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Wan J, Wang Z, Wang L, Wu L, Zhang C, Zhou M, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Circular RNA vaccines with long-term lymph node-targeting delivery stability after lyophilization induce potent and persistent immune responses. mBio 2024; 15:e0177523. [PMID: 38078742 PMCID: PMC10790773 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01775-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are a key technology in combating existing and emerging infectious diseases. However, the inherent instability of mRNA and the nonspecificity of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated (LNP) delivery systems result in the need for cold storage and a relatively short-duration immune response to mRNA vaccines. Herein, we develop a novel vaccine in the form of circRNAs encapsulated in LNPs, and the circular structure of the circRNAs enhances their stability. Lyophilization is considered the most effective method for the long-term preservation of RNA vaccines. However, this process may result in irreversible damage to the nanoparticles, particularly the potential disruption of targeting modifications on LNPs. During the selection of lymph node-targeting ligands, we found that LNPs modified with mannose maintained their physical properties almost unchanged after lyophilization. Additionally, the targeting specificity and immunogenicity remained unaffected. In contrast, even with the addition of cryoprotectants such as sucrose, the physical properties of LNPs were impaired, leading to an obvious decrease in immunogenicity. This may be attributed to the protective role of mannose on the surface of LNPs during lyophilization. Freshly prepared and lyophilized mLNP-circRNA vaccines elicited comparable immune responses in both the rabies virus model and the SARS-CoV-2 model. Our data demonstrated that mLNP-circRNA vaccines elicit robust immune responses while improving stability after lyophilization, with no compromise in tissue targeting specificity. Therefore, mannose-modified LNP-circRNA vaccines represent a promising vaccine design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawu Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongmei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liqin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengguang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Wan J, Yang J, Wang Z, Shen R, Zhang C, Wu Y, Zhou M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Sun H, Yi Y, Shen H, Li H, Zhao L. A single immunization with core-shell structured lipopolyplex mRNA vaccine against rabies induces potent humoral immunity in mice and dogs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2270081. [PMID: 37819147 PMCID: PMC10768744 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2270081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The persistence and clinical consequences of rabies virus (RABV) infection have prompted global efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccines against rabies. mRNA vaccines represent a promising option against emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, gaining particular interest since the outbreak of COVID-19. Herein, we report the development of a highly efficacious rabies mRNA vaccine composed of sequence-modified mRNA encoding RABV glycoprotein (RABV-G) packaged in core-shell structured lipopolyplex (LPP) nanoparticles, named LPP-mRNA-G. The bilayer structure of LPP improves protection and delivery of RABV-G mRNA and allows gradual release of mRNA molecules as the polymer degrades. The unique core-shell structured nanoparticle of LPP-mRNA-G facilitates vaccine uptake and demonstrates a desirable biodistribution pattern with low liver targeting upon intramuscular immunization. Single administration of low-dose LPP-mRNA-G in mice elicited potent humoral immune response and provided complete protection against intracerebral challenge with lethal RABV. Similarly, single immunization of low-dose LPP-mRNA-G induced high levels of virus-neutralizing antibody titers in dogs. Collectively, our data demonstrate the potential of LPP-mRNA-G as a promising next-generation rabies vaccine used in human and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawu Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruizhong Shen
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Wu
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Sun
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinglei Yi
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haifa Shen
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hangwen Li
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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3
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An autoimmune pleiotropic SNP modulates IRF5 alternative promoter usage through ZBTB3-mediated chromatin looping. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1208. [PMID: 36869052 PMCID: PMC9984425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic sharing is extensively observed for autoimmune diseases, but the causal variants and their underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Through systematic investigation of autoimmune disease pleiotropic loci, we found most of these shared genetic effects are transmitted from regulatory code. We used an evidence-based strategy to functionally prioritize causal pleiotropic variants and identify their target genes. A top-ranked pleiotropic variant, rs4728142, yielded many lines of evidence as being causal. Mechanistically, the rs4728142-containing region interacts with the IRF5 alternative promoter in an allele-specific manner and orchestrates its upstream enhancer to regulate IRF5 alternative promoter usage through chromatin looping. A putative structural regulator, ZBTB3, mediates the allele-specific loop to promote IRF5-short transcript expression at the rs4728142 risk allele, resulting in IRF5 overactivation and M1 macrophage polarization. Together, our findings establish a causal mechanism between the regulatory variant and fine-scale molecular phenotype underlying the dysfunction of pleiotropic genes in human autoimmunity.
