1
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Grunst MW, Gil HM, Grandea AG, Snow BJ, Andrabi R, Nedellec R, Burton I, Clark NM, Janaka SK, Keles NK, Moriarty RV, Weiler AM, Capuano S, Fennessey CM, Friedrich TC, O’Connor SL, O’Connor DH, Broman AT, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Hangartner L, Burton DR, Evans DT. Potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of a V2-specific antibody is not sufficient for protection of macaques against SIV challenge. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011819. [PMID: 38252675 PMCID: PMC10833561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fc-mediated antibody effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), can contribute to the containment HIV-1 replication but whether such activities are sufficient for protection is unclear. We previously identified an antibody to the variable 2 (V2) apex of the HIV-1 Env trimer (PGT145) that potently directs the lysis of SIV-infected cells by NK cells but poorly neutralizes SIV infectivity. To determine if ADCC is sufficient for protection, separate groups of six rhesus macaques were treated with PGT145 or a control antibody (DEN3) by intravenous infusion followed five days later by intrarectal challenge with SIVmac239. Despite high concentrations of PGT145 and potent ADCC activity in plasma on the day of challenge, all animals became infected and viral loads did not differ between the PGT145- and DEN3-treated animals. To determine if PGT145 can protect against a neutralization-sensitive virus, two additional groups of six macaques were treated with PGT145 and DEN3 and challenged with an SIVmac239 variant with a single amino acid change in Env (K180S) that increases PGT145 binding and renders the virus susceptible to neutralization by this antibody. Although there was no difference in virus acquisition, peak and chronic phase viral loads were significantly lower and time to peak viremia was significantly delayed in the PGT145-treated animals compared to the DEN3-treated control animals. Env changes were also selected in the PGT145-treated animals that confer resistance to both neutralization and ADCC. These results show that ADCC is not sufficient for protection by this V2-specific antibody. However, protection may be achieved by increasing the affinity of antibody binding to Env above the threshold required for neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Grunst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andres G. Grandea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Snow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Iszac Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nida K. Keles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ryan V. Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Aimee T. Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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2
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Goldberg BS, Spencer DA, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Barnette P, Yu Y, Gao L, Dufloo J, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Ackerman ME, Hessell AJ. Complement contributes to antibody-mediated protection against repeated SHIV challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221247120. [PMID: 37155897 PMCID: PMC10193994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221247120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The first clinical efficacy trials of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) resulted in less benefit than expected and suggested that improvements are needed to prevent HIV infection. While considerable effort has focused on optimizing neutralization breadth and potency, it remains unclear whether augmenting the effector functions elicited by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may also improve their clinical potential. Among these effector functions, complement-mediated activities, which can culminate in the lysis of virions or infected cells, have been the least well studied. Here, functionally modified variants of the second-generation bNAb 10-1074 with ablated and enhanced complement activation profiles were used to examine the role of complement-associated effector functions. When administered prophylactically against simian-HIV challenge in rhesus macaques, more bNAb was required to prevent plasma viremia when complement activity was eliminated. Conversely, less bNAb was required to protect animals from plasma viremia when complement activity was enhanced. These results suggest that complement-mediated effector functions contribute to in vivo antiviral activity, and that their engineering may contribute to the further improvements in the efficacy of antibody-mediated prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Yun Yu
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Lina Gao
- Biostatistics Shared Resources, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR97239
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, 75013Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94000Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 94000Créteil, France
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR97006
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3
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Stamos JD, Rahman MA, Gorini G, Silva de Castro I, Becerra-Flores M, Van Wazer DJ, N’Guessan KF, Clark NM, Bissa M, Gutowska A, Mason RD, Kim J, Rao M, Roederer M, Paquin-Proulx D, Evans DT, Cicala C, Arthos J, Kwong PD, Zhou T, Cardozo T, Franchini G. Effect of Passive Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) V2 in CH59-Like Coil/Helical or β-Sheet Conformations on Time of SIV mac251 Acquisition. J Virol 2023; 97:e0186422. [PMID: 36976017 PMCID: PMC10134845 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01864-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) NCI05 and NCI09, isolated from a vaccinated macaque that was protected from multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenges, both target an overlapping, conformationally dynamic epitope in SIV envelope variable region 2 (V2). Here, we show that NCI05 recognizes a CH59-like coil/helical epitope, whereas NCI09 recognizes a β-hairpin linear epitope. In vitro, NCI05 and, to a lesser extent, NCI09 mediate the killing of SIV-infected cells in a CD4-dependent manner. Compared to NCI05, NCI09 mediates higher titers of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to gp120-coated cells, as well as higher levels of trogocytosis, a monocyte function that contributes to immune evasion. We also found that passive administration of NCI05 or NCI09 to macaques did not affect the risk of SIVmac251 acquisition compared to controls, demonstrating that these anti-V2 antibodies alone are not protective. However, NCI05 but not NCI09 mucosal levels strongly correlated with delayed SIVmac251 acquisition, and functional and structural data suggest that NCI05 targets a transient state of the viral spike apex that is partially opened, compared to its prefusion-closed conformation. IMPORTANCE Studies suggest that the protection against SIV/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition afforded by the SIV/HIV V1 deletion-containing envelope immunogens, delivered by the DNA/ALVAC vaccine platform, requires multiple innate and adaptive host responses. Anti-inflammatory macrophages and tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC-10), together with CD14+ efferocytes, are consistently found to correlate with a vaccine-induced decrease in the risk of SIV/SHIV acquisition. Similarly, V2-specific antibody responses mediating ADCC, Th1 and Th2 cells expressing no or low levels of CCR5, and envelope-specific NKp44+ cells producing interleukin 17 (IL-17) also are reproducible correlates of decreased risk of virus acquisition. We focused on the function and the antiviral potential of two monoclonal antibodies (NCI05 and NCI09) isolated from vaccinated animals that differ in antiviral function in vitro and recognize V2 in a linear (NCI09) or coil/helical (NCI05) conformation. We demonstrate that NCI05, but not NCI09, delays SIVmac251 acquisition, highlighting the complexity of antibody responses to V2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Stamos
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giacomo Gorini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Manuel Becerra-Flores
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - David J. Van Wazer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kombo F. N’Guessan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Innate Immunology Laboratory, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiae Kim
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Innate Immunology Laboratory, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David T. Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Rosenberg YJ, Ordonez T, Khanwalkar US, Barnette P, Pandey S, Backes IM, Otero CE, Goldberg BS, Crowley AR, Leib DA, Shapiro MB, Jiang X, Urban LA, Lees J, Hessell AJ, Permar S, Haigwood NL, Ackerman ME. Evidence for the Role of a Second Fc-Binding Receptor in Placental IgG Transfer in Nonhuman Primates. mBio 2023; 14:e0034123. [PMID: 36946726 PMCID: PMC10127586 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00341-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies provides the fetus and newborn with passive protection against infectious diseases. While the role of the highly conserved neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in transfer of IgG in mammals is undisputed, recent reports have suggested that a second receptor may contribute to transport in humans. We report poor transfer efficiency of plant-expressed recombinant HIV-specific antibodies, including engineered variants with high FcRn affinity, following subcutaneous infusion into rhesus macaques close to parturition. Unexpectedly, unlike those derived from mammalian tissue culture, plant-derived antibodies were essentially unable to cross macaque placentas. This defect was associated with poor Fcγ receptor binding and altered Fc glycans and was not recapitulated in mice. These results suggest that maternal-fetal transfer of IgG across the three-layer primate placenta may require a second receptor and suggest a means of providing maternal antibody treatments during pregnancy while avoiding fetal harm. IMPORTANCE This study compared the ability of several human HIV envelope-directed monoclonal antibodies produced in plants with the same antibodies produced in mammalian cells for their ability to cross monkey and mouse placentas. We found that the two types of antibodies have comparable transfer efficiencies in mice, but they are differentially transferred across macaque placentas, consistent with a two-receptor IgG transport model in primates. Importantly, plant-produced monoclonal antibodies have excellent binding characteristics for human FcRn receptors, permitting desirable pharmacokinetics in humans. The lack of efficient transfer across the primate placenta suggests that therapeutic plant-based antibody treatments against autoimmune diseases and cancer could be provided to the mother while avoiding transfer and preventing harm to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Iara M. Backes
