance of inactivated A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza vaccines remains of considerable interest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two licensed A(H1N1)pdm09 inactivated vaccines (AS03B adjuvanted split virion Pandemrix from GlaxoSmithKline and referred here as (V1) and non‐adjuvanted whole virion Celvapan from Baxter and referred here as (V2)) in ferrets as a pre‐clinical model for human disease intervention. Methods Naïve ferrets were divided into two groups (V1 and V2) and immunised intramuscularly with two different A/California/07/2009‐derived inactivated vaccines, V1 administered in a single dose and V2 administered in 2 doses separated by 21 days. Six weeks after the first immunisation, vaccinated animals and a non‐vaccinated control (NVC) group were intra‐nasally challenged with 106.5 TCID50 of the isolate A/England/195/2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 with 99.1% amino acid identity to the vaccine strain. Clinical signs, lung histopathology, viral quantification and antibody responses were evaluated. Results and Conclusions Results revealed important qualitative differences in the performance of both inactivated vaccines in relation to protection against challenge with a comparable virus in a naive animal (ferret) model of human disease. Vaccine V1 limited and controlled viral shedding and reduced lower respiratory tract infection. In contrast, vaccine V2 did not control infection and animals showed sustained viral shedding and delayed lower respiratory infection, resulting in pulmonary lesions, suggesting lower efficacy of V2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vidaña
- Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Helen E Everett
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Fanny Garcon
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.,Laboratoires Théa, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Othmar Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Diane Major
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | | | - Ian H Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
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9
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Laconi A, Weerts EAWS, Bloodgood JCG, Deniz Marrero JP, Berends AJ, Cocciolo G, de Wit JJ, Verheije MH. Attenuated live infectious bronchitis virus QX vaccine disseminates slowly to target organs distant from the site of inoculation. Vaccine 2020; 38:1486-1493. [PMID: 31822427 PMCID: PMC7115521 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of poultry, caused by the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Currently, one of the most relevant genotypes circulating worldwide is IBV-QX (GI-19), for which vaccines have been developed by passaging virulent QX strains in embryonated chicken eggs. Here we explored the attenuated phenotype of a commercially available QX live vaccine, IB Primo QX, in specific pathogens free broilers. At hatch, birds were inoculated with QX vaccine or its virulent progenitor IBV-D388, and postmortem swabs and tissues were collected each day up to eight days post infection to assess viral replication and morphological changes. In the trachea, viral RNA replication and protein expression were comparable in both groups. Both viruses induced morphologically comparable lesions in the trachea, albeit with a short delay in the vaccinated birds. In contrast, in the kidney, QX vaccine viral RNA was nearly absent, which coincided with the lack of any morphological changes in this organ. This was in contrast to high viral RNA titers and abundant lesions in the kidney after IBV D388 infection. Furthermore, QX vaccine showed reduced ability to reach and replicate in conjunctivae and intestines including cloaca, resulting in significantly lower titers and delayed protein expression, respectively. Nephropathogenic IBVs might reach the kidney also via an ascending route from the cloaca, based on our observation that viral RNA was detected in the cloaca one day before detection in the kidney. In the kidney distal tubular segments, collecting ducts and ureter were positive for viral antigen. Taken together, the attenuated phenotype of QX vaccine seems to rely on slower dissemination and lower replication in target tissues other than the site of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laconi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E A W S Weerts
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J C G Bloodgood
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J P Deniz Marrero
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A J Berends
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - G Cocciolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - J J de Wit
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - M H Verheije
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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10
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Morcol T, Nagappan P, Bell SJD, Cawthon AG. Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Subunit Vaccine Administered with CaPNP Adjuvant Induce High Virus Neutralization Antibody Titers in Mice. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:315. [PMID: 31591662 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus continues to spread globally in domestic poultry with sporadic transmission to humans. The possibility for its rapid transmission to humans raised global fears for the virus to gain capacity for human-to-human transmission to start a future pandemic. Through direct contact with infected poultry, it caused the largest number of reported cases of severe disease and death in humans of any avian influenza strains. For pandemic preparedness, use of safe and effective vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems to improve vaccine efficacy are considered imperative. We previously demonstrated CaPtivate's proprietary CaP nanoparticles (CaPNP) as a potent vaccine adjuvant/delivery system with ability to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against many viral or bacterial infections. In this study, we investigated the delivery of insect cell culture-derived recombinant hemagglutinin protein (HA) of A/H5N1/Vietnam/1203/2004 virus using CaPNP. We evaluated the vaccine immunogenicity in mice following two intramuscular doses of 3 μg antigen combined with escalating doses of CaPNP. Our data showed CaPNP-adjuvanted HA(H5N1) vaccines eliciting significantly higher IgG, hemagglutination inhibition, and virus neutralization titers compared to non-adjuvanted vaccine. Among the four adjuvant doses that were tested, CaPNP at 0.24% final concentration elicited the highest IgG and neutralizing antibody titers. We also evaluated the inflammatory response to CaPNP following a single intramuscular injection in guinea pigs and showed that CaPNP does not induce any systemic reaction or adverse effects. Current data further support our earlier studies demonstrating CaPNP as a safe and an effective adjuvant for influenza vaccines.