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Shi C, Tian L, Zheng W, Zhu Y, Sun P, Liu L, Liu W, Song Y, Xia X, Xue X, Zheng X. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 AAV-RABVG expressing a Rabies Virus G protein confers long-lasting immune responses in mice and non-human primates. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1439-1451. [PMID: 35579916 PMCID: PMC9154782 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2078226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three or four intramuscular doses of the inactivated human rabies virus vaccines are needed for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis in humans. This procedure has made a great contribution to prevent human rabies deaths, which bring huge economic burdens in developing countries. Herein, a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9, AAV9-RABVG, harbouring a RABV G gene, was generated to serve as a single dose rabies vaccine candidate. The RABV G protein was stably expressed in the 293T cells infected with AAV9-RABVG. A single dose of 2 × 1011 v.p. of AAV9-RABVG induced robust and long-term positive seroconversions in BALB/c mice with a 100% survival from a lethal RABV challenge. In Cynomolgus Macaques vaccinated with a single dose of 1 × 1013 v.p. of AAV9-RABVG, the titres of rabies VNAs increased remarkably from 2 weeks after immunity, and maintained over 31.525 IU/ml at 52 weeks. More DCs were activated significantly for efficient antigen presentations of RABV G protein, and more B cells were activated to be responsible for antibody responses. Significantly more RABV G specific IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and IL-4-secreting CD4+ T cells were activated, and significantly higher levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 were secreted to aid immune responses. Overall, the AAV9-RABVG was a single dose rabies vaccine candidate with great promising by inducing robust, long-term humoral responses and both Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated immune responses in mice and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Shi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yelei Zhu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilu Sun
- Institute of Materia Medical, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Liu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkai Liu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghong Xue
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wang B, Wang M, Ao D, Wei X. CXCL13-CXCR5 axis: Regulation in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188799. [PMID: 36103908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 13 (CXCL13), originally identified as a B-cell chemokine, plays an important role in the immune system. The interaction between CXCL13 and its receptor, the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) CXCR5, builds a signaling network that regulates not only normal organisms but also the development of many diseases. However, the precise action mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we discussed the functional mechanisms of the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis under normal conditions, with special focus on its association with diseases. For certain refractory diseases, we emphasize the diagnostic and therapeutic role of CXCL13-CXCR5 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhan Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danyi Ao
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Izmirly AM, Pelletier AN, Connors J, Taramangalam B, Alturki SO, Gordon EA, Alturki SO, Mell JC, Swaminathan G, Karthik V, Kutzler MA, Kallas EG, Sekaly RP, Haddad EK. Pre-vaccination frequency of circulatory Tfh is associated with robust immune response to TV003 dengue vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009903. [PMID: 35061851 PMCID: PMC8809550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been estimated that more than 390 million people are infected with Dengue virus every year; around 96 millions of these infections result in clinical pathologies. To date, there is only one licensed viral vector-based Dengue virus vaccine CYD-TDV approved for use in dengue endemic areas. While initially approved for administration independent of serostatus, the current guidance only recommends the use of this vaccine for seropositive individuals. Therefore, there is a critical need for investigating the influence of Dengue virus serostatus and immunological mechanisms that influence vaccine outcome. Here, we provide comprehensive evaluation of sero-status and host immune factors that correlate with robust immune responses to a Dengue virus vector based tetravalent vaccine (TV003) in a Phase II clinical cohort of human participants. We observed that sero-positive individuals demonstrate a much stronger immune response to the TV003 vaccine. Our multi-layered immune profiling revealed that sero-positive subjects have increased baseline/pre-vaccination frequencies of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells and the Tfh related chemokine CXCL13/BLC. Importantly, this baseline/pre-vaccination cTfh profile correlated with the vaccinees' ability to launch neutralizing antibody response against all four sero-types of Dengue virus, an important endpoint for Dengue vaccine clinical trials. Overall, we provide novel insights into the favorable cTfh related immune status that persists in Dengue virus sero-positive individuals that correlate with their ability to mount robust vaccine specific immune responses. Such detailed interrogation of cTfh cell biology in the context of clinical vaccinology will help uncover mechanisms and targets for favorable immuno-modulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M. Izmirly
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer Connors
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bhavani Taramangalam
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sawsan O. Alturki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emma A. Gordon
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sana O. Alturki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Mell
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Vaccine Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lyon, France
| | - Vivin Karthik
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Research Advances on the Interactions between Rabies Virus Structural Proteins and Host Target Cells: Accrued Knowledge from the Application of Reverse Genetics Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112288. [PMID: 34835093 PMCID: PMC8617671 DOI: 10.3390/v13112288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by lyssaviruses, such as rabies virus (RABV), that results in nearly 100% mortality once clinical symptoms appear. There are no curable drugs available yet. RABV contains five structural proteins that play an important role in viral replication, transcription, infection, and immune escape mechanisms. In the past decade, progress has been made in research on the pathogenicity of RABV, which plays an important role in the creation of new recombinant RABV vaccines by reverse genetic manipulation. Here, we review the latest advances on the interaction between RABV proteins in the infected host and the applied development of rabies vaccines by using a fully operational RABV reverse genetics system. This article provides a background for more in-depth research on the pathogenic mechanism of RABV and the development of therapeutic drugs and new biologics.
