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Saimaier K, Han S, Lv J, Zhuang W, Xie L, Liu G, Wang C, Zhang R, Hua Q, Shi C, Du C. Manganese Exacerbates ConA-Induced Liver Inflammation via the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2024; 47:333-345. [PMID: 37805951 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a potential association between the dysregulation of trace elements and impaired liver function. Elevated levels of manganese, an essential metal ion, have been observed in liver-related diseases, and excessive intake of manganese can worsen liver damage. However, the specific mechanisms underlying manganese-induced liver injury are not well understood. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of excess manganese on autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and elucidate its mechanisms. Our findings revealed that manganese exacerbates liver damage under ConA-induced inflammatory conditions. Transcriptomic and experimental data suggested that manganese enhances inflammatory signaling and contributes to the inflammatory microenvironment in the liver of AIH mice. Further investigations demonstrated that manganese exacerbates liver injury by activating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and its downstream pro-inflammatory factors such as IFN[Formula: see text], IFN[Formula: see text], TNF[Formula: see text], and IL-6 in the liver of AIH mice. These results suggest that manganese overload promotes the progression of AIH by activating cGAS-STING-mediated inflammation, providing a new perspective for the treatment and prognosis of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidireya Saimaier
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanxing Han
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyu Liu
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuhong Hua
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changjie Shi
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changsheng Du
- Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Salazar S, Luong KTY, Koyuncu OO. Cell Intrinsic Determinants of Alpha Herpesvirus Latency and Pathogenesis in the Nervous System. Viruses 2023; 15:2284. [PMID: 38140525 PMCID: PMC10747186 DOI: 10.3390/v15122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesvirus infections (α-HVs) are widespread, affecting more than 70% of the adult human population. Typically, the infections start in the mucosal epithelia, from which the viral particles invade the axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the nuclei of the peripheral ganglia, α-HVs establish a lifelong latency and eventually undergo multiple reactivation cycles. Upon reactivation, viral progeny can move into the nerves, back out toward the periphery where they entered the organism, or they can move toward the central nervous system (CNS). This latency-reactivation cycle is remarkably well controlled by the intricate actions of the intrinsic and innate immune responses of the host, and finely counteracted by the viral proteins in an effort to co-exist in the population. If this yin-yang- or Nash-equilibrium-like balance state is broken due to immune suppression or genetic mutations in the host response factors particularly in the CNS, or the presence of other pathogenic stimuli, α-HV reactivations might lead to life-threatening pathologies. In this review, we will summarize the molecular virus-host interactions starting from mucosal epithelia infections leading to the establishment of latency in the PNS and to possible CNS invasion by α-HVs, highlighting the pathologies associated with uncontrolled virus replication in the NS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.); (K.T.Y.L.)
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3
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Broekema N, Mertens ME, Angelova M, Orzalli MH, Oh HS, Knipe DM. Herpes simplex virus infected cell protein 8 is required for viral inhibition of the cGAS pathway. Virology 2023; 585:34-41. [PMID: 37271042 PMCID: PMC10526635 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA virus infection triggers an antiviral type I interferon (IFN) response in cells that suppresses infection of surrounding cells. Consequently, viruses have evolved mechanisms to inhibit the IFN response for efficient replication. The cellular cGAS protein binds to double-stranded DNA and synthesizes the small molecule cGAMP to initiate DNA-dependent type I IFN production. We showed previously that cGAMP production is relatively low during HSV-1 infection compared to plasmid DNA transfection. Therefore, we hypothesized that HSV-1 produces antagonists of the cGAS DNA sensing pathway. In this study, we found that the HSV-1 ICP8 protein is required for viral inhibition of the cGAS pathway by reducing cGAMP levels stimulated by double-stranded DNA transfection. ICP8 alone inhibited the cGAMP response and may inhibit cGAS action by direct interaction with DNA, cGAS, or other infected cell proteins. Our results reveal another cGAS antiviral pathway inhibitor and highlight the importance of countering IFN for efficient viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Broekema
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max E Mertens
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magdalena Angelova
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan H Orzalli
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyung S Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Guo Y, Pan L, Wang L, Wang S, Fu J, Luo W, Wang K, Li X, Huang C, Liu Y, Kang H, Zeng Q, Fu X, Huang Z, Li W, He Y, Li L, Peng T, Yang H, Li M, Xiao B, Cai M. Epstein-Barr Virus Envelope Glycoprotein gp110 Inhibits IKKi-Mediated Activation of NF-κB and Promotes the Degradation of β-Catenin. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0032623. [PMID: 37022262 PMCID: PMC10269791 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00326-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects host cells and establishes a latent infection that requires evasion of host innate immunity. A variety of EBV-encoded proteins that manipulate the innate immune system have been reported, but whether other EBV proteins participate in this process is unclear. EBV-encoded envelope glycoprotein gp110 is a late protein involved in virus entry into target cells and enhancement of infectivity. Here, we reported that gp110 inhibits RIG-I-like receptor pathway-mediated promoter activity of interferon-β (IFN-β) as well as the transcription of downstream antiviral genes to promote viral proliferation. Mechanistically, gp110 interacts with the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKi) and restrains its K63-linked polyubiquitination, leading to attenuation of IKKi-mediated activation of NF-κB and repression of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. Additionally, gp110 interacts with an important regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, β-catenin, and induces its K48-linked polyubiquitination degradation via the proteasome system, resulting in the suppression of β-catenin-mediated IFN-β production. Taken together, these results suggest that gp110 is a negative regulator of antiviral immunity, revealing a novel mechanism of EBV immune evasion during lytic infection. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects almost all human beings, and the persistence of EBV in the host is largely due to immune escape mediated by its encoded products. Thus, elucidation of EBV's immune escape mechanisms will provide a new direction for the design of novel antiviral strategies and vaccine development. Here, we report that EBV-encoded gp110 serves as a novel viral immune evasion factor, which inhibits RIG-I-like receptor pathway-mediated interferon-β (IFN-β) production. Furthermore, we found that gp110 targeted two key proteins, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKi) and β-catenin, which mediate antiviral activity and the production of IFN-β. gp110 inhibited K63-linked polyubiquitination of IKKi and induced β-catenin degradation via the proteasome, resulting in decreased IFN-β production. In summary, our data provide new insights into the EBV-mediated immune evasion surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxia Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Liding Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangqin Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yintao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Haoran Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Qiyuan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Xiuxia Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zejin Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yingxin He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidi Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Li Z, Feng Z, Fang Z, Chen J, Chen W, Liang W, Chen Q. Herpes simplex virus type I glycoprotein L evades host antiviral innate immunity by abrogating the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated NF-κB sub-unit p65. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178249. [PMID: 37228366 PMCID: PMC10203706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB plays an important role in the innate immune response by inducing antiviral genes' expression. However, the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virus has developed multiple ways to interfere with NF-κB activity to escape the host antiviral response. Here, we found that HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein L(gL) markedly inhibits interferon (IFN) production and its downstream antiviral genes. Our results showed that ectopic expression of gL inhibited IFN-β promoter activation, and decreased IFN-β production, the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and inhibited immunologic stimulant (poly I:C) induced activation of IFN signaling pathway. Depletion of gL by short interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly upregulated IFN-β and ISG production. Further study showed that the N-terminus of the gL bound to the Rel homology domain (RHD) of the p65 and concealed the nuclear localization signal of p65, thereby impeding the translocation of phosphorylated p65 to the nucleus. In summary, our findings indicated that the N-terminal of HSV-1 gL contributes to immune invasion by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wengzhi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wangwang Liang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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6
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Role of Innate Interferon Responses at the Ocular Surface in Herpes Simplex Virus-1-Induced Herpetic Stromal Keratitis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030437. [PMID: 36986359 PMCID: PMC10058014 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen that primarily infects epithelial cells of the orofacial mucosa. After initial lytic replication, HSV-1 enters sensory neurons and undergoes lifelong latency in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Reactivation from latency occurs throughout the host’s life and is more common in people with a compromised immune system. HSV-1 causes various diseases depending on the site of lytic HSV-1 replication. These include herpes labialis, herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), meningitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). HSK is an immunopathological condition and is usually the consequence of HSV-1 reactivation, anterograde transport to the corneal surface, lytic replication in the epithelial cells, and activation of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses in the cornea. HSV-1 is recognized by cell surface, endosomal, and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activates innate immune responses that include interferons (IFNs), chemokine and cytokine production, as well as the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of replication. In the cornea, HSV-1 replication promotes type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) IFN production. This review summarizes our current understanding of HSV-1 recognition by PRRs and innate IFN-mediated antiviral immunity during HSV-1 infection of the cornea. We also discuss the immunopathogenesis of HSK, current HSK therapeutics and challenges, proposed experimental approaches, and benefits of promoting local IFN-λ responses.