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Claire E. Otero
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Andrew R. Crowley
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - David A. Leib
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mariya B. Shapiro
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Sallie Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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5
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Prévost J, Anand SP, Rajashekar JK, Zhu L, Richard J, Goyette G, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Chen HC, Chen Y, Horwitz JA, Grunst MW, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Burton DR, Flavell RA, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Nussenzweig MC, Kumar P, Finzi A. HIV-1 Vpu restricts Fc-mediated effector functions in vivo. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111624. [PMID: 36351384 PMCID: PMC9703018 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) can eliminate HIV-1-infected cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and were identified as a correlate of protection in the RV144 vaccine trial. Fc-mediated effector functions of nnAbs were recently shown to alter the course of HIV-1 infection in vivo using a vpu-defective virus. Since Vpu is known to downregulate cell-surface CD4, which triggers conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), we ask whether the lack of Vpu expression was linked to the observed nnAbs activity. We find that restoring Vpu expression greatly reduces nnAb recognition of infected cells, rendering them resistant to ADCC. Moreover, administration of nnAbs in humanized mice reduces viral loads only in animals infected with a vpu-defective but not with a wild-type virus. CD4-mimetics administration, known to "open" Env and expose nnAb epitopes, renders wild-type viruses sensitive to nnAbs Fc-effector functions. This work highlights the importance of Vpu-mediated evasion of humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jyothi Krishnaswamy Rajashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Joshua A Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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6
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Board NL, Moskovljevic M, Wu F, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JD. Engaging innate immunity in HIV-1 cure strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:499-512. [PMID: 34824401 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) can block multiple stages of the HIV-1 life cycle to prevent progression to AIDS in people living with HIV-1. However, owing to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells, life-long ART is necessary to prevent viral rebound. One strategy currently under consideration for curing HIV-1 infection is known as 'shock and kill'. This strategy uses latency-reversing agents to induce expression of HIV-1 genes, allowing for infected cells to be cleared by cytolytic immune cells. The role of innate immunity in HIV-1 pathogenesis is best understood in the context of acute infection. Here, we suggest that innate immunity can also be used to improve the efficacy of HIV-1 cure strategies, with a particular focus on dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells. We discuss novel latency-reversing agents targeting DCs as well as DC-based strategies to enhance the clearance of infected cells by CD8+ T cells and strategies to improve the killing activity of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Board
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milica Moskovljevic
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Sahoo A, Hodge EA, LaBranche CC, Styles TM, Shen X, Cheedarla N, Shiferaw A, Ozorowski G, Lee WH, Ward AB, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Irvine DJ, Lee KK, Amara RR. Structure-guided changes at the V2 apex of HIV-1 clade C trimer enhance elicitation of autologous neutralizing and broad V1V2-scaffold antibodies. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110436. [PMID: 35235790 PMCID: PMC8982139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 clade C envelope immunogens that elicit both neutralizing and non-neutralizing V1V2-scaffold-specific antibodies (protective correlates from RV144 human trial) are urgently needed due to the prevalence of this clade in the most impacted regions worldwide. To achieve this, we introduce structure-guided changes followed by consensus-C-sequence-guided optimizations at the V2 region to generate UFO-v2-RQH173 trimer. This improves the abundance of well-formed trimers. Following the immunization of rabbits, the wild-type protein fails to elicit any autologous neutralizing antibodies, but UFO-v2-RQH173 elicits both autologous neutralizing and broad V1V2-scaffold antibodies. The variant with a 173Y modification in the V2 region, most prevalent among HIV-1 sequences, shows decreased ability in displaying a native-like V1V2 epitope with time in vitro and elicited antibodies with lower neutralizing and higher V1V2-scaffold activities. Our results identify a stabilized clade C trimer capable of eliciting improved neutralizing and V1V2-scaffold antibodies and reveal the importance of the V2 region in tuning this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusmita Sahoo
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edgar A Hodge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical School, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tiffany M Styles
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical School, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ayalnesh Shiferaw
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical School, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical School, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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8
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Vaccine-Induced, High-Magnitude HIV Env-Specific Antibodies with Fc-Mediated Effector Functions Are Insufficient to Protect Infant Rhesus Macaques against Oral SHIV Infection. mSphere 2022; 7:e0083921. [PMID: 35196125 PMCID: PMC8865927 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00839-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and antenatal care has significantly reduced in utero and peripartum mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. However, as breast milk transmission of HIV still occurs at an unacceptable rate, there remains a need to develop an effective vaccine for the pediatric population. Previously, we compared different HIV vaccine strategies, intervals, and adjuvants in infant rhesus macaques to optimize the induction of HIV envelope (Env)-specific antibodies with Fc-mediated effector function. In this study, we tested the efficacy of an optimized vaccine regimen against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition in infant macaques. Twelve animals were immunized with 1086.c gp120 protein adjuvanted with 3M-052 in stable emulsion and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing 1086.c HIV Env. Twelve control animals were immunized with empty MVA. The vaccine prime was given within 10 days of birth, with booster doses being administered at weeks 6 and 12. The vaccine regimen induced Env-specific plasma IgG antibodies capable of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP). Beginning at week 15, infants were exposed orally to escalating doses of heterologous SHIV-1157(QNE)Y173H once a week until infected. Despite the induction of strong Fc-mediated antibody responses, the vaccine regimen did not reduce the risk of infection or time to acquisition compared to controls. However, among vaccinated animals, ADCC postvaccination and postinfection was associated with reduced peak viremia. Thus, nonneutralizing Env-specific antibodies with Fc effector function elicited by this vaccine regimen were insufficient for protection against heterologous oral SHIV infection shortly after the final immunization but may have contributed to control of viremia. IMPORTANCE Women of childbearing age are three times more likely to contract HIV infection than their male counterparts. Poor HIV testing rates coupled with low adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) result in a high risk of mother-to-infant HIV transmission, especially during the breastfeeding period. A preventative vaccine could curb pediatric HIV infections, reduce potential health sequalae, and prevent the need for lifelong ART in this population. The results of the current study imply that the HIV Env-specific IgG antibodies elicited by this candidate vaccine regimen, despite a high magnitude of Fc-mediated effector function but a lack of neutralizing antibodies and polyfunctional T cell responses, were insufficient to protect infant rhesus macaques against oral virus acquisition.