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Wang Z, Yuan Y, Chen C, Zhang C, Huang F, Zhou M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Colloidal Manganese Salt Improves the Efficacy of Rabies Vaccines in Mice, Cats, and Dogs. J Virol 2021; 95:e0141421. [PMID: 34495701 PMCID: PMC8577392 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01414-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), remains a serious threat to public health in most countries worldwide. At present, the administration of rabies vaccines has been the most effective strategy to control rabies. Herein, we evaluate the effect of colloidal manganese salt (Mn jelly [MnJ]) as an adjuvant of rabies vaccine in mice, cats, and dogs. The results showed that MnJ promoted type I interferon (IFN-I) and cytokine production in vitro and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and in vivo. Besides, MnJ serving as an adjuvant for rabies vaccines could significantly facilitate the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, plasma cells (PCs), and RABV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), consequently improve the immunogenicity of rabies vaccines, and provide better protection against virulent RABV challenge. Similarly, MnJ enhanced the humoral immune response in cats and dogs as well. Collectively, our results suggest that MnJ can facilitate the maturation of DCs during rabies vaccination, which can be a promising adjuvant candidate for rabies vaccines. IMPORTANCE Extending the humoral immune response by using adjuvants is an important strategy for vaccine development. In this study, a novel adjuvant, MnJ, supplemented in rabies vaccines was evaluated in mice, cats, and dogs. Our results in the mouse model revealed that MnJ increased the numbers of mature DCs, Tfh cells, GC B cells, PCs, and RABV-specific ASCs, resulting in enhanced immunogenicity and protection rate of rabies vaccines. We further found that MnJ had the same stimulative effect in cats and dogs. Our study provides the first evidence that MnJ serving as a novel adjuvant of rabies vaccines can boost the immune response in both a mouse and pet model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Cui D, Tang Y, Jiang Q, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Xu D, Wu J, Xie J, Wen C, Lu L. Follicular Helper T Cells in the Immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731100. [PMID: 34603308 PMCID: PMC8481693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a serious infectious disease that has led to a global pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. High-affinity neutralizing antibody is important for controlling infection, which is closely regulated by follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Tfh cells play a central role in promoting germinal center reactions and driving cognate B cell differentiation for antibody secretion. Available studies indicate a close relationship between virus-specific Tfh cell-mediated immunity and SARS-CoV-2 infection progression. Although several lines of evidence have suggested that Tfh cells contribute to the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection by eliciting neutralizing antibody productions, further studies are needed to elucidate Tfh-mediated effector mechanisms in anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Here, we summarize the functional features and roles of virus-specific Tfh cells in the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and in COVID-19 vaccines, and highlight the potential of targeting Tfh cells as therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
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10
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Virus-like vesicles based on SFV-containing rabies virus glycoprotein make a safe and efficacious rabies vaccine candidate in a mouse model. J Virol 2021; 95:e0079021. [PMID: 34346765 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00790-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonosis causing encephalitis in mammals, and vaccination is the most effective method to control and eliminate rabies. Virus-like vesicles (VLVs), which are characterized as infectious, self-propagating membrane-enveloped particles composed of only Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicase and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G), have been proven safe and efficient as vaccine candidates. However, previous studies showed that VLVs containing rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) grew at relatively low titers in cells, impeding their potential use as a rabies vaccine. In this study, we constructed novel VLVs by transfection of a mutant SFV RNA replicon encoding RABV-G. We found these VLVs could self-propagate efficiently in cell culture and could evolve to high titers (approximately 108 FFU/ml) by extensive passaging 25 times in BHK-21 cells. Furthermore, we found that the evolved amino acid change in SFV nsP1 at positions 470 and 482 was critical for this high-titer phenotype. Remarkably, VLVs could induce robust type I IFN expression in BV2 cells and were highly sensitive to IFN-α. We found that direct inoculation of VLVs into the mouse brain caused lesser body weight loss, mortality and neuroinflammation compared with RABV vaccine strain. Finally, it could induce increased generation of germinal centre (GC) B cells, plasma cells (PCs) and virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs), as well as provide protection against virulent RABV challenge in immunized mice. This study demonstrated that VLVs containing RABV-G could proliferate in cells and were highly evolvable, revealing the feasibility of developing an economic, safe and efficacious rabies vaccine. IMPORTANCE VLVs have been shown to represent a more versatile and superior vaccine platform. In previous studies, VLVs containing the Semliki Forest Virus replicase (SFV nsP1-4) and rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) grew to relatively low titers in cells. In our study, we not only succeeded in generating VLVs that proliferate in cells and stably express RABV-G, the VLVs that evolved grew to higher titers reaching 108 FFU/ml. We also found that nucleic acid changes at positions 470 and 482 in nsP1 were vital for this high-titer phenotype. Moreover, the VLVs that evolved in our studies were highly attenuated in mice, induced potent immunity and protected mice from lethal RABV infection. Collectively, our study showed that high titers of VLVs containing RABV-G were achieved demonstrating that these VLVs could be an economical, safe, and efficacious rabies vaccine candidate.