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Tian Y, Tian B, Wang M, Cai D, Cheng A, Zhang W, Wu Y, Yang Q, Ou X, Sun D, Zhang S, Mao S, Zhao X, Huang J, Gao Q, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M. BX795, a kinase inhibitor, inhibit duck plague virus infection via targeting US3 kinase. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102597. [PMID: 36931072 PMCID: PMC10027563 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck plague virus (DPV) is a typical DNA virus of waterfowl, it causes huge economic losses to the duck industry due to the higher mortality and lower egg production. The disease is one of the frequent epidemics and outbreaks on duck farms because present vaccines could not provide complete immunity and there are no specific antiviral drugs available. Therefore, the development of antiviral drugs is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of BX795, a specific kinase inhibitor of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), protein kinase B (AKT) and Tank binding kinase 1 (TBK1), against DPV in different duck cells. Our study demonstrated that BX795 reveals prominent antiviral activity in a dose-dependent manner in different types of duck cells. Time-addition and antiviral duration analysis uncovered that BX795 inhibits viral infection therapeutically and its antiviral activity lasts longer than 96 h. Further studies have shown that BX795 prevents cell-to-cell spread of the DPV rather than affects other stage of viral life cycle. Mechanistically, BX795 can inhibit DPV US3 kinase activity, reduce the phosphorylation of US3 substrates, and prevent the interaction between US3 and UL47. Taking together, our study demonstrated BX795, which disrupts the viral kinase activity, is a candidate antiviral agent for DPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Dongjie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xuming Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - XinXin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
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Pseudorabies Virus Regulates the Extracellular Translocation of Annexin A2 To Promote Its Proliferation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0154522. [PMID: 36786600 PMCID: PMC10062141 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01545-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection causes enormous economic losses to the pork industry and severe health consequences in many hosts. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a membrane-associated protein with various intracellular functions associated with many viral infections. However, the role of ANXA2 in alphaherpesvirus replication is still not explored. In the present study, we identified the interaction between ANXA2 and PRV US3. The deficiency of ANXA2 significantly restricted PRV proliferation. PRV infection or US3 overexpression led to ANXA2 extracellular translocation. Furthermore, we confirmed that PRV or US3 could lead to the phosphorylation of the Tyr23 ANXA2 and Tyr419 Src kinase, which was associated with the ANXA2 cell surface transposition. US3 can also bind to Src in an ANXA2-independent manner and enhance the interaction between Src and ANXA2. Additionally, inhibitors targeting ANXA2 (A2ti-1) or Src (PP2) could remarkably inhibit PRV propagation in vitro and protect mice from PRV infection in vivo. Collectively, our findings broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ANXA2 in alphaherpesvirus pathogenicity and suggest that ANXA2 is a potential therapeutic target for treating alphaherpesvirus-induced infectious diseases. IMPORTANCE PRV belongs to the alphaherpesvirus and has recently re-emerged in China, causing severe economic losses. Recent studies also indicate that PRV may pose a potential public health challenge. ANXA2 is a multifunctional calcium- and lipid-binding protein implicated in immune function, multiple human diseases, and viral infection. Herein, we found that ANXA2 was essential to PRV efficient proliferation. PRV infection resulted in the extracellular translocation of ANXA2 through phosphorylation of ANXA2 and Src. ANXA2 and Src formed a complex with PRV US3. Importantly, inhibitors targeting ANXA2 or Src prevented PRV infection in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our studies reveal a novel strategy by which alphaherpesvirus modifies ANXA2 to promote its replication and highlight ANXA2 as a target in developing novel promising antivirus agents in viral therapy.
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Liu R, Gao L, Yang F, Li X, Liu C, Qi X, Cui H, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Gao Y, Li K. Duck Enteritis Virus Protein Kinase US3 Inhibits DNA Sensing Signaling by Phosphorylating Interferon Regulatory Factor 7. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0229922. [PMID: 36287016 PMCID: PMC9769898 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02299-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic DNA sensing pathway mediates innate immune defense against infection by many DNA viruses; however, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade the host immune response. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality in waterfowl. The mechanisms employed by DEV to block the DNA sensing pathway are not well understood. Here, we sought to investigate the role of DEV US3, a serine/threonine protein kinase, in the inhibition of DNA sensing. We found that ectopic expression of DEV US3 significantly inhibited the production of IFN-β and expression of interferon-stimulated genes induced by interferon-stimulatory DNA and poly(dA-dT). US3 also inhibited viral DNA-triggered IFN-β activation and promoted DEV replication in duck embryo fibroblasts, while knockdown of US3 during DEV infection enhances the IFN-β response and suppresses viral replication. US3 inhibited the DNA-sensing signaling pathway by targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), and the kinase activity of US3 was indispensable for its inhibitory function. Furthermore, we found that US3 interacts with the activation domain of IRF7, phosphorylating IRF7, blocking its dimerization and nuclear translocation, and finally leading to the inhibition of IFN-β production. These findings expand our knowledge on DNA sensing in ducks and reveal a novel mechanism whereby DEV evades host antiviral immunity. IMPORTANCE Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality, resulting in substantial economic losses in the commercial waterfowl industry. The evasion of DNA-sensing pathway-mediated antiviral innate immunity is essential for the persistent infection and replication for many DNA viruses. However, the strategies used by DEV to block the DNA-sensing pathway are not well understood. In this study, DEV US3 protein kinase was demonstrated to inhibit the DNA-sensing signaling via binding to the activation domain of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), which induced the hyperphosphorylation of IRF7 and abolished IRF7 dimerization and nuclear translocation. Our findings provide insights into how duck herpesviral kinase counteracts host antiviral innate immunity to ensure viral replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fuchun Yang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Suyan Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Duck Enteritis Virus Inhibits the cGAS-STING DNA-Sensing Pathway To Evade the Innate Immune Response. J Virol 2022; 96:e0157822. [PMID: 36448809 PMCID: PMC9769366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a key DNA sensor, detects cytosolic viral DNA and activates the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to initiate interferon (IFN) production and host innate antiviral responses. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality in waterfowl. In the present study, we found that DEV inhibits host innate immune responses during the late phase of viral infection. Furthermore, we screened DEV proteins for their ability to inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway and identified multiple viral proteins, including UL41, US3, UL28, UL53, and UL24, which block IFN-β activation through this pathway. The DEV tegument protein UL41, which exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, selectively downregulated the expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) by reducing its mRNA accumulation, thereby inhibiting the DNA-sensing pathway. Ectopic expression of UL41 markedly reduced viral DNA-triggered IFN-β production and promoted viral replication, whereas deficiency of UL41 in the context of DEV infection increased the IFN-β response to DEV and suppressed viral replication. In addition, ectopic expression of IRF7 inhibited the replication of the UL41-deficient virus, whereas IRF7 knockdown facilitated its replication. This study is the first report identifying multiple viral proteins encoded by a duck DNA virus, which inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. These findings expand our knowledge of DNA sensing in ducks and reveal a mechanism through which DEV antagonizes the host innate immune response. IMPORTANCE Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality, resulting in substantial economic losses in the commercial waterfowl industry. The evasion of DNA-sensing pathway-mediated antiviral innate immunity is essential for the persistent infection and replication of many DNA viruses. However, the mechanisms used by DEV to modulate the DNA-sensing pathway remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that DEV encodes multiple viral proteins to inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. The DEV tegument protein UL41 selectively diminished the accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) mRNA, thereby inhibiting the DNA-sensing pathway. Loss of UL41 potently enhanced the IFN-β response to DEV and impaired viral replication in ducks. These findings provide insights into the host-virus interaction during DEV infection and help develop new live attenuated vaccines against DEV.
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Zhou T, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Tian B, Wu Y, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Ou X, Mao S, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhu D, Huang J, Gao Q, Yu Y, Zhang L. Regulation of alphaherpesvirus protein via post-translational phosphorylation. Vet Res 2022; 53:93. [PMID: 36397147 PMCID: PMC9670612 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An alphaherpesvirus carries dozens of viral proteins in the envelope, tegument and capsid structure, and each protein plays an indispensable role in virus adsorption, invasion, uncoating and release. After infecting the host, a virus eliminates unfavourable factors via multiple mechanisms to escape or suppress the attack of the host immune system. Post-translational modification of proteins, especially phosphorylation, regulates changes in protein conformation and biological activity through a series of complex mechanisms. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to leverage host phosphorylation systems to regulate viral protein activity and establish a suitable cellular environment for efficient viral replication and virulence. In this paper, viral protein kinases and the regulation of viral protein function mediated via the phosphorylation of alphaherpesvirus proteins are described. In addition, this paper provides new ideas for further research into the role played by the post-translational modification of viral proteins in the virus life cycle, which will be helpful for understanding the mechanisms of viral infection of a host and may lead to new directions of antiviral treatment.