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9
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Weiss S, Itri V, Pan R, Jiang X, Luo CC, Morris L, Malherbe DC, Barnette P, Alexander J, Kong XP, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ, Duerr R, Zolla-Pazner S. Differential V2-directed antibody responses in non-human primates infected with SHIVs or immunized with diverse HIV vaccines. Nat Commun 2022; 13:903. [PMID: 35173151 PMCID: PMC8850611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
V2p and V2i antibodies (Abs) that are specific for epitopes in the V1V2 region of the HIV gp120 envelope (Env) do not effectively neutralize HIV but mediate Fc-dependent anti-viral activities that have been correlated with protection from, or control of HIV, SIV and SHIV infections. Here, we describe a novel molecular toolbox that allows the discrimination of antigenically and functionally distinct polyclonal V2 Ab responses. We identify different patterns of V2 Ab induction by SHIV infection and three separate vaccine regimens that aid in fine-tuning an optimized immunization protocol for inducing V2p and V2i Abs. We observe no, or weak and sporadic V2p and V2i Abs in non-vaccinated SHIV-infected NHPs, but strong V2p and/or V2i Ab responses after immunization with a V2-targeting vaccine protocol. The V2-focused vaccination is superior to both natural infection and to immunization with whole Env constructs for inducing functional V2p- and V2i-specific responses. Strikingly, levels of V2-directed Abs correlate inversely with Abs specific for peptides of V3 and C5. These data demonstrate that a V1V2-targeting vaccine has advantages over the imprecise targeting of SIV/SHIV infections and of whole Env-based immunization regimens for inducing a more focused functional V2p- and V2i-specific Ab response. Here the authors show that an HIV vaccine in non-human primates that focuses antibodies on the V1V2 region of gp120 is superior to infection or immunization with whole envelope vaccines for inducing V1V2 antibodies with anti-viral functions that correlate with protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina C Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa.,MRC Antibody Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeff Alexander
- PaxVax Corporation, Redwood City, CA, USA.,JL Alexander Research and Development Consulting LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Spencer DA, Goldberg BS, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Dufloo J, Barnette P, Sutton WF, Henderson H, Agnor R, Gao L, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Haigwood NL, Ackerman ME, Hessell AJ. Phagocytosis by an HIV antibody is associated with reduced viremia irrespective of enhanced complement lysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:662. [PMID: 35115533 PMCID: PMC8814042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, antibodies are being used to treat and prevent viral infections. In the context of HIV, efficacy is primarily attributed to dose-dependent neutralization potency and to a lesser extent Fc-mediated effector functions. It remains unclear whether augmenting effector functions of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may improve their clinical potential. Here, we use bNAb 10E8v4 targeting the membrane external proximal region (MPER) to examine the role of antibody-mediated effector and complement (C’) activity when administered prophylactically against SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques. With sub-protective dosing, we find a 78–88% reduction in post-acute viremia that is associated with 10E8v4-mediated phagocytosis acting at the time of challenge. Neither plasma nor tissue viremic outcomes in vivo is improved with an Fc-modified variant of 10E8v4 enhanced for C’ functions as determined in vitro. These results suggest that effector functions inherent to unmodified 10E8v4 contribute to efficacy against SHIVSF162P3 in the absence of plasma neutralizing titers, while C’ functions are dispensable in this setting, informing design of bNAb modifications for improving protective efficacy. While antibodies neutralize HIV via Fab recognition of viral surface antigens, antibody Fc domains mediate effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement (C') activity. Here, Spencer et al. modify bNAb 10E8v4 to enhance C'-mediated potency in SHIV challenged rhesus macaques to probe its function in protection, showing that in the absence of neutralization, enhancing C' activities in vitro adds no value toward reducing viremia in either blood or tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Absci Corp, 1810 SE Mill Plain Blvd., Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia-CSIC, Calle Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William F Sutton
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Heidi Henderson
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Agnor
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lina Gao
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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11
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Hioe CE, Li G, Liu X, Tsahouridis O, He X, Funaki M, Klingler J, Tang AF, Feyznezhad R, Heindel DW, Wang XH, Spencer DA, Hu G, Satija N, Prévost J, Finzi A, Hessell AJ, Wang S, Lu S, Chen BK, Zolla-Pazner S, Upadhyay C, Alvarez R, Su L. Non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the immunogenic regions of HIV-1 envelope reduce mucosal infection and virus burden in humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010183. [PMID: 34986207 PMCID: PMC8765624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are principal immune components elicited by vaccines to induce protection from microbial pathogens. In the Thai RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial, vaccine efficacy was 31% and the sole primary correlate of reduced risk was shown to be vigorous antibody response targeting the V1V2 region of HIV-1 envelope. Antibodies against V3 also were inversely correlated with infection risk in subsets of vaccinees. Antibodies recognizing these regions, however, do not exhibit potent neutralizing activity. Therefore, we examined the antiviral potential of poorly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immunodominant V1V2 and V3 sites by passive administration of human mAbs to humanized mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, followed by mucosal challenge with an HIV-1 infectious molecular clone expressing the envelope of a tier 2 resistant HIV-1 strain. Treatment with anti-V1V2 mAb 2158 or anti-V3 mAb 2219 did not prevent infection, but V3 mAb 2219 displayed a superior potency compared to V1V2 mAb 2158 in reducing virus burden. While these mAbs had no or weak neutralizing activity and elicited undetectable levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), V3 mAb 2219 displayed a greater capacity to bind virus- and cell-associated HIV-1 envelope and to mediate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and C1q complement binding as compared to V1V2 mAb 2158. Mutations in the Fc region of 2219 diminished these effector activities in vitro and lessened virus control in humanized mice. These results demonstrate the importance of Fc functions other than ADCC for antibodies without potent neutralizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina E. Hioe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangming Li
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ourania Tsahouridis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiuting He
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masaya Funaki
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jéromine Klingler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex F. Tang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Roya Feyznezhad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Heindel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System–Manhattan, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Guangnan Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Namita Satija
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lishan Su
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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12
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Richardson SI, Ayres F, Manamela NP, Oosthuysen B, Makhado Z, Lambson BE, Morris L, Moore PL. HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Expressed as IgG3 Preserve Neutralization Potency and Show Improved Fc Effector Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733958. [PMID: 34566999 PMCID: PMC8462932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of several broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to protect against HIV infection is enhanced through Fc receptor binding. Antibody isotype modulates this effect, with IgG3 associated with improved HIV control and vaccine efficacy. We recently showed that an IgG3 variant of bNAb CAP256-VRC26.25 exhibited more potent neutralization and phagocytosis than its IgG1 counterpart. Here, we expanded this analysis to include additional bNAbs targeting all major epitopes. A total of 15 bNAbs were expressed as IgG1 or IgG3, and pairs were assessed for neutralization potency against the multi-subtype global panel of 11 HIV strains. Binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and Fcγ receptors were measured using ELISA and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis were measured using infectious viruses and global panel Env SOSIP trimers, respectively. IgG3 bNAbs generally showed similar or increased (up to 60 fold) neutralization potency than IgG1 versions, though the effect was virus-specific. This improvement was statistically significant for CAP256-VRC26.25, 35022, PGT135 and CAP255.G3. IgG3 bNAbs also showed significantly improved binding to FcγRIIa which correlated with enhanced phagocytosis of all trimeric Env antigens. Differences in ADCC were epitope-specific, with IgG3 bNAbs to the MPER, CD4 binding site and gp120-gp41 interface showing increased ADCC. We also explored the pH dependence of IgG1 and IgG3 variants for FcRn binding, as this determines the half-life of antibodies. We observed reduced pH dependence, associated with shorter half-lives for IgG3 bNAbs, with κ-light chains. However, IgG3 bNAbs that use λ-light chains showed similar pH dependence to their IgG1 counterparts. This study supports the manipulation of the constant region to improve both the neutralizing and Fc effector activity of bNAbs, and suggests that IgG3 versions of bNAbs may be preferable for passive immunity given their polyfunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Brent Oosthuysen
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E Lambson
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STI's, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent work defining Fc-mediated effector functions for both viral control and protection against infection is summarized and considered along with new strategies to drive robust Fc-mediated responses. RECENT FINDINGS In new human and nonhuman primate (NHP) vaccine trials as well as studies of natural infection, Fc-mediated effector responses have sometimes been observed to correlate with decreased risk of infection or with better clinical outcomes, suggesting a potential role for these responses in HIV-1 prevention and therapy. Recent highlights include use of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-sensitizing CD4-induced mimetic compounds, novel V1V2 immunogens, passive transfer studies, and vaccine regimens that successfully elicited Fc-mediated responses and were reported to decrease risk of infection in challenge studies in NHPs. Lastly, detailed studies of IgG3 forms of HIV-specific antibodies have reported that both neutralizing and Fc-mediated responses can be increased relative to the more prevalent IgG1 subclass. SUMMARY Successful harmonization of neutralizing and Fc-mediated responses may make key contributions to the goal of reducing HIV-1 infection via active and passive vaccination. New studies continue to highlight the importance of Fc-mediated antibody responses as correlates of decreased risk of infection and suggest enhanced phagocytosis is a potential mechanism of reduced risk of infection associated with human IgG3 responses. Results from recent studies may help guide the rational design of therapies and vaccines that aim to specifically leverage antibody effector function.