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11
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Targeting human langerin promotes HIV-1 specific humoral immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009749. [PMID: 34324611 PMCID: PMC8354475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The main avenue for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine remains the induction of protective antibodies. A rationale approach is to target antigen to specific receptors on dendritic cells (DC) via fused monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In mouse and non-human primate models, targeting of skin Langerhans cells (LC) with anti-Langerin mAbs fused with HIV-1 Gag antigen drives antigen-specific humoral responses. The development of these immunization strategies in humans requires a better understanding of early immune events driven by human LC. We therefore produced anti-Langerin mAbs fused with the HIV-1 gp140z Envelope (αLC.Env). First, we show that primary skin human LC and in vitro differentiated LC induce differentiation and expansion of naïve CD4+ T cells into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Second, when human LC are pre-treated with αLC.Env, differentiated Tfh cells significantly promote the production of specific IgG by B cells. Strikingly, HIV-Env-specific Ig are secreted by HIV-specific memory B cells. Consistently, we found that receptors and cytokines involved in Tfh differentiation and B cell functions are upregulated by LC during their maturation and after targeting Langerin. Finally, we show that subcutaneous immunization of mice by αLC.Env induces germinal center (GC) reaction in draining lymph nodes with higher numbers of Tfh cells, Env-specific B cells, as well as specific IgG serum levels compared to mice immunized with the non-targeting Env antigen. Altogether, we provide evidence that human LC properly targeted may be licensed to efficiently induce Tfh cell and B cell responses in GC. In recent years, the place of innovative vaccines based on the induction/regulation and modulation of the immune response with the aim to elicit an integrated T- and B cell immune responses against complex antigens has emerged besides “classical” vaccine vectors. Targeting antigens to dendritic cells is a vaccine technology concept supported by more than a decade of animal models and human pre-clinical experimentation. Recent investigations in animals underscored that Langerhans cells (LC) are an important target to consider for the induction of antibody responses by DC targeting vaccine approaches. Nonetheless, the development of these immunization strategies in humans remains elusive. We therefore developed and produced an HIV vaccine candidate targeting specifically LC through the Langerin receptor. We tested the ability of our vaccine candidate of targeting LC from skin explant and of inducing in vitro the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Using complementary in vitro models, we demonstrated that Tfh cells induced by human LC are functional and the targeting of LC by our vaccine candidate promotes the secretion of anti-HIV IgG by memory B cells from HIV-infected individuals. In this study human LC exhibit key cellular functions able to drive potent anti-HIV-1 humoral responses providing mechanistic evidence of the Tfh- and B cell stimulating functions of primary skin targeted LC. Finally, we demonstrated in Xcr1DTA mice the significant advantage of LC targeting for inducing Tfh and germinal center (GC)-B cells and anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Therefore, the targeting of the human Langerin receptor appears to be a promising strategy for developing efficient HIV-1 vaccine.