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12
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Cui S, Wang Y, Gao X, Xin T, Wang X, Yu H, Chen S, Jiang Y, Chen Q, Jiang F, Wang D, Guo X, Jia H, Zhu H. African swine fever virus M1249L protein antagonizes type I interferon production via suppressing phosphorylation of TBK1 and degrading IRF3. Virus Res 2022; 319:198872. [PMID: 35853521 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a major DNA sensor. The recognition of cytosolic DNA by cGAS triggers a robust innate immune response that restricts the replication of diverse viral pathogens through the type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large and complex DNA virus reported to strongly inhibit the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Herein, 12 ASFV structural proteins were screened to determine their effects on the cGAS-STING pathway. Ectopic expression of the ASFV caspid protein M1249L significantly inhibited the IFN-β promoter activity induced by the cGAS-STING pathway in a dose-dependent manner. And it could also downregulate the levels of IFN-β and several interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs) induced by cGAS-STING and 2'3'-cGAMP. Moreover, ASFV M1249L also suppressed phosphorylation of TBK1 by cGAS and STING overexpression. Further study showed that M1249L co-localized and interacted with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), which led to induce IRF3 degradation by lysosomal pathway. Taken together, our study revealed a novel strategy utilized by ASFV for cGAS-STING-related immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Xin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hainan Yu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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Ge Z, Ding S. Regulation of cGAS/STING signaling and corresponding immune escape strategies of viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:954581. [PMID: 36189363 PMCID: PMC9516114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading external pathogens, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the key receptors that mediate the innate immune response. Nowadays, there are various PRRs in cells that can activate the innate immune response by recognizing pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs). The DNA sensor cGAS, which belongs to the PRRs, plays a crucial role in innate immunity. cGAS detects both foreign and host DNA and generates a second-messenger cGAMP to mediate stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent antiviral responses, thereby exerting an antiviral immune response. However, the process of cGAS/STING signaling is regulated by a wide range of factors. Multiple studies have shown that viruses directly target signal transduction proteins in the cGAS/STING signaling through viral surface proteins to impede innate immunity. It is noteworthy that the virus utilizes these cGAS/STING signaling regulators to evade immune surveillance. Thus, this paper mainly summarized the regulatory mechanism of the cGAS/STING signaling pathway and the immune escape mechanism of the corresponding virus, intending to provide targeted immunotherapy ideas for dealing with specific viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ge
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuzhe Ding,
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14
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Pseudorabies Virus EP0 Antagonizes the Type I Interferon Response via Inhibiting IRF9 Transcription. J Virol 2022; 96:e0217121. [PMID: 35708311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02171-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the etiologic agent of swine Aujeszky's disease, which can cause huge economic losses to the pig industry. PRV can overcome a type I interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral state in host cells through its encoded EP0 protein. However, the exact role of EP0 in this process is poorly defined. Here, we report that EP0 transcriptionally represses IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), a critical component in the IFN signaling pathway, thereby reducing the cellular levels of IRF9 and inhibiting IFN-induced gene transcription. This activity of EP0 is mediated by its C-terminal region independently of the RING domain. Moreover, compared with EP0 wild-type PRV, EP0-deficient PRV loses the ability to efficiently decrease cellular IRF9, while reintroducing the C-terminal region of EP0 back into the EP0-deficient virus restores the activity. Together, these results suggest that EP0 can transcriptionally modulate IRF9-mediated antiviral pathways through its C-terminal region, contributing to PRV innate immune evasion. IMPORTANCE Alphaherpesviruses can establish lifelong infections and cause many diseases in humans and animals. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a swine alphaherpesvirus that threatens pig production. Using PRV as a model, we found that alphaherpesvirus can utilize its encoded early protein EP0 to inhibit the IFN-induced upregulation of antiviral proteins by reducing the basal expression levels of IRF9 through repressing its transcription. Our findings reveal a mechanism employed by alphaherpesvirus to evade the immune response and indicate that EP0 is an important viral protein in pathogenesis and a potential target for antiviral drug development.
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15
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Gong L, Ou X, Hu L, Zhong J, Li J, Deng S, Li B, Pan L, Wang L, Hong X, Luo W, Zeng Q, Zan J, Peng T, Cai M, Li M. The Molecular Mechanism of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL31 in Antagonizing the Activity of IFN-β. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0188321. [PMID: 35196784 PMCID: PMC8865407 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01883-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection triggers intricate signal cascade reactions to activate the host innate immunity, which leads to the production of type I interferon (IFN-I). Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a human-restricted pathogen, is capable of encoding over 80 viral proteins, and several of them are involved in immune evasion to resist the host antiviral response through the IFN-I signaling pathway. Here, we determined that HSV-1 UL31, which is associated with nuclear matrix and is essential for the formation of viral nuclear egress complex, could inhibit retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor pathway-mediated interferon beta (IFN-β)-luciferase (Luc) and (PRDIII-I)4-Luc (an expression plasmid of IFN-β positive regulatory elements III and I) promoter activation, as well as the mRNA transcription of IFN-β and downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as ISG15, ISG54, ISG56, etc., to promote viral infection. UL31 was shown to restrain IFN-β activation at the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/IRF7 level. Mechanically, UL31 was demonstrated to interact with TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), inducible IκB kinase (IKKi), and IRF3 to impede the formation of the IKKi-IRF3 complex but not the formation of the IRF7-related complex. UL31 could constrain the dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Although UL31 was associated with the CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300 coactivators, it could not efficiently hamper the formation of the CBP/p300-IRF3 complex. In addition, UL31 could facilitate the degradation of IKKi and IRF3 by mediating their K48-linked polyubiquitination. Taken together, these results illustrated that UL31 was able to suppress IFN-β activity by inhibiting the activation of IKKi and IRF3, which may contribute to the knowledge of a new immune evasion mechanism during HSV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against the invasion of pathogens. Among its mechanisms, IFN-I is an essential cytokine in the antiviral response, which can help the host eliminate a virus. HSV-1 is a double-stranded DNA virus that can cause herpes and establish a lifelong latent infection, due to its possession of multiple mechanisms to escape host innate immunity. In this study, we illustrate for the first time that the HSV-1-encoded UL31 protein has a negative regulatory effect on IFN-β production by blocking the dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3, as well as promoting the K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of both IKKi and IRF3. This study may be helpful for fully understanding the pathogenesis of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Jinming Yu Academician Workstation of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingxia Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiyuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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van Gent M, Chiang JJ, Muppala S, Chiang C, Azab W, Kattenhorn L, Knipe DM, Osterrieder N, Gack MU. The US3 Kinase of Herpes Simplex Virus Phosphorylates the RNA Sensor RIG-I To Suppress Innate Immunity. J Virol 2022; 96:e0151021. [PMID: 34935440 PMCID: PMC8865413 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01510-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the signaling activity of the cytosolic pathogen sensor retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is modulated by a variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to fine-tune the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) response. Whereas K63-linked ubiquitination of the RIG-I caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) catalyzed by TRIM25 or other E3 ligases activates RIG-I, phosphorylation of RIG-I at S8 and T170 represses RIG-I signal transduction by preventing the TRIM25-RIG-I interaction and subsequent RIG-I ubiquitination. While strategies to suppress RIG-I signaling by interfering with its K63-polyubiquitin-dependent activation have been identified for several viruses, evasion mechanisms that directly promote RIG-I phosphorylation to escape antiviral immunity are unknown. Here, we show that the serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase US3 of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) binds to RIG-I and phosphorylates RIG-I specifically at S8. US3-mediated phosphorylation suppressed TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination, RIG-I-MAVS binding, and type I IFN induction. We constructed a mutant HSV-1 encoding a catalytically-inactive US3 protein (K220A) and found that, in contrast to the parental virus, the US3 mutant HSV-1 was unable to phosphorylate RIG-I at S8 and elicited higher levels of type I IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and proinflammatory cytokines in a RIG-I-dependent manner. Finally, we show that this RIG-I evasion mechanism is conserved among the alphaherpesvirus US3 kinase family. Collectively, our study reveals a novel immune evasion mechanism of herpesviruses in which their US3 kinases phosphorylate the sensor RIG-I to keep it in the signaling-repressed state. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latency in the majority of the human population worldwide. HSV-1 occasionally reactivates to produce infectious virus and to facilitate dissemination. While often remaining subclinical, both primary infection and reactivation occasionally cause debilitating eye diseases, which can lead to blindness, as well as life-threatening encephalitis and newborn infections. To identify new therapeutic targets for HSV-1-induced diseases, it is important to understand the HSV-1-host interactions that may influence infection outcome and disease. Our work uncovered direct phosphorylation of the pathogen sensor RIG-I by alphaherpesvirus-encoded kinases as a novel viral immune escape strategy and also underscores the importance of RNA sensors in surveilling DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Gent
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica J. Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Santoshi Muppala
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Kattenhorn
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Jia J, Fu J, Tang H. Activation and Evasion of RLR Signaling by DNA Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:804511. [PMID: 34987495 PMCID: PMC8721196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.804511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral innate immune response triggered by nucleic acid recognition plays an extremely important role in controlling viral infections. The initiation of antiviral immune response against RNA viruses through ligand recognition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) was extensively studied. RLR’s role in DNA virus infection, which is less known, is increasing attention. Here, we review the research progress of the ligand recognition of RLRs during the DNA virus infection process and the viral evasion mechanism from host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangan Fu