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11
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Hay JA, Laurie K, White M, Riley S. Characterising antibody kinetics from multiple influenza infection and vaccination events in ferrets. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007294. [PMID: 31425503 PMCID: PMC6715255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength and breadth of an individual's antibody repertoire is an important predictor of their response to influenza infection or vaccination. Although progress has been made in understanding qualitatively how repeated exposures shape the antibody mediated immune response, quantitative understanding remains limited. We developed a set of mathematical models describing short-term antibody kinetics following influenza infection or vaccination and fit them to haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres from 5 groups of ferrets which were exposed to different combinations of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV with or without adjuvant), A/H3N2 priming inoculation and post-vaccination A/H1N1 inoculation. We fit models with various immunological mechanisms that have been empirically observed but have not previously been included in mathematical models of antibody landscapes, including: titre ceiling effects, antigenic seniority and exposure-type specific cross reactivity. Based on the parameter estimates of the best supported models, we describe a number of key immunological features. We found quantifiable differences in the degree of homologous and cross-reactive antibody boosting elicited by different exposure types. Infection and adjuvanted vaccination generally resulted in strong, broadly reactive responses whereas unadjuvanted vaccination resulted in a weak, narrow response. We found that the order of exposure mattered: priming with A/H3N2 improved subsequent vaccine response, and the second dose of adjuvanted vaccination resulted in substantially greater antibody boosting than the first. Either antigenic seniority or a titre ceiling effect were included in the two best fitting models, suggesting a role for a mechanism describing diminishing antibody boosting with repeated exposures. Although there was considerable uncertainty in our estimates of antibody waning parameters, our results suggest that both short and long term waning were present and would be identifiable with a larger set of experiments. These results highlight the potential use of repeat exposure animal models in revealing short-term, strain-specific immune dynamics of influenza.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Computational Biology
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ferrets/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Kinetics
- Models, Immunological
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Hay
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Seqirus, 63 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael White
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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D'Alessio F, Koopman G, Houard S, Remarque EJ, Stockhofe N, Engelhardt OG. Workshop report: Experimental animal models for universal influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 36:6895-6901. [PMID: 30340885 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in influenza research is the selection of an appropriate animal model that accurately reflects the disease and the protective immune response observed in humans. A workshop organised by the EDUFLUVAC consortium, a European Union funded project coordinated by the European Vaccine Initiative, brought together experts from the influenza vaccine community with the aim to discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives for testing broadly reactive influenza vaccines in animal models. The programme included a diversity of models from well-established and publicly accepted models to cutting edge, newly developed animal models as well as ex-vivo approaches and human models. The audience concluded that different vaccine approaches may require evaluation in different animal models, depending on the type of immune response induced by the vaccine. Safety is the main concern for transition to clinical development and influenza vaccine associated enhanced disease was specifically emphasised. An efficient animal model to evaluate this aspect of safety still needs to be identified. Working with animal models requires ethical compliance and consideration of the 3R principles. Development of alternative approaches such as ex-vivo techniques is progressing but is still at an early stage and these methods are not yet suitable for broader application for vaccine evaluation. The human challenge is the ultimate model to assess influenza vaccines. However this model is expensive and not largely applicable. The currently used pre-clinical models are not yet specifically focused on studying unique aspects of a universal influenza vaccine. Further collaboration, communication and effective networking are needed for success in establishment of harmonised and standardised pre-clinical models for evaluation of new influenza vaccines. This report does not provide a complete review of the field but discusses the data presented by the speakers and discussion points raised during the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia D'Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4040, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4040, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research Wageningen University & Re-search, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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13
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Influenza A Virus Reassortment Is Limited by Anatomical Compartmentalization following Coinfection via Distinct Routes. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02063-17. [PMID: 29212934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02063-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exchange of gene segments through reassortment is a major feature of influenza A virus evolution and frequently contributes to the emergence of novel epidemic, pandemic, and zoonotic strains. It has long been evident that viral diversification through reassortment is constrained by genetic incompatibility between divergent parental viruses. In contrast, the role of virus-extrinsic factors in determining the likelihood of reassortment has remained unclear. To evaluate the impact of such factors in the absence of confounding effects of segment mismatch, we previously reported an approach in which reassortment between wild-type (wt) and genetically tagged variant (var) viruses of the same strain is measured. Here, using wt/var systems in the A/Netherlands/602/2009 (pH1N1) and A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) strain backgrounds, we tested whether inoculation of parental viruses into distinct sites within the respiratory tract limits their reassortment. Using a ferret (Mustella putorius furo) model, either matched parental viruses were coinoculated intranasally or one virus was instilled intranasally whereas the second was instilled intratracheally. Dual intranasal inoculation resulted in robust reassortment for wt/var viruses of both strain backgrounds. In contrast, when infections were initiated simultaneously at distinct sites, strong compartmentalization of viral replication was observed and minimal reassortment was detected. The observed lack of viral spread between upper and lower respiratory tract tissues may be attributable to localized exclusion of superinfection within the host, mediated by innate immune responses. Our findings indicate that dual infections in nature are more likely to result in reassortment if viruses are seeded into similar anatomical locations and have matched tissue tropisms.IMPORTANCE Genetic exchange between influenza A viruses (IAVs) through reassortment can facilitate the emergence of antigenically drifted seasonal strains and plays a prominent role in the development of pandemics. Typical human influenza infections are concentrated in the upper respiratory tract; however, lower respiratory tract (LRT) infection is an important feature of severe cases, which are more common in the very young, the elderly, and individuals with underlying conditions. In addition to host factors, viral characteristics and mode of transmission can also increase the likelihood of LRT infection: certain zoonotic IAVs are thought to favor the LRT, and transmission via small droplets allows direct seeding into lower respiratory tract tissues. To gauge the likelihood of reassortment in coinfected hosts, we assessed the extent to which initiation of infection at distinct respiratory tract sites impacts reassortment frequency. Our results reveal that spatially distinct inoculations result in anatomical compartmentalization of infection, which in turn strongly limits reassortment.