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14
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Spencer DA, Shapiro MB, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ. Advancing HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: From Discovery to the Clinic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:690017. [PMID: 34123998 PMCID: PMC8187619 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.690017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in confronting the global HIV-1 epidemic since its inception in the 1980s, better approaches for both treatment and prevention will be necessary to end the epidemic and remain a top public health priority. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been effective in extending lives, but at a cost of lifelong adherence to treatment. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are directed to conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) and can block infection if present at the time of viral exposure. The therapeutic application of bNAbs holds great promise, and progress is being made toward their development for widespread clinical use. Compared to the current standard of care of small molecule-based ART, bNAbs offer: (1) reduced toxicity; (2) the advantages of extended half-lives that would bypass daily dosing requirements; and (3) the potential to incorporate a wider immune response through Fc signaling. Recent advances in discovery technology can enable system-wide mining of the immunoglobulin repertoire and will continue to accelerate isolation of next generation potent bNAbs. Passive transfer studies in pre-clinical models and clinical trials have demonstrated the utility of bNAbs in blocking or limiting transmission and achieving viral suppression. These studies have helped to define the window of opportunity for optimal intervention to achieve viral clearance, either using bNAbs alone or in combination with ART. None of these advances with bNAbs would be possible without technological advancements and expanding the cohorts of donor participation. Together these elements fueled the remarkable growth in bNAb development. Here, we review the development of bNAbs as therapies for HIV-1, exploring advances in discovery, insights from animal models and early clinical trials, and innovations to optimize their clinical potential through efforts to extend half-life, maximize the contribution of Fc effector functions, preclude escape through multiepitope targeting, and the potential for sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Mariya B. Shapiro
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
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15
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Seaton KE, Deal A, Han X, Li SS, Clayton A, Heptinstall J, Duerr A, Allen MA, Shen X, Sawant S, Yates NL, Spearman P, Churchyard G, Goepfert PA, Maenza J, Gray G, Pantaleo G, Polakowski L, Robinson HL, Grant S, Randhawa AK, Huang Y, Morgan C, Grunenberg N, Karuna S, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Huang Y, Tomaras GD. Meta-analysis of HIV-1 vaccine elicited mucosal antibodies in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:56. [PMID: 33859204 PMCID: PMC8050318 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied mucosal immune responses in six HIV-1 vaccine trials investigating different envelope (Env)-containing immunogens. Regimens were classified into four categories: DNA/vector, DNA/vector plus protein, protein alone, and vector alone. We measured HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA in secretions from cervical (n = 111) and rectal swabs (n = 154), saliva (n = 141), and seminal plasma (n = 124) and compared to corresponding blood levels. Protein-containing regimens had up to 100% response rates and the highest Env-specific IgG response rates. DNA/vector groups elicited mucosal Env-specific IgG response rates of up to 67% that varied across specimen types. Little to no mucosal IgA responses were observed. Overall, gp41- and gp140-specific antibodies dominated gp120 mucosal responses. In one trial, prior vaccination with a protein-containing immunogen maintained durability of cervical and rectal IgG for up to 17 years. Mucosal IgG responses were boosted after revaccination. These findings highlight a role for protein immunization in eliciting HIV-1-specific mucosal antibodies and the ability of HIV-1 vaccines to elicit durable HIV-1-specific mucosal IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Aaron Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shuying S Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashley Clayton
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul Spearman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnatti, OH, USA
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Glenda Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - April K Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Hessell AJ, Li L, Malherbe DC, Barnette P, Pandey S, Sutton W, Spencer D, Wang XH, Gach JS, Hunegnaw R, Tuen M, Jiang X, Luo CC, LaBranche CC, Shao Y, Montefiori DC, Forthal DN, Duerr R, Robert-Guroff M, Haigwood NL, Gorny MK. Virus Control in Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques Is Associated with Neutralizing and Capturing Antibodies against the SHIV Challenge Virus but Not with V1V2 Vaccine-Induced Anti-V2 Antibodies Alone. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:1266-1283. [PMID: 33536254 PMCID: PMC7946713 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of vaccine-induced anti-V2 Abs was tested in three protection experiments in rhesus macaques. In an experiment using immunogens similar to those in the RV144 vaccine trial (Anti-envelope [Env]), nine rhesus macaques were coimmunized with gp16092TH023 DNA and SIV gag and gp120A244 and gp120MN proteins. In two V2-focused experiments (Anti-V2 and Anti-V2 Mucosal), nine macaques in each group were immunized with V1V292TH023 DNA, V1V2A244 and V1V2CasaeA2 proteins, and cyclic V2CaseA2 peptide. DNA and protein immunogens, formulated in Adjuplex, were given at 0, 4, 12, and 20 weeks, followed by intrarectal SHIVBaL.P4 challenges. Peak plasma viral loads (PVL) of 106-107 copies/ml developed in all nine sham controls. Overall, PVL was undetectable in one third of immunized macaques, and two animals tightly controlled the virus with the Anti-V2 Mucosal vaccine strategy. In the Anti-Env study, Abs that captured or neutralized SHIVBaL.P4 inversely correlated with PVL. Conversely, no correlation with PVL was found in the Anti-V2 experiments with nonneutralizing plasma Abs that only captured virus weakly. Titers of Abs against eight V1V2 scaffolds and cyclic V2 peptides were comparable between controllers and noncontrollers as were Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition activities against SHIV-infected target cells and phagocytosis of gp120-coated beads. The Anti-Env experiment supports the role of vaccine-elicited neutralizing and nonneutralizing Abs in control of PVL. However, the two V2-focused experiments did not support a role for nonneutralizing V2 Abs alone in controlling PVL, as neither Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition, nor phagocytosis correlated inversely with heterologous SHIVBaL.P4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - William Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - David Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010
| | - Johannes S Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Christina C Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
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17
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Malherbe DC, Vang L, Mendy J, Barnette PT, Spencer DA, Reed J, Kareko BW, Sather DN, Pandey S, Wibmer CK, Robins H, Fuller DH, Park B, Lakhashe SK, Wilson JM, Axthelm MK, Ruprecht RM, Moore PL, Sacha JB, Hessell AJ, Alexander J, Haigwood NL. Modified Adenovirus Prime-Protein Boost Clade C HIV Vaccine Strategy Results in Reduced Viral DNA in Blood and Tissues Following Tier 2 SHIV Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 11:626464. [PMID: 33658998 PMCID: PMC7917243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.626464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing immunogens and improving delivery methods eliciting protective immunity is a paramount goal of HIV vaccine development. A comparative vaccine challenge study was performed in rhesus macaques using clade C HIV Envelope (Env) and SIV Gag antigens. One group was vaccinated using co-immunization with DNA Gag and Env expression plasmids cloned from a single timepoint and trimeric Env gp140 glycoprotein from one of these clones (DNA+Protein). The other group was a prime-boost regimen composed of two replicating simian (SAd7) adenovirus-vectored vaccines expressing Gag and one Env clone from the same timepoint as the DNA+Protein group paired with the same Env gp140 trimer (SAd7+Protein). The env genes were isolated from a single pre-peak neutralization timepoint approximately 1 year post infection in CAP257, an individual with a high degree of neutralization breadth. Both DNA+Protein and SAd7+Protein vaccine strategies elicited significant Env-specific T cell responses, lesser Gag-specific responses, and moderate frequencies of Env-specific TFH cells. Both vaccine modalities readily elicited systemic and mucosal Env-specific IgG but not IgA. There was a higher frequency and magnitude of ADCC activity in the SAd7+Protein than the DNA+Protein arm. All macaques developed moderate Tier 1 heterologous neutralizing antibodies, while neutralization of Tier 1B or Tier 2 viruses was sporadic and found primarily in macaques in the SAd7+Protein group. Neither vaccine approach provided significant protection from viral acquisition against repeated titered mucosal challenges with a heterologous Tier 2 clade C SHIV. However, lymphoid and gut tissues collected at necropsy showed that animals in both vaccine groups each had significantly lower copies of viral DNA in individual tissues compared to levels in controls. In the SAd7+Protein-vaccinated macaques, total and peak PBMC viral DNA were significantly lower compared with controls. Taken together, this heterologous Tier 2 SHIV challenge study shows that combination vaccination with SAd7+Protein was superior to combination DNA+Protein in reducing viral seeding in tissues in the absence of protection from infection, thus emphasizing the priming role of replication-competent SAd7 vector. Despite the absence of correlates of protection, because antibody responses were significantly higher in this vaccine group, we hypothesize that vaccine-elicited antibodies contribute to limiting tissue viral seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Lo Vang