- Genor Biopharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Zhang R, Tang J. Evasion of I Interferon-Mediated Innate Immunity by Pseudorabies Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:801257. [PMID: 34970252 PMCID: PMC8712723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.801257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) mediated innate immunity serves as the first line of host defense against viral infection, ranging from IFN-I production upon viral detection, IFN-I triggered signaling pathway that induces antiviral gene transcription the antiviral effects of IFN-I induced gene products. During coevolution, herpesviruses have developed multiple countermeasures to inhibit the various steps involved to evade the IFN response. This mini-review focuses on the strategies used by the alphaherpesvirus Pseudorabies virus (PRV) to antagonize IFN-I mediated innate immunity, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms inhibiting IFN-I induced gene transcription through the JAK-STAT pathway. The knowledge obtained from PRV enriches the current understanding of the alphaherpesviral immune evasion mechanisms and provides insight into the vaccine development for PRV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Xie J, Zhang X, Chen L, Bi Y, Idris A, Xu S, Li X, Zhang Y, Feng R. Pseudorabies Virus US3 Protein Inhibits IFN-β Production by Interacting With IRF3 to Block Its Activation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:761282. [PMID: 34745071 PMCID: PMC8569920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.761282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus is a typical swine alphaherpesvirus, which can cause obvious neurological disorders and reproductive failure in pigs. It is capable of evading host antiviral immune response. However, the mechanism by which many PRV proteins assist the virus to evade innate immunity is not fully understood. This study identified PRV US3 protein as a crucial antagonistic viral factor that represses interferon beta (IFN-β) expression. A in-depth study showed that US3 protein restricted type I IFN production by targeting interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key molecule required for type I IFN induction. Additionally, US3 protein interacted with IRF3, degraded its protein expression to block the phosphorylation of IRF3. These findings suggested a novel strategy utilized by PRV to inhibit IFN-β production and escape the host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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20
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Abstract
Two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), cause a variety of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, meningitis and encephalitis. The intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses are key to control HSV, and the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The immune response can also contribute to pathogenesis, as observed in stromal keratitis and encephalitis. The fact that certain individuals are more prone than others to suffer severe disease upon HSV infection can be partially explained by the existence of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Like all herpesviruses, HSV has two replication cycles: lytic and latent. During lytic replication HSV produces infectious viral particles to infect other cells and organisms, while during latency there is limited gene expression and lack of infectious virus particles. HSV establishes latency in neurons and can cause disease both during primary infection and upon reactivation. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes. We also discuss the potential association between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Sui H, Hao M, Chang W, Imamichi T. The Role of Ku70 as a Cytosolic DNA Sensor in Innate Immunity and Beyond. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:761983. [PMID: 34746031 PMCID: PMC8566972 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.761983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Ku70 is a well-known endogenous nuclear protein involved in the non-homologous end joining pathway to repair double-stranded breaks in DNA. However, Ku70 has been studied in multiple contexts and grown into a multifunctional protein. In addition to the extensive functional study of Ku70 in DNA repair process, many studies have emphasized the role of Ku70 in various other cellular processes, including apoptosis, aging, and HIV replication. In this review, we focus on discussing the role of Ku70 in inducing interferons and proinflammatory cytokines as a cytosolic DNA sensor. We explored the unique structure of Ku70 binding with DNA; illustrated, with evidence, how Ku70, as a nuclear protein, responds to extracellular DNA stimulation; and summarized the mechanisms of the Ku70-involved innate immune response pathway. Finally, we discussed several new strategies to modulate Ku70-mediated innate immune response and highlighted some potential physiological insights based on the role of Ku70 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sui
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
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22
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Sharma N, Wang C, Kessler P, Sen GC. Herpes simplex virus 1 evades cellular antiviral response by inducing microRNA-24, which attenuates STING synthesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009950. [PMID: 34591940 PMCID: PMC8483329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STING is a nodal point for cellular innate immune response to microbial infections, autoimmunity and cancer; it triggers the synthesis of the antiviral proteins, type I interferons. Many DNA viruses, including Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV1), trigger STING signaling causing inhibition of virus replication. Here, we report that HSV1 evades this antiviral immune response by inducing a cellular microRNA, miR-24, which binds to the 3’ untranslated region of STING mRNA and inhibits its translation. Expression of the gene encoding miR-24 is induced by the transcription factor AP1 and activated by MAP kinases in HSV1-infected cells. Introduction of exogenous miR-24 or prior activation of MAPKs, causes further enhancement of HSV1 replication in STING-expressing cells. Conversely, transfection of antimiR-24 inhibits virus replication in those cells. HSV1 infection of mice causes neuropathy and death; using two routes of infection, we demonstrated that intracranial injection of antimiR-24 alleviates both morbidity and mortality of the infected mice. Our studies reveal a new immune evasion strategy adopted by HSV1 through the regulation of STING and demonstrates that it can be exploited to enhance STING’s antiviral action. The type I interferon system is the first line of cellular antiviral innate immune response. Virus infection is recognized by various pattern recognition receptors in the infected cell and it activates the interferon system to inhibit virus replication. However, viruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade the cellular immune response and enhance viral replication. Our study uncovers an immune evasion strategy used by the Herpes Simplex virus to circumvent the cGAS/STING signaling pathway which is the pivotal innate immune response to combat DNA virus replication. miR-24 induction by HSV1 targets STING and hence, dampens Type I Immune response against the virus. The induction of miR-24 is regulated by virus induced MAPK activation, which are also required during early lytic cycles of HSV1 replication and is indispensable for HSV1 reactivation from latency in neurons; depicting a new direct co-relation between MAPK activation and HSV1 replication orchestrated through cellular miR-24. Silencing of miR-24 in mice brain curtails viral replication and disease severity. Overall, these results indicate possible therapeutic use of stable antimiR-24 against HSV1 and other diseases that are alleviated by STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chenyao Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patricia Kessler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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23
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Greenan E, Gallagher S, Khalil R, Murphy CC, Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole J. Advancing Our Understanding of Corneal Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Immune Evasion Mechanisms and Future Therapeutics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091856. [PMID: 34578437 PMCID: PMC8473450 DOI: 10.3390/v13091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a disease that commonly affects the cornea and external eye and is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1). This virus infects approximately 66% of people worldwide; however, only a small portion of these people will develop symptoms in their lifetime. There is no cure or vaccine available for HSV-1; however, there are treatments available that aim to control the inflammation caused by the virus and prevent its recurrence. While these treatments are beneficial to those suffering with HSK, there is a need for more effective treatments to minimise the need for topical steroids, which can have harmful effects, and to prevent bouts of disease reactivation, which can lead to progressive corneal scarring and visual impairment. This review details the current understanding of HSV-1 infection and discusses potential novel treatment options including microRNAs, TLRs, mAbs, and aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Greenan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Sophie Gallagher
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University (TU) Dublin, Kevin Street, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rana Khalil
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Conor C. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan Ní Gabhann-Dromgoole
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland; (E.G.); (C.C.M.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences (PBS), RSCI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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24
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Li R, Liu W, Yin X, Zheng F, Wang Z, Wu X, Zhang X, Du Q, Huang Y, Tong D. Brucella spp. Omp25 Promotes Proteasome-Mediated cGAS Degradation to Attenuate IFN-β Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702881. [PMID: 34394047 PMCID: PMC8358459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN), a family of cytokines widely expressed in various tissues, play important roles in anti-infection immunity. Nevertheless, it is not known whether Brucella spp. could interfere with IFN-I production induced by other pathogens. This study investigated the regulatory roles of Brucella outer membrane protein (Omp)25 on the IFN-I signaling pathway and found that Omp25 inhibited the production of IFN-β and its downstream IFN-stimulated genes induced by various DNA viruses or IFN-stimulatory DNA in human, murine, porcine, bovine, and ovine monocyte/macrophages or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Brucella Omp25 suppressed the phosphorylation of stimulator of IFN genes (STINGs) and IFN regulatory factor 3 and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 3 in pseudorabies virus- or herpes simplex virus-1-infected murine, human, or porcine macrophages. Furthermore, we found that Brucella Omp25 promoted cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) degradation via the proteasome-dependent pathway, resulting in a decreased cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate production and downstream signaling activation upon DNA virus infection or IFN-stimulatory DNA stimulation. Mapping the predominant function domain of Omp25 showed that the amino acids 161 to 184 of Omp25 were required for Omp25-induced cGAS degradation, among which five amino acid residues (R176, Y179, R180, Y181, and Y184) were required for the inhibitory effect of Omp25 on IFN-β induction. Altogether, our results demonstrated that Brucella Omp25 inhibits cGAS STING signaling pathway-induced IFN-β via facilitating the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of cGAS in various mammalian monocyte/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- School Hospital, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangrui Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fangfang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xingchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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25
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Abstract
We previously reported that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) ICP22 binds to CD80 and suppresses CD80 expression in vitro and in vivo. Similar to ICP22, the cellular costimulatory molecules CD28, CTLA4, and PD-L1 also bind to CD80. In this study, we asked whether, similar to ICP22-null virus, the absence of these costimulatory molecules will reduce HSV-1 infectivity. To test our hypothesis, CD28−/−, CD28−/− CTLA4−/−, PD-L1−/−, and wild-type control BALB/c mice were ocularly infected with HSV-1 strain KOS. Levels of virus replication in the eye, corneal scarring (CS), latency, and reactivation in infected mice were determined. Expression of different genes in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of latently infected mice was also determined by NanoString and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). In the absence of costimulatory molecules, latency levels were higher than those in wild-type control mice, but despite higher latency, a significant number of TG from infected knockout mice did not reactivate. Reduced reactivation correlated with downregulation of 26 similar cellular genes that are associated with inflammatory signaling and innate immune responses. These results suggest that lower reactivation directly correlates with lower expression of interferon signaling. Thus, despite having different modes of actions, we identified a similar function for CD28, CTLA4, and PD-L1 in HSV-1 reactivation that is dependent on their interactions with CD80. Therefore, blocking these interactions could be a therapeutic target for HSV-1-induced reactivation.