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12
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Pei J, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. A novel oral rabies vaccine enhances the immunogenicity through increasing dendritic cells activation and germinal center formation by expressing U-OMP19 in a mouse model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:913-928. [PMID: 33905300 PMCID: PMC8143638 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1923341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rabies remains a public health threat in most parts of the world. Dogs, especially stray dogs, are the main sources of rabies transmission in developing countries, while wild animals are primarily responsible for the spread of rabies in developed countries and play an emerging role in rabies transmission in developing countries. Oral vaccination is the most practical method for rabies control in these animals, and the greatest challenge for oral vaccination is the hostile environment and large quantity of proteases in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, a promising adjuvant with potential protease inhibitory activity, unlipidated outer membrane protein 19 (U-OMP19), was inserted into the genome of the recombinant rabies virus (rRABV) strain LBNSE, designated LBNSE-U-OMP19, and the immunogenicity of LBNSE-U-OMP19 was investigated. LBNSE-U-OMP19 could potentially protect viral glycoprotein from digestion by gastrointestinal fluids in vitro. The expression of U-OMP19 attenuated viral pathogenicity by restricting viral replication in the central nervous system (CNS) and repressing the production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. After oral vaccination, LBNSE-U-OMP19 recruited dendritic cells (DCs), follicular helper T (TFH) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells, promoted the formation of GCs, and increased the population of plasma cells in immunized mice, resulting in higher levels of RABV-neutralizing antibodies and better protection in mice immunized with LBNSE-U-OMP19 than in those immunized with the parent virus LBNSE. Together, our data suggest that LBNSE-U-OMP19 is a promising candidate for oral rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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13
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Increased peripheral helper T cells type 17 subset correlates with the severity of psoriasis vulgaris. Immunol Lett 2020; 229:48-54. [PMID: 33232721 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new subgroup of T cells, named peripheral helper T (Tph) cells, has been implicated in autoimmune pathogenesis. An imbalance of Tph cell subsets influences the severity of immune-related diseases. However, the characteristics and roles of Tph cell subsets in psoriasis remain unknown. Programmed cell death 1-positive, chemokine C-X-C receptor (CXCR) 5-negative Tph cells can be divided into 3 subgroups based on differential expression of chemokine CXCR3 and chemokine C-C receptor (CCR) 6. CXCR3+CCR6- Tph cells are classified as Tph1, CXCR3-CCR6- Tph cells are classified as Tph2, and CXCR3-CCR6+ Tph cells are classified as Tph17. In this study, conditions of circulating Tph cell subsets and CD4+CXCR5+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in 27 patients with psoriasis and 13 healthy individuals were detected by flow cytometry. The level of plasma chemokine C-X-C ligand (CXCL) 13 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlations between the above indexes and disease severity were explored. In the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis, Tph17 cells had an activated, proliferative phenotype; the quantity of the cells correlated with disease severity. Plasma CXCL13 levels were elevated in psoriasis and associated with disease severity and the frequency of Tph17 cells. CD4+CXCR5+ Tfh cells were increased in patients and positively correlated with disease severity, the frequency of Tph17 cells, and plasma CXCL13 levels. Our results suggest that Tph17 cells and the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and represent new immunotherapeutic targets for treating psoriasis.
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14
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Zhang YN, Chen C, Deng CL, Zhang CG, Li N, Wang Z, Zhao L, Zhang B. A novel rabies vaccine based on infectious propagating particles derived from hybrid VEEV-Rabies replicon. EBioMedicine 2020; 56:102819. [PMID: 32512518 PMCID: PMC7273168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) can mimic natural infection and have advantages to stimulate a robust and sustained immune response as well as to confer long-term protection. However, safety concerns is one of the major obstacles for LAVs development. In an effort to achieve the optimal balance between immunogenicity and safety, researchers currently have taken different strategies for the development of LAVs. METHODS We constructed a novel infectious self-propagating hybrid replicon particle (PRP), VEEV-RABV-G, through replacing the entire structural proteins of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) with the glycoprotein of rabies virus (RABV-G) as the single structural protein. We evaluated the potential of VEEV-RABV-G as a safe live attenuated vaccine in mice model. FINDINGS We found that VEEV-RABV-G could self-propagate efficiently in cell culture and induce a robust humoral immunity and provide protection against virulent RABV challenge in immunized mice. Remarkably, VEEV-RABV-G is highly attenuated in both adult and sucking mice, causing much weaker inflammatory and apoptotic effects in the brains of infected adult mice and significantly lower weight loss and morbidity compared with the commonly used RABV-derived LAVs. INTERPRETATION This study reveals the feasibility of developing novel rabies vaccines based on the self-replicating PRPs. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0500400).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Xue Q, Ma Y, Wang L, Shao H. T follicular helper cells are elevated in a rat model of autoimmune myocarditis. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1304-1315. [PMID: 32416035 PMCID: PMC7327924 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium that is associated with immune dysfunction. Earlier studies have suggested that T helper 1/2 cell imbalance plays an important role in the development of myocarditis, but the role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in the development of autoimmune myocarditis has not previously been reported. Here, we investigated this involvement by using a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Inflammatory cell infiltration, myocardial structure destruction and tissue necrosis were observed in EAM myocardial tissues, and the percentages of CD4+ CXCR5+ Tfh cells and CD19+ B cells were both significantly higher in spleen and myocardial tissues of the EAM model as compared with the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of interleukin-21, CXCL13 and myosin antibody were significantly higher in the serum of rats with EAM compared with the control group on days 14 and 35 after immunization. Fourteen or 35 days after immunization, the expression levels of interleukin-21 and CXCL13 were both significantly higher in myocardial tissues of rats with EAM as compared with the control group. Our findings suggest that Tfh cell balance is disrupted during the pathological process of autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shao