- Emergent BioSolutions, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jason Mendy
- Emergent BioSolutions, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Philip T Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - David A Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jason Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Bettie W Kareko
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - D Noah Sather
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Constantinos K Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Harlan Robins
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Byung Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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18
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Chu TH, Patz EF, Ackerman ME. Coming together at the hinges: Therapeutic prospects of IgG3. MAbs 2021; 13:1882028. [PMID: 33602056 PMCID: PMC7899677 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1882028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human IgG3 subclass is conspicuously absent among the formats for approved monoclonal antibody therapies and Fc fusion protein biologics. Concern about the potential for rapid degradation, reduced plasma half-life, and increased immunogenicity due to marked variation in allotypes has apparently outweighed the potential advantages of IgG3, which include high affinity for activating Fcγ receptors, effective complement fixation, and a long hinge that appears better suited for low abundance targets. This review aims to highlight distinguishing features of IgG3 and to explore its functional role in the immune response. We present studies of natural immunity and recombinant antibody therapies that elucidate key contributions of IgG3 and discuss historical roadblocks that no longer remain clearly relevant. Collectively, this body of evidence motivates thoughtful reconsideration of the clinical advancement of this distinctive antibody subclass for treatment of human diseases. Abbreviations: ADCC - Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated CytotoxicityADE - Antibody-dependent enhancementAID - Activation-Induced Cytidine DeaminaseCH - Constant HeavyCHF - Complement factor HCSR - Class Switch RecombinationEM - Electron MicroscopyFab - Fragment, antigen bindingFc - Fragment, crystallizableFcRn - Neonatal Fc ReceptorFcγR - Fc gamma ReceptorHIV - Human Immunodeficiency VirusIg - ImmunoglobulinIgH - Immunoglobulin Heavy chain geneNHP - Non-Human Primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thach H. Chu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Edward F. Patz
- Department of Radiology and Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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19
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Priming with DNA Expressing Trimeric HIV V1V2 Alters the Immune Hierarchy Favoring the Development of V2-Specific Antibodies in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01193-20. [PMID: 33087466 PMCID: PMC7944456 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01193-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 vaccine trial revealed a correlation between reduced risk of HIV infection and the level of nonneutralizing-antibody (Ab) responses targeting specific epitopes in the second variable domain (V2) of the HIV gp120 envelope (Env) protein, suggesting this region as a target for vaccine development. To favor induction of V2-specific Abs, we developed a vaccine regimen that included priming with DNA expressing an HIV V1V2 trimeric scaffold immunogen followed by booster immunizations with a combination of DNA and protein in rhesus macaques. Priming vaccination with DNA expressing the HIV recombinant subtype CRF01_AE V1V2 scaffold induced higher and broader V2-specific Ab responses than vaccination with DNA expressing CRF01_AE gp145 Env. Abs recognizing the V2 peptide that was reported as a critical target in RV144 developed only after the priming immunization with V1V2 DNA. The V2-specific Abs showed several nonneutralizing Fc-mediated functions, including ADCP and C1q binding. Importantly, robust V2-specific Abs were maintained upon boosting with gp145 DNA and gp120 protein coimmunization. In conclusion, priming with DNA expressing the trimeric V1V2 scaffold alters the hierarchy of humoral immune responses to V2 region epitopes, providing a method for more efficient induction and maintenance of V2-specific Env Abs associated with reduced risk of HIV infection.IMPORTANCE The aim of this work was to design and test a vaccine regimen focusing the immune response on targets associated with infection prevention. We demonstrated that priming with a DNA vaccine expressing only the HIV Env V1V2 region induces Ab responses targeting the critical region in V2 associated with protection. This work shows that V1V2 scaffold DNA priming immunization provides a method to focus immune responses to the desired target region, in the absence of immune interference by other epitopes. This induced immune responses with improved recognition of epitopes important for protective immunity, namely, V2-specific humoral immune responses inversely correlating with HIV risk of infection in the RV144 trial.
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20
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Hessell AJ, Powell R, Jiang X, Luo C, Weiss S, Dussupt V, Itri V, Fox A, Shapiro MB, Pandey S, Cheever T, Fuller DH, Park B, Krebs SJ, Totrov M, Haigwood NL, Kong XP, Zolla-Pazner S. Multimeric Epitope-Scaffold HIV Vaccines Target V1V2 and Differentially Tune Polyfunctional Antibody Responses. Cell Rep 2020; 28:877-895.e6. [PMID: 31340151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The V1V2 region of the HIV-1 envelope is the target of several broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Antibodies to V1V2 elicited in the RV144 clinical trial correlated with a reduced risk of HIV infection, but these antibodies were without broad neutralizing activity. Antibodies targeting V1V2 also correlated with a reduced viral load in immunized macaques challenged with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). To focus immune responses on V1V2, we engrafted the native, glycosylated V1V2 domain onto five different multimeric scaffold proteins and conducted comparative immunogenicity studies in macaques. Vaccinated macaques developed high titers of plasma and mucosal antibodies that targeted structurally distinct V1V2 epitopes. Plasma antibodies displayed limited neutralizing activity but were functionally active for ADCC and phagocytosis, which was detectable 1-2 years after immunizations ended. This study demonstrates that multivalent, glycosylated V1V2-scaffold protein immunogens focus the antibody response on V1V2 and are differentially effective at inducing polyfunctional antibodies with characteristics associated with protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Rebecca Powell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christina Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Svenja Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alisa Fox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mariya B Shapiro
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Tracy Cheever
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Primate Genetics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239.
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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21
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An HIV Vaccine Targeting the V2 Region of the HIV Envelope Induces a Highly Durable Polyfunctional Fc-Mediated Antibody Response in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01175-20. [PMID: 32554699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01175-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV vaccine field now recognizes the potential importance of generating polyfunctional antibodies (Abs). The only clinical HIV vaccine trial to date to show significant efficacy (RV144) found that reduced infection rates correlated with the level of nonneutralizing Abs specific for the V2 region of the envelope glycoprotein. We have conducted a comprehensive preclinical reverse vaccinology-based vaccine program that has included the design and production and testing of numerous scaffolded V2 region immunogens. The most immunogenic vaccine regimen in nonhuman primates among those studied as part of this program consisted of a cocktail of three immunogens presenting V2 from different viruses and clades in the context of different scaffolds. Presently we demonstrate that the V2-specific Ab response from this regimen was highly durable and functionally diverse for the duration of the study (25 weeks after the final immunization). The total IgG binding response at this late time point exhibited only an ∼5× reduction in potency. Three immunizations appeared essential for the elicitation of a strong Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response for all animals, as opposed to the Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and virus capture responses, which were comparably potent after only 2 immunizations. All functionalities measured were highly durable through the study period. Therefore, testing this vaccine candidate for its protective capacity is warranted.IMPORTANCE The only HIV vaccine trial for which protective efficacy was detected correlated this efficacy with V2-specific Abs that were effectively nonneutralizing. This result has fueled a decade of HIV vaccine research focused on designing an HIV vaccine capable of eliciting V2-focused, polyfunctional Abs that effectively bind HIV and trigger various leukocytes to kill the virus and restrict viral spread. From the numerous vaccine candidates designed and tested as part of our V2-focused preclinical vaccine program, we have identified immunogens and a vaccine regimen that induces a highly durable and polyfunctional V2-focused Ab response in rhesus macaques, described herein.