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26
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Zhang R, Chen S, Zhang Y, Wang M, Qin C, Yu C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen L, Zhang X, Yuan X, Tang J. Pseudorabies Virus DNA Polymerase Processivity Factor UL42 Inhibits Type I IFN Response by Preventing ISGF3-ISRE Interaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:613-625. [PMID: 34272232 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses are large dsDNA viruses with an ability to establish persistent infection in hosts, which rely partly on their ability to evade host innate immune responses, notably the type I IFN response. However, the relevant molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we report the UL42 proteins of alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) and HSV type 1 (HSV1) as a potent antagonist of the IFN-I-induced JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We found that ectopic expression of UL42 in porcine macrophage CRL and human HeLa cells significantly suppresses IFN-α-mediated activation of the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE), leading to a decreased transcription and expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Mechanistically, UL42 directly interacts with ISRE and interferes with ISG factor 3 (ISGF3) from binding to ISRE for efficient gene transcription, and four conserved DNA-binding sites of UL42 are required for this interaction. The substitution of these DNA-binding sites with alanines results in reduced ISRE-binding ability of UL42 and impairs for PRV to evade the IFN response. Knockdown of UL42 in PRV remarkably attenuates the antagonism of virus to IFN in porcine kidney PK15 cells. Our results indicate that the UL42 protein of alphaherpesviruses possesses the ability to suppress IFN-I signaling by preventing the association of ISGF3 and ISRE, thereby contributing to immune evasion. This finding reveals UL42 as a potential antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Shifan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Mengdong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Chao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Cuilian Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yue Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Liankai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xiufang Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
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27
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Zhang L, Huang F, Liu J, Xu Y, Miao Y, Yuan Y, Chen X, Zhang HG, Wang J, Zheng H, Zuo Y. HSV-1-encoded ICP0 degrades the host deubiquitinase BRCC36 to antagonize interferon antiviral response. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:28-35. [PMID: 33857816 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays pivotal roles in defense against viral infection. HSV-1 has evolved multiple strategies to evade IFN-I antiviral response. In this study, we revealed a new mechanism that HSV-1-encoded ICP0 regulates the host deubiquitinase BRCC36 to inhibit IFN-I antiviral response. We found that HSV-1 infection rapidly downregulates BRCC36 proteins at the early stage of infection. Further studies demonstrated that HSV-1-encoded ICP0 induces K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of BRCC36. Importantly, HSV-1-induced BRCC36 degradation promotes downmodulation of IFN-I receptor IFNAR1, thus restricting host IFN-I antiviral response to facilitate HSV-1 early infection. These findings uncover a novel immune evasion mechanism exploited by HSV-1 and could provide potential strategies for anti-HSV-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Guang Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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28
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Lum KK, Cristea IM. Host Innate Immune Response and Viral Immune Evasion During Alphaherpesvirus Infection. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 42:635-686. [PMID: 33640867 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the development of the mammalian innate immune system and the antagonistic strategies acquired by alphaherpesviruses to dismantle it have been shaped by co-evolving virus-host interactions over millions of years. Here, we review mechanisms employed by mammalian cells to detect pathogen molecules, such as viral glycoproteins and nucleic acids, and induce innate immune signaling upon infection with alphaherpesviruses. We further explore strategies acquired by these viruses to bypass immune detection and activation, thereby supporting virus replication and spread. Finally, we discuss the contributions of advanced 'omics' and microscopy methods to these discoveries in immune signaling and highlight emerging technologies that can help to further our understanding of the dynamic interplay between host innate immune responses and virus immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal K Lum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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29
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Li X, Yu Y, Lang F, Chen G, Wang E, Li L, Li Z, Yang L, Cao X, Fraser NW, Zhou J. Cohesin promotes HSV-1 lytic transcription by facilitating the binding of RNA Pol II on viral genes. Virol J 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 33485391 PMCID: PMC7825184 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes Simplex Virus type I (HSV-1) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that enters productive infection in epithelial cells and reorganizes the host nucleus. Cohesin, a major constituent of interphase and mitotic chromosomes comprised of SMC1, SMC3, and SCC1 (Mcd1/Rad21), SCC3 (SA1/SA2), have diverse functions, including sister chromatid cohesion, DNA double-stranded breaks repair, and transcriptional control. Little is known about the role of cohesin in HSV-1 lytic infection. METHODS We measured the effect on HSV-1 transcription, genome copy number, and viral titer by depleting cohesin components SMC1 or Rad21 using RNAi, followed by immunofluorescence, qPCR, and ChIP experiments to gain insight into cohesin's function in HSV-1 transcription and replication. RESULTS Here, we report that cohesion subunits SMC1 and Rad21 are recruited to the lytic HSV-1 replication compartment. The knockdown results in decreased viral transcription, protein expression, and maturation of viral replication compartments. SMC1 and Rad21 knockdown leads to the reduced overall RNA pol II occupancy level but increased RNA pol II ser5 phosphorylation binding on viral genes. Consistent with this, the knockdown increased H3K27me3 modification on these genes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cohesin facilitates HSV-1 lytic transcription by promoting RNA Pol II transcription activity and preventing chromatin's silencing on the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Yafen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Fengchao Lang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Guijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Erlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Nigel W Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jumin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Lee Y, Maes RK, Kruger JM, Kiupel M, Giessler KS, Soboll Hussey G. Safety and Efficacy of Felid Herpesvirus-1 Deletion Mutants in Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020163. [PMID: 33499363 PMCID: PMC7911815 DOI: 10.3390/v13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Felid herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1) is an important respiratory and ocular pathogen of cats and current vaccines are limited in duration and efficacy because they do not prevent infection, viral nasal shedding and latency. To address these shortcomings, we have constructed FeHV-1 gE-TK- and FeHV-1 PK- deletion mutants (gE-TK- and PK-) using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis and shown safety and immunogenicity in vitro. Here, we compare the safety and efficacy of a prime boost FeHV-1 gE-TK- and FeHV-1 PK- vaccination regimen with commercial vaccination in cats. Cats in the vaccination groups were vaccinated at 3-week intervals and all cats were challenge infected 3 weeks after the last vaccination. Evaluations included clinical signs, nasal shedding, virus neutralizing antibodies (VN), cytokine mRNA gene expression, post-mortem histology and detection of latency establishment. Vaccination with gE-TK- and PK- mutants was safe and resulted in significantly reduced clinical disease scores, pathological changes, viral nasal shedding, and viral DNA in the trigeminal ganglia (the site of latency) following infection. Both mutants induced VN antibodies and interferons after immunization. In addition, after challenge infection, we observed a reduction of IL-1β expression, and modulation of TNFα, TGFβ and IL10 expression. In conclusion, this study shows the merits of using FeHV-1 deletion mutants for prevention of FeHV-1 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Roger K. Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - John M. Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Kim S. Giessler
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-517-432-3273
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"Non-Essential" Proteins of HSV-1 with Essential Roles In Vivo: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010017. [PMID: 33374862 PMCID: PMC7824580 DOI: 10.3390/v13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses encode for structural proteins that participate in virion formation and include capsid and envelope proteins. In addition, viruses encode for an array of non-structural accessory proteins important for replication, spread, and immune evasion in the host and are often linked to virus pathogenesis. Most virus accessory proteins are non-essential for growth in cell culture because of the simplicity of the infection barriers or because they have roles only during a state of the infection that does not exist in cell cultures (i.e., tissue-specific functions), or finally because host factors in cell culture can complement their absence. For these reasons, the study of most nonessential viral factors is more complex and requires development of suitable cell culture systems and in vivo models. Approximately half of the proteins encoded by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome have been classified as non-essential. These proteins have essential roles in vivo in counteracting antiviral responses, facilitating the spread of the virus from the sites of initial infection to the peripheral nervous system, where it establishes lifelong reservoirs, virus pathogenesis, and other regulatory roles during infection. Understanding the functions of the non-essential proteins of herpesviruses is important to understand mechanisms of viral pathogenesis but also to harness properties of these viruses for therapeutic purposes. Here, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the functions of HSV-1 non-essential proteins.