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14
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Allen JD, Owino SO, Carter DM, Crevar CJ, Reese VA, Fox CB, Coler RN, Reed SG, Baldwin SL, Ross TM. Broadened immunity and protective responses with emulsion-adjuvanted H5 COBRA-VLP vaccines. Vaccine 2017; 35:5209-5216. [PMID: 28789850 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of challenges for developing a protective pre-pandemic influenza A vaccine exists including predicting the target influenza strain and designing the vaccine for an immunologically naïve population. Manufacturing and supply of the vaccine would also require implementing ways to increase coverage for the largest number of people through dose-sparing methods, while not compromising the potency of the vaccine. Previously, our group described a novel hemagglutinin (HA) for H5N1 influenza derived from a methodology termed computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA). This report describes a strategy combining a COBRA-based HA vaccine with an oil-in-water emulsion, resulting in a dose-sparing, immunologically broadened, and protective response against multiple H5N1 isolates. Here, we show that an emulsion-based adjuvant enhances the magnitude and breadth of antibody responses with both a wild-type H5HA (H5N1 WT) and the H5N1 COBRA HA VLP vaccines. The H5N1 COBRA HA VLP, combined with an emulsion adjuvant, elicited HAI specific antibodies against a larger panel of H5N1 viruses that resulted in protection against challenge as efficiently as the homologous, matched vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Simon O Owino
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Donald M Carter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Van Reeth K, Gracia JCM, Trus I, Sys L, Claes G, Versnaeyen H, Cox E, Krammer F, Qiu Y. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with H3N2 influenza viruses of swine favors cross-clade antibody responses and protection. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2. [PMID: 29250437 PMCID: PMC5604745 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multiple novel lineages of H1 and H3 influenza A viruses in swine has confounded control by inactivated vaccines. Because of substantial genetic and geographic heterogeneity among circulating swine influenza viruses, one vaccine strain per subtype cannot be efficacious against all of the current lineages. We have performed vaccination-challenge studies in pigs to examine whether priming and booster vaccinations with antigenically distinct H3N2 swine influenza viruses could broaden antibody responses and protection. We prepared monovalent whole inactivated, adjuvanted vaccines based on a European and a North American H3N2 swine influenza virus, which showed 81.5% aa homology in the HA1 region of the hemagglutinin and 83.4% in the neuraminidase. Our data show that (i) Priming with European and boosting with North American H3N2 swine influenza virus induces antibodies and protection against both vaccine strains, unlike prime-boost vaccination with a single virus or a single administration of bivalent vaccine. (ii) The heterologous prime-boost vaccination enhances hemagglutination inhibiting, virus neutralizing and neuraminidase inhibiting antibody responses against H3N2 viruses that are antigenically distinct from both vaccine strains. Antibody titers to the most divergent viruses were higher than after two administrations of bivalent vaccine. (iii) However, it does not induce antibodies to the conserved hemagglutinin stalk or to other hemagglutinin subtypes. We conclude that heterologous prime-boost vaccination might broaden protection to H3N2 swine influenza viruses and reduce the total amount of vaccine needed. This strategy holds potential for vaccination against influenza viruses from both humans and swine and for a better control of (reverse) zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Ivan Trus
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Sys
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Gerwin Claes
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Han Versnaeyen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Qiu
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Nachbagauer R, Kinzler D, Choi A, Hirsh A, Beaulieu E, Lecrenier N, Innis BL, Palese P, Mallett CP, Krammer F. A chimeric haemagglutinin-based influenza split virion vaccine adjuvanted with AS03 induces protective stalk-reactive antibodies in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2016; 1. [PMID: 29250436 PMCID: PMC5707880 DOI: 10.1038/npjvaccines.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus vaccines are generally effective at preventing disease, but need to be well matched to circulating virus strains for maximum benefit. Influenza viruses constantly undergo antigenic changes because of their high mutation rate in the immunodominant haemagglutinin (HA) head domain, which necessitates annual re-formulation and re-vaccination for continuing protection. In case of pandemic influenza virus outbreaks, new vaccines need to be produced and quickly distributed. Novel influenza virus vaccines that redirect the immune response towards more conserved epitopes located in the HA stalk domain may remove the need for annual vaccine re-formulation and could also protect against emergent pandemic strains to which the human population is immunologically naive. One approach to create such universal influenza virus vaccines is the use of constructs expressing chimeric HAs. By sequential immunization with vaccine strains expressing the same conserved HA stalk domain and exotic HA heads to which the host is naive, antibodies against the stalk can be boosted to high titres. Here we tested a monovalent chimeric HA-based prototype universal influenza virus split virion vaccine candidate with and without AS03 adjuvant in primed mice. We found that the chimeric HA-based vaccination regimen induced higher stalk antibody titres than the seasonal vaccine. The stalk antibody responses were long lasting, cross-reactive to distantly related HAs and provided protection in vivo in a serum transfer challenge model. The results of this study are promising and support further development of a universal influenza vaccine candidate built on the chimeric HA technology platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Kinzler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Institute of Molecular Virology, Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Angela Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Mohan T, Kim J, Berman Z, Wang S, Compans RW, Wang BZ. Co-delivery of GPI-anchored CCL28 and influenza HA in chimeric virus-like particles induces cross-protective immunity against H3N2 viruses. J Control Release 2016; 233:208-19. [PMID: 27178810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza infection typically initiates at respiratory mucosal surfaces. Induction of immune responses at the sites where pathogens initiate replication is crucial for the prevention of infection. We studied the adjuvanticity of GPI-anchored CCL28 co-incorporated with influenza HA-antigens in chimeric virus-like particles (cVLPs), in boosting strong protective immune responses through an intranasal (i.n.) route in mice. We compared the immune responses to that from influenza VLPs without CCL28, or physically mixed with soluble CCL28 at systemic and various mucosal compartments. The cVLPs containing GPI-CCL28 showed in-vitro chemotactic activity towards spleen and lung cells expressing CCR3/CCR10 chemokine receptors. The cVLPs induced antigen specific endpoint titers and avidity indices of IgG in sera and IgA in tracheal, lung, and intestinal secretions, significantly higher (4-6 fold) than other formulations. Significantly higher (3-5 fold) hemagglutination inhibition titers and high serum neutralization against H3N2 viruses were also detected with CCL28-containing VLPs compared to other groups. The CCL28-containing VLPs showed complete and 80% protection, when vaccinated animals were challenged with A/Aichi/2/1968/H3N2 (homologous) and A/Philippines/2/1982/H3N2 (heterologous) viruses, respectively. Thus, GPI-anchored CCL28 in influenza VLPs act as a strong immunostimulator at both systemic and mucosal sites, boosting significant cross-protection in animals against heterologous viruses across a large distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Mohan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jongrok Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zachary Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shelly Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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18