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22
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Jennewein MF, Mabuka J, Papia CL, Boudreau CM, Dong KL, Ackerman ME, Ndung'u T, Alter G. Tracking the Trajectory of Functional Humoral Immune Responses Following Acute HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1744. [PMID: 32849622 PMCID: PMC7426367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a role for antibody-mediated effector functions in preventing and controlling HIV infection. However, less is known about how these antibody effector functions evolve following infection. Moreover, how the humoral immune response is naturally tuned to recruit the antiviral activity of the innate immune system, and the extent to which these functions aid in the control of infection, are poorly understood. Using plasma samples from 10 hyper-acute HIV-infected South African women, identified in Fiebig stage I (the FRESH cohort), systems serology was performed to evaluate the functional and biophysical properties of gp120-, gp41-, and p24- specific antibody responses during the first year of infection. Significant changes were observed in both the functional and biophysical characteristics of the humoral immune response following acute HIV infection. Antibody Fc-functionality increased over the course of infection, with increases in antibody-mediated phagocytosis, NK activation, and complement deposition occurring in an antigen-specific manner. Changes in both antibody subclass and antibody Fc-glycosylation drove the evolution of antibody effector activity, highlighting natural modifications in the humoral immune response that may enable the directed recruitment of the innate immune system to target and control HIV. Moreover, enhanced antibody functionality, particularly gp120-specific polyfunctionality, was tied to improvements in clinical course of infection, supporting a role for functional antibodies in viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine F Jennewein
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Mabuka
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Cassidy L Papia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Carolyn M Boudreau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Krista L Dong
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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23
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Gorny MK. Search for antiviral functions of potentially protective antibodies against V2 region of HIV-1. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2033-2041. [PMID: 32701369 PMCID: PMC7553674 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1787070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the only successful RV144 vaccine trial to date, high levels of antibodies (Abs) against the V2 region of the virus envelope protein gp120 correlated with reduced HIV-1 infection. The protective role of V2 Abs has not yet been determined, and the antiviral function of V2 Abs that mediate protection against HIV-1 in humans or SHIV infection in rhesus macaques remains unclear. V2 Abs do not neutralize resistant tier 2 viruses; their Fc-mediated activities are modest and similar to those of another anti-envelope Abs, and inhibition of the gp120–α4β7 integrin interaction is ineffective in both animals and clinical trials. Moreover, in protection experiments in monkeys, levels of V1V2 vaccine-induced V2 Abs do not correlate with plasma viral load. Together, these observations suggest that V2 Abs may not control SHIV infection in rhesus macaques and that V2 Abs may instead be a surrogate marker of other protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
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24
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Lai JI, Eszterhas SK, Brooks SA, Guo C, Zolla-Pazner S, Seaman MS, Bailey-Kellogg C, Griswold KE, Ackerman ME. Induction of cross-reactive HIV-1 specific antibody responses by engineered V1V2 immunogens with reduced conformational plasticity. Vaccine 2020; 38:3436-3446. [PMID: 32192810 PMCID: PMC7132531 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies against the HIV-1 V1V2 loops were the only correlate of reduced infection risk in the RV144 vaccine trial, highlighting the V1V2 loops as promising targets for vaccine design. The V1V2 loops are structurally plastic, exhibiting either an α-helix-coil or β-strand conformation. V1V2-specific antibodies may thus recognize distinct conformations, and an antibody's conformational specificity can be an important determinant of breadth and function. Restricting V1V2 conformational plasticity in an immunogen may thus provide control over the conformational specificity and quality of a vaccine-elicited antibody response. Previously, we identified a V1V2 sequence variant (K155M) that results in enhanced recognition by cross-reactive antibodies recognizing the β-strand conformation. Here, we relate V1V2 antigenicity to immunogenicity by comparing the immunogenicity profiles of wildtype and K155M immunogens in two mouse models. In one model, immunization with gp70 V1V2 K155M but not wildtype elicited antibody responses that were cross-reactive to a panel of heterologous gp120 and gp140 antigens. In a second model, we compared the effect of K155M on immunogenicity in the context of gp70 V1V2, gD V1V2 and gp120, examining the effects of scaffold, epitope-focusing and immunization regimen. K155M variants, especially in the context of a gp120 immunogen, resulted in more robust, durable and cross-reactive antibody responses than wildtype immunogens. Restriction of the β-stranded V1V2 conformation in K155M immunogens may thus be associated with the induction of cross-reactive antibody responses thought to be required of a protective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I Lai
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Seth A Brooks
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Chengzi Guo
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Karl E Griswold
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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25
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Shen X, Laher F, Moodie Z, McMillan AS, Spreng RL, Gilbert PB, Huang Y, Yates NL, Grunenberg N, Juliana McElrath M, Allen M, Pensiero M, Mehra VL, Der Meeren OV, Barnett SW, Phogat S, Gray GE, Bekker LG, Corey L, Tomaras GD. HIV-1 Vaccine Sequences Impact V1V2 Antibody Responses: A Comparison of Two Poxvirus Prime gp120 Boost Vaccine Regimens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2093. [PMID: 32034163 PMCID: PMC7005751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the RV144 trial, vaccine-induced V1V2 IgG correlated with decreased HIV-1 risk. We investigated circulating antibody specificities in two phase 1 poxvirus prime-protein boost clinical trials conducted in South Africa: HVTN 097 (subtype B/E) and HVTN 100 (subtype C). With cross-subtype peptide microarrays and multiplex binding assays, we probed the magnitude and breadth of circulating antibody responses to linear variable loop 2 (V2) and conformational V1V2 specificities. Antibodies targeting the linear V2 epitope, a correlate of decreased HIV-1 risk in RV144, were elicited up to 100% and 61% in HVTN 097 and HVTN 100, respectively. Despite higher magnitude of envelope-specific responses in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097 (p’s < 0.001), the magnitude and positivity for V2 linear epitope and V1V2 proteins were significantly lower in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097. Meanwhile, responses to other major linear epitopes including the variable 3 (V3) and constant 5 (C5) epitopes were higher in HVTN 100 compared to HVTN 097. Our data reveal substantial differences in the circulating antibody specificities induced by vaccination in these two canarypox prime-protein boost trials. Our findings suggest that the choice of viral sequences in prime-boost vaccine regimens, and potentially adjuvants and immunogen dose, influence the elicitation of V2-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arthur S McMillan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Pensiero
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vijay L Mehra
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Susan W Barnett
- GSK Vaccines (formerly Novartis Vaccines), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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26
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Easterhoff D, Pollara J, Luo K, Janus B, Gohain N, Williams LD, Tay MZ, Monroe A, Peachman K, Choe M, Min S, Lusso P, Zhang P, Go EP, Desaire H, Bonsignori M, Hwang KK, Beck C, Kakalis M, O’Connell RJ, Vasan S, Kim JH, Michael NL, Excler JL, Robb ML, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Sinangil F, Tartaglia J, Phogat S, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Moody MA, Arthos J, Rao M, Joyce MG, Ofek G, Ferrari G, Haynes BF. HIV vaccine delayed boosting increases Env variable region 2-specific antibody effector functions. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131437. [PMID: 31996483 PMCID: PMC7098725 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the RV144 HIV-1 phase III trial, vaccine efficacy directly correlated with the magnitude of the variable region 2-specific (V2-specific) IgG antibody response, and in the presence of low plasma IgA levels, with the magnitude of plasma antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Reenrollment of RV144 vaccinees in the RV305 trial offered the opportunity to define the function, maturation, and persistence of vaccine-induced V2-specific and other mAb responses after boosting. We show that the RV144 vaccine regimen induced persistent V2 and other HIV-1 envelope-specific memory B cell clonal lineages that could be identified throughout the approximately 11-year vaccination period. Subsequent boosts increased somatic hypermutation, a critical requirement for antibody affinity maturation. Characterization of 22 vaccine-induced V2-specific mAbs with epitope specificities distinct from previously characterized RV144 V2-specific mAbs CH58 and CH59 found increased in vitro antibody-mediated effector functions. Thus, when inducing non-neutralizing antibodies, one method by which to improve HIV-1 vaccine efficacy may be through late boosting to diversify the V2-specific response to increase the breadth of antibody-mediated anti-HIV-1 effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Easterhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
| | | | - Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin Janus
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Matthew Zirui Tay
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony Monroe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristina Peachman
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Susie Min
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eden P. Go
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Desaire
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Beck
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matina Kakalis