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Wang P, Deng Y, Guo Y, Xu Z, Li Y, Ou X, Xie L, Lu M, Zhong J, Li B, Hu L, Deng S, Peng T, Cai M, Li M. Epstein-Barr Virus Early Protein BFRF1 Suppresses IFN-β Activity by Inhibiting the Activation of IRF3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:513383. [PMID: 33391252 PMCID: PMC7774019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.513383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis that is closely associated with several human malignant diseases, while type I interferon (IFN-I) plays an important role against EBV infection. As we all know, EBV can encode some proteins to inhibit the production of IFN-I, but it’s not clear whether other proteins also take part in this progress. EBV early lytic protein BFRF1 is shown to be involved in viral maturation, however, whether BFRF1 participates in the host innate immune response is still not well known. In this study, we found BFRF1 could down-regulate sendai virus-induced IFN-β promoter activity and mRNA expression of IFN-β and ISG54 during BFRF1 plasmid transfection and EBV lytic infection, but BFRF1 could not affect the promoter activity of NF-κB or IRF7. Specifically, BFRF1 could co-localize and interact with IKKi. Although BFRF1 did not interfere the interaction between IKKi and IRF3, it could block the kinase activity of IKKi, which finally inhibited the phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Taken together, BFRF1 may play a critical role in disrupting the host innate immunity by suppressing IFN-β activity during EBV lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Centralab, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manjiao Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolin Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Herpes simplex virus 1 targets IRF7 via ICP0 to limit type I IFN induction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22216. [PMID: 33335135 PMCID: PMC7747705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, is the commonest cause of infectious blindness in the developed world. Following infection the virus is initially suspended in the tear film, where it encounters a multi-pronged immune response comprising enzymes, complement, immunoglobulins and crucially, a range of anti-viral and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, given that HSV-1 can overcome innate immune responses to establish lifelong latency throughout a susceptible individual's lifetime, there is significant interest in understanding the mechanisms employed by HSV-1 to downregulate the anti-viral type I interferon (IFN) mediated immune responses. This study aimed to investigate the interactions between infected cell protein (ICP)0 and key elements of the IFN pathway to identify possible novel targets that contribute to viral immune evasion. Reporter gene assays demonstrated the ability of ICP0 to inhibit type I IFN activity downstream of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which are known to be involved in host antiviral defences. Further experiments identified interferon regulatory factor (IRF)7, a driver of type I IFN, as a potential target for ICP0. These findings increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of HSK and suggest IRF7 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Zhu H, Zheng C. The Race between Host Antiviral Innate Immunity and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Herpes Simplex Virus 1. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00099-20. [PMID: 32998978 PMCID: PMC7528619 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00099-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is very successful in establishing acute and latent infections in humans by counteracting host antiviral innate immune responses. HSV-1 has evolved various strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity and some cellular survival-associated pathways. Since there is still no vaccine available for HSV-1, a continuous update of information regarding the interaction between HSV-1 infection and the host antiviral innate immunity will provide novel insights to develop new therapeutic strategies for HSV-1 infection and its associated diseases. Here, we update recent studies about how HSV-1 evades the host antiviral innate immunity, specifically how HSV-1 proteins directly or indirectly target the adaptors in the antiviral innate immunity signaling pathways to downregulate the signal transduction. Additionally, some classical intracellular stress responses, which also play important roles in defense of viral invasion, will be discussed here. With a comprehensive review of evasion mechanisms of antiviral innate immunity by HSV-1, we will be able to develop potential new targets for therapies and a possible vaccine against HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Neonatal/Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Jansens RJJ, Marmiroli S, Favoreel HW. An Unbiased Approach to Mapping the Signaling Network of the Pseudorabies Virus US3 Protein. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110916. [PMID: 33167340 PMCID: PMC7694389 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The US3 serine/threonine protein kinase is conserved among the alphaherpesvirus family and represents an important virulence factor. US3 plays a role in viral nuclear egress, induces dramatic alterations of the cytoskeleton, represses apoptosis, enhances gene expression and modulates the immune response. Although several substrates of US3 have been identified, an unbiased screen to identify US3 phosphorylation targets has not yet been described. Here, we perform a shotgun and phosphoproteomics analysis of cells expressing the US3 protein of pseudorabies virus (PRV) to identify US3 phosphorylation targets in an unbiased way. We identified several cellular proteins that are differentially phosphorylated upon US3 expression and validated the phosphorylation of lamin A/C at serine 404, both in US3-transfected and PRV-infected cells. These results provide new insights into the signaling network of the US3 protein kinase and may serve as a basis for future research into the role of the US3 protein in the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. J. Jansens
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphology, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
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Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Bo Z, Miao Y, Xi R, Zhong Q, Bao C, Chen H, Sun L, Qian Y, Jung YS, Dai J. PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3. Vet Res 2020; 51:118. [PMID: 32933581 PMCID: PMC7493860 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is an intracellular sensor of cytoplasmic viral DNA created during virus infection, which subsequently activates the stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent type I interferon response to eliminate pathogens. In contrast, viruses have developed different strategies to modulate this signalling pathway. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus, is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease (AD), a notable disease that causes substantial economic loss to the swine industry globally. Previous reports have shown that PRV infection induces cGAS-dependent IFN-β production, conversely hydrolysing cGAMP, a second messenger synthesized by cGAS, and attenuates PRV-induced IRF3 activation and IFN-β secretion. However, it is not clear whether PRV open reading frames (ORFs) modulate the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway. Here, 50 PRV ORFs were screened, showing that PRV UL13 serine/threonine kinase blocks the cGAS-STING-IRF3-, poly(I:C)- or VSV-mediated transcriptional activation of the IFN-β gene. Importantly, it was discovered that UL13 phosphorylates IRF3, and its kinase activity is indispensable for such an inhibitory effect. Moreover, UL13 does not affect IRF3 dimerization, nuclear translocation or association with CREB-binding protein (CBP) but attenuates the binding of IRF3 to the IRF3-responsive promoter. Consistent with this, it was discovered that UL13 inhibits the expression of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) induced by cGAS-STING or poly(I:C). Finally, it was determined that PRV infection can activate IRF3 by recruiting it to the nucleus, and PRVΔUL13 mutants enhance the transactivation level of the IFN-β gene. Taken together, the data from the present study demonstrated that PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Bo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yurun Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rui Xi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenyi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liumei Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Role of Marek's Disease Virus (MDV)-Encoded U S3 Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase in Regulating MDV Meq and Cellular CREB Phosphorylation. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00892-20. [PMID: 32581093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00892-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a neoplastic disease of chickens caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae Like other alphaherpesviruses, MDV encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase, US3. The functions of US3 have been extensively studied in other alphaherpesviruses; however, the biological functions of MDV US3 and its substrates have not been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated potential cellular pathways that are regulated by MDV US3 and identified chicken CREB (chCREB) as a substrate of MDV US3. We show that wild-type MDV US3, but not kinase-dead US3 (US3-K220A), increases CREB phosphorylation, leading to recruitment of phospho-CREB (pCREB) to the promoter of the CREB-responsive gene and activation of CREB target gene expression. Using US3 deletion and US3 kinase-dead recombinant MDV, we identified US3-responsive MDV genes during infection and found that the majority of US3-responsive genes were located in the MDV repeat regions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) studies determined that some US3-regulated genes colocalized with Meq (an MDV-encoded oncoprotein) recruitment sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR (ChIP-PCR) further confirmed Meq binding to the ICP4/LAT region, which is also regulated by US3. Furthermore, biochemical studies demonstrated that MDV US3 interacts with Meq in transfected cells and MDV-infected chicken embryonic fibroblasts in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Finally, in vitro kinase studies revealed that Meq is a US3 substrate. MDV US3 thus acts as an upstream kinase of the CREB signaling pathway to regulate the transcription function of the CREB/Meq heterodimer, which targets cellular and viral gene expression.IMPORTANCE MDV is a potent oncogenic herpesvirus that induces T-cell lymphoma in infected chickens. Marek's disease continues to have a significant economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. US3 encoded by alphaherpesviruses is a multifunctional kinase involved in the regulation of various cellular pathways. Using an MDV genome quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) array and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we elucidated the role of MDV US3 in viral and cellular gene regulation. Our results provide insights into how viral kinase regulates host cell signaling pathways to activate both viral and host gene expression. This is an important step toward understanding host-pathogen interaction through activation of signaling cascades.