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Brazzoli M, Magini D, Bonci A, Buccato S, Giovani C, Kratzer R, Zurli V, Mangiavacchi S, Casini D, Brito LM, De Gregorio E, Mason PW, Ulmer JB, Geall AJ, Bertholet S. Induction of Broad-Based Immunity and Protective Efficacy by Self-amplifying mRNA Vaccines Encoding Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin. J Virol 2016; 90:332-44. [PMID: 26468547 PMCID: PMC4702536 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01786-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Seasonal influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease that remains a major health problem worldwide, especially in immunocompromised populations. The impact of influenza disease is even greater when strains drift, and influenza pandemics can result when animal-derived influenza virus strains combine with seasonal strains. In this study, we used the SAM technology and characterized the immunogenicity and efficacy of a self-amplifying mRNA expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) antigen [SAM(HA)] formulated with a novel oil-in-water cationic nanoemulsion. We demonstrated that SAM(HA) was immunogenic in ferrets and facilitated containment of viral replication in the upper respiratory tract of influenza virus-infected animals. In mice, SAM(HA) induced potent functional neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses, characterized by HA-specific CD4 T helper 1 and CD8 cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, mice immunized with SAM(HA) derived from the influenza A virus A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) strain (Cal) were protected from a lethal challenge with the heterologous mouse-adapted A/PR/8/1934 (H1N1) virus strain (PR8). Sera derived from SAM(H1-Cal)-immunized animals were not cross-reactive with the PR8 virus, whereas cross-reactivity was observed for HA-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Finally, depletion of T cells demonstrated that T-cell responses were essential in mediating heterologous protection. If the SAM vaccine platform proves safe, well tolerated, and effective in humans, the fully synthetic SAM vaccine technology could provide a rapid response platform to control pandemic influenza. IMPORTANCE In this study, we describe protective immune responses in mice and ferrets after vaccination with a novel HA-based influenza vaccine. This novel type of vaccine elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although vaccine-specific antibodies are the key players in mediating protection from homologous influenza virus infections, vaccine-specific T cells contribute to the control of heterologous infections. The rapid production capacity and the synthetic origin of the vaccine antigen make the SAM platform particularly exploitable in case of influenza pandemic.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cross Protection
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Leukocyte Reduction Procedures
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Respiratory System/virology
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diletta Magini
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Siena, Italy Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa Zurli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Siena, Italy Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Luis M Brito
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Peter W Mason
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Ulmer
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Geall
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Matrix-M™ adjuvation broadens protection induced by seasonal trivalent virosomal influenza vaccine. Virol J 2015; 12:210. [PMID: 26643820 PMCID: PMC4672496 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza virus infections are responsible for significant morbidity worldwide and therefore it remains a high priority to develop more broadly protective vaccines. Adjuvation of current seasonal influenza vaccines has the potential to achieve this goal. Methods To assess the immune potentiating properties of Matrix-M™, mice were immunized with virosomal trivalent seasonal vaccine adjuvated with Matrix-M™. Serum samples were isolated to determine the hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody titers against vaccine homologous and heterologous strains. Furthermore, we assess whether adjuvation with Matrix-M™ broadens the protective efficacy of the virosomal trivalent seasonal vaccine against vaccine homologous and heterologous influenza viruses. Results Matrix-M™ adjuvation enhanced HAI antibody titers and protection against vaccine homologous strains. Interestingly, Matrix-M™ adjuvation also resulted in HAI antibody titers against heterologous influenza B strains, but not against the tested influenza A strains. Even though the protection against heterologous influenza A was induced by the adjuvated vaccine, in the absence of HAI titers the protection was accompanied by severe clinical scores and body weight loss. In contrast, in the presence of heterologous HAI titers full protection against the heterologous influenza B strain without any disease symptoms was obtained. Conclusion The results of this study emphasize the promising potential of a Matrix-M™-adjuvated seasonal trivalent virosomal influenza vaccine. Adjuvation of trivalent virosomal vaccine does not only enhance homologous protection, but in addition induces protection against heterologous strains and thus provides overall more potent and broad protective immunity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0435-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Cox F, Roos A, Hafkemeijer N, Baart M, Tolboom J, Dekking L, Stittelaar K, Goudsmit J, Radošević K, Saeland E. Matrix-M Adjuvated Seasonal Virosomal Influenza Vaccine Induces Partial Protection in Mice and Ferrets against Avian H5 and H7 Challenge. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135723. [PMID: 26402787 PMCID: PMC4581625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a constant threat of zoonotic influenza viruses causing a pandemic outbreak in humans. It is virtually impossible to predict which virus strain will cause the next pandemic and it takes a considerable amount of time before a safe and effective vaccine will be available once a pandemic occurs. In addition, development of pandemic vaccines is hampered by the generally poor immunogenicity of avian influenza viruses in humans. An effective pre-pandemic vaccine is therefore required as a first line of defense. Broadening of the protective efficacy of current seasonal vaccines by adding an adjuvant may be a way to provide such first line of defense. Here we evaluate whether a seasonal trivalent virosomal vaccine (TVV) adjuvated with the saponin-based adjuvant Matrix-M (MM) can confer protection against avian influenza H5 and H7 virus strains in mice and ferrets. We demonstrate that mice were protected from death against challenges with H5N1 and H7N7, but that the protection was not complete as evidenced by severe clinical signs. In ferrets, protection against H7N9 was not observed. In contrast, reduced upper and lower respiratory tract viral loads and reduced lung pathology, was achieved in H5N1 challenged ferrets. Together these results suggest that, at least to some extent, Matrix-M adjuvated seasonal virosomal influenza vaccine can serve as an interim measure to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with a pandemic outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek Cox
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Roos
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Hafkemeijer
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Baart
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Dekking
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Radošević
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eirikur Saeland
- Janssen Prevention Center, Center of Excellence of Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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21
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Enkirch T, von Messling V. Ferret models of viral pathogenesis. Virology 2015; 479-480:259-70. [PMID: 25816764 PMCID: PMC7111696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and well-known viral diseases remain one the most important global public health threats. A better understanding of their pathogenesis and mechanisms of transmission requires animal models that accurately reproduce these aspects of the disease. Here we review the role of ferrets as an animal model for the pathogenesis of different respiratory viruses with an emphasis on influenza and paramyxoviruses. We will describe the anatomic and physiologic characteristics that contribute to the natural susceptibility of ferrets to these viruses, and provide an overview of the approaches available to analyze their immune responses. Recent insights gained using this model will be highlighted, including the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. To provide decision criteria for the use of this animal model, its strengths and limitations will be discussed. Ferrets as models for respiratory virus pathogenesis. Ferrets as models for vaccine and drug efficacy assessment. Immunological tools for ferrets. Housing and handling of ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Enkirch
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - V von Messling
- Veterinary Medicine Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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22
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Animal models for influenza viruses: implications for universal vaccine development. Pathogens 2014; 3:845-74. [PMID: 25436508 PMCID: PMC4282889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Depending on the virulence of the influenza virus strain, as well as the immunological status of the infected individual, the severity of the respiratory disease may range from sub-clinical or mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that can sometimes lead to death. Vaccines remain the primary public health measure in reducing the influenza burden. Though the first influenza vaccine preparation was licensed more than 60 years ago, current research efforts seek to develop novel vaccination strategies with improved immunogenicity, effectiveness, and breadth of protection. Animal models of influenza have been essential in facilitating studies aimed at understanding viral factors that affect pathogenesis and contribute to disease or transmission. Among others, mice, ferrets, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used to study influenza virus infection in vivo, as well as to do pre-clinical testing of novel vaccine approaches. Here we discuss and compare the unique advantages and limitations of each model.