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Sundaramoorthy V, Godde N, J. Farr R, Green D, M. Haynes J, Bingham J, O’Brien CM, Dearnley M. Modelling Lyssavirus Infections in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cultures. Viruses 2020; 12:E359. [PMID: 32218146 PMCID: PMC7232326 DOI: 10.3390/v12040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic neurological infection caused by lyssavirus that continues to result in devastating loss of human life. Many aspects of rabies pathogenesis in human neurons are not well understood. Lack of appropriate ex-vivo models for studying rabies infection in human neurons has contributed to this knowledge gap. In this study, we utilize advances in stem cell technology to characterize rabies infection in human stem cell-derived neurons. We show key cellular features of rabies infection in our human neural cultures, including upregulation of inflammatory chemokines, lack of neuronal apoptosis, and axonal transmission of viruses in neuronal networks. In addition, we highlight specific differences in cellular pathogenesis between laboratory-adapted and field strain lyssavirus. This study therefore defines the first stem cell-derived ex-vivo model system to study rabies pathogenesis in human neurons. This new model system demonstrates the potential for enabling an increased understanding of molecular mechanisms in human rabies, which could lead to improved control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Sundaramoorthy
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Nathan Godde
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Ryan J. Farr
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Diane Green
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - John M. Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Carmel M. O’Brien
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (V.S.); (N.G.); (R.J.F.); (D.G.); (J.B.)
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17
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Chen C, Zhang C, Li R, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Li H, Fu Z, Zhou M, Zhao L. Monophosphoryl-Lipid A (MPLA) is an Efficacious Adjuvant for Inactivated Rabies Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:E1118. [PMID: 31816996 PMCID: PMC6950009 DOI: 10.3390/v11121118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, as one of the most threatening zoonoses in the world, causes a fatal central nervous system (CNS) disease. So far, vaccination with rabies vaccines has been the most effective measure to prevent and control this disease. At present, inactivated rabies vaccines are widely used in humans and domestic animals. However, humoral immune responses induced by inactivated rabies vaccines are relatively low and multiple shots are required to achieve protective immunity. Supplementation with an adjuvant is a practical way to improve the immunogenicity of inactivated rabies vaccines. In this study, we found that monophosphoryl-lipid A (MPLA), a well-known TLR4 agonist, could significantly promote the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) through a TLR4-dependent pathway in vitro and the maturation of conventional DCs (cDCs) in vivo. We also found that MPLA, serving as an adjuvant for inactivated rabies vaccines, could significantly facilitate the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and plasma cells (PCs), consequently enhancing the production of RABV-specific total-IgG, IgG2a, IgG2b, and the virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs). Furthermore, MPLA could increase the survival ratio of mice challenged with virulent RABV. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MPLA serving as an adjuvant enhances the intensity of humoral immune responses by activating the cDC-Tfh-GC B axis. Our findings will contribute to the improvement of the efficiency of traditional rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haoqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.C.); (C.Z.); (R.L.); (Z.W.); (Y.Y.); (H.L.); (Z.F.); (M.Z.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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18
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Freuling CM, Kamp VT, Klein A, Günther M, Zaeck L, Potratz M, Eggerbauer E, Bobe K, Kaiser C, Kretzschmar A, Ortmann S, Schuster P, Vos A, Finke S, Müller T. Long-Term Immunogenicity and Efficacy of the Oral Rabies Virus Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Foxes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090790. [PMID: 31461981 PMCID: PMC6784248 DOI: 10.3390/v11090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the long-term immunogenicity of the live-attenuated, oral rabies vaccine SPBN GASGAS in a full good clinical practice (GCP) compliant study, forty-six (46) healthy, seronegative red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were allocated to two treatment groups: group 1 (n = 31) received a vaccine bait containing 1.7 ml of the vaccine of minimum potency (106.6 FFU/mL) and group 2 (n = 15) received a placebo-bait. In total, 29 animals of group 1 and 14 animals of group 2 were challenged at 12 months post-vaccination with a fox rabies virus isolate (103.0 MICLD50/mL). While 90% of the animals offered a vaccine bait resisted the challenge, only one animal (7%) of the controls survived. All animals that had seroconverted following vaccination survived the challenge infection at 12 months post-vaccination. Rabies specific antibodies could be detected as early as 14 days post-vaccination. Based on the kinetics of the antibody response to SPBN GASGAS as measured in ELISA and RFFIT, the animals maintained stable antibody titres during the 12-month pre-challenge observation period at a high level. The results indicate that successful vaccination using the oral route with this new rabies virus vaccine strain confers long-term duration of immunity beyond one year, meeting the same requirements as for licensure as laid down by the European Pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Verena Te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Antonia Klein