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Mosaheb MM, Brown MC, Dobrikova EY, Dobrikov MI, Gromeier M. Harnessing virus tropism for dendritic cells for vaccine design. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:73-80. [PMID: 32771959 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal stimulators of T cell responses. They provide essential signals (epitope presentation, proinflammatory cytokines, co-stimulation) to T cells and prime adaptive immunity. Therefore, they are paramount to immunization strategies geared to generate T cell immunity. The inflammatory signals DCs respond to, classically occur in the context of acute virus infection. Yet, enlisting viruses for engaging DCs is hampered by their penchant for targeting DCs with sophisticated immune evasive and suppressive ploys. In this review, we discuss our work on devising vectors based on a recombinant polio:rhinovirus chimera for effectively targeting and engaging DCs. We are juxtaposing this approach with commonly used, recently studied dsDNA virus vector platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen M Mosaheb
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Michael C Brown
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Elena Y Dobrikova
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Mikhail I Dobrikov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Matthias Gromeier
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology and Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, MSRB1 Room 423, Box 3020 Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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40
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Zhang M, Fu M, Li M, Hu H, Gong S, Hu Q. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Inhibits Type I IFN Signaling Mediated by the Novel E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Activity of Viral Protein ICP22. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1281-1292. [PMID: 32699158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs play an important role in innate immunity against viral infections by inducing the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which encode effectors with various antiviral functions. We and others previously reported that HSV type 2 (HSV-2) inhibits the synthesis of type I IFNs, but how HSV-2 suppresses IFN-mediated signaling is less understood. In the current study, after the demonstration of HSV-2 replication resistance to IFN-β treatment in human epithelial cells, we reveal that HSV-2 and the viral protein ICP22 significantly decrease the expression of ISG54 at both mRNA and protein levels. Likewise, us1 del HSV-2 (ICP22-deficient HSV-2) replication is more sensitive to IFN-β treatment, indicating that ICP22 is a vital viral protein responsible for the inhibition of type I IFN-mediated signaling. In addition, overexpression of HSV-2 ICP22 inhibits the expression of STAT1, STAT2, and IFN regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), resulting in the blockade of ISG factor 3 (ISGF3) nuclear translocation, and mechanistically, this is due to ICP22-induced ubiquitination of STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9. HSV-2 ICP22 appears to interact with STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, and several other ubiquitinated proteins. Following further biochemical study, we show that HSV-2 ICP22 functions as an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase to induce the formation of polyubiquitin chains. Taken together, we demonstrate that HSV-2 interferes with type I IFN-mediated signaling by degrading the proteins of ISGF3, and we identify HSV-2 ICP22 as a novel E3 ubiquitin protein ligase to induce the degradation of ISGF3. Findings in this study highlight a new mechanism by which HSV-2 circumvents the host antiviral responses through a viral E3 ubiquitin protein ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Zhang
- The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.,The Joint Laboratory of Translational Precision Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 440106, China; and
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; .,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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41
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Schwanke H, Stempel M, Brinkmann MM. Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070733. [PMID: 32645843 PMCID: PMC7411613 DOI: 10.3390/v12070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is a principal component of our immune system that allows to counter a viral attack immediately upon viral entry into host cells. Upon engagement of aberrantly localised nucleic acids, germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors convey their find via a signalling cascade to prompt kinase-mediated activation of a specific set of five transcription factors. Within the nucleus, the coordinated interaction of these dimeric transcription factors with coactivators and the basal RNA transcription machinery is required to access the gene encoding the type I IFN IFNβ (IFNB1). Virus-induced release of IFNβ then induces the antiviral state of the system and mediates further mechanisms for defence. Due to its key role during the induction of the initial IFN response, the activity of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is tightly regulated by the host and fiercely targeted by viral proteins at all conceivable levels. In this review, we will revisit the steps enabling the trans-activating potential of IRF3 after its activation and the subsequent assembly of the multi-protein complex at the IFNβ enhancer that controls gene expression. Further, we will inspect the regulatory mechanisms of these steps imposed by the host cell and present the manifold strategies viruses have evolved to intervene with IFNβ transcription downstream of IRF3 activation in order to secure establishment of a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schwanke
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-6181-3069
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42
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Bodda C, Reinert LS, Fruhwürth S, Richardo T, Sun C, Zhang BC, Kalamvoki M, Pohlmann A, Mogensen TH, Bergström P, Agholme L, O’Hare P, Sodeik B, Gyrd-Hansen M, Zetterberg H, Paludan SR. HSV1 VP1-2 deubiquitinates STING to block type I interferon expression and promote brain infection. J Exp Med 2020; 217:151747. [PMID: 32383759 PMCID: PMC7336311 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the main cause of viral encephalitis in the Western world, and the type I interferon (IFN) system is important for antiviral control in the brain. Here, we have compared Ifnb induction in mixed murine brain cell cultures by a panel of HSV1 mutants, each devoid of one mechanism to counteract the IFN-stimulating cGAS-STING pathway. We found that a mutant lacking the deubiquitinase (DUB) activity of the VP1-2 protein induced particularly strong expression of Ifnb and IFN-stimulated genes. HSV1 ΔDUB also induced elevated IFN expression in murine and human microglia and exhibited reduced viral replication in the brain. This was associated with increased ubiquitination of STING and elevated phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3. VP1-2 associated directly with STING, leading to its deubiquitination. Recruitment of VP1-2 to STING was dependent on K150 of STING, which was ubiquitinated by TRIM32. Thus, the DUB activity of HSV1 VP1-2 is a major viral immune-evasion mechanism in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Bodda
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Line S. Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timmy Richardo
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Resolving Infection Susceptibility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bao-cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Kalamvoki
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, Kansas City, KS
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Resolving Infection Susceptibility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Petra Bergström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lotta Agholme
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter O’Hare
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary's Medical School, London, UK
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Resolving Infection Susceptibility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence to Søren R. Paludan:
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43
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Zheng C. Protein Dynamics in Cytosolic DNA-Sensing Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1255. [PMID: 32714322 PMCID: PMC7343935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity works as the first line of host defense against viral infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and adaptor proteins involved in the innate immune signaling pathways play critical roles in controlling viral infections via the induction of type I interferon and its downstream interferon-stimulated genes. Dynamic changes of adaptor proteins contribute to precise regulation of the activation and shut-off of signaling transduction, though numerous complex processes are involved in achieving dynamic changes to various proteins of the host and viruses. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the trafficking patterns and conformational transitions of the adaptors that are involved in the antiviral innate immune signaling pathway during viral DNA sensing. Moreover, we aim to dissect the relationships between protein dynamics and DNA-sensing antiviral innate immune responses, which will reveal the underlying mechanisms controlling protein activity and maintaining cell homeostasis. By comprehensively revealing protein dynamics in cytosolic DNA-sensing antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, we will be able to identify potential new targets for the therapies of certain autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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44
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Cai M, Liao Z, Zou X, Xu Z, Wang Y, Li T, Li Y, Ou X, Deng Y, Guo Y, Peng T, Li M. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL2 Inhibits the TNF-α-Mediated NF-κB Activity by Interacting With p65/p50. Front Immunol 2020; 11:549. [PMID: 32477319 PMCID: PMC7237644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that encodes at least 80 viral proteins, many of which are involved in the virus-host interaction and are beneficial to the viral survival and reproduction. However, the biological functions of some HSV-1-encoded proteins are not fully understood. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation is the major antiviral innate response, which can be triggered by various signals induced by cellular receptors from different pathways. Here, we demonstrated that HSV-1 UL2 protein could antagonize the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-mediated NF-κB activation. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that UL2 could interact with the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50, which also revealed the region of amino acids 9 to 17 of UL2 could suppress the NF-κB activation and interact with p65 and p50, and UL2 bound to the immunoglobulin-like plexin transcription factor functional domain of p65. However, UL2 did not affect the formation of p65/p50 dimerization and their nuclear localizations. Yet, UL2 was demonstrated to inhibit the NF-κB activity by attenuating TNF-α-induced p65 phosphorylation at Ser536 and therefore decreasing the expression of downstream inflammatory chemokine interleukin 8. Taken together, the attenuation of NF-κB activation by UL2 may contribute to the escape of host's antiviral innate immunity for HSV-1 during its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongmin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Scientific Research and Education, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, China
| | - Xingmei Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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45