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sandhya Vasan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- US Army Medical Directorate, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Mahidol Bangkok School of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Mahidol Bangkok School of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - James Tartaglia
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
| | | | | | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James Arthos
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College of Computational, Biological, and Natural Sciences, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilad Ofek
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine and
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27
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Su B, Dispinseri S, Iannone V, Zhang T, Wu H, Carapito R, Bahram S, Scarlatti G, Moog C. Update on Fc-Mediated Antibody Functions Against HIV-1 Beyond Neutralization. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2968. [PMID: 31921207 PMCID: PMC6930241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are the major component of the humoral immune response and a key player in vaccination. The precise Ab-mediated inhibitory mechanisms leading to in vivo protection against HIV have not been elucidated. In addition to the desired viral capture and neutralizing Ab functions, complex Ab-dependent mechanisms that involve engaging immune effector cells to clear infected host cells, immune complexes, and opsonized virus have been proposed as being relevant. These inhibitory mechanisms involve Fc-mediated effector functions leading to Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, cell-mediated virus inhibition, aggregation, and complement inhibition. Indeed, the decreased risk of infection observed in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial was correlated with the production of non-neutralizing inhibitory Abs, highlighting the role of Ab inhibitory functions besides neutralization. Moreover, Ab isotypes and subclasses recognizing specific HIV envelope epitopes as well as pecular Fc-receptor polymorphisms have been associated with disease progression. These findings further support the need to define which Fc-mediated Ab inhibitory functions leading to protection are critical for HIV vaccine design. Herein, based on our previous review Su & Moog Front Immunol 2014, we update the different inhibitory properties of HIV-specific Abs that may potentially contribute to HIV protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Iannone
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Raphael Carapito
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
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28
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Richardson SI, Lambson BE, Crowley AR, Bashirova A, Scheepers C, Garrett N, Abdool Karim S, Mkhize NN, Carrington M, Ackerman ME, Moore PL, Morris L. IgG3 enhances neutralization potency and Fc effector function of an HIV V2-specific broadly neutralizing antibody. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008064. [PMID: 31841557 PMCID: PMC6936867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) protect against HIV infection in non-human primates and their efficacy may be enhanced through interaction with Fc receptors on immune cells. Antibody isotype is a modulator of this binding with the IgG3 subclass mediating potent Fc effector function and is associated with HIV vaccine efficacy and HIV control. BNAb functions are typically assessed independently of the constant region with which they are naturally expressed. To examine the role of natural isotype in the context of a bNAb lineage we studied CAP256, an HIV-infected individual that mounted a potent V2-specific bNAb response. CAP256 expressed persistently high levels of plasma IgG3 which we found mediated both broad neutralizing activity and potent Fc function. Sequencing of germline DNA and the constant regions of V2-directed bNAbs from this donor revealed the expression of a novel IGHG3 allele as well as IGHG3*17, an allele that produces IgG3 antibodies with increased plasma half-life. Both allelic variants were used to generate CAP256-VRC26.25 and CAP256-VRC26.29 IgG3 bNAbs and these were compared to IgG1 versions. IgG3 variants were shown to have significantly higher phagocytosis and trogocytosis compared to IgG1 versions, which corresponded to increased affinity for FcγRIIa. Neutralization potency was also significantly higher for IgG3 bNAbs, particularly against viruses lacking the N160 glycan. By exchanging hinge regions between subclass variants, we showed that hinge length modulated both neutralization potency and Fc function. This study showed that co-operation between the variable and natural IgG3 constant regions enhanced the polyfunctionality of antibodies, indicating the value of leveraging genetic variation which could be exploited for passive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I. Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E. Lambson
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Andrew R. Crowley
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Arman Bashirova
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cathrine Scheepers
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STI’s, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Neidich SD, Fong Y, Li SS, Geraghty DE, Williamson BD, Young WC, Goodman D, Seaton KE, Shen X, Sawant S, Zhang L, deCamp AC, Blette BS, Shao M, Yates NL, Feely F, Pyo CW, Ferrari G, Frank I, Karuna ST, Swann EM, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Hammer SM, Sobieszczyk ME, Corey L, Janes HE, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD. Antibody Fc effector functions and IgG3 associate with decreased HIV-1 risk. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4838-4849. [PMID: 31589165 PMCID: PMC6819135 DOI: 10.1172/jci126391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HVTN 505 is a preventative vaccine efficacy trial testing DNA followed by recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) in circumcised, Ad5-seronegative men and transgendered persons who have sex with men in the United States. Identified immune correlates of lower HIV-1 risk and a virus sieve analysis revealed that, despite lacking overall efficacy, vaccine-elicited responses exerted pressure on infecting HIV-1 viruses. To interrogate the mechanism of the antibody correlate of HIV-1 risk, we examined antigen-specific antibody recruitment of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and the role of anti-envelope (anti-Env) IgG3. In a prespecified immune correlates analysis, antibody-dependent monocyte phagocytosis and antibody binding to FcγRIIa correlated with decreased HIV-1 risk. Follow-up analyses revealed that anti-Env IgG3 breadth correlated with reduced HIV-1 risk, anti-Env IgA negatively modified infection risk by Fc effector functions, and that vaccine recipients with a specific FcγRIIa single-nucleotide polymorphism locus had a stronger correlation with decreased HIV-1 risk when ADCP, Env-FcγRIIa, and IgG3 binding were high. Additionally, FcγRIIa engagement correlated with decreased viral load setpoint in vaccine recipients who acquired HIV-1. These data support a role for vaccine-elicited anti-HIV-1 Env IgG3, antibody engagement of FcRs, and phagocytosis as potential mechanisms for HIV-1 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Neidich
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shuying S. Li
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian D. Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Bryan S. Blette
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mengshu Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Frederick Feely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - HVTN 505 Team
- The HVTN 505 Team is detailed in the Supplemental Acknowledgments
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly E. Janes
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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30
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus C.1086 Envelope gp140 Protein Boosts following DNA/Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vaccination Fail To Enhance Heterologous Anti-V1V2 Antibody Response and Protection against Clade C Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00934-19. [PMID: 31341049 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00934-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine trial showed a strong association between anti-gp70 V1V2 scaffold (V1V2) and anti-V2 hot spot peptide (V2 HS) antibody responses and reduced risk of HIV infection. Accordingly, a primary goal for HIV vaccines is to enhance the magnitude and breadth of V1V2 and V2 HS antibody responses in addition to neutralizing antibodies. Here, we tested the immunogenicity and efficacy of HIV-1 C.1086 gp140 boosts administered sequentially after priming with CD40L-adjuvanted DNA/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-SHIV vaccines in rhesus macaques. The DNA/MVA vaccination induced robust vaccine-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses with a polyfunctional profile. Two gp140 booster immunizations induced very high levels (∼2 mg/ml) of gp140 binding antibodies in serum, with strong reactivity directed against the homologous (C.1086) V1V2, V2 HS, V3, and gp41 immunodominant (ID) proteins. However, the vaccine-induced antibody showed 10-fold (peak) and 32-fold (prechallenge) weaker binding to the challenge virus (SHIV1157ipd3N4) V1V2 and failed to bind to the challenge virus V2 HS due to a single amino acid change. Point mutations in the immunogen V2 HS to match the V2 HS in the challenge virus significantly diminished the binding of vaccine-elicited antibodies to membrane-anchored gp160. Both vaccines failed to protect from infection following repeated SHIV1157ipd3N4 intrarectal challenges. However, only the protein-boosted animals showed enhanced viral control. These results demonstrate that C.1086 gp140 protein immunizations administered following DNA/MVA vaccination do not significantly boost heterologous V1V2 and V2 HS responses and fail to enhance protection against heterologous SHIV challenge.IMPORTANCE HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is responsible for millions of infections and deaths annually. Despite intense research for the past 25 years, there remains no safe and effective vaccine available. The significance of this work is in identifying the pros and cons of adding a protein boost to an already well-established DNA/MVA HIV vaccine that is currently being tested in the clinic. Characterizing the effects of the protein boost can allow researchers going forward to design vaccines that generate responses that will be more effective against HIV. Our results in rhesus macaques show that boosting with a specific HIV envelope protein does not significantly boost antibody responses that were identified as immune correlates of protection in a moderately successful RV144 HIV vaccine trial in humans and highlight the need for the development of improved HIV envelope immunogens.