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23
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Kreijtz JHCM, Wiersma LCM, De Gruyter HLM, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar KJ, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Sutter G, Rimmelzwaan GF. A single immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza virus H7 vaccine affords protection in the influenza A(H7N9) pneumonia ferret model. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:791-800. [PMID: 25246535 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reports in early 2013, >440 human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) have been reported including 122 fatalities. After the isolation of the first A(H7N9) viruses, the nucleotide sequences became publically available. Based on the coding sequence of the influenza virus A/Shanghai/2/2013 hemagglutinin gene, a codon-optimized gene was synthesized and cloned into a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). This MVA-H7-Sh2 viral vector was used to immunize ferrets and proved to be immunogenic, even after a single immunization. Subsequently, ferrets were challenged with influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013 via the intratracheal route. Unprotected animals that were mock vaccinated or received empty vector developed interstitial pneumonia characterized by a marked alveolitis, accompanied by loss of appetite, weight loss, and heavy breathing. In contrast, animals vaccinated with MVA-H7-Sh2 were protected from severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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24
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Severity of clinical disease and pathology in ferrets experimentally infected with influenza viruses is influenced by inoculum volume. J Virol 2014; 88:13879-91. [PMID: 25187553 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02341-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ferrets are a valuable model for influenza virus pathogenesis, virus transmission, and antiviral therapy studies. However, the contributions of the volume of inoculum administered and the ferret's respiratory tract anatomy to disease outcome have not been explored. We noted variations in clinical disease outcomes and the volume of inoculum administered and investigated these differences by administering two influenza viruses (A/California/07/2009 [H1N1 pandemic] and A/Minnesota/11/2010 [H3N2 variant]) to ferrets intranasally at a dose of 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses in a range of inoculum volumes (0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 ml) and followed viral replication, clinical disease, and pathology over 6 days. Clinical illness and respiratory tract pathology were the most severe and most consistent when the viruses were administered in a volume of 1.0 ml. Using a modified micro-computed tomography imaging method and examining gross specimens, we found that the right main-stem bronchus was consistently larger in diameter than the left main-stem bronchus, though the latter was longer and straighter. These anatomic features likely influence the distribution of the inoculum in the lower respiratory tract. A 1.0-ml volume of inoculum is optimal for delivery of virus to the lower respiratory tract of ferrets, particularly when evaluation of clinical disease is desired. Furthermore, we highlight important anatomical features of the ferret lung that influence the kinetics of viral replication, clinical disease severity, and lung pathology. IMPORTANCE Ferrets are a valuable model for influenza virus pathogenesis, virus transmission, and antiviral therapy studies. Clinical disease in ferrets is an important parameter in evaluating the virulence of novel influenza viruses, and findings are extrapolated to virulence in humans. Therefore, it is highly desirable that the data from different laboratories be accurate and reproducible. We have found that, even when the same virus was administered at similar doses, different investigators reported a range of clinical disease outcomes, from asymptomatic infection to severe weight loss, ocular and nasal discharge, sneezing, and lethargy. We found that a wide range of inoculum volumes was used to experimentally infect ferrets, and we sought to determine whether the variations in disease outcome were the result of the volume of inoculum administered. These data highlight some less explored features of the model, methods of experimental infection, and clinical disease outcomes in a research setting.