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Deng L, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Chen S, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yu Y, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Chen X. The Pivotal Roles of US3 Protein in Cell-to-Cell Spread and Virion Nuclear Egress of Duck Plague Virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7181. [PMID: 32346128 PMCID: PMC7189242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The duck plague virus (DPV) US3 protein, a homolog of the herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) US3 protein that is reported to be critical for viral replication, has been minimally studied. Therefore, to investigate the function of the DPV US3 protein, we used scarless Red recombination technology based on an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the DPV Chinese virulent strain (CHv) genome and successfully constructed and rescued a US3-deleted mutant and the corresponding revertant virus (BAC-CHv-ΔUS3 and BAC-CHv-ΔUS3R, respectively). For viral growth characteristics, compared to the parental and revertant viruses, the US3-deleted mutant showed an approximately 100-fold reduction in viral titers but no significant reduction in genome copies, indicating that the US3-deleted mutant exhibited decreased viral replication but not decreased viral DNA generation. In addition, the US3-deleted mutant formed viral plaques that were 33% smaller on average than those formed by the parental and revertant viruses, demonstrating that US3 protein affected the viral cell-to-cell spread of DPV. Finally, the results of electron microscopy showed that the deletion of US3 resulted in a large number of virions accumulating in the nucleus and perinuclear space, thus blocking virion nuclear egress. In this study, we found that the DPV US3 protein played pivotal roles in viral replication by promoting viral cell-to-cell spread and virion nuclear egress, which may provide some references for research on the function of the DPV US3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Deng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, People's Republic of China
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Lee Y, Maes R, Kiupel M, Nauwynck H, Soboll Hussey G. Characterization of feline herpesvirus-1 deletion mutants in tissue explant cultures. Virus Res 2020; 284:197981. [PMID: 32315701 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is the primary cause of viral respiratory and ocular disease in cats. While commercial vaccines can provide clinical protection, they do not protect from infection or prevent latency. Moreover, they are not safe for intranasal administration. Our overall objective is to develop a new mucosal vaccine against FHV-1 disease to address these shortcomings. Feline herpesvirus-1 deletion mutants of glycoprotein C (gC-), gE (gE-), US3-encoded serine/threonine protein kinase (PK-), and both gE and thymidine kinase (gE-TK-) were generated by bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis. Tracheal tissue explants from eight cats were used to compare the pattern of viral infection and associated tissue damage, as well as virus spread through the basement membrane following inoculation with wild-type virus (WT), and gE-, gE-TK-, PK-, and gC- mutants. Tissues were collected at 24, 48, or 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) followed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FHV-1. Histological changes were graded based on the distribution of virus infected cells and the severity of tissue damage. Inoculations with the WT virus resulted in maximal scores at 72 hpi both at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 and 0.1. Inoculation with the gE- mutant produced scores similar to scores of explants inoculated with the WT virus at 24 and 48 hpi, but scores were significantly decreased at 72 hpi. Explants inoculated with the gE-TK- mutant showed significantly decreased scores at all time points. Further, the majority of explants inoculated with the PK- mutant resulted in scores of zero at all time points, regardless of MOI. Finally, inoculation with WT resulted in significant stromal invasion below the infected epithelium, while stromal invasion was observed in less than 50 % of the samples following inoculation with gE-, gE-TK-, PK-, or gC- mutants and confined closely to the area surrounding the infected epithelium. In conclusion, the gE-TK- and PK- mutants exhibited significantly reduced virulence, tissue damage and spread to the underlying stroma, suggesting that they may be good vaccine candidates for in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Roger Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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47
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You H, Lin Y, Lin F, Yang M, Li J, Zhang R, Huang Z, Shen Q, Tang R, Zheng C. β-Catenin Is Required for the cGAS/STING Signaling Pathway but Antagonized by the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 US3 Protein. J Virol 2020; 94:e01847-19. [PMID: 31801859 PMCID: PMC7022340 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01847-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS/STING-mediated DNA-sensing signaling pathway is crucial for interferon (IFN) production and host antiviral responses. Herpes simplex virus I (HSV-1) is a DNA virus that has evolved multiple strategies to evade host immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that the highly conserved β-catenin protein in the Wnt signaling pathway is an important factor to enhance the transcription of type I interferon (IFN-I) in the cGAS/STING signaling pathway, and the production of IFN-I mediated by β-catenin was antagonized by HSV-1 US3 protein via its kinase activity. Infection by US3-deficienct HSV-1 and its kinase-dead variants failed to downregulate IFN-I and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) production induced by β-catenin. Consistent with this, absence of β-catenin enhanced the replication of US3-deficienct HSV-1, but not wild-type HSV-1. The underlying mechanism was the interaction of US3 with β-catenin and its hyperphosphorylation of β-catenin at Thr556 to block its nuclear translocation. For the first time, HSV-1 US3 has been shown to inhibit IFN-I production through hyperphosphorylation of β-catenin and to subvert host antiviral innate immunity.IMPORTANCE Although increasing evidence has demonstrated that HSV-1 subverts host immune responses and establishes lifelong latent infection, the molecular mechanisms by which HSV-1 interrupts antiviral innate immunity, especially the cGAS/STING-mediated cellular DNA-sensing signaling pathway, have not been fully explored. Here, we show that β-catenin promotes cGAS/STING-mediated activation of the IFN pathway, which is important for cellular innate immune responses and intrinsic resistance to DNA virus infection. The protein kinase US3 antagonizes the production of IFN by targeting β-catenin via its kinase activity. The findings in this study reveal a novel mechanism for HSV-1 to evade host antiviral immunity and add new knowledge to help in understanding the interaction between the host and HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan You
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongzhao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingtang Shen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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48
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Zhang J, Li Z, Huang J, Yin H, Tian J, Qu L. miR-26a Inhibits Feline Herpesvirus 1 Replication by Targeting SOCS5 and Promoting Type I Interferon Signaling. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010002. [PMID: 31861450 PMCID: PMC7020096 DOI: 10.3390/v12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to viral infection, host cells activate various antiviral responses to inhibit virus replication. While feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) manipulates the host early innate immune response in many different ways, the host could activate the antiviral response to counteract it through some unknown mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which serve as a class of regulatory factors in the host, participate in the regulation of the host innate immune response against virus infection. In this study, we found that the expression levels of miR-26a were significantly upregulated upon FHV-1 infection. Furthermore, FHV-1 infection induced the expression of miR-26a via a cGAS-dependent pathway, and knockdown of cellular cGAS significantly blocked the expression of miR-26a induced by poly (dA:dT) or FHV-1 infection. Next, we investigated the biological function of miR-26a during viral infection. miR-26a was able to increase the phosphorylation of STAT1 and promote type I IFN signaling, thus inhibiting viral replication. The mechanism study showed that miR-26a directly targeted host SOCS5. Knockdown of SOCS5 increased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and enhanced the type I IFN-mediated antiviral response, and overexpression of suppressor of the cytokine signalling 5 (SOCS5) decreased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and inhibited the type I IFN-mediated antiviral response. Meanwhile, with the knockdown of SOCS5, the upregulated expression of phosphorylated STAT1 and the anti-virus effect induced by miR-26a were significantly inhibited. Taken together, our data demonstrated a new strategy of host miRNAs against FHV-1 infection by enhancing IFN antiviral signaling.
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49
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Li M, Liao Z, Xu Z, Zou X, Wang Y, Peng H, Li Y, Ou X, Deng Y, Guo Y, Gan W, Peng T, Chen D, Cai M. The Interaction Mechanism Between Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein D and Host Antiviral Protein Viperin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2810. [PMID: 31921110 PMCID: PMC6917645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viperin is an interferon-inducible protein that responsible for a variety of antiviral responses to different viruses. Our previous study has shown that the ribonuclease UL41 of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can degrade the mRNA of viperin to promote HSV-1 replication. However, it is not clear whether other HSV-1 encoded proteins can regulate the function of viperin. Here, one novel viperin associated protein, glycoprotein D (gD), was identified. To verify the interaction between gD and viperin, gD and viperin expression plasmids were firstly co-transfected into COS-7 cells, and fluorescence microscope showed they co-localized at the perinuclear region, then this potential interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. Moreover, confocal microscopy demonstrated that gD and viperin co-localized at the Golgi body and lipid droplets. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter and Co-IP assays showed gD and viperin interaction leaded to the increase of IRF7-mediated IFN-β expression through promoting viperin and IRAK1 interaction and facilitating K63-linked IRAK1 polyubiquitination. Nevertheless, gD inhibited TRAF6-induced NF-κB activity by decreasing the interaction of viperin and TRAF6. In addition, gD restrained viperin-mediated interaction between IRAK1 and TRAF6. Eventually, gD and viperin interaction was corroborated to significantly inhibit the proliferation of HSV-1. Taken together, this study would open up new avenues toward delineating the function and physiological significance of gD and viperin during HSV-1 replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongmin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Scientific Research and Education, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingmei Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daixiong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lin Y, Zheng C. A Tug of War: DNA-Sensing Antiviral Innate Immunity and Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2627. [PMID: 31849849 PMCID: PMC6901958 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA sensors are the most recently described class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and trigger the induction of a rapid and efficient innate immune response. Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), a typical DNA virus, has displayed the ability to manipulate and evade host antiviral innate immune responses. Therefore, with an aim to highlight IFN-I-mediated innate immune response in a battle against viral infection, we have summarized the current understandings of DNA-sensing signal pathways and the most recent findings on the molecular mechanisms utilized by HSV-1 to counteract antiviral immune responses. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between HSV-1 and host early antiviral immune responses will contribute to the development of novel therapies and vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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