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31
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Duerr R, Gorny MK. V2-Specific Antibodies in HIV-1 Vaccine Research and Natural Infection: Controllers or Surrogate Markers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030082. [PMID: 31390725 PMCID: PMC6789775 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials have lacked efficacy and empirical vaccine lead targets are scarce. Thus far, the only independent correlate of reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition in humans is elevated levels of V2-specific antibodies identified in the modestly protective RV144 vaccine trial. Ten years after RV144, human and non-human primate vaccine studies have reassessed the potential contribution of V2-specific antibodies to vaccine efficacy. In addition, studies of natural HIV-1 infection in humans have provided insight into the development of V1V2-directed antibody responses and their impact on clinical parameters and disease progression. Functionally diverse anti-V2 monoclonal antibodies were isolated and their structurally distinct V2 epitope regions characterized. After RV144, a plethora of research studies were performed using different model systems, immunogens, protocols, and challenge viruses. These diverse studies failed to provide a clear picture regarding the contribution of V2 antibodies to vaccine efficacy. Here, we summarize the biological functions and clinical findings associated with V2-specific antibodies and discuss their impact on HIV vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Duerr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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32
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Zolla-Pazner S, Alvarez R, Kong XP, Weiss S. Vaccine-induced V1V2-specific antibodies control and or protect against infection with HIV, SIV and SHIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2019; 14:309-317. [PMID: 30994501 PMCID: PMC6542703 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In humans, only one independent immunologic correlate of reduced risk of HIV infection has been identified: a robust antibody (Ab) response to the V1V2 domain of the gp120 envelope (Env) protein. In recent years, the presence and level of V1V2-specific Abs has also been correlated with protection from SIV and SHIV infections. Here, we review the multitude of studies showing the in-vivo protective effects of V1V2 Abs and review their immunologic characteristics and antiviral functions. RECENT FINDINGS Structural and immunologic studies have defined four epitope families in the V1V2 domain: one epitope family, V2q, which preferentially presents as a quaternary structure of the Env trimer, and another epitope family (V2qt) which requires the quaternary trimeric Env structure; these two epitope types are recognized by two families of monoclonal Abs (mAbs)-V2q-specific and V2qt-specific mAbs-which display broad and potent neutralizing activity. A third epitope family, V2i, is present as a discontinuous conformational structure that overlays the α4β7 integrin binding motif, and a fourth epitope family (V2p) exists on V2 peptides. Antibodies specific for V2i and V2p epitopes display only poor neutralizing activity but effectively mediate other antiviral activities and have been correlated with control of and/or protection from HIV, SIV and SHIV. Notably, V2q and V2qt Abs have not been induced by any vaccines, but V2p and V2i Abs have been readily induced with various vaccines in nonhuman primates and humans. SUMMARY The correlation of vaccine-induced V2p and V2i Abs with protection from HIV, SIV and SHIV suggests that these Ab types are extremely important to induce with prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Svenja Weiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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33
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Crowley AR, Ackerman ME. Mind the Gap: How Interspecies Variability in IgG and Its Receptors May Complicate Comparisons of Human and Non-human Primate Effector Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:697. [PMID: 31024542 PMCID: PMC6463756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV research relies heavily on non-human primates, particularly the members of the macaque genus, as models for the evaluation of candidate vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. A growing body of research suggests that successful protection of humans will not solely rely on the neutralization activity of an antibody's antigen binding fragment. Rather, immunological effector functions prompted by the interaction of the immunoglobulin G constant region and its cognate Fc receptors help contribute to favorable outcomes. Inherent differences in the sequences, expression, and activities of human and non-human primate antibody receptors and immunoglobulins have the potential to produce disparate results in the observations made in studies conducted in differing species. Having a more complete understanding of these differences, however, should permit the more fluent translation of observations between model organisms and the clinic. Here we present a guide to such translations that encompasses not only what is presently known regarding the affinity of the receptor-ligand interactions but also the influence of expression patterns and allelic variation, with a focus on insights gained from use of this model in HIV vaccines and passive antibody therapy and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Crowley
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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34
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Sui Y, Lewis GK, Wang Y, Berckmueller K, Frey B, Dzutsev A, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Mohanram V, Musich T, Shen X, DeVico A, Fouts T, Venzon D, Kirk J, Waters RC, Talton J, Klinman D, Clements J, Tomaras GD, Franchini G, Robert-Guroff M, Trinchieri G, Gallo RC, Berzofsky JA. Mucosal vaccine efficacy against intrarectal SHIV is independent of anti-Env antibody response. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1314-1328. [PMID: 30776026 DOI: 10.1172/jci122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that protection against acquisition of HIV or SIV infection requires anti-envelope (anti-Env) antibodies, and that cellular immunity may affect viral loads but not acquisition, except in special cases. Here we provide evidence to the contrary. Mucosal immunization may enhance HIV vaccine efficacy by eliciting protective responses at portals of exposure. Accordingly, we vaccinated macaques mucosally with HIV/SIV peptides, modified vaccinia Ankara-SIV (MVA-SIV), and HIV-gp120-CD4 fusion protein plus adjuvants, which consistently reduced infection risk against heterologous intrarectal SHIVSF162P4 challenge, both high dose and repeated low dose. Surprisingly, vaccinated animals exhibited no anti-gp120 humoral responses above background and Gag- and Env-specific T cells were induced but failed to correlate with viral acquisition. Instead, vaccine-induced gut microbiome alteration and myeloid cell accumulation in colorectal mucosa correlated with protection. Ex vivo stimulation of the myeloid cell-enriched population with SHIV led to enhanced production of trained immunity markers TNF-α and IL-6, as well as viral coreceptor agonist MIP1α, which correlated with reduced viral Gag expression and in vivo viral acquisition. Overall, our results suggest mechanisms involving trained innate mucosal immunity together with antigen-specific T cells, and also indicate that vaccines can have critical effects on the gut microbiome, which in turn can affect resistance to infection. Strategies to elicit similar responses may be considered for vaccine designs to achieve optimal protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Berckmueller
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Diego Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Musich
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - James Kirk
- Nanotherapeutics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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35
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Smith SA, Burton SL, Kilembe W, Lakhi S, Karita E, Price M, Allen S, Derdeyn CA. VH1-69 Utilizing Antibodies Are Capable of Mediating Non-neutralizing Fc-Mediated Effector Functions Against the Transmitted/Founder gp120. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3163. [PMID: 30697215 PMCID: PMC6341001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple antibody effector functions arise in HIV-1 infection that could be harnessed to protect against infection or clear the persistent reservoir. Here, we have investigated the genetic and functional memory B cell and antibody landscape present during early infection in six individuals infected with either subtype A, C, or an A/C recombinant HIV-1. These individuals demonstrated varying levels of plasma autologous neutralization (nAb) against the transmitted/founder envelope (T/F Env) pseudovirus and non-neutralizing Fc-mediated effector function (nnFc) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the T/F Env gp120 protein at ~7 months after infection. Genetic analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy (VH) and light (VL) chain variable domain gene segments from 352 autologous T/F Env gp120-specific single B cells recovered at this same 7-month time-point revealed an over-representation of the VH1-69 germline in five of six individuals. A defining feature of the VH1-69 utilizing gp120-specific antibodies was their significantly more hydrophobic complementarity-determining region-2 (CDRH2) regions compared to other VH CDRH2 sequences from each individual. While none of the VH1-69 antibodies possessed strong neutralizing activity against virions pseudotyped with the autologous T/F Env, almost a third were capable of mediating high ADCC activity, as assayed by intracellular granzyme B activity in CEM.NKr.CCR5 target cells coated with autologous T/F Env gp120. High ADCC mediating VH1-69 antibodies exhibited shorter complementarity-determining region-3 (CDRH3) lengths and a more neutral isoelectric point than antibodies lacking this function. In the individual that developed the highest autologous ADCC responses, the high granzyme B producing antibodies bound to surface expressed envelope in the absence of CD4 and were not enhanced by the addition of soluble CD4. Overall, VH1-69 utilizing antibodies are commonly induced against gp120 in diverse HIV-1 infections and a subset of these antibodies can mediate ADCC functions, serving as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune response to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abigail Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samantha L Burton
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Shabir Lakhi
- Zambia Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Matt Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Susan Allen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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36
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Abstract
: Interactions between the Fc segment of IgG and its receptors (FcγRs) found on cells such as natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils can potentially mediate antiviral effects in the setting of HIV and related infections. We review the potential role of FcγR interactions in HIV, SIV and SHIV infections, with an emphasis on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Notably, these viruses employ various strategies, including CD4 down-regulation and BST-2/tetherin antagonism to limit the effect of ADCC. Although correlative data suggest that ADCC participates in both protection and control of established infection, there is little direct evidence in support of either role. Direct evidence does, however, implicate an FcγR-dependent function in augmenting the beneficial in vivo activity of neutralizing antibodies.
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37
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Polyclonal HIV envelope-specific breast milk antibodies limit founder SHIV acquisition and cell-associated virus loads in infant rhesus monkeys. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1716-1726. [PMID: 30115994 PMCID: PMC6420805 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk HIV-1 transmission is currently the predominant contributor to pediatric HIV infections. Yet, only ~10% of breastfeeding infants born to untreated HIV-infected mothers become infected. This study assessed the protective capacity of natural HIV envelope-specific antibodies isolated from the milk of HIV-infected women in an infant rhesus monkey (RM), tier 2 SHIV oral challenge model. To mimic placental and milk maternal antibody transfer, infant RMs were i.v. infused and orally treated at the time of challenge with a single weakly neutralizing milk monoclonal antibody (mAb), a tri-mAb cocktail with weakly neutralizing and ADCC functionalities, or an anti-influenza control mAb. Of these groups, the fewest tri-mAb-treated infants had SHIV detectable in plasma or tissues (2/6, 5/6, and 7/8 animals infected in tri-mAb, single-mAb, and control-mAb groups, respectively). Tri-mAb-treated infants demonstrated significantly fewer plasma transmitted/founder variants and reduced peripheral CD4+ T cell proviral loads at 8 weeks post-challenge compared to control mAb-treated infants. Abortive infection was observed as detectable CD4+ T cell provirus in non-viremic control mAb- and single mAb-, but not in tri-mAb-treated animals. These results suggest that polyfunctional milk antibodies contribute to the natural inefficiency of HIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding and infant vaccinations eliciting non-neutralizing antibody responses could reduce postnatal HIV transmission.
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