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Ju Y, Fan H, Liu J, Hu J, Li X, Li C, Chen L, Gao Q, Gao GF, Meng S. Heat shock protein gp96 adjuvant induces T cell responses and cross-protection to a split influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:2703-11. [PMID: 24699472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The commonly used inactivated or split influenza vaccines induce only induce minimal T cell responses and are less effective in preventing heterologous virus infection. Thus, developing cross-protective influenza vaccines against the spread of a new influenza virus is an important strategy against pandemic emergence. Here we demonstrated that immunization with heat shock protein gp96 as adjuvant led to a dramatic increased antigen-specific T cell response to a pandemic H1N1 split vaccine. Notably, gp96 elicited a cross-protective CD8(+) T cell response to the internal conserved viral protein NP. Although the split pH1N1vaccine alone has low cross-protective efficiency, adding gp96 as an adjuvant effectively improved the cross-protection against challenge with a heterologous virus in mice. Our study reveals the novel property of gp96 in boosting the T cell response against conserved epitopes of influenza virus and its potential use as an adjuvant for human pre-pandemic inactivated influenza vaccines against different viral subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongxia Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Changfei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No.1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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26
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Skowronski DM, Hamelin ME, De Serres G, Janjua NZ, Li G, Sabaiduc S, Bouhy X, Couture C, Leung A, Kobasa D, Embury-Hyatt C, de Bruin E, Balshaw R, Lavigne S, Petric M, Koopmans M, Boivin G. Randomized controlled ferret study to assess the direct impact of 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine on A(H1N1)pdm09 disease risk. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86555. [PMID: 24475142 PMCID: PMC3903544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During spring-summer 2009, several observational studies from Canada showed increased risk of medically-attended, laboratory-confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 illness among prior recipients of 2008-09 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV). Explanatory hypotheses included direct and indirect vaccine effects. In a randomized placebo-controlled ferret study, we tested whether prior receipt of 2008-09 TIV may have directly influenced A(H1N1)pdm09 illness. Thirty-two ferrets (16/group) received 0.5 mL intra-muscular injections of the Canadian-manufactured, commercially-available, non-adjuvanted, split 2008-09 Fluviral or PBS placebo on days 0 and 28. On day 49 all animals were challenged (Ch0) with A(H1N1)pdm09. Four ferrets per group were randomly selected for sacrifice at day 5 post-challenge (Ch+5) and the rest followed until Ch+14. Sera were tested for antibody to vaccine antigens and A(H1N1)pdm09 by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), microneutralization (MN), nucleoprotein-based ELISA and HA1-based microarray assays. Clinical characteristics and nasal virus titers were recorded pre-challenge then post-challenge until sacrifice when lung virus titers, cytokines and inflammatory scores were determined. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups of influenza-naïve animals. Antibody rise to vaccine antigens was evident by ELISA and HA1-based microarray but not by HI or MN assays; virus challenge raised antibody to A(H1N1)pdm09 by all assays in both groups. Beginning at Ch+2, vaccinated animals experienced greater loss of appetite and weight than placebo animals, reaching the greatest between-group difference in weight loss relative to baseline at Ch+5 (7.4% vs. 5.2%; p = 0.01). At Ch+5 vaccinated animals had higher lung virus titers (log-mean 4.96 vs. 4.23pfu/mL, respectively; p = 0.01), lung inflammatory scores (5.8 vs. 2.1, respectively; p = 0.051) and cytokine levels (p>0.05). At Ch+14, both groups had recovered. Findings in influenza-naïve, systematically-infected ferrets may not replicate the human experience. While they cannot be considered conclusive to explain human observations, these ferret findings are consistent with direct, adverse effect of prior 2008-09 TIV receipt on A(H1N1)pdm09 illness. As such, they warrant further in-depth investigation and search for possible mechanistic explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M. Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Hamelin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec [National Institute of Health of Québec], Québec, Canada
| | - Naveed Z. Janjua
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guiyun Li
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suzana Sabaiduc
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xavier Bouhy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIDC), Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) [National Institute of Public Health and the Environment], Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Balshaw
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Petric
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIDC), Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM) [National Institute of Public Health and the Environment], Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec [University Hospital Centre of Québec], Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus causes high mortality in ferrets upon intratracheal challenge: A model to study intervention strategies. Vaccine 2013; 31:4995-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Muthumani K, Flingai S, Wise M, Tingey C, Ugen KE, Weiner DB. Optimized and enhanced DNA plasmid vector based in vivo construction of a neutralizing anti-HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein Fab. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2253-62. [PMID: 24045230 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody preparations have demonstrated considerable clinical utility in the treatment of specific malignancies, as well as inflammatory and infectious diseases. Antibodies are conventionally delivered by passive administration, typically requiring costly large-scale laboratory development and production. Additional limitations include the necessity for repeat administrations, and the length of in vivo potency. Therefore, the development of methods to generate therapeutic antibodies and antibody like molecules in vivo, distinct from an active antigen-based immunization strategy, would have considerable clinical utility. In fact, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector mediated delivery of immunoglobulin genes with subsequent generation of functional antibodies has recently been developed. As well, anon-viral vector mediated nucleic acid based delivery technology could permit the generation of therapeutic/prophylactic antibodies in vivo, obviating potential safety issues associated with viral vector based gene delivery. This delivery strategy has limitations as well, mainly due to very low in vivo production and expression of protein from the delivered gene. In the study reported here we have constructed an "enhanced and optimized" DNA plasmid technology to generate immunoglobulin heavy and light chains (i.e., Fab fragments) from an established neutralizing anti-HIV envelope glycoprotein monoclonal antibody (VRC01). This "enhanced" DNA (E-DNA) plasmid technology includes codon/RNA optimization, leader sequence utilization, as well as targeted potentiation of delivery and expression of the Fab immunoglobulin genes through use of "adaptive" in vivo electroporation. The results demonstrate that delivery by this method of a single administration of the optimized Fab expressing constructs resulted in generation of Fab molecules in mouse sera possessing high antigen specific binding and HIV neutralization activity for at least 7 d after injection, against diverse HIV isolates. Importantly, this delivery strategy resulted in a rapid increase (i.e., in as little as 48 h) in Fab levels when compared with protein-based immunization. The active generation of functional Fab molecules in vivo has important conceptual and practical advantages over conventional ex vivo generation, purification and passive delivery of biologically active antibodies. Further study of this technique for the rapid generation and delivery of immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin like molecules is highly relevant and timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Seleeke Flingai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Megan Wise