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maria Günther
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luca Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Madlin Potratz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriaan Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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19
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Pei J, Huang F, Wu Q, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Ruan J, Li Y, Zhou M, Fu Z, Zhao L. Codon optimization of G protein enhances rabies virus-induced humoral immunity. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1222-1233. [PMID: 31259681 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is a fatal zoonosis, which still poses a threat to public health in most parts of the world. Glycoprotein of RABV is the only viral surface protein, which is critical for the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA). In order to improve the production of VNA, recombinant RABVs containing two copies of G gene and codon-optimized G gene were constructed by using reverse genetics, named LBNSE-dG and LBNSE-dOG, respectively. After being inoculated into the mouse brains, LBNSE-dOG induced more apoptosis and recruited more inflammatory cells than LBNSE-dG and LBNSE, resulting in reduced virulence in vivo. After intramuscular (im) immunization in mice, LBNSE-dOG promoted the formation of germinal centres (GCs), the recruitment of GC B cells and the generation of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the draining lymph nodes (LNs). Consistently, LBNSE-dOG boosted the production of VNA and provided better protection against lethal RABV challenge than LBNSE-dG and LBNSE when it was used as both live and inactivated vaccines. Our results demonstrate that the codon-optimized RABV LBNSE-dOG displays attenuated pathogenicity and enhanced immunogenicity, therefore it could be a potential candidate for the next generation of rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhaochen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - YaChun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Juncheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - ZhenFang Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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20
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Smith SP, Wu G, Fooks AR, Ma J, Banyard AC. Trying to treat the untreatable: experimental approaches to clear rabies virus infection from the CNS. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1171-1186. [PMID: 31237530 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus causes an invariably fatal encephalitis following the onset of clinical disease. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, the clinical stages of rabies encephalitis remain untreatable, with few survivors being documented. A principal obstacle to the treatment of rabies is the neurotropic nature of the virus, with the blood-brain barrier size exclusion limit rendering the delivery of antiviral drugs and molecules to the central nervous system inherently problematic. This review focuses on efforts to try and overcome barriers to molecule delivery to treat clinical rabies and overviews current progress in the development of experimental live rabies virus vaccines that may have future applications in the treatment of clinical rabies, including the attenuation of rabies virus vectors through either the duplication or mutation of existing genes or the incorporation of non-viral elements within the genome. Rabies post-infection treatment (PIT) remains the holy grail of rabies research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Smith
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julian Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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21
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Chen C, Zhou M, Yan XG, Chen YX, Cui M, Chen HC, Fu ZF, Zhao L. A recombinant canine distemper virus expressing interleukin-7 enhances humoral immunity. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:602-615. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiao-geng Yan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi-xi Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Min Cui
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huan-chun Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhen-fang Fu
- 4Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- 2Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, PR China
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22
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Luo Z, Li Y, Zhou M, Lv L, Wu Q, Chen C, Zhang Y, Sui B, Tu C, Cui M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Enhances Rabies Virus-Induced Humoral Immunity by Facilitating the Formation of Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2019; 10:429. [PMID: 30906301 PMCID: PMC6418000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes fatal encephalitis in mammals and poses a public health threat in many parts of the world. Vaccination remains the most effective means for prevention and control of rabies. Studies focusing on the mechanism of RABV immunogenicity are necessary for improvement of rabies vaccines. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), an innate receptor sensing single-stranded viral RNA, is important for the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. Our studies revealed that the absence of TLR7 led to a lower antibody production in mice immunized with RABV. It is further found that TLR7 deficiency affected the recruitment of germinal center (GC) B cells and led to lessened GCs formation. Consistently, there were less plasma cells (PCs) and antibody secreting cells (ASC) in TLR7-/- mice than those in wild type (WT) mice, resulting in impaired production of RABV-neutralizing antibodies (VNA). TLR7 deficiency also impaired the generation of memory B cells (MBCs) and the induction of secondary immune responses. Moreover, TLR7 deficiency down-regulated the induction of some cytokines/chemokines, especially IFN-γ, resulting in a Th2-biased antibody production. Overall, our results suggest that TLR7 facilitates the induction of the humoral immunity in response to RABV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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23