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Colleen Tingey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kenneth E Ugen
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine; Tampa, FL USA; Center for Molecular Delivery; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
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Falkeborn T, Bråve A, Larsson M, Åkerlind B, Schröder U, Hinkula J. Endocine™, N3OA and N3OASq; three mucosal adjuvants that enhance the immune response to nasal influenza vaccination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70527. [PMID: 23950951 PMCID: PMC3738562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual outbreaks of seasonal influenza are controlled or prevented through vaccination in many countries. The seasonal vaccines used are either inactivated, currently administered parenterally, or live-attenuated given intranasally. In this study three mucosal adjuvants were examined for the influence on the humoral (mucosal and systemic) and cellular influenza A-specific immune responses induced by a nasally administered vaccine. We investigated in detail how the anionic Endocine™ and the cationic adjuvants N3OA and N3OASq mixed with a split inactivated influenza vaccine induced influenza A-specific immune responses as compared to the vaccine alone after intranasal immunization. The study showed that nasal administration of a split virus vaccine together with Endocine™ or N3OA induced significantly higher humoral and cell-mediated immune responses than the non-adjuvanted vaccine. N3OASq only significantly increased the cell-mediated immune response. Furthermore, nasal administration of the influenza vaccine in combination with any of the adjuvants; Endocine™, N3OA or N3OASq, significantly enhanced the mucosal immunity against influenza HA protein. Thus the addition of these mucosal adjuvants leads to enhanced immunity in the most relevant tissues, the upper respiratory tract and the systemic circulation. Nasal influenza vaccination with an inactivated split vaccine can therefore provide an important mucosal immune response, which is often low or absent after traditional parenteral vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/blood
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Falkeborn
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bråve
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Britt Åkerlind
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ulf Schröder
- Eurocine Vaccines AB, Karolinska Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Eurocine Vaccines AB, Karolinska Science Park, Solna, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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30
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Huang CH, Chen CJ, Yen CT, Yu CP, Huang PN, Kuo RL, Lin SJ, Chang CK, Shih SR. Caspase-1 deficient mice are more susceptible to influenza A virus infection with PA variation. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1898-905. [PMID: 23901080 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reassortment within polymerase genes causes changes in the pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. We previously reported that the 2009 pH1N1 PA enhanced the pathogenicity of seasonal H1N1. We examined the effects of the PA gene from the HPAI H5N1 following its introduction into currently circulating seasonal influenza viruses. METHODS To evaluate the role of H5N1 PA in altering the virulence of seasonal influenza viruses, we generated a recombinant seasonal H3N2 (3446) that expressed the H5N1 PA protein (VPA) and evaluated the RNP activity, growth kinetics, and pathogenicity of the reassortant virus in mice. RESULTS Compared with the wild-type 3446 virus, the substitution of the H5N1 PA gene into the 3446 virus (VPA/3446) resulted in increased RNP activity and an increased replication rate in A549 cells. The recombinant VPA/3446 virus also caused more severe pneumonia in Casp 1(-/-) mice than in IL1β(-/-) and wild-type B6 mice. CONCLUSIONS Although the PA from H5N1 is incidentally compatible with a seasonal H3N2 backbone, the H5N1 PA affected the virulence of seasonal H3N2, particularly in inflammasome-related innate immunity deficient mice. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring PA reassortment in seasonal flu, and confirm the role of the Caspase-1 gene in influenza pathogenesis.
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31
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Protective efficacy induced by recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin fragments. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2851-60. [PMID: 23716610 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01341-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming bacterium that can reside in animals and humans. C. difficile infection causes a variety of clinical symptoms, ranging from diarrhea to fulminant colitis. Disease is mediated by TcdA and TcdB, two large enterotoxins released by C. difficile during colonization of the gut. In this study, we evaluated the ability of recombinant toxin fragments to induce neutralizing antibodies in mice. The protective efficacies of the most promising candidates were then evaluated in a hamster model of disease. While limited protection was observed with some combinations, coadministration of a cell binding domain fragment of TcdA (TcdA-B1) and the glucosyltransferase moiety of TcdB (TcdB-GT) induced systemic IgGs which neutralized both toxins and protected vaccinated animals from death following challenge with two strains of C. difficile. Further characterization revealed that despite high concentrations of toxin in the gut lumens of vaccinated animals during the acute phase of the disease, pathological damage was minimized. Assessment of gut contents revealed the presence of TcdA and TcdB antibodies, suggesting that systemic vaccination with this pair of recombinant polypeptides can limit the disease caused by toxin production during C. difficile infection.
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32
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Adamo R, Romano MR, Berti F, Leuzzi R, Tontini M, Danieli E, Cappelletti E, Cakici OS, Swennen E, Pinto V, Brogioni B, Proietti D, Galeotti CL, Lay L, Monteiro MA, Scarselli M, Costantino P. Phosphorylation of the synthetic hexasaccharide repeating unit is essential for the induction of antibodies to Clostridium difficile PSII cell wall polysaccharide. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1420-8. [PMID: 22620974 DOI: 10.1021/cb300221f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is emerging worldwide as a major cause of nosocomial infections. The negatively charged PSII polysaccharide has been found in different strains of C. difficile and, thereby, represents an important target molecule for a possible carbohydrate-based vaccine. In order to identify a synthetic fragment that after conjugation to a protein carrier could be able to induce anti-PSII antibodies, we exploited a combination of chemical synthesis with immunochemistry, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and solid state NMR. We demonstrate that the phosphate group is crucial in synthetic glycans to mimic the native PSII polysaccharide; both native PSII and a phosphorylated synthetic hexasaccharide repeating unit conjugated to CRM(197) elicit comparable immunogenic responses in mice. This finding can aid design and selection of carbohydrate antigens to be explored as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Adamo
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria R. Romano
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rosanna Leuzzi
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Danieli
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emilia Cappelletti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Osman S. Cakici
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Erwin Swennen
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vittoria Pinto
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Brogioni
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Proietti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cesira L. Galeotti
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department
of Organic and Industrial
Chemistry, University of Milan, Via G.
Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario A. Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON,
Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Maria Scarselli
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Research Center, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1,
53100 Siena, Italy
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33
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van den Brand JMA, Stittelaar KJ, van Amerongen G, Reperant L, de Waal L, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Comparison of temporal and spatial dynamics of seasonal H3N2, pandemic H1N1 and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infections in ferrets. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42343. [PMID: 22905124 PMCID: PMC3414522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans may be infected by different influenza A viruses—seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic—which differ in presentation from mild upper respiratory tract disease to severe and sometimes fatal pneumonia with extra-respiratory spread. Differences in spatial and temporal dynamics of these infections are poorly understood. Therefore, we inoculated ferrets with seasonal H3N2, pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1), and highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus and performed detailed virological and pathological analyses at time points from 0.5 to 14 days post inoculation (dpi), as well as describing clinical signs and hematological parameters. H3N2 infection was restricted to the nose and peaked at 1 dpi. pH1N1 infection also peaked at 1 dpi, but occurred at similar levels throughout the respiratory tract. H5N1 infection occurred predominantly in the alveoli, where it peaked for a longer period, from 1 to 3 dpi. The associated lesions followed the same spatial distribution as virus infection, but their severity peaked between 1 and 6 days later. Neutrophil and monocyte counts in peripheral blood correlated with inflammatory cell influx in the alveoli. Of the different parameters used to measure lower respiratory tract disease, relative lung weight and affected lung tissue allowed the best quantitative distinction between the virus groups. There was extra-respiratory spread to more tissues—including the central nervous system—for H5N1 infection than for pH1N1 infection, and to none for H3N2 infection. This study shows that seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses differ strongly in the spatial and temporal dynamics of infection in the respiratory tract and extra-respiratory tissues of ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leslie Reperant
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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34
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Faenzi E, Zedda L, Bardelli M, Spensieri F, Borgogni E, Volpini G, Buricchi F, Pasini FL, Capecchi PL, Montanaro F, Belli R, Lattanzi M, Piccirella S, Montomoli E, Ahmed SS, Rappuoli R, Del Giudice G, Finco O, Castellino F, Galli G. One dose of an MF59-adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 vaccine recruits pre-existing immune memory and induces the rapid rise of neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine 2012; 30:4086-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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35
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van den Brand JMA, Stittelaar KJ, Leijten LME, van Amerongen G, Simon JH, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Modification of the ferret model for pneumonia from seasonal human influenza A virus infection. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:562-8. [PMID: 22262355 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811429812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary complication of seasonal influenza in humans is viral pneumonia. A conventional animal model--intranasal inoculation of ferrets with 10(6) median tissue culture infectious dose of virus--results in disease that is neither consistent nor comparable with severe viral pneumonia in humans. Therefore, the authors modified the experimental procedures by increasing the median tissue culture infectious dose to 10(9) and by inoculating via the intratracheal route, testing these procedures with H1N1 strains (A/Bilthoven/3075/1978 and A/Netherlands/26/2007) and H3N2 strains (A/Bilthoven/16190/1968 and A/Netherlands/177/2008) of seasonal influenza virus. The ferrets of all groups (n = 3 per virus strain) had clinical signs, increased body temperature, virus excretion from day 1, loss of body weight, and increased relative lung weight at 4 days postinoculation. All ferrets had severe pulmonary consolidation, and histologic examination revealed moderate to severe necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia with severe edema, necrosis of alveolar epithelium, inflammatory infiltrates in alveolar septa and lumina, epithelial regeneration, and perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammatory infiltrates. The lesions were associated with the presence of influenza virus antigen in respiratory epithelium by immunohistochemistry. Although all 4 virus strains caused pulmonary lesions of comparable severity, virus isolation in the lungs, trachea, nasal concha, and tonsils showed higher mean virus titers in the H1/07 and H3/68 groups than in the H1/78 and H3/08 groups. In conclusion, the above H1N1 and H3N2 strains cause severe pneumonia in ferrets by use of the modified experimental procedures and provide a good model for pneumonia caused by seasonal influenza A virus infection in humans.
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36
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Osterhaus A, Fouchier R, Rimmelzwaan G. Towards universal influenza vaccines? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:2766-73. [PMID: 21893539 PMCID: PMC3146782 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to reduce the considerable disease burden of seasonal influenza. Although seasonal influenza vaccines are effective, their performance in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals would benefit from improvement. Major problems related to the development and production of pandemic influenza vaccines are response time and production capacity as well as vaccine efficacy and safety. Several improvements can be envisaged. Vaccine production technologies based on embryonated chicken eggs may be replaced by cell culture techniques. Reverse genetics techniques can speed up the generation of seed viruses and new mathematical modelling methods improve vaccine strain selection. Better understanding of the correlates of immune-mediated protection may lead to new vaccine targets besides the viral haemagglutinin, like the neuraminidase and M2 proteins. In addition, the role of cell-mediated immunity could be better exploited. New adjuvants have recently been shown to increase the breadth and the duration of influenza vaccine-induced protection. Other studies have shown that influenza vaccines based on different viral vector systems may also induce broad protection. It is to be expected that these developments may lead to more universal influenza vaccines that elicit broader and longer protection, and can be produced more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Osterhaus
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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37
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Eichelberger MC, Green MD. Animal models to assess the toxicity, immunogenicity and effectiveness of candidate influenza vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1117-27. [PMID: 21749266 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.602065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Every year, > 100 million doses of licensed influenza vaccine are administered worldwide, with relatively few serious adverse events reported. Initiatives to manufacture influenza vaccines on different platforms have come about to ensure timely production of strain-specific as well as universal vaccines. To prevent adverse events that may be associated with these new vaccines, it is important to evaluate the toxicity of new formulations in animal models. AREAS COVERED This review outlines preclinical studies that evaluate safety, immunogenicity and effectiveness of novel products to support further development and clinical trials. This has been done through a review of the latest literature describing vaccines under development. EXPERT OPINION The objective of preclinical safety tests is to demonstrate the absence of toxic contaminants and adventitious agents. Additional tests that characterize vaccine content more completely, or demonstrate the absence of exacerbated disease following virus challenge in vaccinated animals, may provide additional data to ensure the safety of new vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna C Eichelberger
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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38
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Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, van Amerongen G, Dijkshoorn ML, Simon JH, de Waal L, Hartmann IJC, Krestin GP, Kuiken T, Osterhaus ADME, Stittelaar KJ. Pulmonary pathology of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus (2009)-infected ferrets upon longitudinal evaluation by computed tomography. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1854-1858. [PMID: 21543558 PMCID: PMC3167882 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the development of pulmonary lesions in ferrets by means of computed tomography (CT) following infection with the 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus and compared the scans with gross pathology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Ground-glass opacities observed by CT scanning in all infected lungs corresponded to areas of alveolar oedema at necropsy. These areas were most pronounced on day 3 and gradually decreased from days 4 to 7 post-infection. This pilot study shows that the non-invasive imaging procedure allows quantification and characterization of influenza-induced pulmonary lesions in living animals under biosafety level 3 conditions and can thus be used in pre-clinical pharmaceutical efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. B. Veldhuis Kroeze
- ViroClinics BioSciences B.V., 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Vaccine Institute, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel L. Dijkshoorn
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James H. Simon
- ViroClinics BioSciences B.V., 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leon de Waal
- ViroClinics BioSciences B.V., 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gabriel P. Krestin
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- ViroClinics BioSciences B.V., 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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