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Zhang Y, Zhou M, Li Y, Luo Z, Chen H, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Recombinant rabies virus with the glycoprotein fused with a DC-binding peptide is an efficacious rabies vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:831-841. [PMID: 29416659 PMCID: PMC5787516 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that recruiting and/or activating dendritic cells (DCs) enhanced the immunogenicity of recombinant rabies viruses (rRABV). In this study, rRABV LBNSE with a small DC-binding peptide (designated as rLBNSE-DCBp) or a negative control peptide (designated as rLBNSE-DCCp) fused to the glycoprotein (G) was constructed and rescued. As expected, significantly more activated DCs were detected in rLBNSE-DCBp-immunized mice than those immunized with rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp. Subsequently, significantly more generation of TFH and GC B cells were observed in rLBNSE-DCBp immunized mice than those in rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp-immunized mice. In addition, significantly higher levels of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) were observed in mice immunized with rLBNSE-DCBp than those immunized with rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp, resulting in a better protection of rLBNSE-DCBp immunized mice against the lethal challenge. Taken together, our results suggest that rRABV with G fused with DCBp is a promising rabies vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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24
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Wang Z, Liang Q, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li M, Wang K, Cui M, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. An optimized HMGB1 expressed by recombinant rabies virus enhances immunogenicity through activation of dendritic cells in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83539-83554. [PMID: 29137362 PMCID: PMC5663534 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains an important public health threat, killing approximately 59,000 people worldwide annually, most of which are from the developing countries of Africa and Asia where dog rabies are endemic. Therefore, developing an affordable and efficacious vaccine for dog-mediated rabies control is needful in these countries. Our previous studies indicated that over-expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1α or CCL3) by recombinant rabies virus (rRABV) could enhance the immunogenicity by activating dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, to further characterize the role of activating DCs in RABV immunogenicity, High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a highly conserved and non-histone chromosomal protein that can promote DCs maturation and activation, were investigated. The wild-type HMGB1 (HMGB1wt) and an optimized HMGB1 (HMGB1mut) were individually inserted into the genome of the rRABV strain LBNSE (designated as LBNSE-HMGB1wt and LBNSE-HMGB1mut, respectively), and the effect of over-expression of HMGB1 on the immunogenicity of RABV was investigated. The results demonstrated that LBNSE-HMGB1mut could promote significantly more DCs activation, and the recruitment of follicular helper T, germinal center B and plasma cells in vaccinated mice than those immunized with LBNSE-HMGB1wt or parent virus LBNSE. Further investigations suggested that mice vaccinated with LBNSE-HMGB1mut produced significantly higher level of RABV-neutralizing antibodies and offered a better protection than those vaccinated with LBNSE or LBNSE-HMGB1wt. Taken together, these data provides a better understanding of the mechanism for HMGB1 as a potential adjuvant in enhancing the immunogenicity of RABV, which would contribute to developing more-efficacious rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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25
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Chen T, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yang J, Li M, Wang K, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. Recombinant rabies virus expressing IL-15 enhances immunogenicity through promoting the activation of dendritic cells in mice. Virol Sin 2017; 32:317-327. [PMID: 28861771 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains a public health threat that kills approximately 59,000 people worldwide each year, most of which are from the developing countries of Africa and Asia where dog rabies are endemic. Therefore, developing an affordable and efficacious vaccine is crucial for rabies control in these countries. Interleukin (IL)-15, an immunoregulatory cytokine, is a pluripotent molecule with therapeutic potential, which targets many cell types and links the innate and adaptive immune system. In this study, IL-15 gene was cloned and inserted into the genome of a recombinant rabies virus (RABV) strain LBNSE (designated as LBNSE-IL15), and the effect of over-expression of IL-15 on the immunogenicity of RABV was investigated. It was found that mice vaccinated with LBNSE-IL15 could induce significantly higher level of virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) than those immunized with LBNSE, resulting in the higher protection after challenge. Further investigation was performed to find out the possible role of IL-15 plays in the process of antibody induction, and it was found that LBNSE-IL15 could enhance the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in immunized mice. Furthermore, the mice immunized with LBNSE-IL15 could promote the TFH cells differentiation and the generation of germinal center B cells and plasma cells. Together, these data indicated that IL-15 could be a potential adjuvant in enhancing the immunogenicity of RABV, contributing to the development of more-efficacious rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Immunological aspects of rabies: a literature review. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3251-3268. [PMID: 28726129 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal disease caused by the neurotropic virus rabies virus (RABV), and it remains an important public health problem globally. It is known that the host immune response is important for control of viral infection and promoting viral clearance. In this context, it is well documented that, in addition to RABV neutralizing antibody, interferons and cell-mediated immunity also have an important role in preventing the establishment of disease. On the other hand, RABV suppresses host immunity through different mechanisms, for example, direct inhibition of host gene expression, sequestration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or modification of cytokine signalling pathways, which hinder the protective host immune responses to RABV infection. Here, we review the immunological aspects of rabies, highlighting innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the host evasion immune mechanisms used by the virus. Finally, we briefly discuss how this knowledge can direct new research and be harnessed for future therapeutic strategies.
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